BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY

3º DE E.S.O.

Chapter 3:
SYSTEMS OF
NUTRITION
 SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN NUTRITION
Do you remember? Activity
1. Explain what each one of the arrows represents.

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 1 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

http://
www.youtube.com/
watch?v=_l8aLmomDPU

https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?v=s1q2srfUU0g
 Introduction
The digestive
system is used for
breaking down food
into nutrients which
then pass into the
circulatory system
and are taken to
where they are
needed in the body.
Gastric glands:Secrete gastric
juice and protective mucus

Intestinal glands:
•Secrete intestinal juice and
protective mucus
 2 DIGESTION PROCESS
• http://www.edistribucion.es/anayaeducacion/8440042/U03_SC3/02

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=s1q2srfUU0g
 Introduction
Digestion can be
considered as a
series of steps:
1. Physical or
mechanical
digestion
2.Chemical digestion
3. Absorption
4. Egestion.
 2.1 MECHANICAL DIGESTION

Chewing
In this step teeth are used to
break down food into small
pieces by cutting, tearing,
crushing and grinding it. The
tongue mixes saliva with
the food and forms a bolus
of food. That is a conscious
act using voluntary muscles.
 2.1 MECHANICAL DIGESTION

• The rest of the process is

automatic.
• Thanks to the peristaltic
activity, the bolus of
food passes down the
pharynx, through the
oesophagus, not down
the trachea!, and into the
stomach.
 2.1 MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• The bolus passes
down the
esophagus by
peristalsis.
• Peristalsis is a wave
of muscular
contractions that
push the bolus
down towards the
stomach.
 2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• Saliva, elaborated by
the parotid glands,
the submandibular
glands, and the
sublingual glands,
contains amylase and
maltase which break
down the
carbohydrates,
especially starch.
 2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION

• To enter the
stomach, the bolus
must pass through
the lower
esophageal
sphincter (cardia), a
muscle that keeps
stomach acid out of
the esophagus.
 2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• The stomach Cells
which lined the inner
wall of the stomach
produce gastric
juices. These juices
contain proteases
(enzymes)which
break down proteins,
and hydrochloric
acid (HCl).
 2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION

• The acid kills off any

invading bacteria or
viruses.
• The enzymes help break
down proteins. Chemical
Digestion.
• The mucus protects the
lining of the stomach
from being eaten away
by the acid.
 2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION

• The digested bolus is

now called chyme and it
leaves the stomach by
passing through the
pyloric sphincter.
 2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• Thanks to the intestinal
juices, the bile, produced by
the liver, and the pancreatic
juices, the digestion of food
is completed.
• The bile helps to digest the
fats by emulsifying it into
minute droplets.
• The intestinal and
pancreatic juices finish the
chemical digestion (proteins,
fats and carbohydrates) .
• A whitish liquid paste is
formed, called chyle, which
contains water, nutrientsas
the result of the digestion,
and other non digested
remains.
2.2 CHEMICAL DIGESTION
2.3 ABSORTINON OF NUTRIENTS
• The result of the digestion is
to obtain nutrients, which are
small enough to go through
the walls of the digestive
tract and pass into the blood.
This process is called
absorption.

• It is in the small intestine

where a major part of
absorption occurs.
2.3 ABSORTINON OF NUTRIENTS

The walls of the

intestine contain
veins and capillaries
which absorb the
nutrients into the
bloodstream and
then into all the cells
of the body.
 2.3 ABSORTINON OF NUTRIENTS
•Most of substances are absorbed
in the jejunum (mainly) and
ileum.

•In these parts, the inner wall of

the small intestine is much folded
making up the intestinal villi.

•In the inner part of the intestinal

villi there are capillary vessels
(small blood vessels) and
lymphatic vessels which take
away the nutrients.

•Then they are delivered to all the

cells of the body.
2.3 ABSORTINON OF NUTRIENTS
• Each villi itself has tiny fingerlike
projections called microvilli, which
further increase the surface area for
absorption.
 2.3 ABSORTINON OF NUTRIENTS
The capillary vessels take
away simple sugars and
amino acids, and carry them
to the liver via the portal
vein.

