Thermal Performance Criteria Review Highlights Key Changes

REVIEW OF
THERMAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
IN THE BCA2009
FOR
ABCB
June 2009
Revision 3/6/2009
JAMES M FRICKER PTY LTD

54 Felix Crescent
Ringwood North VIC 3134
Mobile: 0414 804 097
Phone/Fax: (03) 9879 5744
fricker@optusnet.com.au
http://fricker.net.au
Report No: i292a
File:292_RepA.doc
JAMES M FRICKER PTY LTD i150a ABCB
1. AIM
To
(a) Review R-Values in Specification J1
(b) Review of compensation for insulation lost through penetrations
(c) Development of an alternative to a thermal break
This work has been initiated by some changes introduced in Amdt 1 (Dec 2006) of AS/NZS 4859.1:2002
Materials for the thermal insulation of buildings - Part 1: General criteria and technical provisions.
The client for this work is Australian Building Codes Board, GPO Box 9839, Canberra ACT 2601, Phone: 02 6213
7291, Fax: 02 6290 8545, the contact being John Kennedy, email: John.Kennedy@abcb.gov.au.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
This review is based on the following documents emailed to the author:
"Trethowen report for walls.doc"
"Brief - Thermal break alternative 2010.doc"
"Brief - Spec J1 2 values 2010.doc"
"Brief Downlight compensation 2010.doc"
"BCA 2009 Volume Two assemblies.pdf"
"BCA 2009 Volume One Specs.pdf"
3. CALCULATIONS RESULTS PRESENTED
The comments and review are based on calculations per:
a) AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 (Dec 2006) “Materials for the thermal insulation of buildings. Part 1: General
criteria and technical provisions”,
b) the Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air-conditioning & Heating (AIRAH) 2007 Handbook, and the ASHRAE
Fundamentals Handbook.
Thermal resistance results reported are for the insulation path only unless otherwise stated. (See clause on
Thermal Bridging. The BCA separately addresses thermal bridging at frames for specific constructions.)
Total R includes surface air film resistances.
R-values for parallel-faced air cavities were calculated using the Reflect-3 computer software that is based on
Robinson and Powell data and validated by Oakridge National Laboratory, USA. These calculations take input
from (and are affected by)
♦ the air gap (mm),
♦ heat flow direction (because of convection effects),
♦ in-situ infrared emittances* and
♦ temperatures of the surfaces bounding the insulating air space
♦ ventilation.
* Many have considered the revised dust assumptions of Amendment 1 (Dec 2006) as pessimistic, but the
fact is they are now accepted for labelling purposes. The changes mainly affect Total R calcs that have
upward-facing RFLs (reflective foil laminates).
Where applicable, the R-values of enclosed air spaces greater than 100mm were calculated per ISO 6946:2007
“Building components and building elements — Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance — Calculation
method”.
R-values are based on product in-service conditions including the alteration of insulation material R for
temperature introduced in Amdt 1. This mean airspace temperature is based on the particular construction and
the system bounding air temperatures for the Australian summer air temperature difference of 12K (36°C less
24°C), and winter air temperature difference of 6K (18°C less 12°C) set in Amdt 1. This has resulted in the
summer (heat flow in) Total R for walls being slightly less than for winter (heat flow out).
4. THERMAL BRIDGING
The original AS/NZS 4859.1:2002 clearly required reporting of the total thermal resistance for the insulation path
only. This Total R has many examples in prior editions of the BCA as well as in the 1985-2007 AIRAH
Handbooks.
Amendment 1 (Dec 2006) of AS/NZS 4859.1:2002 Clause 1.5.3.3 redefines Total R as "representative of the
element of construction”. For simplicity (the KISS principle), and to be consistent with earlier BCA releases, this
review assumes the “element of construction” is that which typifies the insulation path only.
The thermally bridged (full surface) Total R is normally very similar to the insulation path Total R for most
constructions. The main exceptions are high conductivity clad walls thermally coupled to metal frames without
thermal breaks (insulating spacers)
All calculations and study were done by:
JAMES M FRICKER
B.Mech E, M.AIRAH, M.EngAust, CPEng
PAPERS PUBLISHED:
Computational Analysis of Reflective Air Spaces, AIRAH Journal, Oct 1997
Low Energy Housing Design, UNESCO conference, Alice Springs 1990 (co-author with Angelo Delsante, CSIRO)
Calculation of Energy Targets, ASHRAE Journal, Oct 1987.
Testing and Modelling Flexible Air Duct Insulation Performance, 21st International Conference on Thermal Insulation (co-author with Dr Peter
Johnson, RMIT)
(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 2

