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Greek has been important in the intellectual life of western civilization, but not to the extent of Latin, except
for ecclesiastical matters where it is obviously of major importance for determining the meaning of New
Testament texts. In years past, Latin was introduced in the rst year of High School, followed by Greek in the
third year. The prominence of Greek for intellectual matters is evident in designations of subjects central to
university study, such as philosophy 'love of wisdom', philology 'love of words or more generally study',
theology 'study related to God', psychology 'study related to the soul or psyche', and so on.
The Greek in the New Testament is the so-called koine 'common language'. Based originally on the Greek of
Athens, it was circulated throughout Alexander the Great's empire. Languages acquired by many non-native
speakers are generally simpli ed, as was the koine. Morphological categories were lost, such as the dual
and the optative, though forms of them may occur in written texts. Sentences were greatly simpli ed, as
noted below. Yet many forms remain, especially for verbs.
A di culty with Greek that may put off learners is the maintenance of an older form of the alphabet than
that used for Latin, English, and many other languages. Moreover, accentuation varies in Greek words, and in
early Greek was musical. While today accented syllables are pronounced with stress rather than tones, the
older accents are still written [with η added for illustration]: ή for the οκσεῖα 'acute' accent or high pitch, ῆ
for the περισπώµενον accent or high-low pitch, and ὴ for the βαρεῖα 'grave' or falling pitch.
Furthermore, the sentence structure and number of forms require a great deal of attention. The words of
sentences are often placed for their emphasis, rather than in accordance with a pattern like that of the
English Subject-Verb-Object order. But we may note that the sentences of New Testament Greek texts are
simpler to analyze than are those of Classical Greek. The writers were strongly in uenced by Hebrew and
Aramaic, in which the verb is placed rst in the sentence and is often accompanied by particles, in Greek δέ
and καί, which may also stand before the verb. This sentence structure has had an effect on the
translations into more modern languages, as in the King James version: the rst four verses of our rst text,
Luke 2, begin with And, as do verses 6 through 10.
Even with the simpler syntax, knowledge of the in ections is highly important. Interpretation is also assisted
by the use of articles which, like nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs, are in ected. It is essential, then, to
learn the basic in ections of these parts of speech.
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sound of [k] in Latin, as in words like car or the proper name Cato. The symbols themselves, especially the
small cursives, may also differ in form from those of Latin and English, but on the whole the differences may
readily be recognized. The alphabet is as follows:
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ µ ν ξ ο π ρ σς τ υ φ χ ψ ω
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
Note that there are two forms of the small letter sigma: the latter (ς) is used where the letter appears last in
the word; everywhere else, the former is used. The [h] sound before a vowel is signalled by a rough breathing
sign [with ο added for illustration]: ὁ; and when there is no initial [h] sound before vowels, the smooth
breathing sign is ὀ. The rough breathing may also be used with initial rho: ῥ.
The names of the letters are as follows, in English and then in Greek:
alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho,
sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega
ἄλφα, βῆτα, γάµµα, δέλτα, ἔψιλόν, ζῆτα, ῆτα, θῆτα, ἰῶτα, κάππα, λάµβδα, µῦ, νῦ, ξεῖ, ὄµικρόν,
πεῖ, ῥῶ, σῖγµα, ταῦ, ὔψιλόν, φεῖ, χεῖ, ψεῖ, ὦµέγα
Latin and thereupon English has maintained this order with modi cations that are apparent from the
different sounds of the letters and the different names. The letter ζ was pronounced like the consonant in
adze. The letter ξ was pronounced like the consonant in ax. The letter ψ was pronounced like the nal
consonants in tops. The letters θ φ χ were originally pronounced like the aspirated initial consonants in
English tan, pan, can as opposed to the unaspirated consonants in stan, span, scan; but they are usually
pronounced today like the initial consonants in than, fan and the consonant in German ach.
The vowels are pronounced as follows: α like the vowel of bot, ε like that of bet, η like that of bait, ι like that
of beet, ο like that of boat, υ like that of bit, ω like that of bought. The ve vowels other than η ω may be long
or short. Unlike English, there are few silent letters. Sentences, then, are read with every letter pronounced,
as in the following quotations from Luke 1:46 and 1:68 --
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2. The vocabulary.
English and Greek belong to the Indo-European language family; their earlier versions separated from each
other some four thousand years ago. Words of the same origin are often disguised because of changes that
have taken place in both languages. For example, an initial [s] sound before vowels in Greek evolved into [h],
as in (cf. English six) Latin sex, Greek heks, written ἕξ (cf. hexagon). The word corresponding to seven is
written ἑπτά (cf. heptagon). Moreover the Indo-European consonants represented as bh, dh, gh evolved to
ph, th, kh -- φ, θ, χ, as in φράτηρ 'brother'. New sounds have also been introduced in Greek with their own
letter in the alphabet, such as η for the vowel corresponding to the [a] in hate, and ξ for the combination [ks]
as in six.
The greatest difference, however, may have resulted from a massive change of consonants in Germanic
(hence English) well before our era. The change was formulated by the great German scholar, Jakob Grimm,
and is known as Grimm's law, which is listed even in smaller dictionaries of English. At this time, p, t, k
evolved into sounds that today are represented by f, th, h. Among examples are: father, compare Greek
πατήρ, three, compare Greek τρεῖς, hundred, compare Greek ἑκατόν, literally 'one hundred'. And the sounds
represented by bh, dh, gh in Indo-European were changed to the sounds that today are represented by b, d, g.
These sounds were also changed in Greek, as noted above. Among examples are English brother, compare
Greek φράτηρ, door, compare Greek θύρα, goose, compare Greek χήν. At the same time, b, d, g were
changed to p, t, k. Among English examples are ten, compare Greek δέκα, kin, compare Greek γένος. (Indo-
European had almost no words with b.)
It is interesting to compare such cognate words, but the changes that both languages have undergone often
conceal the relationships, as for the numerals for four and ve. Some of the others are transparently related,
in spite of changes: one, Greek εἷς; two, Greek δύο; three, Greek τρεῖς; four, Greek τέτταρες; ve, Greek
πέντε; six, Greek ἕξ; seven, Greek ἑπτά; eight, Greek ὀκτώ; nine, Greek ἐννέα; ten, Greek δέκα. Since
dictionaries may provide the Greek cognates of English entries, control over the Greek vocabulary can be
gained by noting them. Etymological dictionaries are of greater assistance.
As noted above, by far the greatest number of similar words are found in academic and ecclesiastical
language, where English simply took over the Greek terms through long in uence on western culture from
these spheres. Words were pronounced in accordance with the English spellings, rather than with their
pronunciation in Greek. Some examples are cited here.
The academic terms are in accordance with the in uence of Aristotle, who conducted his teaching in the
Athenian grove known as the Academy, which was named after the hero Akademos. We have already noted
terms ending in -logy, to which others might be added like biology and neurology. The last part attained a
status of its own, so that further words like sociology, with its initial part from Latin, could be introduced.
Moreover, the last part has a somewhat different function in the word doxology, 'giving words of praise'.
Other ecclesiastical terms are clergy, clerical, Eucharist and liturgy. In the political sphere the words
democrat and democracy are based on the components for people and power, as also in aristocrat and
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aristocracy for the best or superior people and power, autocracy for self or absolute power, theocracy for
ecclesiastical power. Examination of the etymology or 'true meaning' of such words will assist in gaining
control of the Greek vocabulary.
In examining a Greek text, one should rst identify the verb. Its forms are identi able through their
in ections, with the additional help that nouns are often marked by preceding articles. In Luke 1:46, the
ending -ει indicates that the subject is in the nominative case. And the -ου endings indicate that µου and
τοῦ Ἰσραήλ are genitives. It is useful, then, to memorize the basic in ections of verbs as well as those of
nouns, pronouns, and adjectives.
As illustrated by these brief passages, the key to reading Greek is provided by knowledge of its in ections.
While these are numerous, memorization of the basic in ections of the article, of nouns and of verbs is
generally adequate.
Thee parts of speech are in ected for four cases, besides a case of address called the vocative. The cases
are as follows:
In English, only the nominative, genitive/possessive and accusative/objective have been maintained, and
that only in pronouns: I is nominative, my is genitive, me is accusative. Nouns simply have a nominative and
a possessive, as in dog, dog's. Adjectives are not in ected.
number, that is, singular and plural; Classical Greek also maintained a dual.
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Paradigms are given in the various lessons. For illustration here, forms of the article are shown in all three
genders, as well as the feminine noun for 'country' of the α-declension and the masculine noun for 'word'
and the neuter for 'gift' of the ο-declension:
4.2 Verbs.
Like nouns, verbs have many in ections (though not all of the possible combinations below are realized):
Verbs are in ected for voice: active, middle, and passive. The middle indicates action directed at
the subject; this is often expressed in the lexical meaning itself. Verbs with a basically middle
voice are known as deponents; for example, γίγνοµαι means 'become, take place, be produced,'
etc.
Verbs are in ected for mood: indicative, subjunctive, and optative, though as noted above the
optative has been virtually lost in New Testament Greek.
Verbs are in ected for tense: present, past (or imperfect), and future. Of these, there are three
sets (again, not in all combinations): the basic (or simple), the aorist, and the perfect. The past
perfect is also called pluperfect.
In addition there are imperative forms, in nitives, participles, a gerund, and a supine. The imperative forms
are rare in written texts.
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The present in nitive active may be illustrated by λέγειν 'to say, speak'; the aorist is λέξαι. The present
in nitive middle is λέγεσθαι; the aorist is λέξασθαι. The passive in nitive is λέγεσθαι; the aorist is
λεγθῆναι. The present participle active is λέγων, λέγουσα, λέγον. The present participle middle and
passive is λεγόµενος, λεγοµένη, λεγόµενον.
It should be obvious that the verb system of Greek is complex. The basic forms of irregular verbs are
generally listed in dictionaries.
In addition to these parts of speech, Greek includes adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and prepositions.
Since their functions are comparable to those of their English counterparts, they will not be discussed here.
5. Examples of texts.
We assume that users of New Testament Greek Online may want to memorize selected passages.
Accordingly, each lesson includes one memory verse. Of all such passages, the Lord's Prayer may be the
most highly preferred. Its sentence structure is simple, so that each verse is easily memorized. We provide it
here both as a sample of New Testament Greek and for memorization. The Greek given here is that of
Matthew 6:9-13; the Greek in Luke 11:2-5 is somewhat different, although the King James version provides
virtually the same English translation for the two. The familiar conclusion, "For thine is the Kingdom, and the
power, and the glory forever and ever" is taken to be a later addition, and is not provided in the Nestle edition
nor in the Westcott and Hort edition of the Greek text.
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Most but not all language courses taught at The University of Texas concern modern languages; however,
numerous courses in ancient Greek, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, are taught in the
Department of Classics (http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/classics/) (link opens in a new browser
window). Online language courses for college credit are offered through the University Extension
(http://www.utexas.edu/ce/uex/online/) (new window).
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2:1 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡµέραις ἐξῆλθεν δόγµα παρὰ Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου ἀπογράφεσθαι πᾶσαν τὴν
οἰκουµένην.
