Specialized English For Electrics PDF

Specified English for Automation
Electrics and Electronics
Zhang Yong
Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology
August 23, 2011

Personal Info. outline Electrics and electronics Thanks
Personal Information
Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province
ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation


2000-2004: BEng, Daqing Petroleum Institute (Daqing)


2004-2007: MASc, Jiangnan University (Wuxi)


2007-2008: Electronic Eng., Sunpentown (Wuxi) Appliance
Co., LTD


Co., LTD
2008-20xx: Inner Mongolia University of Science and
Technology (Baotou)


Co., LTD
Technology (Baotou)
Research Area: Modeling and System Identification


Co., LTD
Technology (Baotou)
E-mail: yinghuzhangyong@163.com


Co., LTD
Technology (Baotou)
E-mail: yinghuzhangyong@163.com
HomePage: http://sit.imust.cn/teacher/yhzy/index.html

Personal Info. outline Electrics and electronics Thanks Edu. Found. Contents Academics
Education Foundations and Basic Demands
1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).


2 Education Foundations


College English¶


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
The Principle of Control Theory.


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
3 Basic Demands of This Course


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
Read: You can read the documents concerned with
automation (70w/min);


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
Translation: You can translation some documents concerned;


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
Write: You can write some academic shorts or abstracts
(150w).


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
(150w).
4 Exam Forms


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
(150w).
4 Exam Forms
Normal attendance: 20%;


College English¶
Circuit Analysis;
(150w).
4 Exam Forms
Normal attendance: 20%;
Final exam: 80%.

Importance of this Course

1 Concerned with your Further studying in the area of
automation¶


automation¶
2 Concerned with your job hunting;


automation¶
3 Concerned with the academic exchange and cooperation;


automation¶
4 The strong relationship concerned with your further work.


automation¶
5 Some reference book:


automation¶
G.C. Gooddwin. Control System Design. Prentice Hall
Press§2001 ¶


automation¶
Press§2001 ¶
Morris driels. Linear Control Systems Engineering.
McGraw-Hill Press§1996;


automation¶
Press§2001 ¶
John J.D’azzo. Constantine H.Houpis. Linear Control System
Analysis and Design. Tinghua University Press§2000.


automation¶
Press§2001 ¶
•©?, Ù¥I. gÄz;’=Š. ÉÇnóŒÆÑ‡
§2008.


automation¶
Press§2001 ¶
•©?, Ù¥I. gÄz;’=Š. ÉÇnóŒÆÑ‡
§2008.
÷©, •3², š?). gÄz;’=Š §. Å ó’Ñ
‡ §2000.
Contents of this course

1 Electrics and electronics¶


Electrical Networks¶


Three-phase Circuits;


Diods and Thyristors.


2 Principles of Automatic Control


Introduction to Automatic Control ;


Stability and the Time Response;


The Frequency Response Methods;


Process Control;


Process Control;
Modern Control Theory;


Process Control;
State Variable Concepts;


Process Control;
Liapunov Stability Analysis.


Process Control;
3 Computer Control Technology


Process Control;
Fundamentals of Computer and Networks¶


Process Control;
The Development of Computer;


Process Control;
The Development of Computer;
The Applications of Computers.

Academic trends about automation

1 Neural networks ;


1 Neural networks ;
2 Nonlinear system and control;


1 Neural networks ;
3 Networked control system;


1 Neural networks ;
4 Fuzzy system and fuzzy control;


1 Neural networks ;
5 Intelligent systems and intelligent technology;


1 Neural networks ;
6 Fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control;


1 Neural networks ;
7 Adaptive control and optimal control;


1 Neural networks ;
8 Modeling and identification;


1 Neural networks ;
9 Complexity and complex system;


1 Neural networks ;
10 Stochastic systems;


1 Neural networks ;
11 Robust control;


1 Neural networks ;
11 Robust control;
12 Pattern recognition and signal processing;


1 Neural networks ;
11 Robust control;
12 Pattern recognition and signal processing;
13 Stability and stabilization.
Some Journals About Automation
1 Automatica Auto (IFAC)


2 Journal of Process Control JPC;


3 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control IEEE TAC;


4 IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing IEEE TSP;


5 IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems – I: Regular Papers IEEE
TCAS1;


TCAS1;
6 Signal Processing SP;


TCAS1;
7 Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing;


TCAS1;
8 gÄzÆ (EIÂ¹);


TCAS1;
8 gÄzÆ (EIÂ¹);
9 ››nØ†A^(EIÂ¹);


TCAS1;
8 gÄzÆ (EIÂ¹);
9 ››nØ†A^(EIÂ¹);
10 ››†ûü(EIÂ¹).

