Dynamic Braking of Three-phase Induction Motor

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SINGH VIVEKKUMAR GAJENDRAPAL

VINCHURKAR VEDANT PRAMOD
PATEL TEJALBEN DASHARATHKUMAR

In fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Electrical Engineering

Under the Guidance of

Pratik Patel

Parul University, Vadodara

October, 2018

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PARUL UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project-I -Subject code03106401 of 7th Semester entitled

“Dynamic Braking of Three-phase Induction Motor” of Group No. PUEE_26has
been successfully completed by

Singh Vivekkumar Gajendrapal- 150303106104

Vinchurkar Vedant Pramod- 150303106116
Patel Tejalben Dasharathkumar - 150303106083

under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology (B.TECH) in

Electrical Engineering of Parul University in Academic Year 2018-2019.

Project Guide, Project Coordinator,

Pratik Patel Ishan Desai

Head of Department, External Examiner

Electrical
Prof.Falguni Bhavsar

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Behind any major work undertaken by an individual there lies the contribution of

the people who helped him to cross all the hurdles to achieve his goal.It gives me

the immense pleasure to express my sense of sincere gratitude towards my

respected guide Pratik Patel, (Assistant Professor) for his persistent, outstanding,

invaluable co-operation and guidance. It is my achievement to be guided under him.

He is a constant source of encouragement and momentum that any intricacy

becomes simple. I gained a lot of invaluable guidance and prompt suggestions from

him during entire project work. I will be indebted of him forever and I take pride to

work under him.

I also express my deep sense of regards and thanks to Prof. Falguni Bhavsar, and Head

of Electrical Engineering Department. I feel very privileged to have had their precious

advices, guidance andleadership.Last but not the least, my humble thanks to the

Almighty God.

Place: Vadodara
Date:

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 ABSTRACT
Induction motors are used in many industrial production so it is very important for

the motor to be able to be quickly stopped and maintained at a standstill condition.

This method slows down a machine by converting kinetic energy stored in rotating

mass to heat energy in the rotor or stator winding.

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Table Description Page No

Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4

Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
Table 5.8
Table 5.9
Table 5.1

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure Description Page No

1 Natural characteristics 12

3 Regenerative Braking 13

4 AC Dynamic Braking of wound rotor motor connections 14

5 Braking connection and self-excitation process 14

6 Three Lead connection of DC Dynamic braking 15

7 Two Lead connection of DC Dynamic braking 16

8 Zero sequence Dynamic braking The nature of speed-torque 16

curve for AC and DC supply

iv
 LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE

Symbol Abbreviations
Name

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement I
Abstract II
List of Figures III
List of Tables IV
List of Abbreviations V
Table of Contents Xi
Chapter : 1 Title of chapter(page 1 starts)
1.1 1
1.2 2
1.3 2
1.4 3
1.5 4
Chapter : 2 Title of chapter(page 5 starts)
2.1 5
2.2 5
2.3 6
2.4 7
2.4.1 7
2.4.2 8
2.5 8
2.5.1 8
2.5.2 9
Chapter : 3 Title of chapter(page 10 starts)
3.1 10
3.2 10
3.2.1. 10
3.2.2. 11

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 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which

the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained
by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An
induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the
rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

A three phase induction motor runs on a three phase AC supply. 3 phase induction
motors are extensively used for various industrial applications because of their
following advantages -

 They have very simple and rugged (almost unbreakable) construction

 they are very reliable and having low cost
 they have high efficiency and good power factor
 minimum maintenance required
 3 phase induction motor is self starting hence extra starting motor or any
special starting arrangement is not required
Working
 Alternating flux is produced around the stator winding due to AC supply.
This alternating flux revolves with synchronous speed. The revolving flux is
called as "Rotating Magnetic Field" (RMF).
 The relative speed between stator RMF and rotor conductors causes an
induced emf in the rotor conductors, according to the Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. The rotor conductors are short circuited, and
hence rotor current is produced due to induced emf. That is why such motors
are called as induction motors.
(This action is same as that occurs in transformers, hence induction motors can be
called as rotating transformers.)
 Now, induced current in rotor will also produce alternating flux around it.
This rotor flux lags behind the stator flux. The direction of induced rotor

