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Algorithm
Allam Jaya prakash
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela,India
E-mail: allamjayaprakash@gmail.com
ECG plays a most important role in finding cardiac disorders of the heart. Cardiac arrhythmias occur in a short duration of time which can’t be
distinguishable by a human eye. The finding of arrhythmias is a tedious task since slight changes in electro cardiogram signal may lead to life-
threatening. Diagnosis and medication at an early stage of cardiac arrhythmia may facilitate to reduce the mortality rate of the heart patients.
This paper presents an accurate system for the classification of 5 types of electro cardiogram arrhythmias namely Paced (P), Premature
ventricular contraction (V), Normal (N), Right bundle branch block (R) and Left bundle branch block (L). We proposed an ECG arrhythmia
classification using random forest classifier. The projected model of cardiogram heart condition recognition system covers 3 stages they’re
pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. In the first stage, filtered the ECG signal raw data and finding the R-peak locations
of the ECG signal. Dual tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) is employed to extract the feature vector from the electro cardiogram
signal within the second stage. The final feature vector consists of an extracted feature sets from DTCWT and four other features Skewness,
Timing information, Kurtosis and AC power of the ECG signal. The final feature vector is applied as an input to the classifier. Random forest
classifier achieved overall accuracy of 98.78% on an individual basis once tested over five kinds of physionet MIT-BIH arrhythmia database.
The proposed arrangement of framework effectively characterised five kinds of ECG arrhythmias. Comparatively, the random forest provides
higher accuracy than other techniques for the ECG arrhythmia classification.
1. Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording quantization (LVQ) and self-organizing maps (SOM) are two
of the electrical phenomenon at the heart that represents the classification models based on clustering technique, LVQ is a
variability of heart rate. Any deviation from the normal heart rate, supervised learning technique which classifies the feature vector
disturbance in rhythm, site of origin or conduction of cardiac corresponding to the label of the cluster pattern (code word) into
electric impulse is considered as an arrhythmia. Most of the which is clustered. In SOM, each centring of the cluster (prototype
arrhythmias are seldom occurring and can’t be distinguished by a or code word) is represented by some weights of a neuron which is
person’s eye. Long duration of ECG record called as ambulatory assigned to correlate in the feature map. The classifier is modelled
electrocardiogram are required to identify the abnormalities present using mixture of SOM and LVQ approaches. The network is
in a patient. Moreover, huge variations in temporal and some designed in such a way that LVQ gives superior classification
other morphological characteristics from one patient to the other performance for classes 1 and 3 however for class 2 and 4 SOM
patient make detection of abnormalities is a challenging task. Hence gives superior performance. Overall classification accuracy of 94%
it is very difficult to analyse and recognize these arrhythmias is reported using this mixture of expert’s approach.
manually by an expert cardiologist. Hence we require an automatic A unique technique is proposed in [9] for a patient-adapted ECG
computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system that can quickly detect heartbeat classification that consists of four stages namely, pre-
abnormalities within the patient. processing, feature extraction, feature selection and classification.
In literature, there are many algorithms proposed on automatic Features are extracted in temporal and frequency domain.
classification of ECG Arrhythmias. Most of them have done Frequency domain features include coefficients obtained by
ECG classification in the subsequent stages i) pre-processing applying stock well transform. 184 samples around each R peak
ii) feature extraction iii) classification. These feature extraction are taken by combining 4 temporal features (Pre R-R, Post R-R,
techniques include both time and frequency domain features. Some average R-R, local R-R) and 180 samples of frequency domain
of the temporal features include R-R intervals, Q-R intervals, features and obtained better classification results as reported in [9].
QRS complex duration, R-S intervals, ST time segments. These To address the above limitations, a novel approach of random
temporal features are not enough for classification since there is a forest algorithm is proposed for the classification of ECG
huge variation in the other morphological patterns within the same arrhythmias. Random forest is a highly powerful machine learning
patient. Hence some of the researchers have reported the mixture algorithm which is based on supervised learning. Random forest
of both frequency and time features as reported in [1]. Many algorithm can use individually for both classification and the
transformation techniques like S transform, Fourier transform (FT) regression kind of difficulties. As name prompt that this algorithm
and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) [2] are used to extract the creates the forest with many number of trees.
features from the pre-processed data. Extracted features are given to The remaining paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents
the input of classifier for classification into respective classes. Some MIT-BIH database that is used to evaluate the performance of
of the classifiers are artificial neural networks (ANN) [3], support the proposed classification algorithm. Section 3 contains proposed
vector machine (SVM) [4]. framework. Section 4 shows the results and discussion of the
Detection of cardiac arrhythmias by applying Hidden Markov proposed algorithm. The conclusion of the work is explained in
models is reported in [7].This algorithm has demonstrated very section 5.
good promising results in classifying ventricular arrhythmias and
detection of low amplitude P wave detection. In [8], the author 2. ECG data Processing: MIT-BIH ECG Arrhythmia database
presented a customized electrocardiogram (ECG) beat classifier is utilised for assessing the performance of the proposed technique.
using a mixture of experts (MOE) methodology. Linear vector The database consists of some deadly arrhythmias. Most of the
(i) Pre-processing
Normalization
recordings correspond to the routine clinical recordings while the
remaining recordings contain the complex ventricular, junctional,
and supraventricular arrhythmias [16].These ECG recordings are Filtering
sampled at 360 Hz and band-pass filtered at 0.1-100 Hz. Annotation
file contains labels for each rhythm that are detected by using R-peak detection
a simple slope sensitive detector. Two independent cardiologists
cross-check the results for the verification. These labels are used
in the training and testing phase of the implemented algorithm.
In this work, five different types of cardiac arrhythmias namely
Morphological features
Temporal features
AC power
paced (P), premature ventricular contraction (V), Normal (N), right
Skewness
Timing
DTCWT features
information
P V N RBBB LBBB
Figure 1. Plot of 100m ECG signal from physionet Figure 2. Block diagram of proposed methodology