The lymphatic vessels

transport the fatty acids and
glycerol around the body and
finally release them into the
bloodstream.
2.3 ABSORTINON OF NUTRIENTS
• The large intestine
is used to absorb
water from the
waste material
leftover and to
produce vitamin K
and some B
vitamins using the
helpful bacteria that
live here.
2.4 EGESTION AND DEFECATION
• All leftover waste is
compacted and stored
at the end of the large
intestine called the
rectum.
• When full, the anal
sphincter loosens and
the waste, called
feces, passes out of
the body through the
anus.
3. The respiratory system
We breathe using the respiratory system

We obtain oxygen from the air

We expel the CO2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A
3.1Anatomy of the respiratory
system
3.2 How does the respiratory
system work
Breathing has three phases:

Inhalation

Gas exchange

Exhalation
3.2 How does the respiratory system
work: Inhalation and exhalation
 3.2 How does the respiratory system
work: Inhalation and exhalation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSEzg6TBheY

During Inhaling, the brain sends electric impulses by nerves to the diaphragm
and the inter costal muscles.

The diaphragm contracts becoming flatter.

The inter costal muscles also contract.

These actions expand the thoracic cavity and increase the volume, with the
volume increasing the internal pressure decreases which makes air enter the
lungs through the mouth, nose and trachea.

During Exhaling, the diaphragm and the inter costal muscles relax again,
contracting the thoracic cavity thus squeezing the air out of the lungs to the
trachea and mouth and nose to the atmosphere
Composition of inhaled air and
exhaled air
 3.2 How does the respiratory system
work: gas exchange
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJpur6XUiq4
3.2 How does the respiratory
system work: gas exchange
 4. The circulatory system
The circulatory system transport nutrients, oxygen, CO2
and waste around the body.

It is made up of blood, blood vessels and the heart

 4.1 Blood Vessels
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjNKbL_-cwA
–Arteriesmove the blood away from the heart to the cells
Elastic Fibers
Thick outer wall

–Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place.

Very thin outer wall
Connect all the cell in our body

–Veinsmoves the blood towards the heart

Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs
Thin outer wall
One way valves
 4.2 The blood
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVOzKrcTNis
 4.2 The blood

A. Plasma

• Liquid portion of the

blood. Contains
different substances
such us nutrients and
waste
 4.2 The Blood
Blood cells
a) Erythrocytes - Red
Blood Cells

Carry hemoglobin and

oxygen and carbon
dioxide. Do not have a
nucleus and live only about
120 days.

Can not repair themselves.

 4.2 The Blood
•Blood cells

b) Leukocytes – White Blood

cells

Fight infection

Five types – neutrophils,

lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, and monocytes.
 4.2 The Blood
•The Blood cells

•C). Thrombocytes –
Platelets.

–These are cell fragment

that are formed in the bone
marrow.

–Clot Blood by sticking

together
 4.3 The heart
The Heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
The cardiac muscle contracts
and relaxes 60-80 time per
minute (heartbeat)
Four parts
•Right atrium
•Right ventricle
•Left atrium
•Left ventricle

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE
4.3 The heart
 4.4 Cardiac Cycle

• Heart is two pumps that work together, right

and left half
• Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation
(diastole) of heart chambers
• Blood moves through circulatory system from
areas of higher to lower pressure.
– Contraction of heart produces the pressure
 4.4 Cardiac Cycle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLTdgrhpDCg
 Heart Sounds

• First heart sound or “lubb”

– Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid
vibrates as valves close at beginning of ventricular
systole
• Second heart sound or “dupp”
– Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary
valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts
longer
 5 BLOOD CIRCULATION
The pulmonary
circulation transports
blood poor in oxygen
from the heart to the
lungs and then returns
rich in oxygen

The systemic
circulation transports
blood rich in oxygen
from the heart to the
cells and then returns
poor in oxygen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqbOpeQG_YA
5 BLOOD CIRCULATION
 6. The lymphatic system and
the internal medium
All cells of the body are bathed in fluid called intercellular or
intersticial plasma (tissue fluid).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEP0PYEWcwU

The composition of the intersticial plasma must remain

constant. The lymphatic system develop this function
 6. 1 The internal medium
Intercellular fluid contains: water, proteins, wastes, salts
and nutrients
It helps to move materials between capillaries and body
cells
Exchange of materials occurs through this fluid
The fluid is formed from blood plasma that diffuses out of
the capillaries
 6.2 Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system is composed
of:
lymph
lymph vessels
lymph capillaries
lymph nodes (contain
lymphocytes and macrophages)
lymph organs/glands: spleen,
tonsils, thymus
 6.2 Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system