1
 current, according to Lenz's law, is such that it will tend to oppose the cause
of its production.
 As the cause of production of rotor current is the relative velocity between
rotating stator flux and the rotor, the rotor will try to catch up with the stator
RMF. Thus the rotor rotates in the same direction as that of stator flux to
minimize the relative velocity. However, the rotor never succeeds in catching
up the synchronous speed. This is the basic working principle of induction
motor of either type, single phase of 3 phase.
Synchronous Speed:
The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as synchronous speed.

where, f = frequency of the spply

P = number of poles
The torque produced by three phase induction motor depends upon the following
three factors: Firstly the magnitude of rotor current, secondly the flux which interact
with the rotor of three phase induction motor and is responsible for producing emf
in the rotor part of induction motor, lastly the power factor of rotor of the three
phase induction motor. Combining all these factors, we get the equation of torque
as-

Where, T is the torque produced by the induction motor, φ is flux responsible for
producing induced emf, I2 is rotor current, cosθ2 is the power factor of rotor circuit
The flux φ produced by the stator is proportional to stator emf E1. i.e φ ∝ E1 We
know that transformation ratio K is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage (rotor

voltage) to that of primary voltage (stator voltage). Rotor current I2 is

defined as the ratio of rotor induced emf under running condition , sE2 to total

impedance, Z2 of rotor side,

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SLIP:
The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed (N) of the
rotor is called as slip.

1.2 Breaking of induction motor

Induction motors are used in many industrial production processes because of their
low cost, high reliability, robustness and efficiency. In a vast number of industrial
applications and drives such as steel strip mills, mine winders, centrifuges, machine
tools and lifts, a very important requirement is for the motor to be able to be quickly
stopped and maintained at a standstill condition. This is also very necessary to save
machine parts and prevent injuries to the people in the vicinity in case a fault
occurs. This means that good braking techniques are needed which are able to
efficiently remove the kinetic energy of the rotor. Motors are often used to run high
inertia machines, quick retardation of which needs highly effective braking
techniques. Development of braking systems for three phase induction motors has
been a subject of continuous study over the years.

Braking systems, whose basic principle is to create a retardation torque, can be

broadly classified into two categories which are frictional braking and electrical
braking.

1.3 ELECTRICAL BRAKING METHODS

 Plugging
 Regenerative braking
 Dynamic braking

1.3.1 Plugging
This method involves changing the phase sequence of the input voltage by
interchanging any two stator connections of the motor. Due to this, a rotating
magnetic field is produced in the opposite direction which produces a strong
counter torque to stop the rotor . Some of the disadvantages of plugging are that it
leads to the motor accelerating in the reverse direction unless the supply is cut off at
zero speed. It also leads to high losses and has very high currents during braking.
When the phase sequence of supply of the motor running at speed is reversed by

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interchanging the connection of any two phases of the stator on the supply terminal,
operation change from motoring to plugging as shown in the figure below. Plugging
is the extension of motoring characteristic for a negative phase sequence from
quadrant third to second. The reversal of phase sequence reverses the direction of
a rotating field.

Fig1.Natural characteristics

1.3.2 Regenerative Braking

The input power of the induction motor drive is given by the formula shown below

Where φs is the phase angle between stator phase voltage and the stator phase
current Is. For motoring operation, the phase angle is always less than the 90º. If the
rotor speed becomes greater than synchronous speed, then the relative speed
between the rotor conductor and air gap rotating field reverse.

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 Fig2.Regenerative Braking

This reverse the rotor induces emf, rotor current and component of stator current
which balances the rotor ampere turns. When the φs is greater than the 90º, then the
power flow to reverse and gives the regenerative braking. The magnetizing current
produced the air gap flux.

The nature of the speed torque curve is shown in the figure above. When the supply
frequency is fixed, the regenerative braking is possible only for speeds greater than
synchronous speed. With a variable frequency speed, it cannot be obtained for
speed below synchronous speed.

The main advantage of regenerative braking is that the generated power is fully
used. And the main drawback is that when fed from a constant frequency source the
motor cannot employ below synchronous speed.