How to Write and Read The Academic Articles
1 Readµ

1 Readµ
You will get some short documents about automation.

1 Readµ
Discuss the documents in groups.

1 Readµ
Recite the documents in Chinese.

1 Readµ
2 Translate:

1 Readµ
2 Translate:
Professional translations about some sentences

1 Readµ
2 Translate:
Standard of the translation.

1 Readµ
2 Translate:
3 Writeµ

1 Readµ
2 Translate:
3 Writeµ
I will make a presentation about the papers writing.

1 Readµ
2 Translate:
3 Writeµ
I will make a presentation about the papers writing.
Write some articles about electronics, computer, network or
automation.

Personal Info. outline Electrics and electronics Thanks Networks 3-phase circuits Diodes and Thyristors
Words and Terms for Electrical Networks
network : ä, >´
identify : £O, @Ñ, À•Ó˜, ˜—
resistor : >{ì
inductor : >aì
capacitor : >Nì
characteristic : A5 , A5-‚
Ohm : î0
Faraday : {.1
integral : È©
increment : Oþ
electric charge : >Ö
passive network : Ã ä
active network : k ä

Words and Terms for Electrical Networks
armature : >Í
aforementioned : þã ; c¡J
represent : “L; L«; ²
amplify : ˜Œ
symbolic : ÎÒ ; PÒ
mesh : š
loop current : £´>6
voltage drop : >Øü
in series : Gé
variable : Cþ
differential : ‡© ; ‡©
outline : (x)Ó+; JÑ... ‡:
eliminate : žØ, éž
parameter : ëê

Electrical Networks
An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as

resistors, inductors, and capacitors together in some manner. If the
net work contains no energy sources, such as batteries or electrical
generators, it is known as a passive network. On the other hand, if
one or more energy sources are present, the resultant combination
is an active network. In studying the behavior of an electrical
network, we are interested in determining the voltages and currents
that exist within the circuit. Since a network is composed of
passive circuit elements, we must first define the electrical
characteristics of these element.
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given
by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage acrose the resistor is
equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of
the resistance. Mathematically, this is expressed as

Electrical Networks
u = iR (3.1)
where u represents voltage, V; i represents cueernt, A; R
represents resistance, Ω.
The voltage across a pure inductor is defined by Faraday’s law,
which states that the voltage across the inductor is proportional to
the rate of change with time of the current through the inductor.
Thus we have
∂i
u = L (3.2)
∂t
∂i
where ∂t represents the rate of change of current, A/s, L
represents inductance, H.

Electrical Networks
The voltage developed across a capacitor is proportional to the

electric charge q accumulating on the plants of the capacitor. Since
the accumulation of charge may be expressed as the summation, or
integral, of the charge increments dq, we have the equation
Z
1
u = dq. (3.3)
C
Where the capacitance C is the proportionality constant relating
voltage and charge. By definition, current equals the rate of
change of charge with time and is expressed as i = dq
dt . Thus an
increment of charge dq is equal to the current multiplied by the
corresponding time increment, or dq = idt. Eq. (3.3) may then be
written as

Electrical Networks
Z
1
u = idt (3.4)
C
where C represents capacitance, F.
The summary of Eqs. (3.1), (3.2) and (3.4) for the three forms
of passive circuit elements is given in Fig. 1. Note that
conventional current flow is used; hence the current in each
element is show in direction of decreasing voltage.
Active electrical devices involve the conversion of energy to
electrical form. For example, the electrical energy in a battery is
derives from its stored chemical energy. The electrical energy of a
generator is a result of the mechanical energy of the rotating
armature.

