CN2122 Tutorial B-4 (Chapter 13, 14, 15)

1. Estimate the drag force when you swim slowly at 0.1 m/s in water. Model your body
as a cylinder with diameter of 0.3 m and length of 1.7 m, and neglect the drag force on
the two circular surfaces. Water viscosity and density are 0.001 Pa s and 1000 kg/m3.
What is the largest boundary layer thickness? (Hint: think about how to cut the cylinder
and apply the result for a uniform flow past a plate to the present case.)

Solution:

Due to small boundary layer thickness, the surface curvature is not important. Therefore
the Blasius solution can be used.

1.328
C DL =
Re L

A 2
F= ρv∞ C DL
2

ρLv∞ 1000 × 1.7 × 0.1

Since Re L = = = 1.7 × 105 , C DL = 0.003221.
µ 0.001
Also A = 0.3 × π × 1.7 = 1.602 m2

1.602
Therefore F = × 1000 × 0.12 × 0.003221 = 0.0258 N
2

The largest thickness is δ = 5

νL 10 −6 × 1.7
=5 =0.0206 m
v∞ 0.1
2. 2. A rectangular thin plate of side lengths a and b ( a > b ) is towed at constant velocity
in the direction parallel to the plate through an incompressible Newtonian fluid. The
Reynolds number is high enough for formation of a laminar boundary layer. Let Ua
and Ub represent the plate velocities when the movement is parallel to the long and
short side, respectively. Show that

Ua /Ub = 3 a / b

for an equal drag force.

Solution

Using the relative motion concept, the fluid flow associated with the moving plate can be
regarded as a uniform past the plate at rest. For the case of laminar boundary layer, one can
use the derived drag coefficient

F/A ν
C DL = = 1.328
ρv ∞ / 2
2
Lv∞

Hence the force on one side of the plate is

ρv∞2 ν
F= × A × 1.328
2 Lv∞

For the movement parallel to the long side,

ρU a2 ν
F= × ab × 1.328 (1)
2 aU a
For the movement parallel to the short side,

ρU b2 ν
F= × ab × 1.328 (2)
2 bU b

Equating Eq (1) and (2) yields

Ua /Ub = 3 a / b
3. For a turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube of radius R, the curve-fit function
1/ n
vz  r
= 1 − 
v z ,max  R 
is sometimes useful: near Re=4000, n=6, near Re=1.1x105, n=7 and near Re=3.2x106,
n=10. Show that the ratio of average to maximum velocity is

< vz > 2n 2
=
v z ,max ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)

Compare this ratio with that for a laminar flow.

(Hint: introduce q = 1− r / R in the integration for calculating the average velocity)

Solution:

R 1/ n
1  r
vz =
πR 2 ∫
0
v z ,max 1 − 
 R
⋅ 2πrdr

r
Let q = 1 − , r = R(1 − q) , dr = − Rdq
R

R 1/ n 1
 r
∫ 1 −  ⋅ 2πrdr = 2πR ∫ q1 / n (1 − q)dq
2

0  R 0
1
 
 1 2+ 
1 1
1+ 1 n2
= 2πR 2  q n− q n  = 2πR 2
1+ 1 2+
1  ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
 
 n n  q =0
Therefore

vz 0.79 ( n = 6)
2n 2 
= = 0.82 ( n = 7)
v z ,max ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 0.87 ( n = 10)


Compared with ½ for a laminar flow.

4. The impeller of fluid machinery is shown below. The fluid density is 800 kg/m3. The
fluid inlet velocity is 15 m/s with 45o from the radial direction, determine the outlet
velocity (with relative motion following the blade direction). Find out if the machinery
is a pump or a turbine? What is the required impeller width and corresponding torque
to handle the fluid at 500 kg/s?

Solution:

The rotor speed is ω=100 rad/s.