1.3.3Dynamic Braking

1.AC Dynamic Braking – The dynamic braking is obtained when the motor is run
on the single phase supply by disconnecting the one phase from the source and
either leaving it open or connecting it with another phase. The two connections are
respectively known as two and three lead connection.

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 Fig4. AC Dynamic Braking of wound rotor motor connections

When connected to a one phase supply the motor can be considered as to be fed by
positive and negative sequence three phase set of voltage. The total torque produced
by the machine is the sum of torque due to positive and negative sequence voltage.
When the rotor has high resistance, then the net torque is negative, and the braking
operation is obtained.

Assume the phase A of the star connected motor is open circuited. Then the current
flow through the phase A becomes zero, i.e., Ia = 0 and current through the other
two phases is IB = – IC.The positive and negative sequence component Ip and In are
represented by the equation.

Where α = ej20°

2. Self Excited Braking Using Capacitor – In this method the three capacitors are
permanently connected to the motor. The value of the capacitor is so chosen that

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when disconnecting from the line, the motor works as a self-excited induction
generator.

Fig5. braking connection and self-excitation process

The curve A is the no load magnetisation curve and line B represent the current
through the capacitor. E is the stator induced voltage per phase of the line. The
capacitor supplies the necessary reactive current for excitation.

3. DC Dynamic Braking – In this method, the stator of induction is connected

across the DC supply. The method for getting DC supply with the help of a diode
bridge is shown in the figure below.

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 Fig6.Three Lead connection of DC Dynamic braking

The direct current flow through the stator produces a stationary magnetic field, and
the motion of the rotor in this field produces induces voltage in the stationary
windings. The machine therefore works as a generator and the generated energy is
dissipated in the rotor circuit resistance, thus giving the dynamic winding

Fig7.Two Lead connection of DC Dynamic braking

4.Zero Sequence Braking – In this braking, the three phases of the stator are
connected in series across either a single AC or DC source. Such type of connection

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is known as zero sequence connection because the current in all the three phases is
co-phase.

Fig8.Zero sequence Dynamic braking The nature of speed-torque curve for AC and
DC supply

With the AC supply, the braking could be used only up to one-third of synchronous
speed. The braking torque produces by this connection are considerable larger than
motoring. With DC supply braking is available the entire speed range and the
braking are essential a dynamic braking as all the generated energy is wasted into
rotor resistance.

1.3Problem statement

Induction motors are used in many industrial production so it is very important for
the motor to be able to be quickly stopped and maintained at a standstill
condition.This is also very necessary to save machine parts and prevent injuries to
the people in the vicinity in case a fault occurs.

1.5 Future Scope

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper 1

Evert, C. F. (1954). “Dynamic braking of squirrel-cage induction motors’’.

Electrical Engineering, 73(2), 162–162. doi:10.1109/ee.1954.6439252

Summary:

 In this paper the application of direct current to the stator of a 3-phase induction
motor long has been recognized as a means of producing a retarding torque on
the moving rotor.
 Direct current flowing in the stator of an induction motor will produce stationary
magnetic poles a round the stator periphery. If the rotor is turning , the rotor bars
cut the magnetic flux at a rate depending upon the speed of the rotor.
 Hence a voltage is produced in the rotor, and the resulting rotor current acting
with the flux produces a retarding torque on the machine. Hence the brake is
applied.

 The magnetizing current in the normal equivalent circuit of an induction motor

is nearly constant. During dynamic braking the a-c equivalent stator current is a
constant, and since the rotor current depends upon speed, both the rotor current
and magnetizing current must change as the slip changes. Due to this
dependence of t h e magnetizing current upon slip, t h e flux and rotor induced
voltage also are variables.

Paper 2

Rahane, K., & Hardas, R. (2015).“Induction motor braking using Discrete

Frequency Control”.2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and
Applications. doi:10.1109/icesa.2015.7503456.

