1. Experiences connected with interpretation - Chernov-Zimnyaja.

Probability prediction, long- and short-term memory hypothesis. 1st production, then 2nd
perception. Internal programme of the translator.

2. What 2 approaches can be distinguished within text linguistics in the late 1970s and early 1980s,
what do they mean?

Literary approach: the translation of works of art, outstanding translators, individual solutions, the
product of translation is important, normative (prescriptive), evaluate

Linguistic: wide variety of text types, everyday work of translators, ’mass’ solutions, the process of
translation is important too, descriptive, do not evaluate

3. Komissarov 5 levels of transfer

the level of communicative goal, situation, message, utterance, linguistic signs

4. Dynamic equivalence according to Nida

Producing the ’closest natural equivalent’ of the SL text, bear in mind 3 important factors: the
receptor language and culture, the context of the particular message, the receptor-language
audience.

5. What „should” be preserved in translation?

Normative approach: content, sense, functional value, meaning, information structure

6. What was the role of Kyiv Mohyla Academy in the development of tanslation?

Founded in 1615, in 1632 it was named as Kyiv Brotherhood College established by St. Petro Mohyla.
1701- „Academy” title. They translated old Greek and Roman works, and Psalms. The only safe place
for translators because the Russian tsars didn’t let people write or translate works in Ukrainian, only
in Russian.

7. Translatability and untranslatability. Give a short explanation.

Linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf) hypothesis: thoughts and behaviour are determined by language.
Realia – names for objects used only by a particular group of people (permanent contact,
geographically remote, two-way/one-way process). Translating realia: transcription/transliteration,
replacement(equivalency), explanation, creation of a new word. Unstraslatabilty – property of a
text/utterance in one language, for which no equivalent can be found in another language when
translated. But they can be translated in different ways: adaptation, borrowing, paraphrase,
translator’s note.

8. What is translation competence?

The knowledge and skills the translator must possess in order to carry the translation process out.
Parts: linguistic/cultural/textual/translation competence.

9. Name other disciplines that are connected with translation (min 5).

Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Text-linguistics, Contrastive linguistics, Literary studies, Cultural

studies, Computer science, Philosophy, Terminology

10. What is the nature and medium of translator’s activity?

Nature – creative activity, certain objective rules and a number of subjective choices. Medium – the
translator works with 2 languages.

11. Lefordítani angolra:

pontos (hiteles) forditás – faithful translation

forrásnyelv – source language

célnyelvi szöveg – target language text

koherencia - coherence

kohézió - cohesion

értelem - sense

célnyelvi feladó – target language sender

szöveg-nyelvészet – text-linguistics

forditási egység – translation unit

észlelés-értelmezés – perception-interpretation

12. Leforditani magyarra és megmagyarázni röviden.

realia – reáliák; names for objects used only by a particular group of people, culture-specific items in
the SL texts for which no equivalents can be found in the TL.

cultural translation – kulturális fordítás; the translator changes parts of the SL text, so it will
correspond with the cultural values of the TL readers.

source text – forrásnyelvi szöveg; a written or spoken text on which the translational process is based
on/the starting point

sociolinguistics – szociolingvisztika; the study of language and linguistic behaviour as influenced by

social and cultural factors, the relationship between language and society

the theory of translation – fordításelmélet; subdiscipline of applied linguistics that studies the
processes, products and functions of translation, taking into account all of the linguistic and
extralinguistic elements

consecutive translation – egymást követő, soros fordítás; a form of interpreting, when the speaker
pauses to allow the interpreter to repeat what has been said in the TL before continuing

translator – fordító; a person, whose aim is to facilitate the communication between an SL sender
and a TL receiver, as a professional language mediator

translationese – fordításnyelv; using the TL awkwardly, because it still possesses some pecularities of
the SL.

extralinguistic elements – nyelven kívüli tényezők; elements beyond the bounds of language (e.g.
participants, contexts)

appeal-focused text – felhívásközpontú szövegek; e.g. commercials, propaganda material, ads. The
language’s appeal function is the most important, to produce an effect on the audience.
Leforditani angolra és megmagyarázni:

célnyelv – target language; the language of the text that is produced as the result of translation

hiteles forditás – faithful translation; to convey the meaning of the text and the author’s intention as
faithfully as possible into another language

téma-réma – theme-rheme; the topic-comment structure of sentences, when already known general
information is given in the first part of the sentence, and new information in the 2nd part

szöveg-nyelvészet – text-linguistics; a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication

systems, originally to describe text grammars

forditási egység- translation unit; the minimal SL item that can be distinguished in the TL text from a
translational viewpoint

Magyarra és magyarázni:

linguistic elements – nyelvi tényezők; e.g. phonology, morphology,syntax, semantics, pragmatics.

