Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Sample
Contents 0:00
Vowels
Monophthongs
Phonetic realization
The close and mid vowels are typically peripheral, but they can at Ranges of the standard Slovak
times be somewhat centralized. [3] monophthongs, from Pavlík (2004:95)
/i, iː, u, uː/ are typically near-close[i ̞, i ̞ː, u̞ , u̞ ː], but sometimes they
can be close [i, iː, u, uː] instead.[4]
/ɛ, ɛː, ɔ, ɔː/ are typically mid [ɛ̝, ɛ̝ː, ɔ̝ , ɔ̝ ː]. /ɛ, ɛː/ are slightly higher than/ɔ, ɔː/ - this can be transcribed in narrow
transcription as [e̞, e̞ː] vs. [ɔ̝ , ɔ̝ ː]. At times, /ɛ, ɛː/ can be as close as close-mid[e, eː] and /ɔ, ɔː/ as open as open-
mid [ɔ, ɔː].[5]
Speakers often fail at attempts to pronounce/æ/, pronouncing a vowel that is phonetically too close to either/ɛ/ or
/a/.[6]
/a, aː/ are typically open central[ä, äː], but at times they can be somewhat fronted[a̠ , a̠ ː], retracted [ɑ̟ , ɑ̟ ː] or raised
[ɐ, ɐː].[5]
Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize/ɛː, ɔː/ as close-mid [eː, oː] and /a/ as open back rounded[ɒ].
The close-mid realizations of/ɛː, ɔː/ occur also in southern dialects spoken near the riverIpeľ.[7]
Other notes
Vowel length is not phonemic in Eastern dialects,[1] which have only five vowel phonemes /i, ( u, ɛ, ɔ, a/, some
speakers also have /æ/).
In Western dialects, vowels that are short dueto the rhythmical rule are often realized as long, and thus violating the
rule.[8]
/y, yː, œ, œː, ɔː/ occur only in loanwords.[1][9] Just as other mid vowels,/œ, œː/ are phonetically true-mid[œ̝,
œ̝ː].[10] Among these vowels, only/ɔː/ is consistently realized in the correct manner , whereas the occurrence of the
front rounded vowels /y, yː, œ, œː/ has been reported only byKráľ (1988), who states that the front rounded vowels
appear only in the high register and medium register . However, in the medium register, /y, yː/ and /œ, œː/ are often
either too back, which results in realizations that are phonetically too close to, respectively , /u, uː/ and /ɔ, ɔː/, or too
weakly rounded, yielding vowels that are phonetically too close to, respectively , /i, iː/ and /ɛ, ɛː/.[11]
/uː, ɛː/ do not occur after soft consonants, where they are replaced by the corresponding diphthongs /ɪ̯u, ɪ̯ɛ/. The
same is generally true for/aː/ (/ɪ̯a/ after soft consonants), but the sequence/jaː/ may occur in some cases.[12]
Long /ɛː/ occurs only in loanwords, one native word dcéra)
( and in adjective endings.[13]
/æ/ can only be short, and occurs only after/m, p, b, v/.[1][6] There is not a full agreement about its status in the
standard language:
Kráľ (1988) states that the correct pronunciation of/æ/ is an important part of the high register, but in medium
and low registers, /æ/ merges with /ɛ/, or, in some cases, with /a/.[6]
Short (2002) states that only about 5% of speakers have/æ/ as a distinct phoneme, and that even when it is
[14]
used in formal contexts, it is most often a dialect feature.
Hanulíková & Hamann (2010)state that the use of /æ/ is becoming rare, and that it often merges with/ɛ/.[1]
Diphthongs
[8][15]
All of the diphthongs are rising, i.e. their second elements have more prominence.
The phonetic quality of Slovak diphthongs is as follows:
Consonants
Slovak consonant phonemes[19]
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
voiceless p t c k
Plosive
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
voiceless ts tʃ
Affricate
voiced dz dʒ
voiceless f s ʃ x
Continuant
voiced v z ʒ j ɦ
plain l ʎ
Lateral
geminated lː
Tap r
Trill rː
[l̺ʲ].