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ἐγένετο -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <γίγνοµαι> happen, become -- it happened
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in
ταῖς -- article; dative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- those
ἡµέραις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <ἡµέρα> day -- days
ἐξῆλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐξέρχοµαι> come out -- (there) came
δόγµα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <δόγµα> opinion, decree -- a decree
παρὰ -- preposition; <παρά> from, of -- from
Καίσαρος -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Καῖσαρ> Caesar -- Caesar
Αὐγούστου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Αὐγούστος> Augustus -- Augustus
ἀπογράφεσθαι -- verb; in nitive passive of <ἀπογράφω> register -- be registered
πᾶσαν -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
οἰκουµένην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <οἰκουµένη> the inhabited world, the Roman
world -- world
2:3 - καὶ ἐπορεύοντο πάντες ἀπογράφεσθαι, ἕκαστος εἰς τήν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν.
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2:4 - Ἀνέβη δὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκ πόλεως Ναζαρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν εἰς πόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις
καλεῖται Βηθλέεµ, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυίδ,
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2:6 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτούς ἐκεῖ ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡµέραι τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν,
ἐγένετο -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <γίγνοµαι> happen, become -- it happened
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in
τῷ -- article; dative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
εἶναι -- verb; in nitive of <εἰµί> I am -- being
αὐτούς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- they
ἐκεῖ -- adverb; <ἐκεῖ> there -- there
ἐπλήσθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <πίµπληµι> ll -- were ful lled
αἱ -- article; nominative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
ἡµέραι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <ἡµέρα> day -- days
τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
τεκεῖν -- verb; in nitive aorist of <τίκτω> give birth -- to give birth
αὐτήν -- pronoun; accusative singular feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (for) her
2:7 - καὶ ἔτεκεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον, καὶ ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν
φάτνῃ, διότι οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τόπος ἐν τῷ καταλύµατι.
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2:8 - Καὶ ποιµένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπὶ
τὴν ποίµην αὐτῶν.
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2:9 - καὶ ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐπέστη αὐτοῖς καὶ δόξα κυρίου περιέλαµψεν αὐτούς, καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον
µέγαν.
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ἰδοὺ γὰρ εὐαγγελίζοµαι ὑµῖν χαρὰν µεγάλην, ἥτις ἔσται παντὶ τῷ λαῷ·
2:11 - ὅτι ἐτέχθη ὑµῖν σήµερον σωτὴρ, ὅς ἐστιν χριστὸς κύριος, ἐν πόλει Δαυίδ.
2:12 - καὶ τοῦτο ὑµῖν σηµεῖον, εὑρήσετε βρέφος ἐσπαργανωµένον καὶ κείµενον ἐν φάτνῃ
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2:13 - καὶ ἐξαίφνης ἐγένετο σὺν τῷ ἀγγέλῳ πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου αἰνούντων τὸν θεὸν καὶ
λεγόντων,
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Lesson Text
2:1 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡµέραις ἐξῆλθεν δόγµα παρὰ Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου ἀπογράφεσθαι
πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουµένην. 2:2 - αὐτὴ ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεµονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας
Κυρηνίου. 2:3 - καὶ ἐπορεύοντο πάντες ἀπογράφεσθαι, ἕκαστος εἰς τήν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν. 2:4 - Ἀνέβη
δὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκ πόλεως Ναζαρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν εἰς πόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις
καλεῖται Βηθλέεµ, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυίδ, 2:5 - ἀπογράψασθαι σὺν
Μαριὰµ τῇ ἐµνηστευµένῃ αὐτῷ, οὔσῃ ἐγκύῳ. 2:6 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτούς ἐκεῖ
ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡµέραι τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν, 2:7 - καὶ ἔτεκεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον, καὶ
ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν φάτνῃ, διότι οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τόπος ἐν τῷ
καταλύµατι. 2:8 - Καὶ ποιµένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ φυλάσσοντες
φυλακὰς τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ποίµην αὐτῶν. 2:9 - καὶ ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐπέστη αὐτοῖς καὶ δόξα
κυρίου περιέλαµψεν αὐτούς, καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον µέγαν. 2:10 - καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ ἄγγελος, µὴ
φοβεῖσθε· ἰδοὺ γὰρ εὐαγγελίζοµαι ὑµῖν χαρὰν µεγάλην, ἥτις ἔσται παντὶ τῷ λαῷ· 2:11 - ὅτι
ἐτέχθη ὑµῖν σήµερον σωτὴρ, ὅς ἐστιν χριστὸς κύριος, ἐν πόλει Δαυίδ. 2:12 - καὶ τοῦτο ὑµῖν
σηµεῖον, εὑρήσετε βρέφος ἐσπαργανωµένον καὶ κείµενον ἐν φάτνῃ 2:13 - καὶ ἐξαίφνης ἐγένετο
σὺν τῷ ἀγγέλῳ πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου αἰνούντων τὸν θεὸν καὶ λεγόντων, 2:14 (memory verse)
-
Translation
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world should be taxed. 2 (And this taxing was rst made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.) 3 And
all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. 4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city
of Nazareth, into Judaea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the
house and lineage of David:) 5 to be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. 6 And
so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. 7 And
she brought forth her rstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger;
because there was no room for them in the inn.
8 And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the eld, keeping watch over their ock by
night. 9 And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about
them: and they were sore afraid. 10 And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you
good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. 11 For unto you is born this day in the city of
David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. 12 And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall nd the babe
wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. 13 And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude
of the heavenly host praising God, and saying,
Grammar
1 The alphabet and sound system.
1.1 The alphabet.
The alphabet is the same for New Testament Greek as for Classical Greek. The names are generally well
known, such as the rst two from our word alphabet, the third from gamma rays, the fourth from the delta of
a river, and so on.
The same pronunciation is used for the language, in spite of the difference in time. As a result of the
conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323), Greek came to be used throughout the world adjoining the
eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, extending farther east and also in the south to Egypt and in the west
to Italy. It was the common (κοινη) language much as English is today. In such a wide expanse, there were
differences of pronunciation and usage, just as there are in English today. These may be of interest for
scholarly purposes, but they do not affect the reading and understanding of the Biblical texts.
The letters in small and capital forms, with their names and guides to pronunciation, are as follows:
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Alpha α, Α father
Beta β, Β bother
Gamma γ, Γ gather
Delta δ, Δ delta
Epsilon ε, Ε debt
Zeta ζ, Ζ zen
Iota ι, Ι sin
Lamba λ, Λ lap
Mu µ, Μ map
Nu ν, Ν nap
Ksi ξ, Ξ tax
Omikron ο, Ο rope
Rho ρ, Ρ rope
Psi ψ, Ψ tops
In addition, words beginning with vowels may have an initial h sound. This is called a breathing. If beginning
with h, the breathing is called rough, represented by the diacritic ῾ immediately preceding or over the vowel
(e.g., ὁ); if without an h sound, the breathing is smooth, represented by the diacritic ᾿ immediately preceding
or over the vowel (e.g., ὀ).
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Moreover, vowels may have an iota subscript, that is, an [i] sound after the vowel, written as a diacritic
beneath the vowel (e.g., ῳ); while indicated in texts, this is generally left without pronunciation.
Voiceless: π τ κ
Voiced: β δ γ
Aspirated, voiceless: φ θ χ
Fricative: ς
Vowels: ι υ
ε ο
α
ῑ ῡ
η ω
ᾱ
Diphthongs: ει αι οι υι ευ αυ ηυ ου
Classical Greek had a musical accent. There are three such accents. Vowels marked with oxia (e.g., ά) had
high pitch; those with varia (e.g., ὰ) had a low or falling pitch; those marked with perispomeni (e.g., ᾶ) had
rising and falling pitch.
The accent had changed, however, from one of pitch to one of stress. Yet the stress fell on the same
syllables as in Classical Greek. The different type of stress is assumed to have had an effect on the quality
of vowels. We may disregard such effects, and pronounce the words as in Classical Greek.
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language of probably all authors of the New Testament as well as of Jesus. Like Hebrew, it is a verb-initial
language. The rst words of our text may provide an example:
Another syntactic in uence from Aramaic is the frequent use of an initial word for 'and' in the sentence, as in
2.8:
Languages in which the verb is initial in the clause often place a connective before it. The Hebrew Bible
does so, with an equivalent to Greek καί; this practice not only in uenced New Testament Greek, but also
later translations like the King James version for English and the translations in other languages.
Another such construction is the use of an in nitive with a noun in the accusative as subject, as in 2.4:
But in general, many examples of the use of participles and in nitives are comparable to that in English.
4 Nominal in ection.
Nouns, adjective and the article are in ected for three genders, four cases, and two numbers. The dual is no
longer used. The three genders are the masculine, feminine and neuter. The four cases are the nominative,
genitive, dative, and accusative. The principal uses of the cases are readily noted. The nominative is the
case of the subject and of nouns after the copula in the predicative nominative. The genitive is the case of
possession. The dative is the case of the indirect object, but is used less than in Classical Greek; nouns with
prepositions may replace it. The accusative is the case of the direct object.
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Because of the common use of the article, its forms might well be memorized.
Nom sg ὁ ἡ τό
Dat sg τῷ τῇ τῷ
Nom pl οἱ αἱ τά
Examples of the ο-declension, masculine and neuter, and the α-declension, feminine, are given here.
5 Verb in ection.
Greek verbs are in ected for three voices, active, middle and passive, for four moods, indicative, subjunctive,
optative and imperative, three systems or tenses, present, aorist and perfect, three numbers, singular, dual,
plural. The augment 'ε' (epsilon) is used with past tense forms, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect, but only in
the indicative. The perfect stem is often reduplicated. In addition there are in nitives and participles.
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In view of its regularity, the verb πιστεύω 'believe' may be used to illustrate the various forms. Here the
present and the imperfect indicative active are given. Before vowels, 'ν' (nu) is added to some forms ending
in a vowel.
Present Imperfect
1 sg πιστεύω ἐπίστευον
2 sg πιστεύεις ἐπίστευες
3 sg πιστεύει ἐπίστευε(ν)
1 pl πιστεύοµεν ἐπιστεύοµεν
2 pl πιστεύετε ἐπιστεύετε
3 pl πιστεύουσι(ν) ἐπίστευον
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2:1 - Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐν Βηθλέεµ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐν ἡµέραις Ἡρῴδου τοῦ βασιλέως, ἰδοὺ µάγοι
ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἱεροσόλυµα λέγοντες,
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εἴδοµεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, καὶ ἤλθοµεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ.
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εἴδοµεν -- verb; 1st person plural aorist of <ὁράω> see -- we have seen
γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- his
τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
ἀστέρα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <ἀστήρ> star -- star
ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in
τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
ἀνατολῇ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <ἀνατολή> east -- east
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
ἤλθοµεν -- verb; 1st person plural aorist of <ἔρχοµαι> come -- we have come
προσκυνῆσαι -- verb; aorist in nitive of <προσκυνέω> worship -- to worship
αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
2:3 - ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρῴδης ἐταράχθη, καὶ πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυµα κατ' αὐτοῦ.