5. REVIEW OF R-VALUES IN SPECIFICATION J1
The 2006 Amendment 1 now referenced caused the following:
(b) Revised dust assumptions that many find pessimistic but are now generally accepted for labelling purposes.
The changes mainly affect 2002 Total R calcs that have upward-facing RFLs (reflective foil laminates).
Preamble:
Most of the following changes are a result of changes in AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006.
♦ Calculation conditions are based on Climate Zone energy requirements (not maximum heating or cooling
load requirements), so calculations are not based on extreme air temperature differences, but the
standard Australian air temperature differences per AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006 (winter: 18°-12°C
= 6K, summer: 36°-24°C = 12K).
♦ Amendment 1 has revised the outdoor Air Film Resistance of R0.03 (7 m/s) to R0.04 (3m/s) for the same
reason. The extra 0.01 is insignificant so does not justify alteration of the Required Total R values now
referenced by many documents and legislation, but example Total R-calcs in the BCA should have the
0.04 and not the 0.03. Table insulation values should be adjusted so value additions maintain existing
“Minimum required Total R-Values”.
♦ AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006 introduces calculation for insulation R affected by insulation mean
temperature, hence Wall Total R values are slightly lower for summer than for winter for highly insulated
walls.
♦ To retain simpler compliance, Total R calculations remain for the insulation path only in this review as
thermal bridging is discussed and considered elsewhere in the BCA.
♦ Calculation of the thermal resistance of unventilated air spaces has been well established for parallel
faced air spaces up to 100mm apart. ISO 6946:2007 "Building components and building elements —
Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance — Calculation method" now enables calculation for spaces
greater than 100mm apart. It is recommended this standard be included as a reference as AS/NZS
4859.1 has not yet been updated to reference it.
♦ Amdt 1 2006 introduces recognition of ground thermal resistance for enclosed subfloors, making it easier
to meet enclosed ground floor insulation requirements.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
Refer "BCA 2009 VOLUME ONE SPECS.PDF"
Spec J1.2 – 2, Table 2b TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR AIRSPACES AND AIR FILMS
1. Airspaces non-reflective unventilated
"In any roof space with a horizontal ceiling, with a pitch more than 5°", Down should be R0.28, not R0.218 (typing
error).
Spec J1.2 – 2, Table 2c TYPICAL THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR REFLECTIVE SURFACES AND
AIRSPACES IN ROOFS
This table has needed some clarification, so I suggest renaming the heading to Table 2c ADDED R-VALUES
FOR REFLECTIVE INSULATION IN ROOF AIRSPACES
And adding the notes:
(i) "This table presumes the addition of the RBM adds a 20mm airspace between the RBM and roof
surface. The “outer emittance” is for the RBM face-up surface and the “inner emittance” is for the
face-down (dust-free) surface.” [Ed note: Thus the values are unaffected by the more severe dust
assumptions of AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006]
(ii) “Where the RBM is a reflective bubble material or foam plastic, add its Material R-Value to the above
table values.”
Spec J1.3, Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION &
Spec J1.5, Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION
Outdoor air film R0.03 (7 m/s) should be R0.04 (3m/s) per AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006. Thus Roof and
Wall outdoor airfilm R values (summer and winter) are 0.01 higher.
For the same reason, Spec J1.5-2 Fig 2 Note 5 should be revised to:
"The Total R-Values in this Figure are for external walls. The Total R-Value for an internal wall of the
same construction would be 0.08 greater because the R-Value for an outdoor air film would be replaced
by that of an indoor air film."
Spec J1.6 Examples (b), (c), (d), Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR FLOOR CONSTRUCTION (for a floor
without a floor heating system)
As outdoor air film R0.03 (7 m/s) should be R0.04 (3m/s), raise Total R of ventilated subfloor example R-calcs by
0.01.
Replace Note 3 with
"3a. For floor types (b), (c) and (d) located over ground with enclosed perimeter, the Total R-Value can be
calculated by replacing the value for outdoor air film (R0.04) on the underside of the floor with the value
for indoor air film plus ground thermal resistance (i.e. R0.11+R0.56=R0.67 for heat flow up, or
R0.16+R0.58=R0.74 for heat flow down). The required heat flow direction is set by the Climate Zone.
3b. For floor types (c) and (d) that are located over an internal space, the Total R-Value can be calculated
by replacing the value for outdoor air film (R0.04) on the underside of the floor with the value for indoor air
film (R0.11 heat flow up, or R0.16 for heat flow down).
Add Note 7. “Where a RBM is attached beneath the floor to add a 100mm reflective air space, add R0.38 for heat
flow up and R1.14 for heat flow down.”

Add Note 8. "Where ground floor construction with enclosed perimeter makes the air space adjacent ground
reflective, the face-down subfloor air films will be R0.23 instead of R0.11 heat flow up, and R0.80 instead of R0.16
for heat flow down."
Refer "BCA 2009 VOLUME TWO ASSEMBLIES.PDF"
Figure 3.12.1.1 TYPICAL INSULATION OPTIONS FOR TYPICAL ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION, (a)
and (b) on page 433:
“Total R-Value of roof and ceiling materials” should be renamed to “Total R-Value of uninsulated roof”.
“Minimum required Total R values” should remain unchanged, thus all “Minimum added R-values of
insulation” should decrease by 0.04-0.03=0.01 due to the changed outdoor air film assumption.
Thus Tiled Roof Total R-Values (across the table) should be 0.44, 0.38, and 0.38 and metal Roof Total R-
Values should be 0.42, 0.36, and 0.36
and for (c) on page 434
Tiled Roof Total R-Values (across the table) should be 0.74, 0.23, and 0.23 and Metal Roof Total R-
Values should be 0.72, 0.21, and 0.21
and for (d) on page 435
Tiled Roof Total R-Values should be 0.56, 0.41, and 0.41 and Metal Roof Total R-Values should be 0.54,
0.39, and 0.39 (Again, Added R-values should remain unchanged.)
Likewise for Figure 3.12.1.3 TYPICAL INSULATION OPTIONS FOR TYPICAL WALL CONSTRUCTION, (a)
and (b) on page 433:
“Total R-Value of wall materials” should be renamed to “Total R-Value of uninsulated wall”.
“Minimum required Total R values” should remain unchanged, thus all “Minimum added R-values of
insulation” should decrease by 0.04-0.03=0.01 due to the changed outdoor air film assumption.
Also, (a) to (h) “Total R-Value of wall materials” should be renamed to “Total R-Value of uninsulated wall”
e.g. (a) Weatherboard, “Total R-Value of uninsulated wall” should be 0.48, not 0.47, hence “Minimum
added R-Value of insulation” should be 1.42, not 1.43, etc.
Likewise for the Total R-Values (b) to (h) and Added R-Values.
On Page 447, Explanatory Information (really Notes), add
3. “Insulation R depends on temperature, so Wall Total R-Values are now calculated per AS/NZS
4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006 for summer, winter or both according to the climate zone. The direction of heat
flow is not stated as it is given for roofs with downwards in summer for roofs being inwards for walls and
upwards in winter for roofs being outwards for walls. However, for the example systems given, the
summer and winter Total R-values are similar, and, for simplicity, remain valid."