Pavlík (2004) describes an additional realization, namely a weakly palatalized apical alveolar approximant
According to this scholar, the palatal realization [ʎ] is actually alveolo-palatal[ʎ̟ ].[18]
The /ʎ–l/ contrast is neutralized before front vowels, where only/l/ occurs. This neutralization is taken further in
western dialects, in which/ʎ/ merges with /l/ in all environments.[19]
/l, r/ are apical alveolar [l ̺, r ̺].[33]
Stress
In the standard language, the stress is always on the first syllable of a word (or on the preceding preposition, see below). This is not
the case in certain dialects. Eastern dialects have penultimate stress (as in Polish), which at times makes them difficult to understand
for speakers of standard Slovak. Some of the north-central dialects have a weak stress on the first syllable, which becomes stronger
and moves to the penultimate in certain cases. Monosyllabic conjunctions, monosyllabic short personal pronouns and auxiliary verb
forms of the verb byť (to be) are usually unstressed.
Prepositions form a single prosodic unit with the following word, unless the word is long (four syllables or more) or the preposition
stands at the beginning of a sentence.
Official transcriptions
Slovak linguists do not usually use IPA for phonetic transcription of their own language or others, but have their own system based
on the Slovak alphabet. Many English language textbooks make use of this alternative transcription system. In the following table,
pronunciation of each grapheme is given in this system as well as in the IP
A.
grapheme IPA transcr. example
a /a/ a mama ('mother')
á /aː/ á láska ('love')
ä /æ/ a, e, ä mäso ('meat, flesh')
b /b/ b brat ('brother')
c /t͡s/ c cukor ('sugar')
č /t͡ʃ/ č čaj ('tea')
d /d/ d dom ('house')
ď /ɟ/ ď ďakovať ('to thank')
dz /d͡z/ ʒ bryndza ('sheep cheese')
dž /d͡ʒ/ ǯ džem ('jam')
e /ɛ/ e meno ('name')
é /ɛː/ é bazén ('pool')
f /f/ f farba ('colour')
g /ɡ/ g egreš ('gooseberry')
h /ɦ/ h hlava ('head')
ch /x/ x chlieb ('bread')
i /i/ i pivo ('beer')
í /iː/ í gombík ('button')
j /j/ j jahoda ('strawberry')
k /k/ k kniha ('book')
l /l/, /l̩/ l plot ('fence')
ĺ /l̩ː/ ĺ mĺkvy ('prone to silence') [ˈml̩ːkʋi]
ľ /ʎ/ ľ moľa ('clothes moth') [ˈmɔʎa]
m /m/ m pomoc ('n. help')
n /n/ n nos ('nose')
ň /ɲ/ ň studňa ('n. well')
o /ɔ/ o kostol ('church')
ó /ɔː/ ó balón ('balloon')
ô /ʊ̯ ɔ/ ŭo kôň ('horse') [ˈkʊ̯ ɔɲ]
p /p/ p lopta ('ball')
q /kv/ kv
r /r/, /r̩/ r more ('sea')
ŕ /r̩ː/ ŕ vŕba ('willow tree')
s /s/ s strom ('tree')
š /ʃ/ š myš ('mouse')
t /t/ t stolička ('chair')
ť /c/ ť ťava ('camel')
u /u/ u ruka ('arm')
ú /uː/ ú dúha ('rainbow')
v /v/ v veža ('tower')
w v whiskey ('whiskey')
x /ks/ ks xylofón ('xylophone')
y /i/ i syr ('cheese')
ý /iː/ í rým ('rhyme')
z /z/ z koza ('goat')
ž /ʒ/ ž žaba ('frog')
Sample
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun. The transcription is based on a recording of a 28-
year-old female speaker of standard Slovak fromBratislava.[37]
Phonemic transcription
/ˈras sa ˈsɛvɛraːk a ˈsl̩nkɔ ˈɦaːdali | ˈktɔ z ɲix jɛ ˈsilɲɛjʃiː/
Phonetic transcription
[ˈras sa ˈsɛʋɛraːk a ˈsl̩ŋkɔ ˈɦaːdali | ˈktɔ z ɲiɣ jɛ ˈsilɲɛjʃiː][38]
Orthographic version
[39]
Raz sa severák a slnko hádali, kto z nich je silnejší.
See also
Slovak orthography
References
1. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
2. Kráľ (1988), p. 51.
3. Pavlík (2004), pp. 93–95.
4. Pavlík (2004), pp. 93, 95.
5. Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
6. Kráľ (1988), p. 55.
7. Kráľ (1988), pp. 54, 92.
8. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 376.
9. Kráľ (1988), pp. 64–65.
10. Kráľ (1988), p. 64.
11. Kráľ (1988), pp. 57, 64–65, 103.
12. Short (2002), pp. 534–535.
13. Short (2002), p. 535.
14. Short (2002), p. 534.
15. Pavlík (2004), p. 95.
16. Pavlík (2004), pp. 96–97.
17. Pavlík (2004), pp. 95, 97.
18. Pavlík (2004), p. 105.
19. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
20. Kráľ (1988:73). The author describes/n/ as apical alveolar, but the corresponding image shows a laminal denti-
alveolar pronunciation (which he does not discuss).