Electrical Networks
i R i L i
C
E i i u
U R = iR U L = L di dt UC = (1 C)∫ idt
UR
i= i = (1 L ) ∫ u L dt i = C du dt
R a) Voltage source b) Current source
a) Resistor b) Inductor c) Capcitor
uR uR
R R
i i
e L uL e L uL
C
uc

Electrical Networks
Active electrical elements occur in two basic form: voltage

sources and current sources. In their ideal form, voltage sources
generate a constant voltage independent of the current drawn from
the sources. The aforementioned battery and generator are
regarded as voltage sources since their voltage is essentially
constant with load. On the other hand, current source produce a
current whose magnitude is independent of the load connected to
the source. Although current sources are not as familiar in
practice, the concept does find wide use in representing an
amplifying device, such as the transistor, by means of an
equivalent electrical circuit. Symbolic representations of voltage
and current sources are show in Fig. 2.

Electrical Networks
A common method of analyzing an electrical network is mesh or

loop analysis. The fundamental law that is applied in this method
is Kirchhoff’s first law, which states that the algebraic sum of the
voltage around a closed loop is 0, or, in any closed loop, the sum
of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops. Mesh
analysis consists of assuming that currents–termed loop
currents–flow in each loop of a network, algebraically summing the
voltage drops around each loop, and setting each sum equal to 0.
Conseder the circuit shown in Fig. 3a, which consists of an
inductor and resistor connected in series to a voltage source e.
Assuming a loop current i, the voltage drops summed around the
loop are
− e + uR + uL = 0 (3.5)

Electrical Networks
The input voltage is assumed negatively since, in the direction of

assumed current, it represents an increase in voltage. The drop
across each passive element is positive since the current is in the
direction of the developed voltage.
Using the equations for the voltage drops in a resistor and
inductor, we have
di
L +Ri = e (3.6)
dt
Eq. (3.6) is the differential equation for the current in the circuit.

Electrical Networks
It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is

the variable of interest in the circuit. As noted in Fig. 1,
1
R
i = L uL dt. Substituting this integral for i in Eq. (3.6) gives
Z
R
uL + uL dt = e (3.7)
L
After differentiation with respect to time, Eq. (3.7) becomes
duL R de
+ uL = (3.8)
dt L dt
which is the differential equation for the inductor voltage.

Electrical Networks
Fig. 3b shows a series circuit containing a resistor, inductor and

capacitor. Following the mesh-analysis method outlined above, the
circuit equation is
Z
di 1
L +Ri+ idt = e (3.9)
dt C
Recalling that current i = dq

dt , a substitution of this variable may
be made to eliminate the integral from the equation. The result is
the second-order differential equation
d2 q dq q
L 2
+R + =e (3.10)
dt dt C

Notes for Electrical Networks

1 In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is
given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the
resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied
by the value of the resistance.
Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
in the case of: Ò...5`, Ò... Ø


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
in case (of): bX; ˜; 3... œ¹e


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
in that case: @o, Q,´@


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
in this case: Q,´ù


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
in any case: ÃØXÛ, oƒ


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
2 It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is
the variable of interest in the circuit.
½N3>´¥, <‚a, Cþ´>a>Ø Ø´>a
>6.


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
½N3>´¥, <‚a, Cþ´>a>Ø Ø´>a
>6.
M rather than N: ´M ØŃ


Ò>{5`, >Ø->6 'Xdî0½Æû½, î0½Æ
•Ñ: >{üà >Ø u>{þ6L >6¦±>{Š.
½N3>´¥, <‚a, Cþ´>a>Ø Ø´>a
>6.
M rather than N: ´M ØŃ
of interest: kdŠ ; ¦<a, ; k¿Â
Three-phase circuits
Most of the electrical power generated in the world today is
three-phase. Three-phase power was first conceived by Nikola
Tesla. A three-phase circuit is merely a combination of three
single-phase circuits. Because of this fact, current, voltage, and
power relations of balanced three-phase circuits may be studied by
the application of single-phase rules to the component parts of the
three-phase circuit. Viewed in this light, it will be found that the
analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of
single-phase circuits.