Explain the consequences of the sense-to-sense principle of translation by Horace and Apuleius.

Horace began to translate works from Greek into Latin by changing the content of the SL text and
introducing his own ideas, thus making the texts unlike the originals. The Roman translators then left
out parts too from their own translations which they considered as insignificant, and encorporate
their own ideas. They gave rise to free translation which became popular in European literature
during the Middle Ages.

Basic principles of artistic translation (8 darab)

1. to maintain all the structural pecularities of the SL text;

2. to hold strictly to the author’s conception and render faithfully the content;

3. to maintain the main pecularities/features of the syntactic organization and stylistic expressions;

4. to maintain the fidelity in the ways of the author’s depicting the artistic images and expressiveness

5. to avoid deliberate omissions and any other forms of free translation

6. to restrain from any deliberate shortening or enlargement

7. to maintain the ease of expression

8. to maintain the pragmatic intention of the author and his force of influence
1. Leforditani angolra:

általános forditáselmélet – general translation theory

adaptáció - adaptation

célnyelvi megfelelőség – target language appropriacy

szószerinti forditás – word-for-word translation

szabad forditás – free translation

korpusz - corpus

forrásnyelvi feladó – source language sender

intralinguvális forditás – intralingual translation

interferencia - interference

leiró forditás – descriptive translation

2. Leforditani magyarra és megmagyarázni röviden.

transfer – transzfer; when the language learner uses the patterns of his/her mother tongue in
learning a foreign language (contrastive linguistics)

quasi-correctness – kvázi-helyesség; the differences between the primary and the translated texts,
translated texts differ from authentic TL texts in some aspects that can be observed in the translated
text as a whole

target text – célnyelvi szöveg; written or spoken text that is produced as the result of the translation
process

machine translation – gépi fordítás; translation carried out by a computer.

obligatory equivalent – kötelező ekvivalens; grammatical cathegories that have to be shown clearly in
the TL in order to get grammatically correct sentences (e.g. gender in Russian)

context – kontextus; the narrower or wider textual context of a linguistic unit

source language sender – forrásnyelvi feladó; a person, whom the message to be translated is
originated from

interpreter – tolmács; a person, who facilitates the communication between the SL sender and TL
receiver

anaphora – adjekció; the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

adequacy – adekvátság; when the translator only performs the obligatory transfer operations and
doesn’t adapt the TL text to correspond with the TL norms

3. How to start working on a translation?

4. Name different ways of translation (min 5)

word-for-word, literal, faithful, literary, interlinear, free, verbal, communicative

5. Name 5 lexical transfer operations

Narrowing of meaning, broadening of meaning, antonymous translation, compensation, total

transformation

6. How to translate the untranslatability?

adaptation, borrowing, paraphrase, translator’s note.

7. Name 5 new research methods at the turn of the century

Corpus analysis, explicitation strategies, questionnaire method, cloze tests, intercultural

communication

8. Explicitation as a general transfer strategy.

expressing something in the TL text in a clearer and more open manner, and possibly with
the help of more words than in the SL text

in seeking explicitation, the translator is guided by the principle of cooperation

“a process which consists of introducing information into the TL which is present implicitly in
the SL, but it can be derived from the context or the situation”

Explicitation (implicitation) strategies are generally discussed together with addition

(omission) strategies;

3 main views:

some regard "addition" as the more generic and "explicitation" as the more specific concept
(Nida 1964)

others interpret "explicitation" as the broader concept which incorporates the more specific
concept of "addition" (Seguinot 1988, Schjoldager 1995)

the two are treated as synonyms by Englund Dimitrova who uses the terms "addition-
explicitation" and "omission-implicitation" (Englund Dimitrova 1993).

9. The elements of editing (plot, paragraph). What are the most important rules to follow?

10. General criteria for evaluating a text

11. What are the problems of lexical translation?

12. Leforditani magyarra, forditói technikákat használva.

The bomb failed to explode.

Make coffee.

Take a walk.

I am not kidding (antonymic)

On the escalators in the underground dogs must be carried (addition)

He has nine brothers and sisters (contraction)

This is none of your business

The business of America is business

After the lecture the Professor invited his audience to his local pub

The Old World

All that glitters is not gold

High technology

This method is still to be tried out (antonymic)

She is too protective of her son

Charity begins at home

Under the influence of alcohol