Spec 3.12.1.5 FLOORS, page 449, 450
As AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006 appropriately recognises and introduces Ground Thermal Resistance for
ground floors above an unventilated space, related Table 3.12.1.4 Minimum Total R-Values are more easily met.
Figure 3.12.1.4:
“Total R-Value of floor materials” should be renamed to “Total R-Value of uninsulated floor”. For (a) “Suspended
Timber Floor”, the value should not be just 0.7 but 1.3 for enclosed, and remain 0.7 for unenclosed.
The "Minimum required Total R-Values" remain unchanged, but because ground thermal resistance assists with
enclosed subfloor resistance (by R0.56 heat flow up, R0.58 for heat flow down), the (a) “Enclosed” “Suspended
Timber Floor” “Minimum R-Values of insulation” (0.3, 0.3, 0.8, 1.3) become 0, 0, 0.2, 0.7. (The “Unenclosed”
remain unchanged.)
Similarly for (b) “Suspended Concrete Slab”, “Total R-Value of floor materials” should be renamed to “Total R-
Value of uninsulated floor” and the value should not be just 0.65 but 1.2 for enclosed, and remain 0.65 for
unenclosed; and the “Minimum R-Values of insulation” (0.35, 0.35, 0.85) become 0, 0, 0.27. (The “Unenclosed”
remain unchanged.)
For "Explanatory information"
To note 2, add "Typically, where a RBM is attached beneath the floor to add a 100mm reflective air
space, add R0.38 for heat flow up and R1.14 for heat flow down. The required heat flow direction is set
by the Climate Zone."
Add note 5, "For floors located over ground with enclosed perimeter, the Total R-Value can be calculated
by replacing the value for outdoor air film (R0.04) on the underside of the floor with the value for indoor air
film plus ground thermal resistance (i.e. R0.11+R0.56=R0.67 for heat flow up, or R0.16+R0.58=R0.74 for
heat flow down).
For floors located over an internal space, the Total R-Value can be calculated by replacing the value for
outdoor air film (R0.04) on the underside of the unenclosed floor with the value for indoor air film (R0.11
heat flow up, or R0.16 for heat flow down)."
Add Note 6. "Where ground floor construction with enclosed perimeter makes the air space adjacent
ground reflective, the subfloor air films will be R0.23 instead of R0.11 heat flow up, and R0.80 instead of
R0.16 for heat flow down."
Add Note 7. “Where a RBM is attached beneath the floor to add a 100mm reflective air space, add R0.38
for heat flow up and R1.14 for heat flow down.”
Add Note 8. "For ground floor construction with enclosed perimeter, if the floor downward surface is
reflective, its air film will be R0.23 instead of R0.11 heat flow up, and R0.80 instead of R0.16 for heat flow
down."

6. REVIEW OF COMPENSATION FOR INSULATION LOST THROUGH PENETRATIONS
Background: The current Clause 2.12.1.2(c) requires additional insulation in a roof where there are penetrations
such as downlights and fans and the amounts are in Table 3.12.1.1 however its use is limited as it is in terms of
the climate zone requirements.
6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
Refer " BRIEF DOWNLIGHT COMPENSATION 2010.DOC"
Replace Table 3.12.1.1a ADJUSTMENT OF MINIMUM R-VALUE FOR A REDUCTION OF CEILING

INSULATION with the alternative table that is independent of the climate zone:
Percentage of ceiling
Adjusted minimum added ceiling insulation
without insulation
0.00% R2.5 R3.0 R3.5 R4.0 R4.5 R5.0 R5.5 R6.0 R6.5 R7.0
up to 0.25% R2.6 R3.1 R3.6 R4.2 R4.7 R5.2 R5.8 R6.4 R6.9 R7.5
up to 0.50% R2.6 R3.2 R3.8 R4.3 R4.9 R5.5 R6.1 R6.8 R7.4 R8.1
up to 0.75% R2.7 R3.3 R3.9 R4.5 R5.2 R5.8 R6.5 R7.2 R7.9 R8.7
up to 1.00% R2.8 R3.4 R4.0 R4.7 R5.4 R6.2 R6.9 R7.7 R8.6 R9.5
up to 1.25% R2.9 R3.5 R4.2 R4.9 R5.7 R6.5 R7.4 R8.3 R9.3
up to 1.50% R2.9 R3.6 R4.4 R5.2 R6.1 R7.0 R8.0 R9.1
up to 2.00% R3.1 R3.9 R4.8 R5.8 R6.8 R8.0 R9.4
up to 2.50% R3.3 R4.2 R5.3 R6.5 R7.9 R9.5
up to 3.00% R3.6 R4.6 R5.9 R7.4 R9.3
up to 4.00% R4.2 R5.7 R7.6
up to 5.00% R5.0 R7.3 Compensatory insulation not applicable
up to 6.00% R6.2
NOTES:
(i) The above table shows what Added Ceiling Insulation is required to compensate for exposed ceiling
to provide equal thermal performance. These are applicable unless the cut-out has its own insulation,
e.g. downlight enclosure, or other insulation.
(ii) Assumes where there is no insulation, there is bare 10mm plasterboard and lamp has negligible R or
portion of insulation area is cut-out.
(iii) The above table is not an endorsement for high insulation, but the consequence of significant
uninsulated ceiling area. It is not intended as the solution to missing or removed insulation, but the
incentive for alternatives such as fewer downlights or heat shields to allow insulation to abut
downlights.
[JMF calculation assumptions: Extra R for insulation path: 0.279 (10mm plasterboard with 2 x R0.11 air films).
Base R for path without insulation: 0.279 (10mm plasterboard with 2 x R0.11 air films). Calculated by Isothermal
Planes method after including the thermal resistances of 10mm plasterboard and R0.11 air films.]

