Standar IEEE

802.15.4 dan ZigBee

Kuliah
Jaringan Sensor

Dosen: Ali Husein A. S.T., M.Eng

What is ZigBee?
 “Internet Everything”
 Your toaster gets an IP address
 Wireless standard formed by an alliance of industry
leaders
 Motorola, Phillips, Samsung, Cisco… over 100
companies!!

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Why ZigBee?
 Reliable and self healing
 Supports large number of nodes
 Easy to deploy
 Very long battery life
 Secure
 Low cost
 Can be used globally

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 Review of the popular wireless 802
standards

WWAN IEEE 802.22

IEEE 802.20
WMAN
WiMax
Range

IEEE 802.16
WLAN WiFi
ZigBee 802.11
802.15.3
802.15.4 Bluetooth
WPAN 802.15.3a
802.15.1
802.15.3c

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Data Rate (Mbps)
Courtesy ZigBee Alliance
 Review 802.15 Alphabet Soup

802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

802.15.1 WPANs based on Bluetooth
802.15.2 Coexistence of WPAN’s and WLAN’s
802.15.3 High data rates 20Mbps+ on WPAN
802.15.3a High speed PHY enhancements
802.15.3b High speed MAC enhancements
802.15.4 Low data rate, simple multi year battery life
802.15.5 Mesh Networking
 IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Standard

802.15.4 - Low data rate, simple multi year battery life

802.15.4/ZigBee – “Consortium of many

companies working together to enable
reliable, cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly
networked, monitoring and control products
based on an open global standard.”
 IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Standard
 IEEE 802.15.4 - Defines only the PHY (physical layer)
and the MAC (media access controller)

Application User Defined

Application Framework
ZigBee Alliance
Network/Security

MAC Layer
IEEE 802.15.4 Defined
PHY Layer
IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands and
Data Rate

Spreading Parameters Data Parameters

Frequency Channel Chip Mod Bit Symbol Modulation
PHY Numbering Rate Rate Rate
Band

0 300k BPSK 20 20 BPSK

868 MHz 868 – 870 chip/S kb/s kbaud
MHz

1 - 10 600k BPSK 40 40 BPSK

915 MHz 902 – 928 chip/s kb/s kbaud
MHz

2.4 GHz 2.4 – 2.4835 11 - 26 2M O- 250 62.5 16-ary

GHz chip/s QPSK kb/s kbaud Orthagonal
 Applications
security
HVAC TV
AMR VCR
lighting control DVD/CD
access control BUILDING CONSUMER remote
AUTOMATION ELECTRONICS

patient ZigBee
monitoring Wireless Control that mouse
fitness Simply Works keyboard
monitoring PERSONAL PC & joystick
HEALTH CARE PERIPHERALS

asset mgt security

process RESIDENTIAL/ HVAC
control LIGHT lighting control
environmental INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL
CONTROL CONTROL
access control
energy mgt lawn & garden irrigation

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 Low Data Rate Wireless Evolution
First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
……… 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009+

 Proprietary Dominates  Proprietary Fades  Standards Dominate

 IEEE 802.15.4 Emerges  ZigBee Emerges  IEEE 1451.5 Emerges

 System Integrator Focus  Semiconductor Focus  OEM Focus

 Leading Edge OEMs  Early Adopter OEMs  Wireless Ubiquitous

 $.1 - $1B Industry  $1 - $10B Industry  $10 - $100B+ Industry

 $1,000 - $100 Unit Cost  $100 - $10 Unit Cost  $10 - $1 Unit Cost

Mapping Your Future: From Data to Value

AMRA 2003 International Symposium
10
IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee In Context
Application Customer

API – “the software”

Security – Network, Security &
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee
Alliance Application layers
Network
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
– Brand management
IEEE 802.15.4
MAC
IEEE – “the hardware”
PHY 802.15.4
– Physical & Media
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz
Access Control layers
Silicon Stack App

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Why IEEE 802.15.4?
 Ultra Low complexity
 Ultra Low cost
 Ultra Low power consumption
 Data reliability
 Low data rate

12
802.15.4 General
Characteristics
 Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
 Star or Peer-to-Peer network topologies
 Support for Low Latency Devices
 CDMA-CA Channel Access
 Handshaking
 Low Power Usage consumption
 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels
 Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)

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802.15.4 Frequency Bands

BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS

2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16

915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10

868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1

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Channel Division

868MHz/ Channel 0 Channels 1-10

2 MHz
915MHz
PHY
868.3 MHz 902 MHz 928 MHz

2.4 GHz
PHY Channels 11-26 5 MHz

2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

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Modulation & Spreading
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
 Chipping Sequences
 2.4 GHz

 32-chip PN codes
 Chip modulation is MSK at 2.0 Mchips/s
 868/915 MHz

 15-chip m-sequence
 Chip modulation is BPSK at 0.3 Mchips/s

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Media Access Control
 Code Division Media Access w/ Collision Avoidance
(CDMA-CA)
 Bi-Directional Communications (Duplex)
 Dynamic Device Addressing
 Fully Handshaked Protocol
 Optional Guaranteed Time Slots
 2.4 GHz - 16-ary orthogonal
 868/915 MHz - differential encoding