Summary:

 In this paper presents conventional methods of braking of Induction motor that is

regenerative, plugging, and Dynamic brakingis discussed. Due to dynamic

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 braking a strong call of current occurs and reaches to high value, which limits its
use. Other methods lags due to torque requirement of Induction motor.
 To overcome these drawbacks a new method Discrete FrequencyControl(DFC)
is used.Changing the speed of motor by changing the frequency with the help of
thyristor like inverter and obtain the minimum speed.
 Then by applying DC Dynamic braking as minimum speed is obtained
induction motor can be stop. By using this technique we can stop the induction
motor at high speed.
 DFC technique is based upon the AC thyristors like inverter. basically current
source inverters are used to limit the currents .
 Using these thyristors the discrete frequencies are obtained from line
frequencies. obtained discrete frequencies are sub-harmonics of line frequencies.
Stepwise reduction in frequencies though current source inverter results in either
addition or omission of half cycle of supply frequency. This gives new supply
frequency. Frequencies are reduced at various steps

Parameter Methodology Improvement(Time

deceleration(sec))

Speed frequency

750rpm 25Hz Discrete frequency

control (DFC)
500rpm 16.66Hz 0.5 sec

375rpm 12.5Hz

3. Bland, T. G., & Shepherd, W. (1975). “D.C. dynamic braking of induction

motors with secondary capacitors”. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical
Engineers, 122(2), 163. doi:10.1049/piee.1975.0035

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Summary:

 In this paperThe presence of secondary-circuit capacitance permits large torque

to be developed in induction motors at high speeds, with d.c. dynamic braking.
 Variation of braking torque at fixed speed can be achieved by variation of
excitation current or capacitance, or by the inclusion of resistance in series or
parallel with the capacitor.
 The use of secondary capacitance results in large braking torque at high speed
and hence overcomes one of the disadvantages of DC braking.
 Because of secondary capacitance braking torque value is increased due to
which braking is done in short period of time.

4. Singh, R., Umashankar, S., Vijaykumar, D., & Kothari, D. P. (2013).

“Dynamic braking of induction motor - Analysis of conventional methods and
an efficient multistage braking model”.2013 International Conference on
EnergyEfficient Technologies for Sustainability.doi:10.1109/iceets.2013.653338

Summary:

 In this paper, a detailed analysis is made on capacitor self-excitation and DC

injection methods of dynamic braking of induction motor. The effectiveness of
these conventional dynamic braking methods is carefully analyzed while
changing various parameters.
 The speed range and time duration for which these methods are the most
effective is carefully observed during changing load conditions.
 The effects of changing capacitor values and DC injection voltage levels on the
effective speed range have been studied and the time durations in which these
methods are most effective are also analyzed.when designed carefullyby
combining the conventional methods in the correctsequence and for appropriate
durations of time is always morereliable and faster than individual methods.
 Capacitor selfexcitation method of braking is effective at high speeds. Thereare
specific ranges of minimum capacitance values that can bechosen for the most
effective capacitive braking dependingupon the load conditions and motor
ratings. DC injectionmethod is effective only at low speeds.

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5. E.C.Ejiogu,Y.Tanno,”Capacitor self excitation braking of the induction
motor", Industrial control and instrumentation1993,pp.891-895 vol
.2,1993.DOI-10.1109/IECON.1993.339157

Summary
 In DC dynamic braking fails in general power loss which can be dangerous to
person and equipment if the motor is not rapidly stopped by auxiliary braking
system. During capacitors braking the motor is heavily saturated and operate
under transient
 Capacitors braking system requires less periodic maintenance and operation
noiseless. The motor wheel come to slowly under the effect from friction and
load torque.
 During capacitor-magnetic braking the motor is heavily saturated and
operates under transient. Hence adequate transient and saturation simulation
is necessary for a realistic design. In this paper we have included leakage
path saturation(hitherto neglected) ,and the results show a better correlation
with experiments
 Here, we shall use the decaying-vector component method to analyze the
braking transient. Saturation during braking is taken into account by the
saturation factor method.
 Experimental and simulation results are compared, and some practical
problems which need to be solved for proper application are also mentioned.

6. AbdollahKhoei& S. Yuvarajan (1985) “Dynamic Braking of Induction

Motors Using DC Injection”, Electric Machines & Power Systems, 10:5-6, 417-
420, DOI:10.1080/07313568508909142.

Summary:
 The induction motors are subjected to strong braking force by injecting dc
currents in stator windings.The DC power supply consist of tapped
Transformer ,rectifier and a filter which converts input ac into filtered DC .