7. STUDY OF ALTERNATIVES TO A THERMAL BREAK
Background: The BCA Volumes 1 & 2 building fabric provisions contain requirements for Total R-Value of roofs,
walls and floors. These Total R-Values are based on timber framing and include an allowance for thermal
bridging of the insulation by the timber frame. In 2006, a requirement was added for a thermal break to be
attached to a metal frame in certain circumstances. This was in order for a metal famed building to have
comparable thermal performance to that of a timber framed one.
The BCA Clause states:
"A wall that—
(i) i s required to achieve a minimum Total R-Value; and
(ii) has lightweight external cladding such as weatherboards, fibre cement or metal sheeting fixed to the
metal frame; and
(iii) does not have a wall lining or has a wall lining that is fixed directly to the metal frame (see Figure
3.12.1.3(a) and (b)),
must have a thermal break, consisting of a material with an R-Value of not less than 0.2, installed between
the external cladding and the metal frame."
This study is to assess the option of compensatory insulation as an alternative option to the R0.2 thermal break
for metal-framed walls.
7.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
Refer "APPENDIX 1 – CLAD WALLS & THERMAL BREAKS" for illustrative calculations.
Recommendation: Replace
“must have a thermal break, consisting of a material with an R-Value of not less than 0.2, installed between
the external cladding and the metal frame."
With
“must have
(i) a thermal break consisting of a material with an R-Value of not less than 0.2, installed between the
external cladding and the metal frame OR
(ii) 50% more added insulation to compensate for thermal bridging OR
(iii) a suitably proven alternative to minimise thermal bridging, such as significant reduction of bridging
area by standoff washers or other spacers at fixing points "

APPENDIX 1 – CLAD WALLS & THERMAL BREAKS
Please refer following pages of spreadsheet calculations.

JAMES M FRICKER PTY LTD Report i150b Australian Building Codes Board
Total R
JMF insulation Total Total R
Calc. CLAD WALLS & THERMAL BREAKS path overall loss
150.11b CEMENT SHEET CLADDING, VPS ON METAL FRAME WITH R1.8 BULK INSULATION & R2.04 R1.66 19%
PLASTERBOARD (70MM METAL STUD ON 450MM CENTRES)
(Base case: Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. R0.2 thermal break.)
(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal break.)
Comparing this with JMF 150.11b, it is evident that the lack of an R0.2 thermal break has
reduced overall Total R from R1.66 to R1.37.
Comparing this with JMF 150.11b, it is evident that R1.8 bulk insulation must be replaced with
R2.65 insulation if there is no R0.2 thermal break. (There may not be room for this level of bulk
insulation.)
(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal break but steel washers used as flange
standoffs.)
Comparing this with JMF 150.11b, with reduced thermal bridging area, R1.5 bulk insulation can
replace R1.8 insulation for the same overall Total R. (And without an R0.2 thermal break.)
(Steel stud flanges not connecting to cladding except via washer standoffs.)
2nd reference case having R0.2 Thermal Break.
Comparing this with JMF 150.111b, it is evident that the lack of an R0.2 thermal break has
reduced overall Total R from R2.2 to R1.8.
Comparing this with JMF 150.111b, it is evident that R2.72 bulk insulation must be replaced
with R4.22 insulation if there is no R0.2 thermal break. (There may not be room for this level of
bulk insulation.)
(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal break but steel washers used as flange
standoffs.)
Comparing this with JMF 150.111b, with reduced thermal bridging area, R2.1 bulk insulation
can replace R2.2 insulation for the same overall Total R. (And without an R0.2 thermal break.)
(Steel stud flanges not connecting to cladding except via washer standoffs.)
NOTES: The above shows Total R determinations based upon AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006, Materials for the thermal
insulation of buildings.
See individual calculations for further commentary.
Results current as at 30/04/2009
JMF Calc 150.11b
CEMENT SHEET CLADDING, VPS ON METAL FRAME WITH R1.8 BULK

INSULATION & PLASTERBOARD (70MM METAL STUD ON 450MM CENTRES)
No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
Path area ratio: 92.2% 7.8%
Thermal resistances (m².K/W):
Outside Air Film, cement sheet
cladding: 0.064
Vapour Permeable Sarking 0.000 0.000
Thermal break R: 0.200
Metal stud 0.149
Bulk Insulation 1.800
10mm Plasterboard 0.059
Indoor air film 0.120
Path Total R: 2.043 0.592 a
R by Parallel Path Method: 1.716
R by Isothermal Planes Method: 1.603
Total R: 1.66 b
% Reduction by thermal bridging: 19% c
NOTES: Revision: 29/04/2009 9:33 PM

The above estimates the resulting insulation value from the two parallel heat paths
- through cladding, cavity, sarking, then insulation and internal wall lining,
- through cladding, batten, then metal "C" frame and internal wall lining.
Total R calculations based on AS/NZS 4859.1:2002/Amdt 1 2006.
Cladding and plasterboard assumed to be relevant isothermal planes.
Stud: framing of 0.55mm steel (k=50W/m.K), flanges 35mm, web 70mm, 450mm centres.
METHOD OF CALCULATION OF METAL FRAME "Re" (EQUIVALENT R):
Transforming the frame into equivalent rectangular shapes per Equation 9, NZ Standard NZ 4214 2006:
Re=(flange width/web thickness)•(web depth/conductivity)+contact resistance
- the resistance of the steel Stud frame is Re = 0.149 m².K/W
The Total R is calculated by the average of results from Parallel Path Method and Isothermal Planes Method per CSIRO advice.
The %Reduction is calculated by c=(a-b)/a•100%
A more accurate result may require full scale testing or rigorous Finite Element Analysis.
Signed:
Reference case having R0.2 Thermal Break.
JAMES M FRICKER
B Mech Eng, CPEng, M.AIRAH
JMF Calc 150.12b

No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
cladding: 0.064
No thermal break: 0.000
Metal stud 0.149
Total R: 1.37 b

Signed:
Comparing this with JMF 150.11b, it is evident that the lack of an R0.2 thermal break
has reduced overall Total R from R1.66 to R1.37.
JAMES M FRICKER
JMF Calc 150.13b

No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
cladding: 0.064
Metal stud 0.149
Total R: 1.66 b

Signed:
Comparing this with JMF 150.11b, it is evident that R1.8 bulk insulation must be
replaced with R2.65 insulation if there is no R0.2 thermal break.
(There may not be room for this level of bulk insulation.) JAMES M FRICKER
JMF Calc 150.14b
(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal
break but steel washers used as flange standoffs.)
No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
Path area ratio after flanges
offset by steel washers: 99.2% 0.8%
cladding: 0.064
Metal stud 0.149
Total R: 1.67 b

