CHAPTER - 1

1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, slabs &Beams.

However it may be possible to undertake construction without providing beams,
in such a case the frame system would consist of slab and column without
beams. These types of slabs are called flat slab, since their behavior resembles
the bending of flat plates.
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops,
supported generally without beams, by columns with or without flared column
heads. A flat slab may be solid slab or may have recesses formed on the soffit
so that the soffit comprises a series of ribs in two directions.
The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.

1.2 TYPES OF FLAT SLABS:

There are three different kind of flat slabs:
 Flat slab without drop and column head.
 Flat slab with column head and no drop.
 Flat slab with column head and drop.

COMPONENTS OF FLAT SLABS:

DROPS:
To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the contact of slab and
column Support, the drop dimension should not be less than one -third of panel
length in that Direction.
COLUMN HEADS:
Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the
column at the support. To resist this negative moment the area at the support
needs to be increased. This is facilitated by providing column capital/heads.

2
COLUMN STRIP:
Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I,, but not
greater than 0.25 I, on each side of the column centre-line, where I, is the span
in the direction moments are being determined, measured centre to centre of
supports and I, is the -span transverse to I.
MIDDLE STRIP:
Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides
by the column strip.

PANEL:
Panel means that part of a slab bounded on-each of its four sides by the
centre -line of a Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans.

Fig 1Flat slab with drop panel & column head

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1.3 ABOUT STAAD.Pro

STAADPro2007 is the most popular structural engineering software

product for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an
intuitive, user-friendly GUI, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design
facilities and seamless integration to several other modeling and design
software products. The software is fully compatible with all Windows
operating systems but is optimized for Windows 8.
For static or dynamic analysis of bridges, containment structures,
embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe racks, steel, concrete,
aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or any other
simple or complex structure, STAAD.Pro has been the choice of design
professionals around the world for their specific analysis needs.
1.4 OVERALL PROCEDURE IN WORKING WITH STAAD.PRO
1.4.1 MODEL GENERATION:
There are two methods for building a model and assigning the structure data
using STAAD.Pro.
a. Using the command file.
b. Using the graphical model generation mode or graphical user
interface (GUI).

1.4.2 PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STAAD offers two analysis engines – the STAAD engine for
general purpose Structural Analysis and Design and the STARDYNE engine
for advanced analysis options.
The Modeling Mode of the STAAD Environment is used to prepare
the structural input data. After the input is prepared, we may choose the
analysis engine depending upon the nature of the analysis required. If we are
performing the STARDYNE. Advanced analysis, several additional
4
parameters need to be defined specific to the nature of the analysis.

1.4.3 POST-PROCESSING
The Post Processing mode of STAAD offers facilities for on- screen
visualization and verification of the analysis and design results. It allows
displacements, forces, stresses, etc- both graphically and numerically.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
 To analyze the properties of flat slab in residential buildings.
 Analyze and design using STADD pro.

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 CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

6
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Analysis and Design of Flat Slab and Grid Slab And Their Cost
Comparison

Amit A. Sathawane & R.S. Deotale (2004) –Yeshwant rao Chavhan

College of Engineering, Nagpur, India carried out a work with the aim of the
project to determine the most economical slab between flat slab with drop, Flat
slab without drop and grid slab.

Irregular flat slabs designed according to structural membrane approach

K. Baskaran (2003) carried out a work on Department of Civil

Engineering, University of Moratuwa , Sri Lanka.

Review and Design of Flat Plate/Slabs Construction in India

Gowda N Bharath; Gowda S. B. Ravishankar ; A.V Chandra shekar

(2001) carried out a work on the use of flat plate/slab construction in India and
their applications in buildings.

Analysis and design of Flat slabs using various codes

B.Q. Rahman, J.J.Vijay, M.Anitha , (2007) International Institute of

Information Technology” ,Hyderabad . In their design of Flat slab they have
implemented the use of Drops and Column heads.

Evaluation and enhancing the punching shear resistance of flat slabs using
IS Codes

N. Subramanian (2005) carried out a work on the use of flat slabs

improves the punching shear resistance allowing higher forces to be transferred
through the slab column connection. In this paper, the evaluation of punching
shear resistance of flat slabs with respect to some of the major codes of
practices.

With reference to these literatures we have studied that flat slabs are constructed
in square or rectangular type we are going to implement it as a circular flat slab
in a circular shaped residential building.