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Packet Structure
 Packet Fields
 Preamble (32 bits) - synchronization
 Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) - specifies one of 3
packet types
 PHY Header (8 bits) - Sync Burst flag, PSDU length
 PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) - Data

Start of PHY PHY Service

Preamble Packet Header Data Unit (PSDU)
Delimiter

6 Bytes 0-127 Bytes

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Transceiver Characteristics
 Transmit Power
 Capable of at least 1 mW
 Power reductions capability required if > 16 dBm
(reduce to < 4dBm in a single step)
 Receiver Sensitivity
 -85 dBm (1 % Packet Error Rate)
 RSSI measurements
 Packet Strength indication
 Clear channel assessment
 Dynamic channel selection

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PHY Layer Primitives
 PHY Data Service
 PD-DATA - exchange data packets between MAC and
PHY
 PHY Management Service
 PLME-CCA - clear channel assessment
 PLME-GET - retrieve PHY parameters
 PLME-RX-ENABLE - enable/disable receiver
 PLME-SET - set PHY parameters

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Basic Network
Characteristics

• 65,536 network (client) nodes

• Optimized for timing-critical

applications
– Network join time:
30 ms (typ)
– Sleeping slave changing to
active: 15 ms (typ) Network coordinator
Full Function node
– Active slave channel access Reduced Function node
time: 15 ms (typ)
Communications flow
Virtual links

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Topology Models (cont)
 Star Networks (Personal Area Network)
 Home automation
 PC Peripherals
 Personal Health Care
 Peer-to-Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)
 Industrial control and monitoring
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Intelligent Agriculture

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 Topology Models

Mesh

Star

PAN coordinator
Cluster Tree Full Function Device
Reduced Function Device
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Device Classes
 Full function device (FFD)
 Any topology
 Network coordinator capable
 Talks to any other device
 Reduced function device (RFD)
 Limited to star topology
 Cannot become a network coordinator
 Talks only to a network coordinator
 Very simple implementation

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Comparison of
complimentary protocols
Feature(s) IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth ZigBee
Power Profile Hours Days Years
Complexity Very Complex Complex Simple
Nodes/Master 32 7 64000
Enumeration upto 10
Latency Enumeration upto 3 seconds Enumeration 30ms
seconds
Range 100 m 10m 70m-300m
Extendability Roaming possible No YES
Data Rate 11Mbps 1Mbps 250Kbps
Authentication Service Set 128 bit AES and Application
Security 64 bit, 128 bit
ID (SSID) Layer user defined

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 802.15.4/ZigBee vs Bluetooth

At beacon interval ~60s,

15.4/ZigBee battery life
approx 416 days

802.15.4/ZigBee more At beacon interval ~1s,

battery-effective at all beacon 15.4/ZigBee battery life 85
intervals greater than 0.246s days

Bluetooth 30 days
(park mode @ 1.28s)
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Device Addressing
 All devices have IEEE addresses
 Short addresses can be allocated
 Addressing modes:
 Network + device identifier (star)
 Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)
 Source/destination cluster tree + device identifier (cluster
tree)

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General Data Packet
Structure
Preamble sequence

Start of Packet Delimiter

PRE SPD LEN PC ADDRESSING DSN Link Layer PDU CRC

CRC-16
Data sequence number

Addresses according to specified mode

Flags specify addressing mode

Length for decoding simplicity

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Optional Frame Structure
GTS 3 GTS 2 GTS 1

15ms * 2n
where 0  n  14
Network Transmitted by network coordinator. Contains network information,
beacon frame structure and notification of pending node messages.
Beacon
extension Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages
period

Contention
Access by any node using CSMA-CA
period

Guaranteed
Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth [n = 0].
Time Slot

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Traffic Types
 Periodic data
 Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)
 Intermittent data
 Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g.
light switch)
 Repetitive low latency data
 Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)

