Math 1105: Calculus II (Math/Sci majors)

MWF 11am / 12pm, Campion 235

Written homework 5

§6.6, p. 458 (32,33), §6.7, p. 467 (28,32), §6.8(75), §7.1(58,60,62), §7.2(44,48)

For practice (not to turn in): §6.6, p. 458 (12,18,22,23,24), §6.7, p. 467 (14,16,18), §7.1(26,32,38),
§7.2(18,22,47,59,70,78)

§6.6, p. 458, Problem 32. When the circle x2 + (y − a)2 = a2 , where 0 < r < a, is revolved about
the x-axis the result is the surface of a torus. Show that the surface area of this torus is 4π 2 ar.

Solution. The circle given is composed of two graphs over [−r, r], one given by
√
y 1 = a + r 2 − x2
and the other given by
√
y2 = a − r 2 − x2 .
Taking derivatives, we have
1 x
y10 = (r2 − x2 )−1/2 (−2x) = − √ ,
2 r 2 − x2
and
x
y20 = √ .
r2 − x2
This means that the surface area from y1 is given by
√ √
Z r r Z r
x2 r
2 2
2π(a + r − x ) 1 + 2 2
dx = 2π(a + r 2 − x2 ) √ dx
−r r −x −r r − x2
2

and that from y2 is given by

√ √
Z r r r
x2
Z
r
2π(a − r2 − x2 ) 1 + dx = 2π(a − r 2 − x2 ) √ dx.
−r r 2 − x2 −r r2 − x2
This implies that the total surface area is given by the sum:
Z r √ r
Z r √ r
2π(a + r − x ) √
2 2 dx + 2π(a − r2 − x2 ) √ dx
−r r 2 − x2 −r r 2 − x2
Z r Z r
r dx
= 4πa √ dx = 4πa q
−r r 2 − x2 −r 1 − xr

2
Z 1
du 1
= 4πar √ = 4πar sin−1 (u)−1 = 4π 2 ar,
−1 1 − u2
where we’ve performed the substitution u = x/r in the last line.

§6.6, p. 458, Problem 33. Suppose a sphere of radius r is sliced by two horizontal planes h units
apart. Show that the surface area of the resulting zone on the sphere is 2πrh, independent of the location
of the cutting planes.
 Solution. The sphere is the surface obtained by revolving one hemisphere p of the circle centered at
(0, 0) of radius r about the y-axis, i.e. the graph of the function f (y) = r2 − y 2 about the x-axis. Note
that we have
1p 2 y
f 0 (y) = r − y 2 (−2y) = − p .
2 r − y2
2

Suppose the given region is formed by planes at heights y = a and y = a + h, so that its surface area is
given by
v !2 s
Z a+h p u Z a+h p
u y y2
2π r2 − y 2 t1 + − p dy = 2π r2 − y 2 1 + 2 dy
a r2 − y 2 a r − y2
Z a+h p s
r2
= 2π r2 − y 2 dy
a r2 − y 2
Z a+h
= 2πr dy = 2πry|a+h
a
a
= 2πr(a + h − a) = 2πrh.
§6.7, p. 467, Problem 28. A cylindrical water tank has height 8m and radius 2m.
(1) If the tank is full of water, how much work is required to pump the water to the level of the top
of the tank and out of the tank?
(2) Is it true that it takes half as much work to pump the water out of the tank when it is half full
as when it is full? Explain.
Solution (a). Let y indicate the height in meters along the cylinder, where y = 0 is the base. The
work required to pump the water out of the cylinder is given by
Z 8
A(y)ρgD(y) dy,
0

where A(y) is the area of a slice at height y, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 is the density of the water, g = 9.8 m/s2 is
the acceleration due to gravity, and D(y) is the displacement that the slice at height y must go through.
Since the object is a cylinder, A(y) = 4π m2 . Since water at height y must be lifted to height y = 8, we
have D(y) = 8 − y. We have:
Z 8 Z 8 8
y 2 

A(y)ρg(8 − y)dy = 39200π 8 − y dy = 39200π 8y − = 39200π(64 − 32) ≈ 3940814 J.
0 2 2 0
(Note that the units at the end are kg · m2 /s2 , or joules ‘J’).

Solution (b). If the tank is only half full, then there is only water up to a height of 4 m, and our
calculation becomes:
Z 4 4
y 2 

A(y)ρg(8 − y)dy = 39200π 8y − = 39200π(32 − 8) ≈ 2955610 J.
0 2 0
Since 32 − 8 = 24 is more than half of 64 − 32 = 32, more than half the work is required when the tank
is half full.