ἀκούσας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- having
heard
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
βασιλεὺς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <βασιλεύς> king -- King
Ἡρῴδης -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἡρῴδης> Herod -- Herod
ἐταράχθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ταράσσω> trouble -- was troubled
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
πᾶσα -- adjective; nominative singular feminine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
Ἱεροσόλυµα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <Ἱεροσόλυµα> Jerusalem -- Jerusalem
κατ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- with
αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
2:4 - καὶ συναγαγὼν πάντας τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ γραµµατεῖς τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπυνθάνετο παρ' αὐτῶν ποῦ ὁ
χριστὸς γεννᾶται.
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ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in
Βηθλέεµ -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <Βηθλέεµ> Bethlehem -- Bethlehem
τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
Ἰουδαίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Ἰουδαία> Judea -- of Judea
οὕτως -- adverb; <οὕτως> so, thus -- so
γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
γέγραπται -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect passive of <γράφω> write -- it is written
διὰ -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- by
τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
προφήτου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <προφήτης> prophet -- prophet
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2:7 - Τότε Ἡρῴδης λάθρα καλέσας τοὺς µάγους ἠκρίβωσεν παρ' αὐτῶν τὸν χρόνον τοῦ φαινοµένου
ἀστέρος.
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πορευθέντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle passive of <πορεύω> go, make go
-- having gone
ἐξετάσατε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative aorist of <ἐξετάζω> inquire -- inquire
ἀκριβῶς -- adverb; <ἀκριβῶς> sharply, diligently -- diligently
περὶ -- preposition; <περί> around -- concerning
τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
παιδίου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <παιδίον> young child -- young child
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καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ ἀστήρ, ὃν εἶδον ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, προῆγεν αὐτοὺς ἕως ἐλθὼν ἐστάθη ἐπάνω οὗ ἦν τὸ παιδίον.
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ἰδόντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of <ὁράω> see -- seeing
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
ἀστέρα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <ἀστήρ> star -- star
ἐχάρησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <χαίρω> rejoice -- they rejoiced (with)
χαρὰν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <χαρά> joy -- joy
µεγάλην -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <µέγας> great -- great
σφόδρα -- adverb; <σφόδρα> very -- very
2:11 - καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἶδον τὸ παιδίον µετὰ Μαρίας τῆς µητρὸς αὐτοῦ.
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καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνοίξαντες τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ δῶρα,
χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σµύρναν.
2:12 - καὶ χρηµατισθέντες κατ' ὄναρ µὴ ἀνακάµψαι πρὸς Ἡρῴδην, δι' ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ἀνεχώρησαν εἰς τὴν
χώραν αὐτῶν.
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ἄφετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <ἀφίηµι> send forth, throw down, permit, forgive -- suffer
τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
παιδία -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <παιδίον> young child -- little children
ἔρχεσθαι -- deponent verb; in nitive of <ἔρχοµαι> come, go -- (to) come
πρός -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
µε -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- me
µὴ -- particle; <µή> not -- not
κωλύετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <κωλύω> hinder, prevent -- (do) . . .hinder
αὐτά -- pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
τῶν -- article; genitive plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
τοιούτων -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <τοιοῦτος> such -- of such
ἐστὶν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰµί> I am -- is
ἡ -- article; nominative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
βασιλεία -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <βασιλεία> kingdom -- kingdom
τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- god
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Lesson Text
2:1 - Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐν Βηθλέεµ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐν ἡµέραις Ἡρῴδου τοῦ βασιλέως, ἰδοὺ
µάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἱεροσόλυµα λέγοντες, 2:2 - ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς βασιλεὺς
τῶν Ἰουδαίων; εἴδοµεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, καὶ ἤλθοµεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ. 2:3
- ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρῴδης ἐταράχθη, καὶ πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυµα κατ' αὐτοῦ. 2:4 - καὶ
συναγαγὼν πάντας τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ γραµµατεῖς τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπυνθάνετο παρ' αὐτῶν ποῦ ὁ
χριστὸς γεννᾶται. 2:5 - οἱ δὲ εἶπαν αὐτῷ ἐν Βηθλέεµ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. οὕτως γὰρ γέγραπται διὰ τοῦ
προφήτου, 2:6 - καὶ σὺ Βηθλέεµ, γῆ Ἰούδα,
οὐδαµῶς ἐλαχίστη εἶ ἐν τοῖς ἡγεµόσιν Ἰούδα ἐκ σοῦ γὰρ ἐξελεύσεται ἡγούµενος,
ὅστις ποιµανεῖ τὸν λαόν µου τὸν Ἰσραήλ 2:7 - Τότε Ἡρῴδης λάθρα καλέσας τοὺς µάγους
ἠκρίβωσεν παρ' αὐτῶν τὸν χρόνον τοῦ φαινοµένου ἀστέρος. 2:8 - καὶ πέµψας αὐτοὺς εἰς Βηθλέεµ
εἶπεν πορευθέντες ἐξετάσατε ἀκριβῶς περὶ τοῦ παιδίου. ἐπὰν δὲ εὕρητε, ἀπαγγείλατέ µοι, ὅπως
κάγὼ ἐλθὼν προσκυνήσω αὐτῷ. 2:9 - οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπορεύθησαν. καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ
ἀστήρ, ὃν εἶδον ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, προῆγεν αὐτοὺς ἕως ἐλθὼν ἐστάθη ἐπάνω οὗ ἦν τὸ παιδίον. 2:10 -
ἰδόντες δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐχάρησαν χαρὰν µεγάλην σφόδρα. 2:11 - καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἶδον
τὸ παιδίον µετὰ Μαρίας τῆς µητρὸς αὐτοῦ. καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνοίξαντες
τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ δῶρα, χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σµύρναν. 2:12 - καὶ
χρηµατισθέντες κατ' ὄναρ µὴ ἀνακάµψαι πρὸς Ἡρῴδην, δι' ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ἀνεχώρησαν εἰς τὴν
χώραν αὐτῶν. Mark 10:14b (memory verse) -
Translation
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came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, 2 Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for
we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.
3 When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. 4 And
when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them
where Christ should be born. 5 And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by
the prophet,
7 Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of them diligently what time the star
appeared. 8 And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and
when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also.
9 When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went
before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. 10 When they saw the star, they
rejoiced with exceeding great joy. 11 And when they were come into the house, they saw the young
child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their
treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense and myrrh. 12 And being warned of
God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way.
Grammar
6 Conjunctions and Particles.
As these texts exemplify, Greek makes great use of conjunctions and particles. These may have basic
meanings, but many of them simply suggest relationships between syntactic units, so that they vary in use
and may even not need to be translated.
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The most common conjunction is καί, with a basic meaning of 'and' but also 'even' and at times 'but'.
Another common conjunction is γάρ, with a basic meaning of 'for' but also 'now', or it may be added simply
to strengthen questions.
Particles typically stand right after the rst content word in sentences. Among the particles, δέ is very
common, as in our texts; it has a basic adversative meaning and may often be translated 'but' or 'on the
other hand', but is often redundant. In a different meaning it is attached to names of places that are in the
accusative, and then means 'to'. In addition it may be added to pronouns to strengthen their meaning. The
particle τε is also very common, and has the meaning 'and'; it is often used after both nouns that are
conjoined. The particle µέν often stands in clauses that are followed by other clauses including δέ, where it
means something like 'on the one hand'; it may also be combined with other particles, as in µὲν ἄρα, where
it means 'and'. The particle δή indicates emphasis, as on the word preceding it. In short, particles often
supply meaning much as intonation does in English. The meaning of the content words in sentences may be
a guide to interpretation of the particles included in them.
7 Participles.
Participles are often used to function as verbs of modifying clauses. These modifying clauses may
correspond to relative clauses, as does τεχθαὶς in 2:2. The relationship to a principal clauses may require a
further interpretation, as does that of the participle ἀκούσας in 2:3 or that of συναγαγὼν in 2:4. On the
other hand, they may be treated as participles in English, for example πέµψας in 2:8. They may also be
nominal; an example is ἡγούµενος in 2:6. The interpretations will generally be clear from the contexts in
which they are found.
Masculine Feminine
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9 Personal pronouns.
The rst and second personal pronouns have enclitic forms in the oblique cases of the singular, which are
given here after the regular forms; they have no accent. The third person forms, for 'he, she, it', are supplied
by the intensive pronoun meaning 'self'; the genitive singular forms would have the meanings 'of him, of her,
of it', the dative singular forms would have the meanings 'to him, to her, to it', and so on.
1 sg πιστεύω πιστεύοιµι
1 pl πιστεύωµεν πιστεύοιµεν
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The word is a compound consisting of the rst element the adverb ἄνω, which means 'up, on high, in
heaven'. The second element is the su x -θεν, which means 'from', as in words like οἴκοθεν 'from home'. In
Classical Greek it has only its literal meaning 'from above'; but in the New Testament it has the additional
meaning 'again'. The statesman clearly interprets it in this sense. But Jesus in his usual quiet way of
teaching goes on to say without contradicting him directly 'unless one is born of water and the spirit', clearly
indicating that he intends the literal sense. He then continues in verse eight with one of the most remarkable
passages in literature as presented in the King James translation; the verse supports the literal
interpretation of ἄνωθεν.
The passage is also of interest in indicating that the conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus was
probably conducted in Greek. Dr. Esther Raizen informs me that there is no ambiguity of interpretation of the
corresponding terms in Hebrew, and presumably also not in Aramaic. Two Hebrew translations of the
passage use a word meaning 'again', while another uses a word meaning 'from above'. Jesus' statements in
verse ve and later would be di cult to account for unless his use of ἄνωθεν indicated the necessity of
being born from above.
3:1 - Ἦν δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων, Νικόδηµος ὄνοµα αὐτῷ, ἄρχων τῶν Ἰουδαίων.
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οὐδεὶς γὰρ δύναται ταῦτα τὰ σηµεῖα ποιεῖν ἃ σὺ ποιεῖς, ἐὰν µὴ ᾖ ὁ θεὸς µετ' αὐτοῦ.
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οὐδεὶς -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὐδείς, οὐδεµία, οὐδέν> no one, nothing -- no
one
γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
δύναται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <δύναµαι> be able -- is able
ταῦτα -- demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <οὗτος> this -- these
τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
σηµεῖα -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <σηµεῖον> sign, miracle -- miracles
ποιεῖν -- verb; in nitive of <ποιέω> make, do -- do
ἃ -- relative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- that
σὺ -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
ποιεῖς -- verb; 2nd person singular present of <ποιέω> make, do -- do
ἐὰν -- conjunction; <ἐάν> if -- if
µὴ -- particle; <µή> not -- not
ᾖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive of <εἰµί> I am -- were
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
θεὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <θεός> god -- God
µετ' -- preposition; <µετά> after, with -- with
αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
ἀπεκρίθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -- answered
Ἰησοῦς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
εἶπεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (to) him
ἀµὴν ἀµὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν µή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν, οὐ δύναται ἰδεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ.