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  A DC voltage is applied to the motor stator windings, creating a stationary
magnetic field which applies a static torque to the rotor.

 This slows and eventually halts the rotor completely.As long as the DC voltage
is applied to the windings, the rotor will be held in position and resistant to any
attempt to spin it.The dc currents provides a fixed magnetic field to which rotor
attempts to align there by resulting in a strong braking action.
 This dc current rapidly deaccelerate motor by removing 3 phase a.c supply hence
reducing the action of rotor to rotate.The steed and torque responses of a
typical Induction motor subjected to a sequence of operations of like motoring
and braking are obtained using digital simulation.

Sl. No. Startin DC Max. Duration of Stopping (Seconds)

g Voltag Current
Speed e Drawn
(rpm) (Volts)
During Brake At Standstill (Amperes)
(Amperes)
01 1000 80 4.1 5.3 0.5
02 900 70 3.5 4.6 0.5
03 800 60 3.0 4.0 0.5
04 700 50 2.5 3.4 0.5
05 600 40 2.0 2.7 0.5

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7. Prashant N. Kareliya1 Krunal A. Bagda2 Sagar P. Khunt3
”Electromagnetic Braking System of an Induction Motor” ,IJSRD -Vol. 5,
DOI -Issue 02, 2017
Summary:
 In this project electromagnetic brake is fitted on the shaft. When supply is given
to the motor the motor is starts to rotating, When AC supply given to
Electromagnetic brake the magnetic coil energizes and attract pressure disc so
that the shaft of motor is free to rotate and motor is frequently rotate.
 When it’s necessary to stop rotation of the motor we need to apply the braking of
motor. For the braking of motor the supply of electromagnetic brake is cut off
and the pressure disc is release due to spring forces and disc is strongly
connected with friction disc which made of carbon-fiber material and motor is
stopped
 The motor and EM brakes are mechanically coupled. The single phase ac supply
is given to motor and rectifier using toggle switch, voltage is given to
electromagnetic brake, and brake energizes and it will attract the pressure disc.
 When toggle switch ON position the motor and EM brake are energize. The
push button switch is connected across toggle switch. This is bypass switch.
When toggle switch is OFF the EM brakes is operates through this switch. The
push button contacts is normally open type, when it’s pressed by manually the
contacts of push button is normally closed and brake is energize.
 When no electricity is applied to the brake, a spring pushes against a pressure
plate, squeezing the friction disc between the inner pressure plate and the outer
cover plate. This frictional clamping force is transferred to the hub, which is
mounted to a shaft.electromagnetic braking system is the most efficient and safe
system.There are many applications of our project like Hoist, crane, textile
machinery etc…And we are also used for safety purpose.( Fig .2)

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8. Patel Varun J., Patel Ripan H, ‘Different Types of Methods to Recover Regenerative
Energy Replacing Conventional Dynamic Braking Of Variable Frequency Drive’.
IJEDR.DOI-2014
Summary:
 A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is a simply a motor controller that drives an
electric motor, by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the electric
motor. Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) change the speed of motor by
changing voltage and frequency of the power supplied to the motor.When the
motor works as a generator, the energy from stator goes back to dc bus and the
voltage rises in braking chopper turns ON and the resistor connected to braking
chopper in series, where the excess energy gets dissipated in the form of heat.
Hence the motor gets stop slowly.

METHODS TO RECOVER REGENERATIVE ENERGY:

1. .Snubber Resistor control : Snubber Resistor Braking kits use a transistor and
circuitry that “turns on” at a predetermined DC bus voltage, which is set below
the AC drive’s trip point. At this voltage level the energy is transferred to a
resistor (or group of resistors) where the energy is burned off as heat.Snubber
braking resistors, however, require cool down time, which make them less

16
 suitable for highly cyclical operations such as frequent, repetitive starts and
stops
2..Line Regeneration control :It Controls use a set of transistors, which pulse “on”
at a predetermined DC bus voltage set below the AC drive’s trip point.The IGBT
bridge inside the regenerative Converter is connected in parallel with the diode
bridge of the drive. When one of the diodes in the drive’s diode bridge is forward
biased, the diode in the same relative position in the IGBT bridge is also forward
biased. Remember that the two bridges are basically connected at the DC bus and
the AC line terminals.