§6.7, p. 467, Problem 32. A swimming pool is 20 m long and 10 m wide, with a bottom that
slopes uniformly from a depth of 1 m at one end to a depth of 2 m at the other end. Assuming the pool
is full, how much work is required to pump the water to a level 0.2 m above the top of the pool?
 Solution. Let y indicate the height in meters along the pool, where y = 0 is the lowest point (at the
deep end of the pool). As before, the work required to pump the water out of the pool is given by
Z 2
A(y)ρgD(y) dy,
0

where A(y) is the area of a slice at height y, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 , g = 9.8 m/s2 , and D(y) is the displacement
that the slice at height y must go through. In this problem, D(y) = 2 − y + .2 = 2.2 − y meters, since
the water must be lifted 0.2 m above the surface of the pool.
The area A(y) evidently depends on whether y is less or greater than 1. When y ≥ 1, the area is
given by A(y) = 200 m2 , a fixed constant. As y goes from 0 to 1, the length of the slice at height y
increases at a constant rate from 0 to 20. Thus the length of the slice at height y is given by 20y for y
between 0 and 1. This implies that A(y) = 200y m2 for y ≤ 1. We may now calculate that the work
required is given by:
Z 1 Z 2
200y·1000 · 9.8(2.2 − y) dy + 200 · 1000 · 9.8(2.2 − y) dy
0 1
Z 1 Z 2 
6 2
= 1.96 × 10 2.2y − y dy + 2.2 − y dy
0 1
 2 3 1
   !
2 2
2.2y y y
= 1.96 × 106 −  + 2.2y − 
2 3 0 2 1
 
6 1 1
= 1.96 × 10 1.1 − + 4.4 − 2 − 2.2 +
3 2

Z n+1
dx
§6.8, p. 481, Problem 75. Use a left Riemann sum to approximate (with unit spacing
1 x
1 1 1
between
 grid points) to show
 that 1 + 2 + 3
+ ... + n
> ln(n + 1). Use this fact to conclude that
1 1 1
lim 1 + + + . . . + does not exist.
n→∞ 2 3 n
Z n+1
dx
Solution. In order to build a left Riemann sum for the integral , we break up the interval
1 x
[1, n + 1] into the partition 1 = x0 ≤ x1 ≤ x2 ≤ . . . ≤ xn−1 ≤ xn = n + 1, where xk = k + 1 for each
k = 1, . . . , n. On the subinterval [xk−1 , xk ] (i.e. [k, k + 1]) we let x∗k = xk−1 = k, the left endpoint. Now
the left endpoint Riemann sum with these choices is given by
n n
X X 1
f (x∗k )∆xk = ,
k=1 k=1
k

which is the partial sum 1 + 12 + . . . + n1 for the harmonic series.

Because f 0 (x) = −1/x2 < 0 for all x > 0, the function f (x) = 1/x is strictly decreasing for x > 0.
This implies that the left endpoint Riemann sum overestimates the actual integral, so that
n Z n+1
X 1 dx
> = log x|n+1
1 = log(n + 1).
k=1
k 1 x
The limit
lim log(n + 1)
n→∞
doesn’t exist because the function log(n + 1) gets arbitrarily large as n goes to ∞ (that is, the limit
‘exists and equals infinity’—something we will discuss more in the coming months). Moreover, the sum
1 + 12 + 13 + . . . + n1 is greater than log(n + 1), so we conclude that the sum may be arbitarily large. Thus
the limit  
1 1
lim 1 + + . . . +
n→∞ 2 n
is also infinite (or ‘doesn’t exist’, depending on nomenclature).

§7.1, p. 515, Problem 58.

Z
dx
(a) Show that √ = sin−1 (2x − 1) + C using either u = 2x − 1 or u = x − 21 .
x − x 2
√ √
Z
dx
(b) Show that √ = 2 sin−1 x + C using u = x.
x−x 2
√
(c) Prove the identity 2 sin−1 x − sin−1 (2x − 1) = π2 .
Solution (a). Since x − x2 = 41 − ( 14 + x − x2 ) = 41 − (x − 12 )2 , we have
Z Z Z
dx dx dx
√ = q =2 p .
x−x 2 1 2 1 − (2x − 1)2
− x− 1


4 2

Letting u = 2x − 1 so that du = 2dx, we have

Z Z
dx du
√ = √ = sin−1 (u) + C = sin−1 (2x − 1) + C.
x−x 2 1−u 2

Solution (b). We have Z Z

dx dx
√ = √ √ .
x − x2 x 1−x
√ √
Letting u = x so that u2 = x and du = 1/(2 x)dx, we have
√
Z Z
dx 2du
√ = √ = 2 sin−1 (u) + C = 2 sin−1 x + C.
x − x2 1 − u2
Z x
dt
Solution (c). Using parts (a) and (b) we may compute the definite integral √ in two
0 t − t2
different ways. By part (a),
Z x
dt x π
√ = sin−1 (2t − 1)0 = sin−1 (2x − 1) − sin−1 (−1) = sin−1 (2x − 1) + .
0 t − t2 2
On the other hand, by part (b),
Z x
dt √ x √ √
√ = 2 sin−1 t = 2 sin−1 x − 2 sin−1 (0) = 2 sin−1 x.
0 t − t2 0

This implies that

π √
sin−1 (2x − 1) + = 2 sin−1 x,
2
and we have the identity
√ π
2 sin−1 x − sin−1 (2x − 1) = .
2
§7.1, p. 515, Problem 60. Find the area of the entire region bounded by the curves y = x3 /(x2 + 1)
and y = 8x/(x2 + 1).