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µὴ δύναται εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν τῆς µητρός αὐτοῦ δεύτερον εἰσελθεῖν καὶ γεννηθῆναι;
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ἀπεκρίθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -- answered
Ἰησοῦς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
ἀµὴν ἀµὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν µή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ πνεύµατος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν
βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
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3:6 - τὸ γεγεννηµένον ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς σάρξ ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ γεγεννηµένον ἐκ τοῦ πνεύµατος πνεῦµα ἐστιν.
3:8 - τὸ πνεῦµα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ, καὶ τὴν φωνήν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις, ἀλλ' οὐκ οἶδας πόθεν ἔρχεται καὶ ποῦ
ὑπάγει·
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3:9 - ἀπεκρίθη Νικόδηµος καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι;
ἀπεκρίθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -- answered
Νικόδηµος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Νικόδηµος> Nicodemus -- Nicodemus
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
εἶπεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to him
πῶς -- interrogative particle; <πῶς> how -- how
δύναται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <δύναµαι> be able -- can
ταῦτα -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural neuter of <οὗτος> this -- these (things)
γενέσθαι -- deponent verb; in nitive of <γίγνοµαι> happen, become -- be
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ἀπεκρίθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -- answered
Ἰησοῦς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
εἶπεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to him
3:11 - ἀµὴν ἀµὴν λέγω σοι ὅτι ὃ οἶδαµεν λαλοῦµεν καὶ ὃ ἑωράκαµεν µαρτυροῦµεν, καὶ τὴν µαρτυρίαν
ἡµῶν οὐ λαµβάνετε.
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3:12 - εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἶπον ὑµῖν καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε, πῶς ἐάν εἶπω ὑµῖν τὰ ἐπουράνια πιστεύσετε;
εἰ -- conjunction; <εἰ> if -- if
τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
ἐπίγεια -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <ἐπίγειος> earthly -- earthly
(things)
εἶπον -- verb; 1st person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- I told
ὑµῖν -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
οὐ -- particle; <οὐ> not -- not
πιστεύετε -- verb; 2nd person plural present of <πιστεύω> believe -- (you do) ...believe
πῶς -- interrogative particle; <πῶς> how -- how
ἐάν -- conjunction; <ἐάν> if -- if
εἶπω -- verb; 1st person singular aorist subjunctive of <λέγω> say -- I will tell
ὑµῖν -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
ἐπουράνια -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <ἐπουράνιος> heavenly --
heavenly
πιστεύσετε -- verb; 2nd person plural future of <πιστεύω> believe -- will ... believe
3:13 - καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀναβέβηκεν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εἰ µὴ ὅ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβάς, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.
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Lesson Text
3:1 - Ἦν δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων, Νικόδηµος ὄνοµα αὐτῷ, ἄρχων τῶν Ἰουδαίων. 3:2 -
οὗτος ἦλθεν πρὸς αὐτὸν νυκτὸς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ, ῥαββὶ, οἴδαµεν ὅτι ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἐλήλυθας
διδάσκαλος· οὐδεὶς γὰρ δύναται ταῦτα τὰ σηµεῖα ποιεῖν ἃ σὺ ποιεῖς, ἐὰν µὴ ᾖ ὁ θεὸς µετ' αὐτοῦ.
3:3 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ. ἀµὴν ἀµὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν µή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν, οὐ
δύναται ἰδεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ. 3:4 - λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Νικόδηµος, πῶς δύναται
ἄνθρωπος γεννηθῆναι γέρων ὦν; µὴ δύναται εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν τῆς µητρός αὐτοῦ δεύτερον
εἰσελθεῖν καὶ γεννηθῆναι; 3:5 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς. ἀµὴν ἀµὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν µή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ
ὕδατος καὶ πνεύµατος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ 3:6 - τὸ γεγεννηµένον ἐκ
τῆς σαρκὸς σάρξ ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ γεγεννηµένον ἐκ τοῦ πνεύµατος πνεῦµα ἐστιν. 3:7 - µὴ θαυµάσῃς
ὅτι εἶπόν σοι· δεῖ ὑµᾶς γεννηθῆναι ἄνωθεν. 3:8 - τὸ πνεῦµα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ, καὶ τὴν φωνήν
αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις, ἀλλ' οὐκ οἶδας πόθεν ἔρχεται καὶ ποῦ ὑπάγει· οὕτως ἐστὶν πᾶς ὁ γεγεννηµένος ἐκ
τοῦ πνεύµατος. 3:9 - ἀπεκρίθη Νικόδηµος καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι; 3:10 -
ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις; 3:11 -
ἀµὴν ἀµὴν λέγω σοι ὅτι ὃ οἶδαµεν λαλοῦµεν καὶ ὃ ἑωράκαµεν µαρτυροῦµεν, καὶ τὴν µαρτυρίαν
ἡµῶν οὐ λαµβάνετε. 3:12 - εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἶπον ὑµῖν καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε, πῶς ἐάν εἶπω ὑµῖν τὰ
ἐπουράνια πιστεύσετε; 3:13 - καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀναβέβηκεν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εἰ µὴ ὅ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ
καταβάς, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Romans 1:17b (memory verse) -
Translation
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2 The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come
from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him.
3 Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he
4 Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time
5 Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he
cannot enter into the kingdom of God. 6 That which is born of the esh is esh; and that which is born
of the Spirit is spirit. 7 Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again. 8 The wind bloweth
where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it
goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit.
9 Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be?
10 Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things?
11 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye
receive not our witness. 12 If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I
tell you of heavenly things? 13 And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from
heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven.
Grammar
11 Nouns: ι-stems.
Nouns with stems in -ι have endings differing from those of the -ο- and -ᾱ- declensions, except in the
accusative singular and genitive plural. Their endings also vary in the epic texts, but the basic in ection is
given here with the noun πόλις 'city'.
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The in ections of the simple relative pronoun are as follows. These are also maintained in the emphatic and
general relative forms. The emphatic relative pronoun is ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ '(precisely) he who..., (precisely)
she who...'. The general relative pronoun is σ̔ ́στις, ἥτι, ὄτι 'whoever, whatever'.
Nom sg ὅς ἥ ὅ
Gen sg οὗ ἧς οὗ
Dat sg ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ
Acc sg ὅν ἥν ὅ
Nom pl οἵ αἵ ἅ
Gen pl ὧν ὧν ὧν
Acc pl οὕς ἅς ἅ
In nitive πιστεῦσαι
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4:1 - Ἰησοῦς δὲ πλήρης πνεύµατος ἁγίου ὑπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, καὶ ἤγετο ἐν τῷ πνεύµατι ἐν
τῇ ἐρήµῳ ἡµέρας τεσσεράκοντα πειραζόµενος ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου.
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4:2 - Καὶ οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδὲν ταῖς ἡµέραις ἐκείναις, καὶ συντελεσθεισῶν αὐτῶν ἐπείνασεν.
4:3 - εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ διάβολος, εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ τῷ λίθῷ τούτῳ ἵνα γένηται ἄρτος.
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4:4 - καὶ ἀπεκρίθη πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς, γέγραπται ὅτι οὐκ ἐπ' ἄρτῳ µόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος.
4:5 - καὶ ἀναγαγῶν αὐτὸν ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς βασιλείας τῆς οἰκουµένης ἐν στιγµῇ χρόνου.
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4:6 - καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ διάβολος, σοὶ δώσω τὴν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην ἅπασαν καὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν, ὅτι ἐµοὶ
παραδέδοται καὶ ᾧ ἐὰν θέλω δίδωµι αὐτὴν.
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4:8 - Καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτῷ, γέγραπται προσκυνήσεις κύριον τὸν θεὸν σοῦ καὶ αὐτῷ
µονῷ λατρεύσεις.
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4:9 - Ἤγαγεν δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴµ καὶ ἔστησεν ἐπὶ τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ.
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ, εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, βάλε σεαυτὸν ἐντεῦθεν κάτω.
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4:10 - γέγραπται
γέγραπται -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect passive of <γράφω> write -- it is written
γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- that
τοῖς -- article; dative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
ἀγγέλοις -- noun, masculine; dative plural of <ἄγγελος> angel -- angels
αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- his
ἐντελεῖται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἐντέλλω> command -- he has commanded
περὶ -- preposition; <περί> around -- around
σοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
διαφυλάξαι -- verb; in nitive future middle of <διαφυλάσσω> guard carefully -- to guard
σε -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
4:11 - καὶ
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4:12 - καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι εἶρηται, οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον τὸν θεὸν σοῦ.
4:13 - Καὶ συντελέσας πάντα πειρασµὸν ὁ διάβολος ἀπέστη ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἄχρι καιροῦ.
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εἰ -- conjunction; <εἰ> if -- if
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
θεὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <θεός> god -- God
ὑπὲρ -- preposition; <ὑπὲρ> over, for -- (is) for
ἡµῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- us
τίς -- interrogative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <τίς> who, what -- who
καθ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- (be) against
ἡµῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- us
Lesson Text
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4:1 - Ἰησοῦς δὲ πλήρης πνεύµατος ἁγίου ὑπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, καὶ ἤγετο ἐν τῷ
πνεύµατι ἐν τῇ ἐρήµῳ ἡµέρας τεσσεράκοντα πειραζόµενος ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου. 4:2 - Καὶ οὐκ
ἔφαγεν οὐδὲν ταῖς ἡµέραις ἐκείναις, καὶ συντελεσθεισῶν αὐτῶν ἐπείνασεν. 4:3 - εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ
διάβολος, εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ τῷ λίθῷ τούτῳ ἵνα γένηται ἄρτος. 4:4 - καὶ ἀπεκρίθη πρὸς
αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς, γέγραπται ὅτι οὐκ ἐπ' ἄρτῳ µόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος. 4:5 - καὶ ἀναγαγῶν αὐτὸν
ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς βασιλείας τῆς οἰκουµένης ἐν στιγµῇ χρόνου. 4:6 - καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ
διάβολος, σοὶ δώσω τὴν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην ἅπασαν καὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν, ὅτι ἐµοὶ παραδέδοται καὶ
ᾧ ἐὰν θέλω δίδωµι αὐτὴν. 4:7 - σὺ οὖν ἐὰν προσκυνήσῃς ἐνώπιον ἐµοῦ, ἔσται σοῦ πᾶσα. 4:8 - Καὶ
ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτῷ, γέγραπται προσκυνήσεις κύριον τὸν θεὸν σοῦ καὶ αὐτῷ µονῷ
λατρεύσεις. 4:9 - Ἤγαγεν δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴµ καὶ ἔστησεν ἐπὶ τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ. καὶ
εἶπεν αὐτῷ, εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, βάλε σεαυτὸν ἐντεῦθεν κάτω. 4:10 - γέγραπται
Translation
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wilderness, 2 Being forty days tempted of the devil. And in those days he did eat nothing: and when
they were ended, he afterward hungered.
3 And the devil said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, command this stone that it be made bread.
4 And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every
word of God.