Reasons for Use of Three-phase Circuits

In a single-phase circuit, the power is of a pulsating nature. At
unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice
each cycle. When the power factor is less than unity, the power
(instantaneous) is negative during parts of each cycle. Although
the power supplied to each of the three phases of a three-phase
circuit is pulsating, it may be proved that the total three-phase
power supplied a balanced three-phase circuit is constant. Because
of this, the characteristics of three-phase apparatus, in general, are
superior to those of similar single-phase apparatus.

Reasons for Use of Three-phase Circuits
Three-phase machinery and control equipment are smaller,

lighter in weight, and more efficient than single-phase equipment
of the same rated capacity. In addition to the above mentioned
advantages offered by a three-phase system, the distribution of
three-phase power requires only three-fourths as much line copper
as dose the single-phase distribution of the same amount of power.

Generation of Three-phase Voltages

A single-phase alternating voltage can be produced by rotating a
magnetic field through the conductors of a stationary coil, as
shown in Figure 3.
Since alternate polarities of the magnetic field cut through the

conductors of the stationary coil, the induced voltage will change
polarity at the same speed as the rotation of the magnetic field.
The alternator shown in Figure 12-3 is single phase because it
produces only one AC voltage.
Generation of Three-phase Voltages

If three separate coils are spaced 120bapart, as shown in Figure
4, three voltages 120bout of phase with each other will be
produced when the magnetic field cuts through the coils. This is
the manner in which a three-phase voltage is produced. There are
two basic three-phase connections, the wye or star connection and
the delta connection.

Wye Connection
The wye or star connection is made by connecting one end of

each of the three-phase windings together as shown in Figure 5.
The voltage measured across a single winding or phase is known as
the phase voltage, as shown in Figure 6. The voltage measured
between the lines is known as the line-to-line voltage or simply as
the line voltage.

Wye Connection

Wye Connection
In Fig. 7, ammeters have been placed in the phase winding of a

wye-connected load and in the line supplying power to the load.
Voltmeters have been connected across the input to the load and
across the phase. Notice that the voltmeter connected across the
lines indicates a value of 208 V, but the voltmeter connected
across the phase indicates a value of 120 V. In a wye connected
system, the line voltage is higher than the phase voltage by a
factor of the square root of 3, but the phase current and line
current are the same. The formulas used to compute the voltage
and current in a wye connected system are:
√
Eline = Ephase × 3;
Iline = Iphase

Voltage Relations in a Wye-connected generator

Many students of electricity have difficulty at first understanding
why the line voltage of the wye connection used in this illustration
is 208 V instead of 240 V. Since line voltage is measured across
two phases that have a value of 120 V each, it would appear that
the sum of the two voltages should be 240 V.

If the center tap is used as a common point, the two line voltages
on either side of it will be 180bapart and opposite in polarity,
Figure 9. The vector sum of these two voltages would be 240 V.
Three-phase voltages are 120bapart, not 180b. If the three
voltages are drawn 120bapart, it will be seen that the vector sum
of these voltages is 208 V.
Another illustration of vector addition is shown in Figure 11. In
this illustration two-phase voltage vectors are added and the
resultant is drawn from the starting point of one vector to the end
point of the other. The parallelogram method of vector addition
for the voltages in a wye-connected three-phase system is shown in
Figure 12.


Delta Connections
In Figure 13, three separate inductive loads have been connected
to form a delta connection. This connection receives its name from
the fact that a schematic diagram of this connection resembles the
Greek letter delta (Ù). In Figure 14, ammeters have been
connected in the line and in the phase. In the delta connection,
line voltage and phase voltage are the same. Notice that both
voltmeters indicate a value of 480 V.