Signed:
Comparing this with JMF 150.11b, with reduced thermal bridging area, R1.5 bulk
insulation can replace R1.8 insulation for the same overall Total R.
(And without an R0.2 thermal break.)
(Steel stud flanges not connecting to cladding except via washer standoffs.) JAMES M FRICKER
JMF Calc 150.111b

No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
cladding: 0.064
Thermal break R: 0.200
Metal stud 0.187
Total R: 2.20 b

Signed:
2nd reference case having R0.2 Thermal Break.
JAMES M FRICKER
JMF Calc 150.121b

No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
cladding: 0.064
Metal stud 0.187
Total R: 1.80 b

Signed:
Comparing this with JMF 150.111b, it is evident that the lack of an R0.2 thermal break
has reduced overall Total R from R2.2 to R1.8.
JAMES M FRICKER
JMF Calc 150.131b

No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
cladding: 0.064
Metal stud 0.187
Total R: 2.20 b

Signed:
Comparing this with JMF 150.111b, it is evident that R2.72 bulk insulation must be
replaced with R4.22 insulation if there is no R0.2 thermal break.
(There may not be room for this level of bulk insulation.) JAMES M FRICKER
JMF Calc 150.141b
(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal
break but steel washers used as flange standoffs.)
No thermal break
Insul Frame
415 35
Path area ratio after flanges
offset by steel washers: 99.2% 0.8%
cladding: 0.064
Metal stud 0.187
Total R: 2.20 b

Signed:
Comparing this with JMF 150.111b, with reduced thermal bridging area, R2.1 bulk
insulation can replace R2.2 insulation for the same overall Total R.
(And without an R0.2 thermal break.)
(Steel stud flanges not connecting to cladding except via washer standoffs.) JAMES M FRICKER
APPENDIX 2 – KEY PAGES OF EXISTING BCA 2009 FOR REFERENCE
Please refer following pages
(for BCA data of 30 May 2009)

Main Menu
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SPECIFICATION J1.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions
1. Scope
This Specification lists the thermal properties of some common construction materials.
2. Construction Deemed-to-Satisfy
(a) Table 2a lists the thermal conductivity considered to be achieved by some common
construction materials.
Table 2a THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TYPICAL WALL, ROOF/CEILING AND FLOOR

MATERIALS
Material description Material Thermal
density conductivity
kg/m3 W/m.K
1. Framing
(a) Steel 7850 47.5
(b) Timber – kiln dried hardwood (across the grain) 677 0.16
(c) Timber – Radiata pine (across the grain) 506 0.10
2. Roof Cladding
(a) Aluminium sheeting 2680 210
(b) Concrete or terra cotta tiles 1922 0.81
(c) Steel sheeting 7850 47.5
3. Wall Cladding
(a) Aluminium sheeting 2680 210
(b) Autoclaved aerated concrete 350 0.10
900 0.27
(c) Cement render (1 cement : 4 sand) 1570 0.53
(d) Clay bricks
(i) Clay brick – 2.75 kg 1430 0.55
(ii) Clay brick – 3.25 kg 1690 0.65
(iii) Clay brick – 3.75 kg 1950 0.78
(e) Concrete blocks
(i) 190 mm dense or 90 mm dense solid 1100/2200 1.1
(ii) 140 mm dense or 190 mm lightweight 1250/910 0.85
(iii) 90 mm dense hollow or 90 mm lightweight solid 1650/1800 0.75
BCA 2009 Volume One Australian Building Codes Board Page 425
Main Menu
Spec J1.2 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Table 2a THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TYPICAL WALL, ROOF/CEILING AND FLOOR MATERIALS— continued
Material description Material Thermal

density conductivity
kg/m3 W/m.K
(iv) 140 mm lightweight 1050 0.67
(v) 90 mm lightweight 1360 0.55
(f) Fibre-cement 1360 0.25
(g) Gypsum plasterboard 880 0.17
(h) Pine weatherboards 506 0.10
(i) Plywood 530 0.14
(j) Solid concrete 2400 1.44
(k) Steel sheeting 7850 47.5
(l) Prestressed hollow core concrete panel 1680 0.80
4. Flooring Materials
(a) Carpet underlay - 0.04
(b) Carpet - 0.05
(c) Prestressed hollow core concrete planks 1680 0.80
(d) Particleboard 640 0.12
(e) Plywood 530 0.14
(f) Timber – kiln dried hardwood (across the grain) 677 0.16
(g) Timber – Radiata pine (across the grain) 506 0.10
(h) Solid concrete 2400 1.44
(i) Vinyl floor tiles 2050 0.79
5. Other Materials
(a) Air (still) 1.2 0.03
(b) Clay soil (10% moisture content) 1300 0.6
(c) PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) 1180 1.00
(d) Polycarbonates 1200 0.2
(e) Sand (6% moisture content) 1800 1.64
(f) Soda lime glass 2500 1.0
Notes:
1. For materials which incorporate cores or hollows in regular patterns (such as cored
brickwork, hollow blockwork and cored floor or wall panels), the tabulated material
densities and thermal conductivities are based on the gross density (mass divided by
external dimensions).
2. The R-Value of a material is determined by dividing the thickness of the material in
metres by the thermal conductivity in W/m.K.
Main Menu
Spec J1.2 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
(b) Table 2b lists the R-Values considered to be achieved by air films and airspaces.
Table 2b TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR AIRSPACES AND AIR FILMS