3.Synchronous rectifier control: Synchronous Rectifier Controls can be used either

as line regeneration controls or as AC line voltage to DC voltage converters for
powering the DC bus of an AC drive.The converter bridge gating is synchronized to
the A-C line
 . The resulting input currents are nearly sinusoidal with 5th and 7th harmonics
are removes which we see in diode bridge converter.
 In the motoring mode, the IGBT converter bridge works with a resonant tuned
input line reactor and DC bus capacitor as a boost converter to create DC bus
voltage. This intermediate voltage is higher than that created by a conventional
diode bridge rectifier. In the regenerative mode, the IGBT bridge feeds width-
controlled pulses of the excess C bus voltage maximizing input power factor.

Fig 3..Synchronous rectifier control

 Applications of Regenerative AC drive are Overhauling loads ,High inertia
loads, Flywheels, Cranes and hoists.the conventional braking of VFD can be
replaced by different methods to recover regenerative energy of the motor.

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9. P.L. Rongmei, Shimi S.L, Dr. S. Chatterji, Vinod K. Sharma,`` A Novel Fast
Braking System for Induction Motor”. International Journal of Engineering
and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 2012.

Summary:
Its an effective and reliable fast braking system for three-phase induction motor
designed with the combinations of two or more conventional braking methods.For
the use of industrial applications one of the most important control parameter in the
motor drive system is braking. There is a need to bring a drive system quickly to
rest to hold a drive at standstill after some operation has been completed, or under
the condition of faulty operation to save the machinery parts.
A. Combination of Capacitor and Magnetic Braking:In this braking system, there is
no provision for the effect of gravitational force as in the case of lift or gravity.
The system will sustain the brake for few second and afterward no braking will
effect to the motor. To sustain self-excitation at lower speed a high value of
capacitance is required but more capacitance will cause more heating in the
windings.
B. Combination of Capacitor and dc Injection Braking: The combination of
capacitor and dc injection will be more effective. The capacitor self-excitation
braking is applied at high speed and the speed of the motor will reduced 50% to
70% of the full speed and then dc injection braking is followed. The dc braking
will bring the motor to standstill in few seconds.
C. Combination of Capacitor, Magnetic and dc Injection Braking: Since magnetic
braking requiresno external energy in the braking system, the magnetic braking
can be applied in-between the capacitor and dc injection so that dc voltage
required to halt the rotor will reduce. As soon as the main supply is disconnected
from the motor a single capacitor of suitable value is connected to any two of the
stator terminals (the third terminal left open) followed by magnetic braking and
finally a small amount of dc will be injected to bring the rotor at standstill.

18
D. Combination of Capacitor, Magnetic and Zero Sequence Braking:In this
combination of capacitor, magnetic and dc injection braking, a rectifier circuit is
required for dc injection; it is an additional to step-down transformer. This is an
extra cost in the whole braking system. In the same sequence as above the
capacitor self excitation braking will be applied as soon as the main supply is
removed and the capacitor braking is followed by the magnetic braking.

10. Haroutuon A. Hairik ,Rabee’ H. Thejel, Wissam A. Kadhem “Proposed

Scheme for Plugging Three-Phase Induction Motor”
Summary:
 In this paperthe purpose of this method is to reduce the rotor and stator high
currents during reverse current braking (plugging), to an acceptable value.
 By changing the direction of revolving magnetic field to oppose the direction of
former magnetic field by changing the phase sequence of three-phase voltage,
then the motor will be braked by opposing torque in a short time.If the leads on
the stator windings are reversed suddenly, the direction of rotation for the stator
field is reversed. The resulting slip is larger than one. The motor will come to an
abrupt stop.
 .Plug braking is obtained by changing the phase sequence of the input voltage
where the whole energy is dissipated in the motor. External resistance is inserted
when operating in the plugging mode, this reduces the current, improves the
power factor and increase the braking torque. Rotor resistance control is of
course confined to phase–wound rotors with slip rings.
 The purpose of this braking strategy is to reduce the rotor and stator high
currents during the reverse current braking (plugging) to be within acceptable
values and to quickly stop the inductionmotor.

