Aly Designation: D 3966 - 07 Standard Test Methods for CONTROLLED DOCUMENT samp mst bes obi unhorg copy> ‘ner, Deak Date $72, Deep Foundations Under Lateral Load’ "Ti snc end der he Be sition D386; te nub nmi fing degen inoue the oe ot ‘iin spn on th cise frei he yar of tevin. Aber sph cas Yu fs ea ‘perp epon las a ed tage neo as Yon of apo 1. Scope 1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the lateral deflection ofa vertical or inclined deep foundation when subjected to lateral loading. These methods apply to all deep foundations, refered to herein as “pile(9),” that funetion in & ‘manner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single ples or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation, 12 These test methods provide minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under lateral load. Plans, specifics tions, provisions, or coibinations thereof prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to sutisty the objectives of a particular fest program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the require ments of these test mothods. 1.3 These test methods allow the following test procedures: tana Loading sen Losing (optorl) (yate Lsang (opera) ‘St8 Loe (ote) Favors Loaarg fps cerca Lena (orena) Space Late! Woveran (ptr) (Coneiastoaang (optona. 4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated * ray produce diferent test results and may be used only when approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a "Theat msde ar nr ron of ASTM Canter Mon Si snd Rook tnd ue te dine eaponliy ef Subconmee DIG Do Fordson (Crt etion proved Sep. 007, Published Oster 207, Orinaly seprovd ia 1981, Last revo edn agyroved in 1995 ws D3966~90 (095) vlc ae witha ie Desember 200 md meted Septem 2007 recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions. LS A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the tost results obtained from the procedures of these tet methods 0 a5 to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation, See Appendix X1 for ‘comments regarding some of the factors influencing the inteqpretation of test rosuts, 1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all load- ing apparatas, loaded members, support frames, and. test ‘procedutes, The text ofthese test methods references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and foomotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be ‘considered as requirements of the test methods. These test methods also include illustrations and appendices intended only for explanatory ot advisory use 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units ace to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in ‘each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining ‘values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard 1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used ‘when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (bt) represents a unit of force (weight), while the nit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved. 1.9 All observed end calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026. 1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in these test methods is not dizectly related to the accuracy t0 which the data can be applied in design or other uses, oF both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope. LLL ASTM Intemational takes no position respecting the validity of eny patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are A Summary of Changes wetin appens atthe end ofthis standard (Cee AST wera 10 bah Da, £0 Dx Ct, Hat Canetti Ph 1-40, os Si, apy by ASTM ital sights ered Fi Mey 214911 EDT 2008 Donated printed by 1 yard L West ube Power System) pursuant to Lice Agim. No further eprodontione wreAil v a966 - 07 expressly advised that determination ofthe validity of any such patent sights, and th risk of infingement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibilty 1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if ony, associated with ity use. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Dilty of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2, Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: * ‘A.36/A 36M. Specification for Carbon Structural Steel ‘A 240/A 240M Specification for Chromium and Chrominm-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessols and for General Applications ASTUASTIM Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Stcel 1653 ‘Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids 1D 1143 Test Method for Piles Under Static Axial Compres- sive Load" 1D 3689 Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static ‘Axial Tensile Load 1.3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies ‘Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction 1D 5882. Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Test- ing of Deep Foundations 1D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digi cal Data 1D 6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing 2.2. American Soctety of Mechanical Engineer Standards:* ‘ASME B30.1 Jacks ‘ASME B40,100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments ‘ASME B46.1 Surface Texture ‘ASME B89.1.10M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measure ‘ments) 3. Terminology 3,1. Definitions—For common definitions of terms used in this standard see Terminology D 653 3.2. Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standards 32.1 cast in-place pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of ‘coment grovt oF concrete and constructed in its final location, eg. drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger cast piles, pressure-injected footings, etc 3.2.2 deep foundation, n—a relatively slender structural clement that tansmits some or all of the load it supports to soil ‘6 rock well below tho ground surface, such as a stel pipe pile fr concrete drilled shalt. in Geotechni- or rfraned ASTD sant, vi he ASTM wee wow asin. oF eniet ASTM Caste Serie a tina ot Aaa! Boo AST ‘Senay ous infomation, tte stars Dine Sumy Fags om ‘ae AST¥ wea, Seiten * Ave Gon Amerie Solty of Mectaea Engineers (ASME) SOME Intnl Hersqoren, Thee Fat Av, New Yue, NY 1OOL6S90, hp Copyright by ASTM int (sgt seve Foi May 2 148911 HDT 2008 SER Ad "0 es evel Mey 2 3.23 driven pile, n—a deep foundation nit made of pre~ formed material with @ predetermined shape and size and ‘ypicaly installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing 3.24 failure load, n—for the purpose of terminating a Jaterai load test, the test load at which continuing, progressive ‘movement occurs, or as specified by the engineer. 43.2.5 wireline, n—a stoel wire mounted with » constant tension force between two supports and used asa reference line to tead a scale indicating movement ofthe test pil. Significance and Use 441 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship’ be- tween the lateral load applied to a deep. foundation and the resulting lateral movement, Test results may elso provide {information used to assess the distribution of lateral resistance along the pile shaft and the long-term load-deflection behavior. ‘A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to deter- rine if after applying an appropriate factor of safe, the pile ‘or pile group has an ultimate lateral capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to satisty specific foundation ‘requirements, When performed as part of a multiplepile test ‘program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different ping types and the variability ofthe test site, 42 The analysis of lateral test results obtained using proper instrumentation helps the foundation designer chracterize the variation of pile-soil interaction properties, such as the coeti- cient of horizontal subgrade reaction, to estimate bending stresses and lateral deflection over the length ofthe pile for use inthe structural design of the pile 423 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural Toad on the pls) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach fa failore loud from which the engineer may determine the tltimateTareral load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size. 4.4 If deemed impractical to apply lateral test loads to an inclined pile, the engineer may elect to use lateral test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the lateral capacity of| the inclined pile. Nore 1-the quality of the rast produced by tia test method is ‘epandent on the competence ofthe personel performing i, and the tslabity of te egulpment and fides used. Agencies tha meet the ‘esi of Practice D 3740 ae gener consilred capable of eompetet tnd objective tstioglamplingispeetionfte. Uses of dhs test method ‘fe cautioned that compliance with Paci D 3740 does not iat ‘Ssure rele results, Reliable result depend on msn faces; Pratce [D740 provides ena of evalatng some of hose farts. 45, Test Foundation Preparation 5.1. Exceyate o fil the test area to the final grade elevation within a radios of 6m (20 f) from the tes ple or group using the same material and backfilling methods as for production piles. Cutoff or build up the test pile(s) as necessary to permit construction of the Toad-application apparatus, placement of the necessary testing and instrumentation equipment, and observation of the instrumentation. Remove say disnaged or ‘unsound matetial from the pile top us necessary to properly Ewa West Gis! Power Systems) psu! Liese Agreement No firth reproductions morefy 3965-07 install the apparatus for measuring movement, for applying load, and for measuring load. '5.2 For teats of single piles, install solid stel test plates) at least 50 mm (2 in) thick against the side of the pile at he point(s) of losd application ané perpendicular tothe line of the load action. Te test plate shall have side dimensions not more than, and not less than one half of, the diameter or side dimension ofthe test piles). The test plates shall span across and between any unbraced flanges on the test ple 5.3 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group with stecl-reinforced conerete of a steel led frame designed and ‘constructed to safely sustain and equally distribute the antici pated loads. The connection between the piles and the cap shall simulate in-service conditions. Pile caps shall be cast above grade unless otherwise specified and may be formed on the ground surface 5.4 For each loading point on a pile cap, provide « solid steel test plate oriented perpendicular to the axis of the pile group with a minimom thickness of 50 mm (2 in.), as needed to safely apply load tothe pile cap, Center a single test plate on the centroid of the pile group. Locate moltiple tet plates symmetrically aboat the centroid of the pile group. 