V1=15 m/s, Vt1= 15 sin 45o =10.61 m/s, Vn1= 15 cos45o = 10.61 m/s

From mass conservation, flow rate Q= 2πr2bVn2= 2πr1bVn1 so Vn2=Vn1/2=5.31 m/s

U2=0.2×100=20 m/s

Vrb2=Vn2/sin 60o

Vt 2 = U 2 − Vrb 2 cos 60o =16.94 m/s, V2 = Vn22 + Vt 22 = 17.75 m/s

Tshaft = ( r2Vt 2 − r1Vt1 )m m = 500 kg/s

r2Vt 2 − r1Vt1 = 0.2×16.94-0.1×10.61=2.327 > 0 (a pump)

Therefore the torque is 1163.5 Nm

Q=500/800=0.625 m3/s, hence b=0.094 m

5. Water at 25oC is pumped from an open tank through 200 m of 50-mm-diameter smooth
horizontal pipe as shown in the figure below, and discharged into the atmosphere with
a velocity of 3 m/s. Minor losses are negligible. Water density and viscosity are 1000
kg/m3 and 0.001 Pa s. Water vapor pressure is 3.2 kPa. Neglect losses in the short
section of pipe connecting the pump to the tank. Assume standard atmospheric
pressure.

(a) If the efficiency of the pump is 70%, how much power is being supplied to the pump?
(b) What is the NPSHA at the pump inlet?

Solution:

V=3 m/s
L=200 m
D=0.05 m
Q=π×0.052×3/4=0.005891 m3/s
Re=ρVD/µ=1000×3×0.05/0.001=1.5×105

1: free surface of water in the tank

2: pipe opening to atmosphere
s: pump suction section

For the main loss in the pipe between d and 2, the head is
f V 2L
hf = D (1)
2 gD
where fD is the Darcy friction factor that is 4 times Fanning friction factor. Using an
iteration method to solve the Colebrook eqn
 1 e/D 2.51 
= −2.0 log +  (2)
 
fD  3.7 Re f D 

with e/D=0 yields fD =0.0166. Substituting this value to Eq (1) leads to hf=30.5 m.

(a) Energy conservation analysis for the entire system,

p1 p V2
+ z1 + H p − h f = 2 + z 2 + 2
ρg ρg 2g

V22
H p = z 2 − z1 + h f +
= 27.95 m
2g
Wh = ρgQH p = 1613.6 watt
Wm = Wh / 0.7 = 2305.1 watt

(b) Energy conservation analysis for a control volume between 1 and s,

p1 p V2
+ z1 = s + z s + s
ρg ρg 2g
2
p s Vs p
+ = 1 + ( z1 − z s ) =1.01×105/1000/9.8+3=13.31 m
ρg 2 g ρg

Since Vs=V, ps/ρg=13.31-32/2/9.8=12.85 m

p V 2 pvap
NPSHA = s + s − = 13.31-3.2×103/1000/9.8=12.98 m
ρg 2 g ρg

Additional problems for practice

6. Consider a turbulent flow with velocity given by

v x = 3 y sin 2 t
v y = 4 x cos 2 t
vz = 0

Determine v x , v y , v x ' , v y ' , and v x ' v y '

Solution:
 π π π π
1 3y 3y 3y  sin 2t  3y
vx =
π ∫ v x dt 3 =
0
π ∫
0
sin 2 tdt =
2π ∫
0
(1 − cos 2t )dt =
2π
1 −

 =
2  t =0 2
π π π π
1 4x 2x 2 x  sin 2t 
vy = ∫ v dt 3 = ∫ cos tdt = ∫ (1 + cos 2t )dt = 1 −  = 2x
2

π 0
y
π 0
π 0
π  2  t =0
 1
v x ' = v x − v x = 3 y  sin 2 t − 
 2
 1
v y ' = v y − v y = 4 x  cos 2 t − 
 2
π π π
1 12 xy  2 1 12 xy  1 2 1
v x ' v y ' = ∫ v x ' v y ' dt = ∫  sin t cos t − dt =
2
∫  sin 2t − dt
π 0 π 0  4 π 0 4 4
π π
3xy 3xy 3xy
=−
π ∫
0
cos 2 2tdt = −
2π ∫
0
(1 + cos 2t )dt = −
2