19
 The proposed scheme can also be used to quickly reversemotor direction of
rotation. This is done with at the same timelowering the high motor reversed
current.

11.George katsirelos, Toby Walsh, “Dynamic symmetry breaking constraints”

,Principles of constraints programme, CP 2006

Summary
 Static symmetry breaking method are simple to implement, workwith any type
of symmetry and tend to be highly effective.
 A small no of symmetry constraints are eliminated. Static method have one
disadvantage compared to dynamic method. A constraints problem consist set of
variable. We have fast and efficient propagation of the posted symmetry
breaking constraints yet we do not conflict with branching heuristic.
 We intend to develop such hybrid methods for other types of symmetry.
There are a number of different methods commonly used to deal with symmetry.
For example, we can statically add constraints before search which eliminate
some or all of the symmetric solutions, or we can modify the search method so
that it dynamically avoids symmetric solutions. Static symmetry breaking
methods are simple to implement, work with any type of symmetry and tend to
be highly effective.
 A small number of constraints can often quickly eliminate many symmetries.
However, static methods have one disadvantage compared to dynamic methods:
we fix in advance which solutions in each symmetry class are permitted, and
branching heuristics may conflict with this choice.

20
12.R.Subramania,C.chellamuthu,’A fast method of braking of induction motor
by self excitation’,Energy conversion IEEE Transaction on,vol 7,No 2 ,pp. 315-
321,1999,DOI:10.1109/60.136227

 Almost suitable braking can be achieved by connecting suitable capacitor banks

at the terminal of induction motor .The capacitive reactance value increas as the
stator frequency down as the capacitive reactance value is well below the
magnetizing reactance. During the breaking since the stator frequency is less
Parameters Methodology Improvement

Voltage-440v A fast method of This method improved

Current-1.55A induction motor by self – method which can be
Pole-2 excitation. applied easily and used
Rs-9.3ohm Capacitive braking is frequently almost
Rr-9.3ohm easily developed. instaneous braking.
Xs-16.182ohm
Xr-16.182ohm Balanced capacitors
Damping coefficient- connected in Delta to
0.00186J.S achieve instantaneous
Speed-1440rpm braking.
Frequency-50HZ
then rotor frequency then machine operate negative slips so torque is negative so
motor slow down. Terminal capacitors are used for self – excitation.
Because of the negative slip the motor torque becomes negative, i.e. a retarding
torque is produced.
 Due to this retardation, the motor slows down, releasing some of its kinetic
energy in the form of electrical energy. The major part of this energy is
immediately dissipated in the form of heat in the machine resistances.
 In the initial stages of the braking, a part of the released kinetic energy is also
stored in the magnetic field in the form of increased flux. But due to magnetic
saturation, an increase in flux is accompanied by a disproportionately large
increase in the magnetizing current.
 The result is two . Firstly, the increased currents cause increased heat dissipation
in the machine resistances. Secondly, the heavy saturation causes a substantial
increase in the hysteresis loss, which is dissipated as heat in the core of the
machine.

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 The usual friction and windage losses also help to dissipate the kinetic energy.
The combined effect of the above phenomena is to cause the machine to loose
speed rapidly.

13.G.M.A.sowilam,M.I.korfly,”Braking methods of induction motor using

direct torque control", Electric Machine ,ICEM 2000,pp.1178-1182.

Summary

Parameters Methodology Improvement

Rated power-0.55kw Braking Method of DTC is fast method to

Rr-14.21ohm induction motor using other method. speed is
Rs-15.79ohm Torque control. high and Dynamic
Rated voltage-400v Response is quick and
Xs-23.743ohm high.
Xr-23.743ohm
Power factor-0.81
Speed-1390 rpm
Xm-224.2ohm
Pole-4

 The different methods electric braking by using DTC technique. Practical, two
level inverter used in DTC technique.
 THE OPERATION OF INDUCTION MOTOR WITH TRACTION LOAD:
(a)forward plugging braking of induction motor
(b)ac dynamic braking of induction motor
(c) Reverse mode of induction motor
d) plugging braking of induction motor
DTC error between calculated flux and their reference value are used.DTC has
a very simple structure only a pair of hysteresis controllers and a lock up
table.DTC have fast response to other method of control. The methods of the
braking that are discussed in this paper are forward plug braking, ac dynamic
braking and reverse braking, These techniques of braking are done using DTC
by varying the tracing of the reference speed. The DTC has the advantage of fast

22
 response to follow he reference speed faster than the other methods of control.
Electronic drivers are needed to reduce speed suddenly, to stop quickly or to
reverse speed in very short intervals of time.