Solution. Let f (x) = x3 /(x2 +1) and g(x) = 8x/(x2 +1). The two curves are equal when f (x) = g(x)
which occurs when x3 = 8x. This equation yields
√ √
0 = x(x − 2 2)(x + 2 2),
4
 √
whose real solutions
√ are
√ x = 0 and ±2 2. Note that the region enclosed by these two curves occurs
between −2 2 and 2 2. √ √
In order√to check which curve√ is greater on each interval [−2 2, 0] and [0, 2 2], we choose the points
−1 in (−2 2, 0) and 1 in (0, 2 2). Since f (−1) = (−1) /((−1) + 1) =√−1/2, g(−1) = 8(−1)/((−1)2 +
3 2

1) =√−4, f (1) = 1/2 and g(1) = 4, we have f (x) > g(x) for x in (−2 2, 0) and f (x) < g(x) for x in
(0, 2 2). Thus the given area can be computed via
Z 0 Z 2√2 Z 0 Z 2 √2 Z 2 √2
x3 − 8x 8x − x3 8x − x3
√
f (x) − g(x) dx + g(x) − f (x) dx = √ 2
dx + dx = 2 dx.
−2 2 0 −2 2 x + 1 0 x2 + 1 0 x2 + 1
The last equality holds by doing the substitution u = −x (and du = −dx) in the first integral, so that
it becomes exactly equal to the second integral. In order to compute this last integral, we must find an
anti-derivative for the function (x3 − 8x)/(x2 + 1). We have:
8x − x3 −x(x2 + 1) + 9x 9x
= = −x + .
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Thus we compute:
x3 − 8x x2
Z Z Z
9x x dx
dx = −x + 2 dx = − + 9 .
x2 + 1 x +1 2 x2 + 1
Performing the substitution u = x2 + 1 (so that du = 2xdx), we have:
Z 3
x − 8x x2 9 x2 9 x2 9
Z
du
dx = − + = − + log u + C = − + log(x2 + 1) + C.
x2 + 1 2 2 u 2 2 2 2
Thus the area is given by
Z 2 √2 2√2
8x − x3
 2
x 9 
2 2
dx = 2 − + log(x2 + 1) 
0 x +1 2 2 0
 
8 9 9 2
= 2 − + log(8 + 1) + 0 − log(0 + 1)
2 2 2
= 9 log 9 − 8.
§7.1, p. 515, Problem 62. Consider the region R bounded by the graph of f (x) = 1/(x + 2) and
the x-axis on the interval [0, 3].
(a) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is revolved about the x-axis.
(b) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is revolved about the y-axis.
Solution (a). The slices perpendicular to the x-axis are circles of area π1/(x + 2)2 , so that the total
volume is given by
Z 3  3  
dx 1  1 1 3π
π 2
=π −  =π + = .
0 (x + 2) x+2 0 5 2 10


Solution (b). The slice formed by the set of points of distance x from the y−axis is a cylinder of
radius x and height 1/(x + 2)2 . Using the ‘cylindrical shell’ method, the volume is given by
Z 3 Z 5 Z 5
x u−2 1 2
2π 2
dx = 2π 2
du = 2π − 2 du
0 (x + 2) 2 u 2 u u
5    
2  2 5 3
= 2π(log u + ) = 2π log 5 + − log 2 − 1 = 2π log −
u 2 5 2 5
 xn eax n
Z Z
n ax
§7.2, p. 521, Problem 44. Show x e dx = − xn−1 eax dx, for a 6= 0.
a a
Solution. Let u = xn and dv = eax dx, so that du = nxn−1 and v = eax /a. We have:
ax
eax
Z Z
n ax n e
x e dx = x · − nxn−1 · dx
a a
xn eax n
Z
= − xn−1 eax dx.
a a

Z
§7.2, p. 521, Problem 48. Evaluate x2 e3x dx.

Solution. By applying the reduction formula in problem 44 twice, we have

x2 e3x 2
Z Z
2 3x
x e dx = − xe3x dx
3 3
x2 e3x 2 xe3x 1
 Z 
3x
= − − e dx
3 3 3 3
x2 e3x 2xe3x 2
= − + e3x + C.
3 9 27