Abstract

Due to the inelastic behavior intended in most structures subjected to infrequent

earthquake loading, the use of nonlinear analyses is essential to capture behavior of
structures under seismic effects. This paper presents nonlinear pushover and time-history
analyses technique for performance evaluation of 2D reinforced concrete frame subjected
to earthquake loading. The building considered for analysis is a typical 6-storey RC
frame designed only for gravity loads as per IS code. The performance of the reinforced
concrete frame is evaluated in terms of maximum base shear, maximum displacement,
ductility, performance point and sequence of plastic hinge formation. The results from
pushover analysis are compared with that obtained from nonlinear time-history analysis.
 PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC ANALYSIS

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

TITLE PAGE i
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ii
TRAINING CERTIFICATE iii
UNDERTAKING iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Need for Performance Based Analysis 2
1.3 Objectives of the Present Study 2
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 3

2.LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Basic Concept 5
2.3 Literature Review 5

3.METHODOLOGY OF PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS

3.1 General 9
3.2 Performance Levels and Ranges 9
3.2.1 Immediate Occupancy Performance Level 10
3.2.2 Damage Control Performance Range 10
3.2.3 Life Safety Performance Level 10
3.2.4 Limited Safety Performance Range 11
3.2.5 Collapse Prevention Performance Level 11
3.2.6 Structural Performance Not Considered 12
 3.3 Seismic Hazard Levels 14
3.3.1 Deterministic Method 14
3.3.2 Describing the Earthquake Level is Probabilistic
Method 14
3.4 Performance Objectives 15
3.5 Calculation of Target Displacement 16

4.MODELLING OF STRUCTURE
4.1 General 20
4.2 Modelling of members 20
4.2.1 Modelling of Slabs 20
4.2.2 Modelling of Beams and Columns 21
4.2.3 Modelling of Infill Walls 21
4.2.4 Modelling of Shear Wall 23
4.2.5 Modelling of Appendages 23
4.2.5.1 Staircases 23
4.2.5.2 Water Tank 24
4.2.5.3 Cantilever Slabs 24
4.2.6 Modelling of Column Ends at Foundation 24
4.2.7 End offsets and rigid zone factors 24
4.3 Modelling of Material Properties 27
4.3.1 Concrete Properties 27
4.3.2 Reinforcing Steel Properties 27
4.3.3 Material Damping 27
4.3.4 Modal Damping 27
4.3.5 Viscous Proportional Damping 27
4.4 Determination of Centre of Rigidity and Centre of Mass 28
4.4.1 Determination of Centre of Rigidity 28
4.4.2 Determination of Centre of Mass 31
4.4.3 Static Eccentricity 32
4.4.4 Design Eccentricity 32
4.5 Modelling Non-Linear Properties and its Calculation 32
4.5.1 Material Nonlinearity 33
4.5.2 Geometric Nonlinearity 34
4.5.2.1 P-Delta 34
4.5.2.2 Large Displacement 34
Development of moment curvature
4.6
relationship for beam 34

5.PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction 44
 5.2 Methods of Pushover Analysis 44
5.3 Pushover Analysis and Pushover Curve 45
5.4 Pushover Analysis by SAP 2000 Package 46
5.5 Methodology of Pushover Analysis 48
5.6 Results from Pushover Analysis 44
5.6.1 Performance point 49
5.6.2 Displacement Ductility 50
5.6.3 Interstorey Drift & Plastic Hinge Formation 51

6.TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction 52
6.2 Types of Dynamic Analysis 52
6.2.1 Linear Dynamic Analysis 52
6.2.2 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis 53
6.3 Methodology of nonlinear Time History Analysis 53
6.3.1 Acceleration Time Histories 54
6.3.2 Evaluation of nonlinear static analysis 55
Comparison between pushover analysis and Time History
6.4
Analysis 56

7. LOAD CALCULATION
7.1 Model of 6-Storey Frame 58
7.2 Building Description 58
7.3 Geometric properties of members 59
7.4 Analysis and Design of 6-storey building 59
7.5 Preliminary data for 6-storey RC frame building 60
7.5.1 Loading data for 6-storey RC frame building 60
7.5.2 Analysis of 6-storey RC frame 61
7.5.2.1 Load Calculation at roof level 61
7.5.2.2 Load Calculation at fifth floor level 62
7.5.2.3 Load Calculation at Plinth level 64
7.6 Earth quake load analysis 64
7.7 Seismic Load Distribution 66
7.7.1. Determination of design lateral loads at each floor as
per IS 1893(part1):2002 67
7.8 Load Combinations 67
7.9 Design of 3-Storey RC Building 68
7.9.1 Design of a flexure member 68
7.9.2 Design of exterior column 71
7.9.3 Design of Interior column 72
7.10 Calculation of Proportional Damping 73