5 And the devil, taking him up into an high mountain, shewed unto him all the kingdoms of the world in
a moment of time. 6 And the devil said unto him, All this power will I give thee, and the glory of them:
for that is delivered unto me; and to whomsoever I will I give it. 7 If thou therefore wilt worship me, all
shall be thine.
8 And Jesus answered and said unto him, it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him
9 And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on a pinnacle of the temple, and said unto him, If thou
be the Son of God, cast thyself down from hence: 10 For it is written,
11 And
12 And Jesus answering said unto him, It is said, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.
13 And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season.
Grammar
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17 Irregular nouns.
Some of the more frequent nouns are irregular in in ection; three of them are given here.
woman ship re
18 Demonstrative pronouns.
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There are three demonstrative pronouns. ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε points to the present or future, and corresponds to
'this,' 'this one here.' οὕτος, αὔτη, τοῦτο points to the former, and corresponds to 'that.' ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη,
ἐκεῖνο points to things remote or absent, and corresponds to 'that there.' ὅδε is based on the de nite article.
The forms of ἐκεῖνος are like those of αὐτός. The forms of οὗτος are given here.
In nitives may also be treated like nouns, where English makes use of participles, as in Luke 2:4 διὰ τὸ εἶναι
αὐτὸν..., literally 'through the (fact of) him be(ing)' > 'because he is'. The in nitive in verse 6 is similar though
treated as a genitive after a noun: ἡµέραι τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν, literally 'days of her giv(ing) birth'. But as these
few examples illustrate, in nitives are relatively infrequent in New Testament Greek and readily interpreted.
When used as Middle, the forms indicate an action or situation re ecting on the subject; thus the rst
singular indicative πιστεύοµαι means 'I believe'. When used as Passive, the meaning corresponds to that of
passives in English, so that the Passive πιστεύοµαι means 'I am (being) believed.' The forms must be
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The forms of the Present System ( rst, second, and third person, singular and plural) are as follows:
In nitive: πιστεύεσθαι
Participle: πιστευόµενος, πιστευοµένη, πιστευόµενον
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5:1 - Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος· καὶ καθίσαντος αὐτοῦ προσῆλθαν αὐτῷ οἱ µαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ.
ἰδὼν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of participle aorist of <ὁράω> see -- seeing
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
τοὺς -- article; accusative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
ὄχλους -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <ὄχλος> crowd -- crowds
ἀνέβη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἀναβαίνω> mount, go up -- he went up
εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- into
τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
ὄρος -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <ὄρος> mountain -- mountain
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
καθίσαντος -- verb; genitive singular masculine of aorist participle of <καθίζω> (force to) sit down --
sitting down
αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- he
προσῆλθαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <προσέρχοµαι> come to -- came to
αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
µαθηταὶ -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <µαθητής> disciple -- disciples
αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- his
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5:11 - µακάριοι ἐστέ ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν ὑµᾶς καὶ διώξωσιν καὶ εἴπωσιν πᾶν πονηρὸν καθ' ὑµῶν
ψευδόµενοι ἕνεκεν ἐµοῦ.
5:12 - χαίρετε καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὅτι ὁ µισθὸς ὑµῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.
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Lesson Text
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5:1 - Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος· καὶ καθίσαντος αὐτοῦ προσῆλθαν αὐτῷ οἱ µαθηταὶ
αὐτοῦ. 5:2 - καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ στόµα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς λέγων, 5:3 - µακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ
πνεύµατι,
ὅτι αὐτῶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. 5:4 - µακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται. 5:5 - µακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονοµήσουσιν τὴν γῆν. 5:6 - µακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν
δικαιοσύνην,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ χορτασθήσανται. 5:7 - µακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήµονες,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἐλεηθήσονται. 5:8 - µακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν θεὸν ὄψονται 5:9 - µακάριοι οἱ εἰρηνοποιοί,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται. 5:10 - µακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγµένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης,
ὅτι αὐτῶν ἔστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. 5:11 - µακάριοι ἐστέ ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν ὑµᾶς καὶ
διώξωσιν καὶ εἴπωσιν πᾶν πονηρὸν καθ' ὑµῶν ψευδόµενοι ἕνεκεν ἐµοῦ. 5:12 - χαίρετε καὶ
ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὅτι ὁ µισθὸς ὑµῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς. οὕτως γὰρ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς προφήτας τοὺς
πρὸ ὑµῶν. 1 Peter 5:7 (memory verse) -
Translation
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unto him: 2 And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil
against you falsely, for my sake. 12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven:
for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.
Grammar
21 Consonant stems ending in dentals.
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In these stems the consonant is dropped in the nominative singular, as well as in the accusative singular of
neuters, and in the dative plural.
foot body
22 Comparison of adjectives.
In most adjectives comparison is expressed by -τερος in the comparative degree, by -τατος in the
superlative degree. The forms then are in ected in accordance with the ο- and α-declensions. Examples in
this text are ἐµφερεστάτη and ὁµοιότατα. Some of the common adjectives on the other hand are irregular,
for example, κακός 'bad'; κακίων, κάκιστος. Their forms will be listed in dictionaries.
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Inde nite
Present Imperfect
1 sg πιστεύοµαι ἐπιστευόµην
2 sg πιστεύῃ ἐπιστεύου
3 sg πιστεύεται ἐπιστεύετο
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1 pl πιστευόµεθα ἐπιστευόµεθα
2 pl πιστεύεσθε ἐπιστεύεσθε
3 pl πιστεύονται ἐπιστεύονται
25 The subjunctive, optative, and imperative middle and passive forms, the in nitive and participle.
While these forms are not frequent, they are given here so that, if found, they may be recognized. The
participial forms, on the other hand, are relatively frequent.
1s πιστεύωµαι πιστευοίµην
1p πιστευώµεθα πιστευοίµεθα
In nitive: πιστεύεσθαι
Participle: πιστευόµενος, πιστευοµένη, πιστευόµενον
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4:1 - Καὶ πάλιν ἤρξατο διδάσκειν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ συνάγεται πρός αὐτὸν ὄχλος πλεῖστος,
ὥστε αὐτὸν εἰς πλοῖον ἐµβάντα καθῆσθαι ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τῆς
γῆς ἦσαν.
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4:2 - καὶ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν παραβολαῖς πολλὰ, καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτοῦ.
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ἀκούετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- Listen!
ἰδοὺ -- adverb; <ἰδού> behold -- behold
ἐξῆλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐξέρχοµαι> come out -- went out
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
σπείρων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <σπείρων> sower -- (a) sower
σπεῖραι -- verb; in nitive aorist of <σπείρω> sow -- to sow
4:4 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ σπείρειν ὅ µὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν, καὶ ἥλθεν τὰ πετεινὰ καὶ κατέφαγεν
αὐτό.
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4:5 - Καὶ ἄλλο ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸ πετρῶδες ὅπου οὐκ εἶχεν γῆν πολλὴν, καὶ εὐθὺς ἐξανέτειλεν διὰ τὸ µὴ
ἔχειν βάθος γῆς.
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4:6 - καὶ ὅτε ἀνέτειλεν ὁ ἧλιος ἐκαυµατίσθη καὶ διὰ τὸ µὴ ἔχειν ῥίζαν ἐξηράνθη.
4:7 - καὶ ἄλλο ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας, καὶ ἀνέβησαν αἱ ἄκανθαι καὶ συνέπνιξαν αὐτό, καὶ καρπὸν οὐκ
ἔδωκεν.
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4:8 - καὶ ἄλλα ἔπεσεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν καλήν, καὶ ἐδίδου καρπὸν ἀναβαίνοντα καὶ αὐξανόµενα, καὶ
ἔφερεν εἰς τριάκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑκατόν.
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4:10 - Καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο κατὰ µόνας ἠρώτων αὐτὸν οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν σὺν τοῖς δώδεκα τὰς παραβολάς.
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4:11 - καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς, ὑµῖν τὸ µυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ.
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4:12 - ἵνα
τί γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἄνθρωπον κερδῆσαι τὸν κόσµον ὅλον καὶ ζηµιωθῆναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ;
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Lesson Text
4:1 - Καὶ πάλιν ἤρξατο διδάσκειν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ συνάγεται πρός αὐτὸν ὄχλος
πλεῖστος, ὥστε αὐτὸν εἰς πλοῖον ἐµβάντα καθῆσθαι ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος πρὸς τὴν
θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἦσαν. 4:2 - καὶ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν παραβολαῖς πολλὰ, καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς
ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτοῦ. 4:3 - ἀκούετε, ἰδοὺ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρων σπεῖραι. 4:4 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ
σπείρειν ὅ µὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν, καὶ ἥλθεν τὰ πετεινὰ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτό. 4:5 - Καὶ ἄλλο
ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸ πετρῶδες ὅπου οὐκ εἶχεν γῆν πολλὴν, καὶ εὐθὺς ἐξανέτειλεν διὰ τὸ µὴ ἔχειν βάθος
γῆς. 4:6 - καὶ ὅτε ἀνέτειλεν ὁ ἧλιος ἐκαυµατίσθη καὶ διὰ τὸ µὴ ἔχειν ῥίζαν ἐξηράνθη. 4:7 - καὶ
ἄλλο ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας, καὶ ἀνέβησαν αἱ ἄκανθαι καὶ συνέπνιξαν αὐτό, καὶ καρπὸν οὐκ
ἔδωκεν. 4:8 - καὶ ἄλλα ἔπεσεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν καλήν, καὶ ἐδίδου καρπὸν ἀναβαίνοντα καὶ
αὐξανόµενα, καὶ ἔφερεν εἰς τριάκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑκατόν. 4:9 - καὶ ἔλεγεν, ὃς ἔχει
ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω. 4:10 - Καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο κατὰ µόνας ἠρώτων αὐτὸν οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν σὺν τοῖς
δώδεκα τὰς παραβολάς. 4:11 - καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς, ὑµῖν τὸ µυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ
θεοῦ. ἐκείνοις δὲ τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται, 4:12 - ἵνα
τί γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἄνθρωπον κερδῆσαι τὸν κόσµον ὅλον καὶ ζηµιωθῆναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ;
Translation
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so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the land.
2 And he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine,
3 Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow: 4 And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the
way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up. 5 And some fell on stony ground, where it
had not much earth; and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: 6 But when the
sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away. 7 And some fell among
thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit. 8 And other fell on good ground,
and did yield fruit that sprang up and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and
some an hundred.
9 And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
10 And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parable. 11 And
he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that
are without, all these things are done in parables: 12 That
Grammar
26 Survey of noun declensions.
The ο- and α- declensions have been given in section 4, and subsequent sections of the grammar, 11 and
16, have provided examples of consonantal declension and that of some irregular nouns. Here additional
sub-classes of the consonantal declension are listed.
Grammars provide the sub-classes according to the consonants of the stem. There may be modi cations
from sub-group to sub-group, but if the in ection of the word for salt is memorized, such forms may be
identi ed. Examples are given here also for stems ending in velars, dentals, and other elements; as the
selection indicates, nouns in the consonantal declension vary in gender: ἡ αἴξ 'goat', τὸ σῶµα 'body', ὁ ἁλ́ς
'salt', ὁ Ἕλλην 'Greek', ὁ σῦς 'pig'.
