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Analyzing Flash Mobs in Cybernetic Space and the Imminent Security Threats
A Collective Action Based Theoretical Perspective on Emerging Sociotechnical Behaviors
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(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 1: Examples of different forms of public performance. (a) Palestinians Practicing Parkour in Gaza, (b) a Flash Mob
Dance in a Shopping Mall, (c) Saudi Arabian Women’s Right to Drive Campaign’s Bumper Sticker, and (d) The 2011 Arab
Spring Social Movement.
cific gender, age, political affiliation, interest, and cultural these laws should be evaluated under the Brandenburg test
background) easier than it was before. (Steinblatt 2011).
In this ongoing research, we focus on the flash mob be- Another research in this area focuses on the development
havior that takes place in the cyberspace but could possi- of flash mobs’ manifestations through the history. It also
bly extend to the physical space. Here, we explore the fac- shows the linkage of these manifestations with the new tech-
tors that lead to this phenomenon and develop a conceptual nologies and networking platforms and how these technolo-
model that is able to predict the occurrence and the outcome gies influenced their formation, ideology, and diffusion (Mo-
of such phenomenon. We look at both cyber as well as phys- hilever 2012).
ical spaces, or “Cybernetic Space”, because as Mitra and Flash mobs exhibit characteristics of complex social and
Schwartz claimed that in order “to understand how the no- group dynamics and could be considered as manifestations
tion of space is transformed by new technologies we need of collective actions. Various sociological theories such as
to move away from the rigid definitions of real and cyber collective action (Coleman 1973), collective identity forma-
spaces, to a flexible and relative conception of cybernetic tion (Klandermans and others 2002) (Melucci 1996), and
space” (Mitra and others 2001). Cybernetic space helps an- collective decision (Coleman 1966) have been studied to ex-
alyze the system and the interaction between its different plain complex social processes, such as social movements.
elements as a “whole” (Mohilever 2012). However, these theories have never been used to study or
As stated earlier, flash mobs pose non-negligible concerns model flash mobs, to the best of our knowledge. Under-
for public safety and national security, which warrants a sys- standing and modeling flash mobs is an important research
tematic study to advance our understanding of such emerg- problem, which studies the factors that lead to this phe-
ing sociotechnical behavior. Therefore, in this study, we nomenon and the factors that lead to its success or failure.
seek answers to the following questions: What are the fac- In the book by James S. Coleman entitled, “The math-
tors that motivate an individual to participate in a flash mob? ematics of Collective Action” (Coleman 1973), Coleman
What are the choices an individual could possibly have re- proposed a framework for collective action and provided
garding acting (or not) in a flash mob?, and Using the factors 25 mathematical definitions within that framework. The
identified in the previous questions, can we develop a con- concepts of power, control, utility, and interest, defined by
ceptual framework that is capable of modeling the formation Coleman are explored in our proposed model, in addition
and predicting the outcome of a flash mob, i.e., success or to other concepts like social capital (Coleman 1966), hy-
failure? Toward this direction, the article makes the follow- pergraph (Estrada and others 2006), and network modular-
ing contributions, identify the factors that motivate an indi- ity (Newman 2006). The concepts have been appropriately
vidual to act in a flash mob, develop a conceptual framework modified for the cybernetic space.
that can predict the success or failure of a flash mob, and log-
ically analyze the choices an individual has in case of acting 3 Methodology
(or not) in a flash mob.
This research is an attempt to shed light on the emerging In this paper, we focus on advancing our understanding of
sociotechnical behaviors, the risks they pose to human se- the flash mob phenomenon by logically investigating the
curity, and advance our understanding of such behaviors by factors that lead to its formation and to predict its suc-
bridging social and computational sciences. cess/failure. It is an attempt to explain the motivation needed
to sustain such highly coordinated acts. A flash mob is a
form of public participation that is primarily organized us-
2 Literature Review ing cyber platforms. The action benefits multiple members
One of the research studies conducted in this field focuses on of the group (e.g., by accomplishment of the shared goal)
the laws and regulations that can be posed against the people but has an associated cost (or risk) which is impossible for a
who organize and participate in flash mobs that can lead to single member to undertake. Hence, the action is undertaken
violence, security threats, and crimes. Hannah Steinblatt ar- collectively to share the cost (or, risk). Since flash mobs are
gues the need to create “content-based” or “content-neutral” coordinated and could even be conducted online, there is a
laws to regulate digital speech that incites flash mobs and heightened sense of motivation among members to connect
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Figure 2: The factors that lead to the formation of flash mobs
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four possible scenarios help simplify the analysis of the flash numbers: N000141010091 and N000141410489).
mob. It is quite evident that the individuals in the fourth sce-
nario will not participate, meaning such individuals could be References
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4 Conclusions and Future Work 2014.
In this work, we shed light on a phenomenon that poses se- Kirkland, C. December 21, 2011. 12 great examples of
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Acknowledgements
This research is funded in part by the U.S. National Sci-
ence Foundation (award numbers: IIS-1110868 and IIS-
1110649) and the U.S. Office of Naval Research (award