Position of air space Direction of R-Value
heat flow
1. Airspaces non-reflective unventilated
In a roof with a pitch of not more than 50 Up 0.15
Down 0.22
In a roof with a ceiling that is parallel with a roof with a Up 0.15
pitch more than 50 and not more than 150
Down 0.21
In a roof with a ceiling that is parallel with a roof with a Up 0.15
pitch more than 220 and not more than 450
Down 0.18
In any roof space with a horizontal ceiling, with a pitch Up 0.18
more than 50
Down 0.218
In a wall Horizontal 0.17
2. Airspaces non-reflective ventilated
In any roof with a pitch not more than 50 and 100 mm Up Nil
deep air space
Down 0.19
In any roof space with a horizontal ceiling, with a pitch Up Nil
more than 50
Down 0.46
In a wall Horizontal 0.14
3. Air films – Still air
On a surface with a pitch of not more than 50 Up 0.11
Down 0.16
0
On a surface with a pitch of more than 5 and not more Up 0.11
than 300
Down 0.15
0
On a surface with a pitch of more than 30 and not more Up 0.11
than 450
45° slope Down 0.13
On a wall Horizontal 0.12
4. Air films – Moving air
Not more than 3 m/s wind Any direction 0.04
Main Menu
Spec J1.2 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Table 2b TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR AIRSPACES AND AIR FILMS— continued
Position of air space Direction of R-Value

heat flow
More than 3 m/s wind speed and not more than 7 m/s Any direction 0.03
wind speed
Note:
R-Values are for a temperature of 10°C and temperature difference of 15K.
(c) The thermal properties considered to be achieved by reflective surfaces are—
(i) within a wall—
(A) with an inner reflective surface of 0.05 emittance and a 20 mm airspace to
the wall lining, an added R-Value of 0.48; and
(B) with an inner reflective surface of 0.05 emittance and a 70 mm airspace to
the wall lining, an added R-Value of 0.43; and
(C) with an inner reflective surface of 0.05 emittance and a 70 mm airspace to
the wall lining and an outer anti-glare reflective surface of 0.20 emittance and
a 25 mm airspace to the wall cladding, an added R-Value of 0.95; and
(D) with an outer anti-glare reflective surface of 0.20 emittance and a 35 mm
airspace to the wall cladding, an added R-Value of 0.50; and
(ii) within a roof where the reflective insulation is laid directly under the roof, those in
Table 2c.
Table 2c TYPICAL THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR REFLECTIVE SURFACES AND

AIRSPACES IN ROOFS
Emittance Direction of R-Value added by a reflective surface
of added heat flow
reflective Pitched roof (�10°) with Flat, Pitched roof with cathedral
insulation horizontal ceiling skillion or ceiling
pitched
roof (<10°)
with
horizontal
ceiling
Ventilated Non- 15° to more more than
roof space ventilated not more than 25° 35° to 45°
roof space than 25° to not pitch
pitch more
than 35°
pitch
0.2 outer Downwards 1.21 1.12 1.28 0.96 0.86 0.66
0.05 inner
0.2 outer Upwards 0.59 0.75 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.77
0.05 inner
0.9 outer Downwards 1.01 0.92 1.06 0.74 0.64 0.44
0.05 inner
Main Menu
Spec J1.2 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Table 2c TYPICAL THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR REFLECTIVE SURFACES AND AIRSPACES IN ROOFS— continued
Emittance Direction of R-Value added by a reflective surface

of added heat flow
reflective Pitched roof (�10°) with Flat, Pitched roof with cathedral
insulation horizontal ceiling skillion or ceiling
pitched
roof (<10°)
with
horizontal
ceiling
Ventilated Non- 15° to more more than
roof space ventilated not more than 25° 35° to 45°
roof space than 25° to not pitch
pitch more
than 35°
pitch
0.9 outer Upward 0.40 0.55 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.53
0.05 inner
(d) A ventilated roof space is a roof space with—

(i) gable vents, ridge vents, eave vents, roof vents or the like that—
(A) are evenly distributed to allow an unobstructed flow of air; and
(B) are located to ensure, where practicable, there are no dead airspaces; and
(C) have an aggregate fixed open area of not less than 1.0% of the ceiling area;
or
(ii) not less than 2 wind-driven roof ventilators having an aggregate opening area of
not less than 0.14 m2 in conjunction with gable vents, ridge vents, eave vents, roof
vents or the like having an aggregate fixed open area of not less than 0.2% of the
ceiling area; or
(iii) a tiled roof without sarking-type material at roof level.
Main Menu
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SPECIFICATION J1.3 ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION
1. Scope
This Specification describes the thermal performance of some common forms of roof and ceiling
construction.
Figure 2 details the R-Values considered to be achieved by some common forms of roof and
ceiling construction.
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION

Roof construction description Item Item description R-Value R-Value
Unventilated Ventilated
Up Down Up Down
(a) Roof 15° to 45° pitch 1. Outdoor air film 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
– Horizontal ceiling (7 m/s)
– Metal cladding
2. Metal cladding 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3. Roof airspace 0.18 0.28 0.00 0.46
(non-reflective)
4. Plasterboard, 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
gypsum (10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
5. Indoor air film 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.16
(still air)
Total R-Value 0.38 0.53 0.20 0.71
Main Menu
Spec J1.3 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION— continued
Roof construction description Item Item description R-Value R-Value

Unventilated Ventilated
Up Down Up Down
(b) Roof 15° to 45° pitch 1. Outdoor air film 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
– Horizontal ceiling (7 m/s)
– Clay tiles 19 mm
2. Roof tile, clay or 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
concrete
(1922 kg/m3)
3. Roof airspace 0.18 0.28 0.00 0.46
(non-reflective)
4. Plasterboard, 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
gypsum (10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
5. Indoor air film 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.16
(still air)
Total R-Value 0.40 0.55 0.22 0.73
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR ROOF AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION

Roof construction description Item Item R-Value Unventilated
description
Up Down
(c) Cathedral ceiling 15° to 45° pitch 1. Outdoor air 0.03 0.03
film (7 m/s)
– 10 mm plaster on top of rafters
– Metal external cladding 2. Metal 0.00 0.00
cladding
3. Roof airspace 0.15 0.18
(30 mm to
100 mm,
non-reflective)
4. Plasterboard, 0.06 0.06
gypsum
(10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
5. Indoor air film 0.11 0.14
(still air)
Total R-Value 0.35 0.41
Main Menu
Spec J1.3 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

description
Up Down
(d) Cathedral ceiling 15° to 45° pitch 1. Outdoor air 0.03 0.03
film (7 m/s)
– 10 mm plaster on top of rafters
– Tiles external cladding 2. Roof tile, clay 0.02 0.02
or concrete
(1922 kg/m3)
(30 mm to
100 mm,
non-reflective)
gypsum
(10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
(still air)
(e) Skillion roof less than 5° pitch 1. Outdoor air 0.03 0.03
– 10 mm plaster below rafters film (7 m/s)
– Metal external cladding
2. Metal 0.00 0.00
cladding
(100 mm to
300 mm,
non-reflective)
gypsum
(10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
(still air)
Main Menu
Spec J1.3 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

description
Up Down
(f) Skillion roof 5° to 15° pitch 1. Outdoor air 0.03 0.03
– 10 mm plaster on top of rafters film (7 m/s)
– Metal external cladding
2. Metal 0.00 0.00
cladding
(30 mm to
100 mm
non-reflective)
gypsum
(10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
(still air)
(g) 100 mm solid concrete roof to 5° 1. Outdoor air 0.03 0.03
film (7 m/s)
– 10 mm plaster, suspended ceiling
– Applied external waterproof membrane 2. Waterproof 0.03 0.03
membrane,
rubber
synthetic
(4 mm,
961 kg/m3)
3. Solid 0.07 0.07
concrete,
(100 mm,
2400 kg/m3)
4. Ceiling 0.15 0.22
airspace
(100 mm to
300 mm,
non-reflective)
gypsum
(10 mm,
880 kg/m3)
(still air)
Main Menu
Spec J1.3 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

description
Up Down
Notes:
1. The R-Value of an item, other than an airspace, air film or air cavity, may be increased in
proportion to the increased thickness of the item.
2. The Total R-Value of a form of construction may be increased by the amount that the
R-Value of an individual item is increased.
3. Where an airspace is filled, the R-Value listed for the airspace must be deducted from the
Total R-Value of the roof construction.
4. For information on a roof space that is considered to be ventilated, see
Specification J1.2, Clause 2(d).
Main Menu
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SPECIFICATION J1.5 WALL CONSTRUCTION
1. Scope
This Specification describes the thermal performance of some common forms of external wall
construction.
Figure 2 details the R-Values considered to be achieved by some common forms of wall
construction.
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION

External wall construction description Item Item description R-Value
(a) Masonry veneer – 25 mm to 50 mm cavity, 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
10 mm internal plaster on 90 mm stud frame
2. Masonry (See notes 3 0.09
and 4)
3. Cavity and airspace (115 0.17
to 140 mm, made up of
90 mm stud + 25 mm to
50 mm airspace
non-reflective and
unventilated)
4. Plasterboard, gypsum 0.06
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
5. Indoor air film (still air) 0.12
Total R-Value 0.47
(b) Cavity masonry – 20 mm to 50 mm cavity, 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03

10 mm internal plaster on battens or furring
channels 2. Masonry (See notes 3 0.09
and 4)
3. Masonry cavity (20 mm to 0.17
50 mm, non-reflective and
unventilated)
4. Masonry (See note 4) 0.09
5. Airspace (20 mm to 0.17
35 mm, non-reflective and
unventilated)
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
Total R-Value 0.73
Main Menu
Spec J1.5 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION— continued

(c) Denseweight hollow concrete block with 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
internal plaster on battens or furring channels
2. Denseweight hollow 0.15
concrete block (See notes
3 and 4)
40 mm non-reflective and
unventilated)
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
Total R-Value 0.53
(d) 125 mm solid reinforced concrete (dense 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
weight) – 10 mm internal plaster on battens or
furring channels 2. 125 mm minimum solid 0.09
reinforced concrete (See
note 3)
unventilated)
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
Total R-Value 0.47
(e) Timber wall – external 6 mm cement sheet 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
cladding, 90 mm stud frame, 10 mm plaster
2. Fibre cement (6 mm, 0.03
1360 kg/m3)
3. Airspace (90 mm 0.17
nonreflective and
unventilated)
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
Total R-Value 0.41
Main Menu
Spec J1.5 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