5.5 To minimize stress concentrations due to minor ieregu- lasties of the pile surface, st test plates bearing on precast ot ‘eastin-place concrete piles in a thin layer of quick-setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm (0.25 in) thick and having & ‘compressive strength greater than the test pile tthe time ofthe test Se test plates designed to bear on a conorete pile cap in & thin layer of quick-seting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm (0.25 in, thick and having a compressive stength greater than the pile cap atte time ofthe test. For tests on steel piles, or & steel load frame, weld th test plates tothe pile or load frame. For test ples without a flat sie of adequate width to mount the test plate, cap the head of the pile to provide a bearing surface for the test plate of set the tos plate in high-strength grout. In all cases, provide full bearing for the test plate against the projected area of the pile 5.6 Blimination of Pile Cap Friction (optional)—Provide & clear space beneath the pile cap as specified by the engineer. ‘Tais option isolates the lateral response of the piles from that ofthe pile cap. 5.7 Passive Soil Pressure Against Pile Cap (optional) — Develop passive soil pressure against the pile cap by construct ing the pile cap below the ground surface and backfilling with compacted fill ou the side opposite the point of load appli tion, or by constructing the pile cap above the ground surface against an embankment. If specified, place compacted against the sides of the pile cap to the extent practicable. Nome 2—Deep foundations sometines nce hidden defects that may 0 unnoticed pie ost testing, Low sania tents as dese i Test Method D882 aad tharone cohol tategey texts Aeserbe in Test Method D 6760 may provide aweful pre-test evaluation of the tes foundaen 6. Apparatus for Applying and Measuring Loads 6.1 General: 6.1.1 The apparatus for applying tensile loads to atest pile ‘or pile group shall conform to one ofthe methods described in 63-66. Unless otherwise specified, construc the test apparatus ‘Cony by ASTM nt (alright ered) Fi May 2 4:59:11 EDT 2008 Boetsbiemed oy _ 3 so that the resultant loads are applied horizontally, st approxi- rately pile cutoff elevation, and in line with the central vertical axis of the pile or pile group so as to minimize coventrie loading and avoid a vertical load component. Nove 3—Vor itera tet on inclined pile frames or pile groups involving inclined pls, conlder applying the ltl test Jouds tthe ‘tual or thers! pont of iteration oF the Iongtacinal ans ofthe piles in he frame or aoup 6.1.2 Struts and Blocking—Strts shall be of stel and of suficient size end stiffness to transmit the applied test loads without bending or buckling, Blocking used between reaction piles or berwoen the hydraulic jack end the reaction sysiem shall be of sufcient size and strength to prevent crushing or ‘other distortion under the applied tes loads. 6.1.3 Reaction piles, if used, shall be of suifcient number and installed soas to safely provide adequate reaction capacity ‘without excessive movernent. When using two or more re8c~ tion piles at exch end ofthe test bear(s), cap or block ther as| needed to develop the reaction load. Locate reaction piles s0 that resultant test beam Toad supported by them acts at the ‘centr of the reaction pile group. Cribbing or dexdmen, if used 8 8 reaction, shall be of suficient plan dimensions and weight to teansfer the reaction loads 10 the soil without excessive lateral movement that would prevent maintaining the applied Ios. 6.14 Provide « clear distance between the test pile(s) and the reaction piles or cribbing of at least five times the ‘maximum diameter of the largest test or reaction pile(s), but not less than 2.5 m (8 A). The engineer may increase or decrease this minimum cle distance based on factors such as the type and depth of reaction, soil conditions, and magnitude of loads so that reaction forces do not significantly eflect the test seauls. [Noms 4 Excessive vikatons dorag reaction pile lnsallaio in sow coesive soils may aot test reruks, Reaction piles st pees deeper than the tt pie may act et esl, stl the ocho piles eae the tert ple first help rede natllaion ous, 6.1.5 Bach jack shall include a lubricated hemispherical bearing or similar device to minimize lateral loading ofthe ple ‘or pile group. The hemispherical bearing(s) should inciede w locking mechanism for safe handling and setup. 6.1.6 Provide besring stiffeners as needed between the anges of test and reaction beats 6.1.7 Provide steel bearing plates to spread the load to and ‘between the jack(s), load cells), hemispherical bearings), est beams), rexetion boam(s), and reaction pile(s). Unless other- ‘wise specified by the engineer, the size of the bearing plates stall be not less than the outer perimeter of the jacks), load calls), or hemispherical bearing(s), nor less than the total ‘width of the test beutn(s),resetion beam(s), reaction piles so as to provide full bearing and distribution of the load. Bearing plates supporting the jack(s), test beam(s), of reaction beams ‘on timber az concrete cribbing shell have an area adequate for safe boating on the cribbing, 6.1.8 Unless otherwise specified, where using ste! bearing plates, provide a total plate thickness adequate to spread the beating load between the outer perimeters of louded surfaces at ‘a maximum angle of 45 degrees to the loaded axis, For center award Wee: bel Power Sytem) prsuan! io License Agreement. No fre epoducons authorized