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velars dentals
-λ, -ρ -ν -υ
-θεν 'whence', as in -ανώθεν 'from on high', οἴκοθεν 'from home', χαµᾶθεν 'from the ground'
-ι, -θι 'where', as in οἴκοι 'at home', χαµαί 'on the ground'; but -σι(ν) if the noun in question is a plural, as in
Ἀθήνησι 'at Athens'
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-δε, -σε, ζε 'whither', as in Ἀθήναζε 'to Athens', χαµᾶζε 'to the ground'
28 Use of the augment.
The augment is used on past tenses in the indicative, that is, the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect. Verbs
beginning with a consonant pre x ἐ-, as in the imperfect ἐπίστευον 'I believed', the aorist ἐπίστευσα 'I have
believed', the pluperfect ἐπεπιστεύκειν 'I had believed'. Verbs beginning with a vowel or diphthong combine
the augment with that vowel or diphthong, usually resulting in its lengthening, as in the imperfect ἦγον 'I led'
from ἄγω, ηὔξανον 'I increased' from αὐξάνω.
Compound verbs place the augment on the verb, after the initial pre x, for example ἐν-έβαλλον from
ἐµβάλλω 'throw into', ἐπ-έβαλλον from ἐπι-βάλλω 'throw on'. In the early texts, the augment may be
omitted, as in the aorist form ποίησαν 'they made' from ποιέω.
29 Deponents.
As in Latin, a number of verbs have their forms in the middle while corresponding to active verbs in English.
Many of them indicate state, and do not take objects. They can be recognized from dictionary entries.
Examples are:
γίγνοµαι 'become'
δέχοµαι 'receive'
ἐργάζοµαι 'work'
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι 'reply'
λογίζοµαι 'reason'
µιµέοµαι 'imitate'
These have a active meaning in the aorist middle form, but passive meaning in the passive form of the
aorist.
Others have the passive form of the aorist. Many of them denote motion, feeling or mental action. Examples
are:
ἔραµαι 'love'
ἥδοµαι 'rejoice'
έν-θυµέοµαι 'consider'
δια-νοέοµαι 'intend'
30 The middle forms of the aorist.
In the aorist the passive has different forms from those of the middle. Here the middle forms will be given.
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9:3 - καὶ µετεµορφώθη ἔµπροσθεν αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ ἱµάτια αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο στίλβοντα λευκὰ λίαν, οἷα
γναφεὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐ δύναται οὕτως λευκᾶναι.
9:4 - καὶ ὤφθη αὐτοῖς Ἠλίας σὺν Μωυσεῖ, καὶ ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες τῷ Ἰησοῦ.
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9:5 - καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Πέτρος λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ; ῥαββὶ, καλόν ἐστιν ἡµᾶς ὧδε εἶναι, καὶ ποιήσωµεν τρεῖς
σκηνάς, σοὶ µίαν καὶ Μωυσεῖ µίαν καὶ Ἠλίᾳ µίαν.
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9:7 - καὶ ἐγένετο νεφέλη ἐπισκιάζουσα αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένετο φωνὴ ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης·
9:8 - καὶ ἐξάπινα περιβλεψάµενοι οὐκέτι οὐδένα εἶδον εἰ µὴ τὸν Ἰησοῦν µόνον µεθ' ἑαυτῶν.
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9:9 - Καὶ καταβαινόντων αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς ἵνα µηδενὶ ἅ εἶδον διηγήσωνται, εἰ µὴ
ὅταν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῇ.
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9:10 - καὶ τὸν λόγον ἐκράτησαν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς συζητοῦντες τὶ ἐστιν τὸ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι.
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9:11 - Καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν λέγοντες ὅτι λέγουσιν οἱ γραµµατεῖς ὅτι Ἠλίαν δεῖ ἐλθεῖν πρῶτον;
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καὶ πῶς γέγραπται ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἵνα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ ἐξουδενηθῇ;
9:13 - ἀλλὰ λέγω ὑµῖν ὅτι καὶ Ἠλίας ἐλήλυθεν, καὶ ἐποίησαν αὐτῷ ὅσα ἤθελον, καθὼς γέγραπται ἐπ'
αὐτόν.
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John 5:39 (memory verse) - Ἐρευνᾶτε τὰς γραφάς, ὅτι ὑµεῖς δοκεῖτε ἐν αὐταῖς ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἔχειν; καὶ
ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ µαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐµοῦ.
Lesson Text
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9:2 - Καὶ µετὰ ἡµέρας ἓξ παραλαµβάνει ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὸν Πέτρον καὶ τὸν Ἰάκωβον καὶ Ἰωάννην, καὶ
ἀναφέρει αὐτοὺς εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλὸν κατ' ἰδίαν µόνους. 9:3 - καὶ µετεµορφώθη ἔµπροσθεν αὐτῶν,
καὶ τὰ ἱµάτια αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο στίλβοντα λευκὰ λίαν, οἷα γναφεὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐ δύναται οὕτως
λευκᾶναι. 9:4 - καὶ ὤφθη αὐτοῖς Ἠλίας σὺν Μωυσεῖ, καὶ ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες τῷ Ἰησοῦ. 9:5 - καὶ
ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Πέτρος λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ; ῥαββὶ, καλόν ἐστιν ἡµᾶς ὧδε εἶναι, καὶ ποιήσωµεν τρεῖς
σκηνάς, σοὶ µίαν καὶ Μωυσεῖ µίαν καὶ Ἠλίᾳ µίαν. 9:6 - οὐ γὰρ ᾖδει τί ἀποκριθῇ; ἔκφοβοι γὰρ
ἐγένοντο. 9:7 - καὶ ἐγένετο νεφέλη ἐπισκιάζουσα αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένετο φωνὴ ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης· οὗτός
ἐστιν ὁ υἱός µου ὁ ἀγαπητός. ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ. 9:8 - καὶ ἐξάπινα περιβλεψάµενοι οὐκέτι οὐδένα
εἶδον εἰ µὴ τὸν Ἰησοῦν µόνον µεθ' ἑαυτῶν. 9:9 - Καὶ καταβαινόντων αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους
διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς ἵνα µηδενὶ ἅ εἶδον διηγήσωνται, εἰ µὴ ὅταν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ νεκρῶν
ἀναστῇ. 9:10 - καὶ τὸν λόγον ἐκράτησαν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς συζητοῦντες τὶ ἐστιν τὸ ἐκ νεκρῶν
ἀναστῆναι. 9:11 - Καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν λέγοντες ὅτι λέγουσιν οἱ γραµµατεῖς ὅτι Ἠλίαν δεῖ ἐλθεῖν
πρῶτον; 9:12 - ὁ δὲ ἔφη αὐτοῖς· Ἠλίας µὲν ἐλθὼν πρῶτον ἀποκαθιστάνει πάντα. καὶ πῶς
γέγραπται ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἵνα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ ἐξουδενηθῇ; 9:13 - ἀλλὰ λέγω ὑµῖν
ὅτι καὶ Ἠλίας ἐλήλυθεν, καὶ ἐποίησαν αὐτῷ ὅσα ἤθελον, καθὼς γέγραπται ἐπ' αὐτόν. John 5:39
(memory verse) - Ἐρευνᾶτε τὰς γραφάς, ὅτι ὑµεῖς δοκεῖτε ἐν αὐταῖς ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἔχειν; καὶ ἐκεῖναί
εἰσιν αἱ µαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐµοῦ.
Translation
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high mountain apart by themselves: and he was trans gured before them. 3 And his raiment became
shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on earth can white them. 4 And there appeared unto
them Elias with Moses: and they were talking with Jesus. 5 And Peter answered and said to Jesus,
Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for
Moses, and one for Elias. 6 For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid.
7 And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came out of the cloud, saying, This is
my beloved Son: hear him. 8 And suddenly, when they had looked round about, they saw no man any
more, save Jesus only with themselves.
9 And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that they should tell no man what
things they had seen, till the Son of man were risen from the dead. 10 And they kept that saying with
themselves, questioning one with another what the rising from the dead should mean.
11 And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must rst come?
12 And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh rst, and restoreth all things; and how it is
written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at nought. 13 But I say unto you,
That Elias is indeed come, and they have done unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him.
Grammar
31 In ection of adjectives and participles.
Section 12 provided the in ection of the most common adjectives, Here that of adjectives with consonantal
stems is given for the adjective ἄκων 'unwilling'; it applies also to present participles.
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The frequent adjective, πᾶς 'all, whole' is also in ected in this way; the nominative and genitive singular are
given as an illustration.
The nominative forms of other consonantal adjectives are given in dictionaries; the other cases may be
identi ed with the help of the forms given above.
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Other adjectives have different roots in the comparative and superlative forms. Some have several types of
comparison, with differing connotations for the various types.
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Middle Passive
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20:2 - τρέχει οὖν καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς Σίµωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον µαθητὴν ὅν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ
λέγει αὐτοῖς.
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τρέχει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <τρέχω> run -- she runs
οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- now
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
ἔρχεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἔρχοµαι> come, go -- comes
πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
Σίµωνα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Σίµων> Simon -- Simon
Πέτρον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
ἄλλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
µαθητὴν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <µαθητής> disciple -- disciple
ὅν -- relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- whom
ἐφίλει -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <φιλέω> love -- loved
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
Ἰησοῦς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
λέγει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <λέγω> say -- says
αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to them
ἧραν τὸν κύριον ἐκ τοῦ µνηµείου, καὶ οὐκ οἴδαµεν ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν.
ἧραν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <αἱρέω> take away -- they have taken
τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
κύριον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <κύριος> lord -- Lord
ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- out of
τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
µνηµείου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <µνηµεῖον> tomb -- tomb
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
οὐκ -- particle; <οὐκ> not -- not
οἴδαµεν -- verb; 1st person plural perfect of <οἶδα> know -- we do ... know
ποῦ -- adverb; <ποῦ> where -- where
ἔθηκαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <τίθηµι> put, place -- placed
αὐτόν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
20:3 - Ἐξῆλθεν οὖν ὁ Πέτρος καὶ ὁ ἄλλος µαθητής, καὶ ἤρχοντο εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον.
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ἐξῆλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐξέρχοµαι> come out -- went out
οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- now
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
Πέτρος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
µαθητής -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <µαθητής> disciple -- disciple
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
ἤρχοντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect middle of <ἔρχοµαι> come, go -- came
εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- to
τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
µνηµεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <µνηµεῖον> tomb -- tomb
ἔτρεχον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <τρέχω> run -- were running
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now
οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
δύο -- number; <δύο> two -- two
ὁµοῦ -- adverb; <ὁµοῦ> together -- together
καὶ ὁ ἄλλος µαθητὴς προέδραµεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου, καὶ ἦλθεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον,
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20:6 - ἔρχεται οὖν καὶ Σίµων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ
ὀθόνια κείµενα ,
ἔρχεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἔρχοµαι> come, go -- comes
οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- now
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- also
Σίµων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Σίµων> Simon -- Simon
Πέτρος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
ἀκολουθῶν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of participle of <ἀκολουθέω> follow -- following
αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχοµαι> enter -- entered
εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- into
τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
µνηµεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <µνηµεῖον> tomb -- tomb
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
θεωρεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θεωρέω> see -- sees
τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
ὀθόνια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothes
κείµενα -- verb; accusative plural neuter of perfect middle participle of <κεῖµαι> lie -- lying
20:7 - καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ µετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείµενον ἀλλὰ χωρὶς
ἐντετυλιγµένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον.