8.EXAMPLES
Performance Based Analysis of 2D RC Frame without Infill
8.1
Action 76
8.1.1 Description of Structure 77
8.1.2 Results and Discussion 77
8.1.2.1 Base Shear 78
8.1.2.2 Performance Point 79
8.1.2.3 Interstorey Drift 80
8.1.2.4 Plastic Hinge Pattern 82
Pushover and Time-history Analyses of 2D RC Frame with
8.2
Infill Action 84
8.2.1 Effect of Infill Action 84
8.2.2 Detail of Frame Structure 84
8.2.3 Modelling Aspects 86
8.2.4 Analysis 90
8.2.4.1 Pushover Analysis 90
8.2.4.2 Time History Analysis 91
8.2.5 Results and Discussion 92

9.CONLCUSIONS
9.1 General 94
9.2 Conclusion from Example-1 94
9.3 Conclusion from Example-2 95
9.4 Scope for Further Work 95

REFERENCES 97
ABOUT ORGANISATION Annexure-1

LIST OF TABLES
 Page
Table Title
No.
3.1 Building Performance levels (FEMA356) 9
3.2 Earthquake Levels (FEMA 356) 11
3.3 Selection of Performance Objectives 12
3.4 Values for Modification Factor C0 13
3.5 Values for Effective Mass Factor Cm 14
3.6 Values of Modification Factor C2 14
4.1 Effective Second Moment of Area for Beams and Columns 16
4.2 Type of Fixity and Location for Column Bases 21
4.3 Cross-sectional, Material and Reinforcement details 36
4.4 Equation for , k1 and k2 39
4.5 Calculation of Values , k1 and k2 39
7 Load TABLES
8.1 Column Dimensions and Area of Longitudinal Reinforcement 57
8.2 Input Earthquake Ground Motions 58
8.3 Dimensions of beams and columns 65
8.4 Column and Beam Reinforcement Details (mm2) 65
8.5 Calculation of Plastic Hinge Length and its Location 67
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Title Page No
No
3.1 Performance-based Analysis Procedure 5
3.2 Performance Levels 10
4.1 A Typical Panel of an Infill Frame 19
4.2 Shear Wall Model using Area Elements 20
4.3 Typical Beam Column Joint without Offset and its Deflected
22
Profile
4.4 Typical Beam Column Joint with Offset and its Deflected Profile 22
4.5 Rigid Zone Factor Calculation 23
4.6 3D Model of the Structure 27
4.7 3D Model with bottom of First Storey Column Fixed 27
4.8 Calculation of (z)x 27
4.9 Calculation of (z)y 28
4.10 Calculation of (z)z 28
4.11 Flow Chart for Calculating Moment Curvature Relationship for a
33
Strain Value in the Extreme Compression Fibre
4.12 Actual Moment Curvature Relationship 34
4.13 Idealised Moment Curvature Relationship 35
4.14 Cross-Section Considered for Generating M- Curve 36
4.15 Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete 37
4.16 Stress block for Concrete Section 38
4.17 Calculation of Moment 40
4.18 Calculation of curvature 41
4.19 Moment Curvature Relationship generated for the Sample Section 41
5.1 Static Approximation in the Pushover Analysis 43
5.2 Base Shear Vs. Roof Displacement 45
5.3 Determination of Performance Point 45
6.1 Steps involved in Nonlinear Time-History Analysis 52
6.2 Typical Acceleration Time-History Record 53
7.1 LOAD
8.1 6-Storey Frame with Dimensions 56
8.2 Pushover Curve of 6 Storey Frame 59
8.3 Demand Vs Capacity Spectrum for Design Basis Earthquake 60
8.4 Demand Vs Capacity Spectrum for Maximum Considered
60
Earthquake
8.5 Interstorey Drift Ratios 61
8.6 Interstorey Drift Ratios from Time – history Analysis 61
8.7 Plastic Hinge Pattern at DBE Level 63
8.8 Plastic Hinge Pattern at MCE Level 63
8.9 Plastic Hinge Pattern at Last Step from Pushover Analysis 64
8.10 Typical Floor Plan and Sectional Elevation of the Building 66
8.11 G+3 Storey 2D Frame Modelling for Pushover Analysis 69
8.12 SAP Model of Frame (G+3 stories) with Infill Used for 69
 Time History Analysis
Figure
Title Page No
No
8.13 2D Model showing Typical Hinge Formation in Infill of a G+3
70
Storey Frame, using Pushover Analysis.
8.14 2D Model showing Typical Hinge Formation in Infill of a G+3
71
Storey Frame using Time History Analysis
8.15 Comparison of Variation of Fundamental Time Period using Time
72
History Analysis.
8.16 Comparison of Variation of Roof Displacement using
72
Time History Analysis.
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Av Shear area in mm2