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CHAPTER 3

8
 METHODOLOGY

PLAN

LOAD CALCULATION

MODELING USING STADD PRO

ANALYSIS USING STADD PRO

DESIGN

RESULT

DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

9
Fig 2 Plan of ground floor

10
Fig 3 Plan of first floor

11
Fig 4 Beam and Column layout of building

12
3.2 LOAD CALCULATION

 Self weight of slab = 3.75 kN/m²

 Dead load due to extra thickness of slab at drops = 1.25 kN/m²

 Live load = 4.00 kN/m²

 Finishes = 1.00 kN/m²

 Total load = 10 kN/m²

 Factored load = 15 kN/m²

 Load combination =1.5 (ll+dl)

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Fig 5 Model of the building done using STADD pro

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Fig 6 Figure showing 3D view of load acting on the building

15
3.4 ANALYSED RESULT USING STADD PRO
============================================================================

C O L U M N N O.43 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 2 END JOINT: 1 TENSION COLUMN

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2160.00 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 267840.00 Sq.mm.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 20 - 12 dia. (0.84%, 2261.95 Sq.mm.)

(Equally distributed)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 4288.14 Muz1 : 194.91 Muy1 : 141.60

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.01 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 2

END JOINT: 43 Puz : 4318.49 Muz : 203.96 Muy : 148.02 IR: 0.01

============================================================================

C O L U M N N O. 54 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 2 END JOINT: 12 TENSION COLUMN

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2160.00 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 267840.00 Sq.mm.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 20 - 12 dia. (0.84%, 2261.95 Sq.mm.)

(Equally distributed)

16
 TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 4288.14 Muz1 : 194.75 Muy1 : 141.49

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.01 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 2

END JOINT: 54 Puz : 4318.49 Muz : 203.79 Muy : 147.90 IR: 0.01

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 19

============================================================================

C O L U M N N O.62 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 600.0 mm dia. COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 2 END JOINT: 20 TENSION COLUMN

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 24

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2261.95 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 280481.41 Sq.mm.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 21 - 12 dia. (0.84%, 2375.04 Sq.mm.)

(Equally distributed)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. circular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------

17
Puz : 4490.53 Muz1 : 183.79 Muy1 : 183.79

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.01 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 2

END JOINT: 20 Puz : 4524.20 Muz : 192.24 Muy : 192.22 IR: 0.01

============================================================================

74. DESIGN BEAM 61 67 TO 90 109 115 TO 138

STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 44

============================================================================

B E A M N O. 61 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 750.0 mm 1500.0 mm 2250.0 mm 3000.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 525.36 525.36 525.36 525.36 525.36

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 525.36 525.36 525.36 525.36 525.36

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 750.0 mm 1500.0 mm 2250.0 mm 3000.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 7-10í 7-10í7-10í7-10í7-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

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 SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

============================================================================

********************END OF BEAM DESIGN RESULTS********************

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3.5 DESIGN
3.5.1 DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS
Ultimate load of flat slab =15 KN/m²
Panel size = 4.75×4.75 m
Diameter of flat slab column = 600mm
Dimension of drop of flat slab = 1000×1000 mm
Thickness of slab = 150 mm
Thickness at drops = 200 mm

(i) Column strip moments

Positive bending moment = 26 KN.m
Negative bending moment = 60 KN.m

(ii) Middle strip moments

Positive bending moment =18.3 KN.m
Negative bending moment =18.3 KN.m
Check for shear
Shear force = 314.69 KN
Shear force /metre width of
perimeter ,Vu =70.82 KN/m
tv =Vu÷(b×d)
= 0.41 N/mm2
Ks×tc =1.12 N/mm2
Tv < Ks ×tc
Hence shear is safe
Column strip provide 12 mm @ 270 mm c/c
Middle strip provide 12 mm @ 300 mm c/c

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3.5.3 DESIGN OF RING BEAM:
 Size of ring beam = 300×450mm
 Self weight = 57.73 KN
 Uniformly distributed load = 5.30 KN/m
 Negative bending = 12.89KN.m
moment at support
 Positive B.M at centre of = 6.49KN.m
span
 Torsion moment =1.29 KN.m
 Shear force at support = total load / 2×no of column
= 9.43 KN.m
 Shear resisted by concrete = tc ×b×d ÷1000
= 43.2 KN
 Vus = V-(tc ×b×d)
= 33.77 KN
 Sv =σst× Asv ×d ÷ Vus
=185 mm
 Ms =T((1+(D/b)÷1.7)
= 1.89 KN.m
 Ve =V+1.6(T/6)
= 3.76 KN
 tve =Ve÷(b×d)
=0.30 N/mm2
 Top reinforcement 3 -12mm dia.
 Torsion reinforcement 3 - 12 mm dia.
 Bottom reinforcement 2-16 mm dia.
 Provide 2-10 mm dia Hanger bar.
 Providing 2-leg 8mm @ 175mm c/c @ shear reinforcement.