21. Kráľ (1988), pp. 72, 74–75, 80–82.
22. Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
23. Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
24. Kráľ (1988), pp. 74–75.
25. Pavlík (2004), pp. 103–104.
26. Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969:?), cited in Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
27. Pauliny (1979), p. 112.
28. Kráľ (1988), pp. 81–82.
29. Recasens (2013), pp. 11, 13.
30. Kráľ (1988), p. 80.
31. Kráľ (1988), p. 82.
32. Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 94–95.
33. Kráľ (1988), pp. 78–79.
34. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), pp. 374, 376.
35. Recasens (2013), p. 15.
36. Pavlík (2004), p. 106.
37. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 373.
38. Based on the transcription inHanulíková & Hamann (2010:377). Some symbols were changed to keep the article
consistent - see the section above.
39. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 377.
Bibliography
Dvončová, Jana; Jenča, Gejza; Kráľ, Ábel (1969), Pavlík, Radoslav (2004),"Slovenské hlásky a
Atlas slovenských hlások, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo medzinárodná fonetická abeceda"(PDF),
Slovenskej akadémie vied Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),"Slovak" Recasens, Daniel (2013),"On the articulatory
(PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants"(PDF),
Association, 40 (3): 373–378, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43
doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Rubach, Jerzy (1993),The Lexical Phonology of
Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo Slovak, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; 0198240006
Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.15 Slowakisch", Short, David (2002), "Slovak",in Comrie, Bernard;
Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Corbett, Greville G., The Slavonic Languages, London
Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 and New York: Routledge, pp. 533–592,
Pauliny, Eugen (1979), Slovenská fonológia, ISBN 9780415280785
Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
Further reading
Bujalka, Anton; Baláž, Peter; Rýzková, Anna (1996), Hála, Bohuslav (1929),Základy spisovné výslovnosti
Slovenský jazyk I. Zvuková stránka jazyka. Náuka o slovenské a srovnání s výslovností českou, Prague:
slovnej zásobe, Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského Universita Karlova
Ďurovič, Ľubomír (1975), "Konsonantický systém Isačenko, Alexandr Vasilievič (1968), Spektrografická
slovenčiny", International Journal of Slavic Linguistics analýza slovenských hlások, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo
and Poetics, 19: 7–29 Slovenskej akadémie vied
Pauliny, Eugen (1963), Fonologický vývin slovenčiny, Rendár, Ľubomír (2009), "Fonácia a hlasovézačiatky",
Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied in Ološtiak, Martin; Ivanová, Martina; Gianitsová-
Pauliny, Eugen; Ru̇ žička, Jozef; Štolc, Jozef (1968), Ološtiaková, Lucia, Varia XVIII: zborník plných
Slovenská gramatika, Slovenské pedagogické príspevkov z XVIII. kolokvia mladých jazykovedcov
nakladateľstvo (Prešov–Kokošovce-Sigord 3.–5. 12. 2008).(PDF),
Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, pp. 613–625
Rendár, Ľubomír (2006), "Dištinkcia mäkkehoľ", in
Olšiak, Marcel, Varia XIV: Zborník materiálov zo XIV. Rubach, Jerzy (1995), "Representations and the
kolokvia mládych jazykovedcov(PDF), Bratislava: organization of rules in Slavic phonology",in
Slovenská jazykovedná spoločnosť pri SA V a Katedra Goldsmith, John A., The handbook of phonological
slovenského jazyka FF UKF v Nitre., pp. 51–59, theory (1st ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 848–866,
ISBN 80-89037-04-6 ISBN 978-0631180623
Rendár, Ľubomír (2008), "Hlasový začiatok v Sabol, Ján (1961), "O výslovnosti spoluhlásky v",
spravodajstve", in Kralčák, Ľubomír, Hovorená podoba Slovenská reč, 6: 342–348
jazyka v médiách (PDF), Nitra: Univerzita Konštantína Tabačeková, Edita (1981),"Fonetická realizácia
Filozofa v Nitre, pp. 184–191,ISBN 978-80-8094-293- labiodentál v spisovnej slovenčine"(PDF), Slovenská
9 reč, 46: 279–290
Zygis, Marzena (2003),"Phonetic and Phonological
Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives"(PDF), ZAS
Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213
Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.