14. E.C.Ejiogu,Y.Tanno,”Capacitor self excitation braking of the induction

motor", Industrial control and instrumentation1993,pp.891-895 vol
.2,1993.DOI-10.1109/IECON.1993.339157

Summary
 In DC dynamic braking fails in general power loss which can be dangerous to
person and equipment if the motor is not rapidly stopped by auxiliary braking
system. During capacitors braking the motor is heavily saturated and operate
under transient
 Capacitors braking system requires less periodic maintenance and operation
noiseless. The motor wheel come to slowly under the effect from friction and
load torque.
 During capacitor-magnetic braking the motor is heavily saturated and operates
under transient. Hence adequate transient and saturation simulation is necessary
for a realistic design. In this paper we have included leakage path
saturation(hitherto neglected) ,and the results show a better correlation with
experiments
 Here, we shall use the decaying-vector component method to analyze the
braking transient. Saturation during braking is taken into account by the
saturation factor method[8,9,12].
 Experimental and simulation results are compared, and some practical problems
which need to be solved for proper application are also mentioned.

15. E.C.Ejiogu,Y.Tanno,”Transient and saturation of the capacitor excitation

and magnetic braking of induction motor.”Industrial electrical 1993.IEEE
International on,pp.316-320,1993.DOI-10.1109/ISIE.1993.268788
23
Summary
 The saturation effects tends to increase the capacitors value required to self
excitation especially for low speed operation. The transients predicted when
leakage is neglected ,To limit current transient ,resistors can be introduced with
the braking capacitors. The supply could derived from self excitation voltage.
 The heat loss due to braking process is less compared to other method. It offers a
fail safe capability and rapid braking can achieved. There are some further
considerations in the implementation of this braking scheme.0ne is the need for
non-polarized braking capacitor of adequate rating which is rather expensive
 .To initiate the magnetic braking during power supply failure, the closing of
switch of figure 2(which may be a semiconductor switch) will require an
auxiliary power supply. This may be provided by a stand-by battery, or by
charged-capacitor power supply. The supply could also be derived from the loop
rpm during capacitor self-excitation. self-excitation voltage
 . The self-excitation capacitor and magnetic braking scheme in certain
applications is definitely a viable alternative for the braking of induction motor
industrial drives. The heat loss due to the braking process is less self-
excitation/magnetic braking: braking to when compared to other methods.
 offers a fail-safe standstill possible with capacitor/magnetic capability, and very
rapid braking can achieved. For proper analysis ,not only the main flux
saturation but also the leakage flux saturation need to be taken into account

24
Reference
 Evert, C. F. (1954). “Dynamic braking of squirrel-cage induction motors’’.
Electrical Engineering, 73(2), 162–162. doi:10.1109/ee.1954.6439252

 Rahane, K., &Hardas, R. (2015).“Induction motor braking using Discrete

Frequency Control”.2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and
Applications. doi:10.1109/icesa.2015.7503456

 Bland, T. G., & Shepherd, W. (1975). “D.C. dynamic braking of induction

motors with secondary capacitors”. Proceedings of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers, 122(2), 163. doi:10.1049/piee.1975.0035

 Singh, R., Umashankar, S., Vijaykumar, D., & Kothari, D. P. (2013).

“Dynamic braking of induction motor - Analysis of conventional methods
and an efficient multistage braking model”. 2013 International Conference on
Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability.
doi:10.1109/iceets.2013.6533382.

 Sreenivasan, T. V. (1959). “Dynamic braking of 3-phase motors by

capacitors”. Proceedings of the IEE Part A: Power Engineering, 106(27),
279. doi:10.1049/pi-a.1959.0091

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esistance.

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