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ZigBee Alliance
Worlds Most Common
Frequency Bands
Market Requirements-I
 Global licence free ISM band operation
 Unrestricted geographic use
 RF penetration through walls & ceilings
 Automatic/semi-automatic installation
 Ability to add or remove devices
 Possible voice support
Market Requirements-II
 10k-115.2kbps data throughput
 10-75m coverage range (home/garden)
 Support for 32-255 nodes
 Support for 4 critical devices
 4-100 co-located networks
 0.5-2 year battery life
 Up to 5m/sec. (18kmph) permitted mobility
 Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2004/5!
Home/Light Commercial
spaces
Industrial Environment
 Warehouses, Fleet management,
Factory, Supermarkets, Office
complexes
 Gas/Water/Electric meter, HVAC
 Smoke, CO, H2O detector
 Refrigeration case or appliance
 Equipment management services
& Preventative maintenance
 Security services
 Lighting control
 Assembly line and work flow,
Inventory
 Materials processing systems
(heat, gas flow, cooling,
chemical)
ZigBee Market Shares
ZigBee General
Characteristics
 Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
 Star or Peer-to-Peer network topologies
 Support for Low Latency Devices
 CSMA-CA Channel Access
 Handshaking
 Low Power Usage consumption
 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels
 Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
Low Power Statistics
 Today’s definition: Low power: Battery operation for
several years
 Some figures
 1 year is 365*24 hours = 8760 hours
 AAA battery capacity is about 1300mAh
 AA battery capacity is about 3100mAh
 Coin cell lithium CR2032 capacity is about 230mAh
 Note that peak current,(internal resistance) and leakage
are also issues, but not today
 An average consumption of 10uA will last
 AAA:15 years, AA: 35 years and CR2032: 2.6 years
Comparison Chart
Bluetooth ZigBee Comparison
fo PAN networks
 ZigBee Protocol was developed to serve very different applications than
Bluetooth and leads to tremendous optimizations in power consumption.
Some of the key protocol differentiators are:
 ZigBee:
 Very low duty cycle, very long primary battery life,
 Static and dynamic star and mesh networks, >65,000 nodes, with low latency
available,
 Ability to remain quiescent for long periods without communications,
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum allows devices to sleep without the
requirement for close synchronization.
 Bluetooth:
 Moderate duty cycle, secondary battery lasts same as master,
 Very high QoS and very low, guaranteed latency,
 Quasi-static star network up to seven clients with ability to participate in more
than one network,
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum is extremely difficult to create extended
networks without large synchronization cost.
Basic Network
Charachteristics

• 65,536 network (client) nodes

• Optimized for timing-critical applications

– Network join time:
30 ms (typ)
– Sleeping slave changing to active:
15 ms (typ)
Network coordinator
– Active slave channel access time: 15 Full Function node
ms (typ) Reduced Function node

Communications flow
Virtual links
ZigBee Layers
Typical Implementation’s
ZigBee Products
What are the RAM/ROM
requirements for the FFD and RFD
MAC ?

ZigBee requires a small amount of system

resources substantially simplifying the process
of designing wireless communications into
products while reducing time to market and
product cost. While still in the definition phase,
the estimated MAC size is as follows:
 RFD = 12KB to 16KB
 FFD = 16KB to 20KB.
Device Addressing
 All devices have IEEE addresses
 Short addresses can be allocated
 Addressing modes:
 Network + device identifier (star)
 Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)
 Source/destination cluster tree + device identifier (cluster
tree)
IEEE 802.15.4 Device
Definitions
 Full function device (FFD)
 Any topology
 Network coordinator capable
 Talks to any other device
 Reduced function device (RFD)
 Limited to star topology
 Cannot become a network coordinator
 Talks only to a network coordinator
 Very simple implementation
ZigBee Network Devices
Star and Peer to Peer Networks
Cluster Tree Network
Network Architecture
Types of PAN
 Non-Beacon Enabled PAN
Un-slotted CSMA/CA
 Beacon Enabled PAN
Slotted CSMA/CA
 SuperFrame Structures
 A superframe is formed by the PAN coordinator to
synchronize network reception and transmission.
Communication
Mechanisms-I
Communication
Mechanisms-II
PHY/MAC Framing
Network Layer
Robustness of Architecture
 CSMA/CA
 Frame Acknowledgement
 Data Verification
Overview of 802.15.4
Security
 The basic features provided by the link layer security
protocol are
 Access Control
 Message Integrity
 Message Confidentiality
 Replay Protection
Access Control and Message
Integrity
 Unauthorized entities should not be part of a secure
network
 A mechanism to detect the above scenario
 Message integrity – message tampering should be
detected – MAC
 Requires communicating parties to share a secret
Confidentiality
 Means of achieving – encryption
 Notion of “Semantic Security”
 The encryption must prevent an adversary from learning
even partial information about the message
 This means that encryption of the same plaintext twice
should result in different cipher texts
 Nonce
Replay Protection
 Adversary eavesdrops a message from a legitimate
sender and replays it after a time delay ‘x’
 Sequence numbers – increased with every packet
 802.15.4 Stack

LLC – Logical Link Control

SSCS – Service Specific
Convergence Sub layer
802.15.4 Protocol
 Each node has
 64 – bit Node ID
 16 – bit Network ID
 (A node could use 16-bit Node ID)
 Two types of packets (relevant to security)
 Data
 ACK (Sender explicitly requests it)
Data and ACK packet
formats
References
 The ZigBee Alliance web site
 http://www.zigbee.org
 Bob Heile, ZigBee Alliance Chairman bheile@ieee.org
 Helicomm, Inc.
 Atmel, Inc.
 Microchip, Inc.
 Motorola, Inc.
 Thanks to Ryan Braun!

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References
 Naveen Sastry and David Wagner, “Security
Considerations for IEEE 802.15.4 Networks”. ACM
Workshop on Wireless Security WiSe 2004, October
2004