(f) 200 mm autoclaved aerated concrete block – 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
10 mm internal plaster on battens or furring
channels 2. Autoclaved aerated 2.00
concrete block (200 mm,
350 kg/m3)
unventilated)
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
Total R-Value 2.38
(g) 150 mm hollow-core concrete panels – 10 mm 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
internal plaster on battens or furring channels
2. Prestressed hollow-core 0.14
concrete panels (150 mm,
1,680 kg/m3, 30% cores)
unventilated)
(10 mm, 880 kg/m3)
Total R-Value 0.52
(h) Denseweight hollow concrete block with 1. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03
external 6 mm cement sheet cladding on
battens or furring channels
2. Fibre cement (6 mm, 0.03
1360 kg/m3)
3. Airspace (20 mm to 40 0.17
mm non-reflective and
unventilated)
4. Denseweight hollow 0.15
concrete block (See note
4)
5. 10 mm render 0.02
Total R-Value 0.52
Main Menu
Spec J1.5 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Notes:
1. The R-Value of an item, other than an airspace, air film or air cavity, may be increased in
2. The Total R-Value of a form of construction may be increased by the amount that an individual
item is increased.
3. The addition of 10 mm of render to a concrete or masonry wall will increase the Total R-Value by
0.02.
4. (a) The typical R-Value in Figure 2(a) and (b) is for 90 mm denseweight concrete block.
(b) The typical R-Value in Figure 2(c) and (h) is for 140 mm denseweight hollow concrete
block.
(c) The typical R-Value in Figure 2(d) is for 125 mm solid reinforced concrete (2400 kg/m3).
(d) Other typical R-Values for masonry and concrete are as follows and may be substituted
for those above:
90 mm clay brick:
(density 1430 kg/m3) 0.16
(density 1690 kg/m3) 0.14
3
(density 1950 kg/m ) 0.12
110 mm clay brick:
(density 1430 kg/m3, 2.75 kg/brick) 0.20
3
(density 1690 kg/m , 3.25 kg/brick) 0.17
3
(density 1950 kg/m , 3.75 kg/brick) 0.14
Denseweight hollow concrete block:
110 mm 0.12
190 mm 0.20
5. The Total R-Values in this Figure are for external walls. The Total R-Value for an internal wall of
the same construction would be 0.09 greater because the R-Value for an outdoor air film would be
replaced by that of an indoor air film.
6. Where a cavity or airspace is filled, the R-Value listed for the cavity must be deducted from the
Total R-Value of the wall.
Main Menu
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SPECIFICATION J1.6 FLOOR CONSTRUCTION
1. Scope
This Specification describes the thermal performance of some common forms of floor
construction.
Figure 2 details the R-Values considered to be achieved by some common forms of floor
construction, other than a concrete floor with an embedded floor heating system.
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR FLOOR CONSTRUCTION (for a floor without a floor
heating system)
Floor construction description Item Item description R-Value
Up Down
(a) Timber internal floor, 10 mm internal 1. Indoor air film (still air) 0.11 0.16
plaster
2. Particleboard flooring (19 mm, 0.15 0.15
640 kg/m3)
3. Floor airspace, 100 mm to 0.15 0.22
300 mm (non reflective)
4. Plasterboard, gypsum (10 mm, 0.06 0.06
880 kg/m3)
5. Indoor air film (still air) 0.11 0.16
(b) Timber, suspended ground floor, open 1. Indoor air film (still air) 0.11 0.16
sub-floor
2. Particleboard flooring (19 mm, 0.15 0.15
640 kg/m3)
3. Outdoor air film (7 m/s) 0.03 0.03
Main Menu
Spec J1.6 – 2.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR FLOOR CONSTRUCTION (for a floor without a floor heating system)— continued
Floor construction description Item Item description R-Value

Up Down
(c) Solid concrete suspended slab, 1. Indoor air film (still air) 0.11 0.16
ground floor
2. Solid concrete (150 mm, 0.10 0.10
2400 kg/m3)
(d) 150 mm hollow-core concrete planks, 1. Indoor air film (still air) 0.11 0.16
ground floor
2. Concrete topping (60 mm, 0.04 0.04
2,400 kg/m3)
3. Hollow-core concrete planks 0.14 0.14
(150 mm, 1,680 kg/m3, 30%
cores)
Notes:
1. The R-Value of an item, other than an air space, air film or air cavity, may be increased in
2. The Total R-Value of a form of construction may be increased by the amount that an individual item
is increased.
3. For floor types (c) and (d) that are located over an internal space, the Total R-Value can be
calculated by replacing the value for outdoor air film (R0.03) on the underside of the floor with the
value for indoor air film (R0.11).
4. The addition of 10 mm of render to the ceiling of a suspended internal concrete floor will increase
the Total R-Value by 0.02.
5. Solid concrete slab includes concrete beam and infill floors and concrete precast permanent
formwork panels.
6. Where an airspace is filled, the R-Value listed for the airspace must be deducted from the Total
R-Value of the floor construction.

Thermal Performance Criteria Review Highlights Key Changes

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REVIEW OF

THERMAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

JAMES M FRICKER PTY LTD

(a) Review R-Values in Specification J1

(b) Review of compensation for insulation lost through penetrations

(c) Development of an alternative to a thermal break

This review is based on the following documents emailed to the author:

"Trethowen report for walls.doc"

"Brief - Thermal break alternative 2010.doc"

"Brief - Spec J1 2 values 2010.doc"

"Brief Downlight compensation 2010.doc"

"BCA 2009 Volume Two assemblies.pdf"

"BCA 2009 Volume One Specs.pdf"

3. CALCULATIONS RESULTS PRESENTED

The comments and review are based on calculations per:

Total R includes surface air film resistances.

♦ the air gap (mm),

♦ heat flow direction (because of convection effects),

♦ in-situ infrared emittances* and

♦ temperatures of the surfaces bounding the insulating air space

All calculations and study were done by:

Calculation of Energy Targets, ASHRAE Journal, Oct 1987.

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 2

5. REVIEW OF R-VALUES IN SPECIFICATION J1

The 2006 Amendment 1 now referenced caused the following:

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 3

Refer "BCA 2009 VOLUME ONE SPECS.PDF"

1. Airspaces non-reflective unventilated

Spec J1.5, Figure 2 TYPICAL R-VALUES FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION

Replace Note 3 with

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 4

Refer "BCA 2009 VOLUME TWO ASSEMBLIES.PDF"

and (b) on page 433:

and for (c) on page 434

and for (d) on page 435

On Page 447, Explanatory Information (really Notes), add

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 5

Spec 3.12.1.5 FLOORS, page 449, 450

For "Explanatory information"

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 6

6. REVIEW OF COMPENSATION FOR INSULATION LOST THROUGH PENETRATIONS

Refer " BRIEF DOWNLIGHT COMPENSATION 2010.DOC"

Replace Table 3.12.1.1a ADJUSTMENT OF MINIMUM R-VALUE FOR A REDUCTION OF CEILING

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 7

7. STUDY OF ALTERNATIVES TO A THERMAL BREAK

The BCA Clause states:

"A wall that—

(i) i s required to achieve a minimum Total R-Value; and

(ii) 50% more added insulation to compensate for thermal bridging OR

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 8

APPENDIX 1 – CLAD WALLS & THERMAL BREAKS

Please refer following pages of spreadsheet calculations.

(for BCA data of 30 May 2009) Page 9

reduced overall Total R from R1.66 to R1.37.

PLASTERBOARD (70MM METAL STUD ON 450MM CENTRES)

(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal break.)

reduced overall Total R from R2.2 to R1.8.

PLASTERBOARD (100MM METAL STUD ON 450MM CENTRES)

(Bulk insulation not overlapping frame. No thermal break.)

See individual calculations for further commentary.

Results current as at 30/04/2009

JMF Calc 150.11b