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20:8 - τότε οὖν εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος µαθητὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον, καὶ εἶδεν καὶ
ἐπίστευσεν.
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20:9 - οὐδέπω γὰρ ᾔδεισαν τὴν γραφὴν ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι.
ἀπῆλθον -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ἀπέρχοµαι> go back -- went back
οὖν -- particle; <οὖν> indeed -- then
πάλιν -- adverb; <πάλιν> again -- back
πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
αὐτοὺς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- their own
οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
µαθηταί -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <µαθητής> disciple -- disciples
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Romans 3:28 (memory verse) - Λογιζόµεθα γὰρ δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς ἔργων νόµου.
λογιζόµεθα -- verb; 1st person plural present middle of <λογίζοµαι> calculate, think -- we conclude
γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
δικαιοῦσθαι -- verb; passive in nitive of <δικαιόω> justify -- (is) justi ed
πίστει -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <πίστις> faith -- by faith
ἄνθρωπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- a human being
χωρὶς -- preposition; <χωρίς> apart -- without
ἔργων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <ἔργον> work, deed -- works
νόµου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <νόµος> law -- of the law
Lesson Text
20:1 - Τῇ δὲ µιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἔρχεται πρωὶ σκοτίας ἔτι οὔσης εἰς τὸ
µνηµεῖον, καὶ βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἡρµένον ἐκ τοῦ µνηµείου, 20:2 - τρέχει οὖν καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς
Σίµωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον µαθητὴν ὅν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς. ἧραν τὸν
κύριον ἐκ τοῦ µνηµείου, καὶ οὐκ οἴδαµεν ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν. 20:3 - Ἐξῆλθεν οὖν ὁ Πέτρος καὶ ὁ
ἄλλος µαθητής, καὶ ἤρχοντο εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον. 20:4 - ἔτρεχον δὲ οἱ δύο ὁµοῦ. καὶ ὁ ἄλλος µαθητὴς
προέδραµεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου, καὶ ἦλθεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον, 20:5 - καὶ παρακύψας βλέπει
κείµενα τὰ ὀθόνια, οὐ µέντοι εἰσῆλθεν. 20:6 - ἔρχεται οὖν καὶ Σίµων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ,
καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κείµενα , 20:7 - καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς
κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ µετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείµενον ἀλλὰ χωρὶς ἐντετυλιγµένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον. 20:8 -
τότε οὖν εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος µαθητὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ µνηµεῖον, καὶ εἶδεν καὶ
ἐπίστευσεν. 20:9 - οὐδέπω γὰρ ᾔδεισαν τὴν γραφὴν ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι. 20:10 -
ἀπῆλθον οὖν πάλιν πρὸς αὐτοὺς οἱ µαθηταί. Romans 3:28 (memory verse) - Λογιζόµεθα γὰρ
δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς ἔργων νόµου.
Translation
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3 Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre. 4 So they ran both
together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came rst to the sepulchre. 5 And he stooping
down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in. 6 Then cometh Simon Peter
following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie, 7 And the napkin, that was
about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself. 8 Then went
in also that other disciple, which came rst to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed. 9 For as yet
they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. 10 Then the disciples went away
again unto their own home.
Grammar
36 Tense formation.
To identify verbal forms, it is useful to note the principal parts. Illustrations are provided here, rst with the
so-called pure verbs, that is, those for which the stems are not modi ed by the endings. Examples are:
πιστεύω 'believe', τιµάω 'honor', ποιέω 'make'.
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The forms are the same in the two voices. The subjunctive and optative have forms of the verb 'to be' after
the participle (not repeated in the optative, below). They are as follows:
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2:2 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος ὥσπερ φεροµένης πνοῆς βιαίας καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν
οἶκον οὗ ἦσαν καθήµενοι.
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2:3 - καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαµεριζόµεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός, καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν.
2:4 - καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν πάντες πνεύµατος ἁγίου, καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις καθὼς τὸ
πνεῦµα ἐδίδου ἀποφθέγγεσθαι αὐτοῖς.
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2:5 - Ἦσαν δὲ εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴµ κατοικούντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν
οὐρανόν.
2:6 - γενοµένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης συνῆλθεν τὸ πλῆθος καὶ συνεχύθη, ὅτι ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ
διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν.
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γενοµένης -- deponent verb; genitive singular feminine of participle middle of <γίγνοµαι> happen,
become -- got around
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now
τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
φωνῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <φωνή> voice, sound -- word
ταύτης -- demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <οὗτος> this -- (when) this
συνῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <συνέρχοµαι> unite, come together -- came together
τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
πλῆθος -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πλῆθος> multitude -- multitude
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
συνεχύθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <συγχύω> confuse -- were confused
ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- because
ἤκουον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- they heard
εἷς -- number; nominative singular masculine of <εἷς> one -- one
ἕκαστος -- inde nite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ἕκαστος> each, every -- each
τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
ἰδίᾳ -- adjective; dative singular feminine of <ἴδιος> own -- (in his) own
διαλέκτῳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <διάλεκτος> language -- language
λαλούντων -- verb; genitive plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -- speaking
αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
2:7 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ καὶ ἐθαύµαζον λέγοντες, οὐχὶ ἰδοὺ πάντες οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι;
ἐξίσταντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <ἐξίστηµι> be amazed -- they were amazed
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
ἐθαύµαζον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <θαυµάζω> wonder -- wondered
λέγοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <λέγω> say -- saying
οὐχὶ -- particle; <οὐχί> not -- not
ἰδοὺ -- adverb; <ἰδού> behold -- behold
πάντες -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
οὗτοί -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <οὗτος> this -- these
εἰσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰµί> I am -- are
οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
λαλοῦντες -- verb; 3rd person plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -- speakers
Γαλιλαῖοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Γαλιλαῖος> Galilean -- Galileans
2:8 - Καὶ πῶς ἡµεῖς ἀκούοµεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡµῶν ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθηµεν;
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2:9 - Πάρθοι καὶ Μῆδοι καὶ Ἐλαµῖται, καὶ οἱ καταοικοῦντες τήν Μεσοποταµίαν, Ἰουδαίαν τε καὶ
Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν,
2:10 - Φρυγίαν τε καὶ Παµφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὰ µέρη τῆς Λιβύης τῆς κατὰ Κυρήνην, καὶ οἱ
ἐπιδηµοῦντες Ῥωµαῖοι, Ἰουδαῖοί τε καὶ προσήλυτοι,
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2:11 - Κρῆτες καὶ Ἄραβες, ἀκούοµεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς ἡµετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ µεγαλεῖα τοῦ θεοῦ.
2:12 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι;
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ἐξίσταντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <ἐξίστηµι> be amazed -- were amazed
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
πάντες -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
διηποροῦντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect middle of <διαπουρέω> to be quite at a loss -- were at
a loss
ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- one
πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
ἄλλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- the other
λέγοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <λέγω> say -- saying
τί -- interrogative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <τίς> who, what -- what
θέλει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θέλω> mean, purport -- does . . .mean
τοῦτο -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <οὗτος> this -- this
εἶναι -- verb; in nitive of <εἰµί> I am -- ...
ἕτεροι -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <ἕτερος> other -- Others
δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- but
διαχλευάζοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of <διαχλευάζω> joke, mock -- mocking
ἔλεγον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <λέγω> say -- said
ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- that
γλεύκους -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <γλεῦκος> new wine -- (with) new wine
µεµεστωµένοι -- verb; nominative plural masculine of passive participle of <µεστόω> to ll full -- fully
lled
εἰσίν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰµί> I am -- are
Mark 3:35 (memory verse) - Ὃς ἄν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέληµα τοῦ θεοῦ, οὗτος ἀδελφός µου καὶ ἀδελφὴ καὶ µῆτηρ
ἐστίν.
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Lesson Text
2:1 - Καὶ ἐν τῷ συµπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡµέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς ἦσαν πάντες ὁµοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό. 2:2 -
καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος ὥσπερ φεροµένης πνοῆς βιαίας καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν
οἶκον οὗ ἦσαν καθήµενοι. 2:3 - καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαµεριζόµεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός, καὶ
ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. 2:4 - καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν πάντες πνεύµατος ἁγίου, καὶ ἤρξαντο
λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις καθὼς τὸ πνεῦµα ἐδίδου ἀποφθέγγεσθαι αὐτοῖς. 2:5 - Ἦσαν δὲ εἰς
Ἰερουσαλὴµ κατοικούντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν.
2:6 - γενοµένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης συνῆλθεν τὸ πλῆθος καὶ συνεχύθη, ὅτι ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος
τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν. 2:7 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ καὶ ἐθαύµαζον λέγοντες, οὐχὶ ἰδοὺ πάντες
οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι; 2:8 - Καὶ πῶς ἡµεῖς ἀκούοµεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡµῶν
ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθηµεν; 2:9 - Πάρθοι καὶ Μῆδοι καὶ Ἐλαµῖται, καὶ οἱ καταοικοῦντες τήν
Μεσοποταµίαν, Ἰουδαίαν τε καὶ Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, 2:10 - Φρυγίαν τε καὶ
Παµφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὰ µέρη τῆς Λιβύης τῆς κατὰ Κυρήνην, καὶ οἱ ἐπιδηµοῦντες Ῥωµαῖοι,
Ἰουδαῖοί τε καὶ προσήλυτοι, 2:11 - Κρῆτες καὶ Ἄραβες, ἀκούοµεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς
ἡµετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ µεγαλεῖα τοῦ θεοῦ. 2:12 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος
πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι; 2:13 - ἕτεροι δὲ διαχλευάζοντες ἔλεγον ὅτι γλεύκους
µεµεστωµένοι εἰσίν. Mark 3:35 (memory verse) - Ὃς ἄν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέληµα τοῦ θεοῦ, οὗτος ἀδελφός
µου καὶ ἀδελφὴ καὶ µῆτηρ ἐστίν.
Translation
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suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it lled all the house
where they were sitting. 3 And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of re, and it sat upon
each of them. 4 And they were all lled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as
the Spirit gave them utterance.
5 And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. 6 Now
when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every
man heard them speak in his own language. 7 And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to
another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galilaeans? 8 And how hear we every man in our own
tongue, wherein we were born? 9 Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in
Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, 10 Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in
Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, 11 Cretes
and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. 12 And they were all
amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth this?