(CR)x Co-ordinate of center of rigidity along X-axis
(CR)y Co-ordinate of center of rigidity along Y-axis
(z)x Rotation about Z due to unit load along X in radian
(z)y Rotation about Z due to unit load along X in radian
(z)z Rotation about Z due to unit load along X in radian
a End offset in m
Acol Area of longitudinal reinforcement in column in mm2
Ast Area of tension reinforcement in beam in mm2
b Width of the beam in mm
bi Width in a direction perpendicular to the applied force
BSO Basic Safety Objective
C0 Modification factor to relate spectral displacement of an equivalent SDOF
system to the roof displacement of the building MDOF system.
C1 Modification factor to relate expected maximum inelastic displacement to
displacement calculated for linear elastic response
C2 Modification factor to represent the effect of pinched hysteretic shape,
stiffness degradation and strength deterioration on maximum displacement
response
C3 Modification factor to represent increased displacement due to dynamic P-Δ
effect
Cm Effective mass factor
CMx Co-ordinate of center of mass along X-axis
CMy Co-ordinate of center of mass along X-axis
d Diagonal length of the panel (center line) in m
d’ Effective cover of beam in mm
Db Depth of beam (cross-sectional dimension) in mm
DBE Design Basis Earthquake
Dc Depth of column (cross-sectional dimension) in mm
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete in N/mm2
edi Design eccentricity
Em Modulus of elasticity of infill material in N/mm2
Es Modulus of Elasticity of steel N/mm2
esi Static eccentricity
esix The static eccentricity along X direction
esiy The static eccentricity along Y direction
f’m Compressive strength of infill in N/mm2
fc Compressive stress in concrete in N/mm2
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube in N/mm2
fs Tensile stress in steel in N/mm2
G Shear modulus
G Acceleration due to gravity in m2/sec
H Depth of beam or column cross-section in mm
h Length of column (along center line) in m
h’ Height of infill panel in m
hi Height of floor i measured from base in m
I Moment of inertia of the cross section in mm4
Ie Effective second moment of area in mm4
Ig Gross moment of area in mm4
k Neutral axis depth factor
k Constant = 550 as per IS 1905
kd Assumed neutral axis depth in mm
kd’ Final neutral axis depth in mm
Ke Effective lateral stiffness in kN/m of the building in the direction under
consideration
Ki Initial lateral stiffness in kN/m of the building in the direction under
consideration
l Length of beam (along center line) in m
L Full length in m
L’ Length of infill panel in m
lb Length of the beam
Lb Distance of plastic hinge in beam measured from the centerline of column in
mm
lc Length of the column.
Lc Distance of plastic hinge in column measured from the centerline of beam in
mm
Lf Flexible length in m
Lp Plastic hinge length in m
M Moment in kNm
m Modular ratio between steel and concrete.
MCE Maximum Considered Earthquake
N Mean return period in years
N Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the
masses are loads
p Probability of exceedance of a certain earthquake level in a specified period
Pi Axial force in the column in ith storey in kN
Qi Design lateral force at floor i in kN
R Ratio of elastic strength demand to calculated yield strength
R Strength of infill wall corresponding to any strain level
r Rigid zone factor in m
Rc Strength corresponding to corner crushing failure
Rs Strength corresponding to shear cracking failure
Ru Ultimate strength of infill which is the lower value of Rc and Rs
Sa Spectral Acceleration in m2/sec
t Period in years
Te Effective fundamental time period of the building in the directions under
consideration in sec
Ti Elastic fundamental time period of structure in the direction under
consideration in sec
Ts Characteristic period of the response spectrum in sec
VB Design seismic base shear in kN
Vy Yield strength in kN
W Effective seismic weight in kN
w Width of equivalent strut
Wi Seismic weight of floor i in kN
x Distance from the free end of the beam in m
xi Distance of column under consideration in the ith storey along the X direction
from the reference point in m
yi Distance of column under consideration in the ith storey along the Y direction
from the reference point in m
Z Zone factor
α Ratio of post-yield stiffness to effective elastic stiffness
δ Relative horizontal displacement of two adjacent floors in m
Δm Maximum displacement in m
δt Target displacement in m
Δy Yield deformation in m
μ Displacement ductility demand
 Deflection at the free end in m
 Curvature of beam section in rad/mm
h Diameter of the stirrup in mm
 Mass coefficient
 Stiffness coefficient
0 Strain corresponding to peak stress
c Strain in the extreme compression fibre in concrete
s Strain at each level of reinforcement
u Ultimate strain
 xial strain in the strut
 Diameter of pile
 Ratio between strains

Take notations from chapter 7.

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ATC Applied Technology Council

BSO Basic Safety Objective
CP Collapse Prevention
DBE Design Basis Earthquake
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
IO Immediate Occupancy
IS Indian Standard
LDP Linear Dynamic Procedure
LS Life Safety
MCE Maximum Considered Earthquake
MDOF Multi Degree of Freedom
NDP Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure
NSP Nonlinear Static Procedure
NTHA Nonlinear Time-History Analysis
PGA Peak Ground Acceleration
RC Reinforced Concrete
SDOF Single Degree of Freedom