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3.5.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN
FOR C1
 Dimension of column = 450×600 mm
 Total load = 169.879 KN
 Load on each column = 18.89 KN
 Self weight of column = 13.5 KN
 Total load on column = 202.269 KN
 Factored load = 303.756 KN
 Moment ,M = load × distance
= 36.3 KN.m
 Mxx =Myy = 36.3KN/m
 Equivalent moment =1.15 (Mxx2+Myy2)1/2
=59.03 KN.m
 By using chart 44 of SP 16
MuX1 = MuY1 = 36.045 KN.m
 Puz = 0.45 ×fck×Ac+0.75×fy×Asc
= 3520.04×103 N
 Pu = 0.057 N
 Pu< 2
So αn =1
 (MuX/MuX1)+(MuY/MuY1)=0.9
 Since the value is less than 1, It is safe against byaxial bending
 Provide 8 no’s 16 mm as longitudinal reinforcement and 8 mm lateral
ties as 300 mm c/c

22
FOR C2
 Dimension of column = 600 mm
 Total load = 169.879 KN
 Load on each column = 18.89 KN
 Self weight of column = 13.5 KN
 Total load on column = 202.269 KN
 Factored load =303.756 KN
 Moment ,M = load × distance
= 36.3 KN.m
 Mxx =Myy = 36.3KN/m
 Equivalent moment =1.15 (Mxx2+Myy2)1/2
=59.03 KN.m
 By using chart 44 of SP 16
MuX1 = MuY1 = 36.045 KN.m
 Puz = 0.45 ×fck×Ac+0.75×fy×Asc
= 3520.04×103 N
 Pu = 0.057
 Pu< 2
So αn =1
 (MuX/MuX1)+(MuY/MuY1)=0.9
 Since the value is less than 1, It is safe against byaxial bending
 Provide 8 no’s 20 mm as longitudinal reinforcement
 Provide 8mm lateral ties @300 mm c/c.

23
FOR C4
 Dimension of column = 300×300 m
 Total load = 96.2 KN
 Load on each column = 24.05 KN
 Self weight of column = 4.5 KN
 Total load on column = 124.75KN
 Factored load =187.23 KN
 Moment ,M = load × distance
= 10.2 KN.m
 Equivalent moment =1.15 (Mxx2+Myy2)1/2
=16.58KN.m
 By using chart 44 of SP 16
MuX1 = MuY1 = 10.035 KN.m
 Puz = 0.45 ×fck×Ac+0.75×fy×Asc
= 1374.4×103 N
 Pu = 0.023 N
 Pu< 2
So αn =1
 (MuX/MuX1)+(MuY/MuY1)=0.7
 Since the value is less than 1, It is safe against byaxial bending
 Provide 6 no’s 16 mm as longitudinal reinforcement
 Provide 8mm lateral ties @ 300 mm c/c

24
3.5.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING:
 Total load = 223KN.
 S.B.C of soil = 50 KN/m2
 Ultimate bearing capacity = 75 KN/m2

 Size of footing = 2m×1.5m.

 Axial factored load =202.269 KN
 Pu = axial factored load÷ size of footing
=67KN/m².
 Bending moment = Pu l2 /2
=10.5 KN.m (for shorter side)
= 16.45 KN.m (for longer side)
 Depth of footing =Mu / 0.187 fck b
=650 mm
 tv =0.27 N/mm2
 Reinforcement in footing
Mu= 0.87×fy×Ast×d(1- (Ast×fy/b×d×fck)
 Check for shear
t v < tc
Hence it is safe
 Provide 4no. 16mm ϕ @300mm c/c both in shorter direction and longer
direction.

25
3.5.6 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

 Number of steps for one flight =10 no’s

 Width of landing beam = 300 mm
 Effective span = 3.3 m
 Thickness of waist slab = Span /20
=165 mm
 Dead load of slab on slope =Thickness ×fck
=4.125 KN/m
 Dead load of slab on horizontal
Span =4.6 KN/m
 Load of step / metre length = 1.89 KN/m
 Finishes = 0.5 KN/m
 Total dead load = 6.97 KN/m
 Live load = 3 KN/m
 Total load = 9.97 KN/m
 Factored load = 1.5 ×total load
=15 KN/m
 Mu =0.125 Wu×L2
=20.42 KN.m
 Check for effective depth
drequired =86 mm
dprovided =140 mm
drequired<dprovided
Hence it is safe
 Provide 10 mm @ 165 mm c/c as main reinforcement
 Distribution steel = 198 mm2
Use 8mm @ 200 mm c/c

26
3.6 DETAILING OF REINFORCEMET

27
FIG 7 FLAT SLAB REINFORCEMENT

28
FIG 8 BEAM REINFORCEMENT

29
30
FIG 9 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

31
32
FIG 10 STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT

33
CHAPTER - 4

34
RESULTS

4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

 Residential building is planned , loads are calculated.

 Flat slab is implemented in the building.
 Analysis and design is done by STADD Pro software .
 Detailing of reinforcement is drawn in AUTO CADD software.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the flat slab can be designed and it can be implemented
in the Residential buildings. Analysis and design as per IS code is done using
STADD Pro packages and also detailing of drawing is done using AUTO
CADD software.

35