Grammar
41 Verbs in -µι; the present and imperfect active system.
A small number of frequent verbs have different endings and formations from those of the general verbs.
Among these are τίθηµι 'put', ἵηµι 'send', ἵστηµι, and δίδωµι 'give'. The present forms of τίθηµι are given
here to illustrate their forms. The forms of the others are comparable, though δίδωµι has ο-vowels
corresponding to the ε-vowels of the three other verbs.
Present Imperfect
1 sg τίθηµι ἐτίθην
2 sg τίθης ἐτίθεις
3 sg τίθησι(ν) ἐτίθει
1 pl τίθεµεν ἐτίθεµεν
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2 pl τίθετε ἐτίθετε
3 pl τιθέασι(ν) ἐτίθεσαν
1 sg τιθῶ τιθείην
1 pl τιθῶµεν τιθεῖµεν
1 sg ἔθηκα θῶ θείην
Present Imperfect
1 sg εἰµί ἦν
2 sg εἶ ἦσθα
3 sg ἐστί(ν) ἦν
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1 pl ἐσµέν ἦµεν
2 pl ἐστέ ἦτε
3 pl εἰσί(ν) ἦσαν
1 sg ὦ εἴην
2 sg ᾖς εἴης ἴσθι
3 sg ᾖ εἴη ἔστω
1 pl ὦµεν εἴηµεν
Present Past
45 Particles.
As you have noted in the texts, particles are numerous in Greek texts. Moreover, they are often left
untranslated. They may modify meaning much as intonation does in English; if then translated with their
meaning given in dictionaries, such as 'indeed, to be sure' and so on, the English sentence is turgid. In
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combinations, such as καὶ δέ, καὶ merely adds emphasis. Particles then must be treated in relation to one
another and to the entire sentence.
There are two negative particles, also called adverbs, οὺ (οὔτε, οὐκ, etc.), and µή, which is required in
sentences expressing a desire and is used in conditions.
There are several interrogative particles, of which ἧ and ἆρα are the most frequent. Other particles are listed
here in alphabetical order.
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13:1 - Ἐὰν ταῖς γλώσσαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λαλῶ καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ἀγάπην δὲ µὴ ἔχω, γέγονα χαλκὸς
ἠχῶν ἤ κύµβαλον ἀλαλάζον.
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13:2 - καὶ ἐὰν ἔχω προφητείαν καὶ εἰδῶ τὰ µυστήρια πάντα καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γνῶσιν, κἂν ἔχω πᾶσαν τὴν
πίστιν ὥστε ὄρη µεθιστάναι, ἀγάπην δὲ µὴ ἔχω, οὐθέν εἰµι.
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13:3 - κἂν ψωµίσω πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντά µου, καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶµά µου ἵνα καυθήσοµαι, ἀγάπην δὲ
µὴ ἔχω, οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦµαι.
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πάντα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all things
στέγει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <στέγω> endure -- endures
πάντα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all things
πιστεύει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <πιστεύω> believe -- believes
πάντα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all things
ἐλπίζει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ἐλπίζω> hope -- hopes
πάντα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all things
ὑποµένει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ὑποµένω> be patient under -- is patient under
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13:8 - Ἡ ἀγάπη οὐδέποτε πίπτει; εἴτε δὲ προφητεῖαι, καταργηθήσονται; εἴτε γλῶσσαι, παύσονται; εἴτε
γνῶσις, καταργηθήσεται.
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13:11 - ὅτε ἦµην νήπιος, ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐφρόνουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐλογιζόµην ὡς νήπιος.
13:12 - βλέποµεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγµατι, τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον; ἄρτι γινώσκω
ἐκ µέρους, τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσοµαι καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην.
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13:13 - νυνὶ δὲ µένει πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα; µείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη.
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2 Thessalonians 3:16 (memory verse) - Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης δῴη ὑµῖν τὴν εἰρήνην διὰ παντὸς ἐν
παντὶ τρόπῳ. Ὁ κύριος µετὰ πάντων ὑµῶν.
Lesson Text
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13:1 - Ἐὰν ταῖς γλώσσαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λαλῶ καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ἀγάπην δὲ µὴ ἔχω, γέγονα
χαλκὸς ἠχῶν ἤ κύµβαλον ἀλαλάζον. 13:2 - καὶ ἐὰν ἔχω προφητείαν καὶ εἰδῶ τὰ µυστήρια πάντα
καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γνῶσιν, κἂν ἔχω πᾶσαν τὴν πίστιν ὥστε ὄρη µεθιστάναι, ἀγάπην δὲ µὴ ἔχω,
οὐθέν εἰµι. 13:3 - κἂν ψωµίσω πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντά µου, καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶµά µου ἵνα
καυθήσοµαι, ἀγάπην δὲ µὴ ἔχω, οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦµαι. 13:4 - Ἡ ἀγάπη µακροθυµεῖ, χρηστεύεται ἡ
ἀγάπη, οὐ ζηλοῖ, ἡ ἀγάπη οὐ περπερεύεται, οὐ φυσιοῦται, 13:5 - οὐκ ἀσχηµονεῖ, οὐ ζητεῖ τὰ
ἑαυτῆς, οὐ παροξύνεται, οὐ λογίζεται τὸ κακόν, 13:6 - οὐ χαίρει ἐπὶ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ, συγχαίρει δὲ τῇ
ἀληθείᾳ. 13:7 - πάντα στέγει, πάντα πιστεύει, πάντα ἐλπίζει, πάντα ὑποµένει. 13:8 - Ἡ ἀγάπη
οὐδέποτε πίπτει; εἴτε δὲ προφητεῖαι, καταργηθήσονται; εἴτε γλῶσσαι, παύσονται; εἴτε γνῶσις,
καταργηθήσεται. 13:9 - ἐκ µέρους γὰρ γινώσκοµεν καὶ ἐκ µέρους προφητεύοµεν. 13:10 - ὅταν δὲ
ἔλθῃ τὸ τέλειον, τὸ ἐκ µέρους καταργηθήσεται. 13:11 - ὅτε ἦµην νήπιος, ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος,
ἐφρόνουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐλογιζόµην ὡς νήπιος. ὅτε γέγονα ἀνήρ, κατήγορηκα τὰ τοῦ νηπίου. 13:12 -
βλέποµεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγµατι, τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον; ἄρτι γινώσκω
ἐκ µέρους, τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσοµαι καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην. 13:13 - νυνὶ δὲ µένει πίστις, ἐλπίς,
ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα; µείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη. 2 Thessalonians 3:16 (memory verse) - Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ
κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης δῴη ὑµῖν τὴν εἰρήνην διὰ παντὸς ἐν παντὶ τρόπῳ. Ὁ κύριος µετὰ πάντων
ὑµῶν.
Translation
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sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all
mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have
not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my
body to be burned, and have not charity, it pro teth me nothing.
4 Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, 5
Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; 6
Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; 7 Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all
things, endureth all things. 8 Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail;
whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. 9 For we
know in part, and we prophesy in part. 10 But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in
part shall be done away.
11 When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I
became a man, I put away childish things. 12 For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to
face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.
13 And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.
Grammar
46 Texts.
The text of the New Testament has probably been examined like no other. It is based on numerous
manuscripts. There are four important ones: Codex Vaticanus in Rome; Codex Sinaiticus in Leningrad; Codex
Alexandrinus in the British Museum; Codex Ephraemi rescriptus in Paris. These were prepared in the fourth
and fth centuries. There are numerous others, some with Greek and Latin in parallel pages or columns, as
well as Syrian and Egyptian versions, and also quotations in the church fathers. The variants among these
are slight, so that current editions of the text are comparable.
A convenient modern text is that of Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort, The New
Testament in the Original Greek (New York: Macmillan, 1893), often reprinted. It includes notes and a Greek-
English lexicon. The text used here is that of D. Eberhard Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece (Stuttgart:
Wuerttembergische Bibelanstalt, 1898), often reprinted.
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47 Grammars.
Similarly, the grammar of the language has been thoroughly and repeatedly presented. For a large work one
may consult A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol. I, 3rd ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908) by James
Hope Moulton; Vol. II (1928) by James Hope Moulton and Wilbert Francis Howard; and Vol. III (Edinburgh: T.
& T. Clark, 1963) by Nigel Turner, all often reprinted. A shorter work is A New Short Grammar of the Greek
Testament (New York: Smith, 1931) by A. T. Robertson and W. Hersey Davis, with a useful bibliography and
credit to Moulton. While the language has undergone changes since the classical period, as the bibliography
of Robertson and Davis implies, a grammar of the classical language is satisfactory for understanding the
grammar of the language except for speci c details that are not essential in interpreting the texts. The most
comprehensive grammar is that of Eduard Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik I-III (Munich: Beck, 1939-53).
48 Dictionaries.
There are dictionaries devoted speci cally to New Testament Greek, such as that in the Wetcott-Hort
edition, but general dictionaries also cover the language. Accordingly, one may conveniently use An
Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, founded upon the seventh edition of Lidddell and Scott's Greek-English
lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1889), often reprinted.
49 Specialized handbooks.
The number of works on the New Testament is enormous. For example, a short book of 220 pages: A
Preface to Mark, by Christopher Bryan (New York: Oxford, 1993), includes a bibliography of sixteen pages,
concluding with two items on videotape, one distributed by the American Bible Society (1865 Broadway,
New York, NY, 10023). As another example of their age, extent, and diversity, we may cite the translation of
the Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians by St. Thomas Aquinas by F. R. Larcher (Albany, NY:
Magi, 211 pages).
For a general work in a "historical nontheological approach," one may consult The New Testament. A
Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings by Bart D. Ehrman (New York: Oxford University Press,
2000, 2nd ed., 465 pages), with suggestions for further readings in the text but no bibliography. A work
written to encourage "a maximum of observation of the text itself" is The Word of the Lord Grows: A First
Historical Introduction to the New Testament by Martin H. Franzmann (St. Louis: Concordia, 1961). Among
more specialized works of interest is Paul: A Critical Life by Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (New York: Oxford,
1996). Encyclopedias should not be overlooked when seeking information on the major gures and the
Christian church itself.
It is hardly necessary to state that there are many translations. Choice among them may be left to the
interest of individuals. One produced by a classicist may be of interest, not only for its treatment of each of
the gospels as continuous works rather than made up of chapters and verses: The Four Gospels: a new
translation from the Greek by E.V. Rieu, (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1953, 250 pages), subsequently
reprinted. The tone of Rieu's translation may be indicated by the end of his Introduction: "They are the
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Magna Charta of the human spirit. Were we to devote to their comprehension a little of the sel ess
enthusiasms that is now expended on the riddle of our physical surroundings, we should cease to say that
Christianity is coming to an end -- we might even feel that it has only just begun."
The growing in uence of the Bishop of Rome led to a center for its continued in uence. With the election of
Gregory the Great as pope in 590 A.D. the papacy was well-established, and provided spiritual and
intellectual guidance for much of Europe. The current situation as well as the recent history of Christianity
are so obvious that further discussion here is unnecessary.
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