Collects excess large

particles and fluid

Collects digested fats

Particpates in the defense

of our body
6.2 Lymphatic System
Spleen:
- located near stomach
- filters out bacteria
- filters out old red
blood cells from blood
 6.2 Lymphatic System

Thymus:
- located in the middle of the
chest
- provide growth and
immunity
- gets smaller when the
organism gets older
- secretes thymosin (helps
lymphocytes to become
mature)
 6.2 Lymphatic System
Lymphatic capillaries are
tiny vessels of the lymphatic
system.
 Near each cell there are
lymph capillaries that made up
lymph vessels.
When water and proteins
enter lymph capillaries they
are called lymph.
 Lymph capillaries are made
up of epithelial cells, they are
more permeable than blood
capillaries.
 6.2 Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes
- play role in body
defense against disease
- produces lymphocytes
 6.2 Lymphatic System

Tonsils:
trap and destroy
bacteria
 6.2 Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system
does not have pumping
organ

Uses the same methods

as veins to propel lymph:
Pulsations of nearby
arteries
Contractions of muscle in
the walls of the lymphatics

Valves are present to

prevent back flow
 7. The excretory system
The excretion is the elimination of wastes from the
cell activities Lungs exhale
This wastes are skin
carbon dioxide
eliminated lungs and water vapor.
through lungs, Sweat glands in
skin, and the skin release
excretory kidneys excess water and
system. ureters salts.
urinary bladder
urethra
 7. The excretory system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF_lF3J4ZKs

The principal function of

the kidney is to filter
blood in order to
remove cellular waste
products from the body.
 7.1 The excretory system
anatomy
The kidneys are bean
shaped structures.

• three layers: cortex,

medulla and pelvis
• filtering units called
nephrons
• renal artery and renal
vein
 7.1 The excretory system
anatomy
The kidney can excrete waste products, such as :

1) urea a nitrogenous waste produced in the liver

from the breakdown of protein. It is the main
component of urine

2) uric acid usually produced from breakdown of

DNA or RNA

3) creatinine waste product of muscle action.

• The ureters are tubes that
carry urine from the pelvis
of the kidneys to the urinary
bladder.

• The urinary bladder

temporarily stores urine
until it is released from the
body.

• The urethra is the tube that

carries urine from the
urinary bladder to the
outside of the body.

• The outer end of the

urethra is controlled by a
circular muscle called a
sphincter.
 7.2 The excretory system: urine
from body
• Nephrons are the
filtering units in the
kidneys.
• They clean and
rebalance the blood
To
to produce urine. to body ureter

• There
approximately 1 loop of Henle from other
nephrons
million nephrons in
each kidney
 7.2 The excretory system: urine
• Nephrons clean the blood in a three-step process.
• The first step is filtration of the blood.

• Glomerulus: 1 FILTRATION

Network of
Water, electrolytes,
capillaries
amino acids,
glucose, urea, and
• Bowman’s other small
Capsule: molecules diffuse
Encases the out of the blood,
glomerulus creating the filtrate.

• The body’s entire volume of blood is filtered every 45 min

 7.2 The excretory system: urine
• The first step is filtration of the blood.
• The second step is reabsorption of materials.
from body 2 REABSORPTION

As the filtrate enters

the rest of the tubule,
most of the materials
are reabsorbed into
the blood. Materials
collecting not reabsorbed make
duct
to body up the urine, which
flows into the loop of
Henle.
from other
loop of Henle nephrons
 7.2 The excretory system: urine
• The first step is filtration of the blood.
• The second step is reabsorption of materials.
• The third step is excretion of materials.
from body

3 EXCRETION

In the loop of Henle,

water can be
collecting reabsorbed one final
duct time to reduce the
to body volume of urine. The
remaining urine flows
from other into a collecting duct
nephrons
loop of Henle that leads to the ureter.
 7.3 Another excretory organs
· The sweat glands which expel the waste in form
of sweat.
· The lungs which expel the waste in form of
carbon dioxide.
· The liver which expels the waste in form of
cellular rest.