Delta Connections
Notice that the line current and phase current are different,
however. The line current of a delta connection is higher than the
phase current by a factor of the square root of 3

Words and Terms for Three-phase Circuits
pulsate : óÄ; aÄ; Ä

armature : >Í; qc; \ ; \r
apparatus : ˜@¤ì, C˜
coil : (7)‚ ; 7|; 7
rated : ½ ; O ; ·^
generate : u)ì; u>Å
disturbation : © ; ©Ù; >
interconnect : ƒpë
emf (electromotive force) : >Ä³
wye : Y/é ; (/é ; nÏ
delta : n /(Ô)

Words and Terms for Three-phase Circuits
geometry : AÛÆ; AÛ/G

windings : 7 ; ‚ ; 7|
polarity : 45
neutral : ¥5 ; ¥5‚
subscript : eI; 5; ¢Ú
succeed : U...ƒ ; O
intersection : ƒ ; Ü6¦{
phase sequence : ƒS
reverse : ‡=; C†45

Notes and Terms for Three-phase Circuits
FViewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of

three-phase circuits is a little more difficult than that of
ù w5, nƒ>´ ©Û'üƒ>´ ©ÛJØ õ .
Viewed in this light: lù‡¿Âþ5w;
FAt unity power factor the power in a single-phase circuit is zero

twice each cycle.
3õÇÏê•1ž, üƒ>´p õÇŠz‡±Åküg•".


that: “analysis
twice each cycle.


that: “analysis
twice each cycle.
twice each cycle: z‡±Åküg; twice Úeach cycle Ñ‰G
Š

FIt should be noted that if the polarity of point A with respect to

N (ĖAN ) is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then ĖAN when
used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn oppositive to, or
180bout of the phase with, ĖAN .
AT5¿, XJrA:ƒéuN 45(ĖAN )½ Œ±, @
oĖAN 3ûÓ˜•þã¥žÒATx ÓĖAN ƒ‡, =ƒ
•180b.
with respect to: ƒéu; 'u

Diodes
The five major types of power semiconductors used in solid-state
AC motor control are: Diodes, Thyristors (e.g., silicon-controlled
rectifiers)SCRs), Transistors, Gate-turn-off thyristors (GTOs) and
Triacs.
Fig.1 shows the circuit symbol for the diode. When the diode is
forward biased, it begins to conduct with only a small forward
voltage across it, which is on the order of one volt. When the
diode is reverse biased, only a negligibly small leakage current flows
through the device until the reverse breakdown voltage is reached.
In normal operation, the reverse bias voltage should not reach the
breakdown rating.

Diodes
In view of the very small leakage currents in the blocking
(reverse bias) state and small voltage in the conducting (forward
bias) state as compared to the operating voltages and currents of
the circuit in which the diode is used, the i − v characteristics for
the diode can be idealized, see Fig. 2. This idealized characteristic
can be used for analyzing the converter topology but should not be
used for the actual design, when, for example, heat sink
requirements for the device are being estimated.

Diodes
At turn-on, the diode can be considered an ideal switch because

it turns on rapidly compared to the transients in the power circuit.
However at turn-off, the diode current revises for a reverse
recovery time trr , before falling to zero. This can lead to
overvoltages in inductive circuits. In many circuits, this reverse
current doesn’t affect the converter characteristic and so the diode
can also be considered as ideal during the turn-off transient.
Depending on the application requirements, various types of
diodes are available:

Diodes
Schottky diodes. These diodes are used where a low forward
voltage drop (typically 0.3 V) is needed in very low output
voltage circuits. These diodes are limited in their blocking
voltage capabilities to 50∼100 V.

Diodes
Fast-recovery diode. These are designed to be used in
high-frequency circuits in combination with controllable
switches where a small recovery time is needed. At power
level of several hundred volts and several hundred ampers,
such diodes have trr ratings of less than a few microseconds.

Diodes
Fast-recovery diode. These are designed to be used in
high-frequency circuits in combination with controllable
switches where a small recovery time is needed. At power
level of several hundred volts and several hundred ampers,
such diodes have trr ratings of less than a few microseconds.
Line-frequency diodes. The on-state voltage of these diodes
is designed to be as low as possible and as a consequence have
large trr , which are acceptable for line-frequency applications.
These diodes are available with blocking voltages ratings of
several kilovolts and current ratings of several kiloamperes.
Moreover, they can be connected in series and parallel to
satisfy any voltage and current requirement.
Thyristors
The circuit symbol for the thyristor is shown in Fig. 2. The main
current flows from the anode (A) to the cathode (K). In its
off-state, the thyristor can block a forward polarity voltage and not
conduct.
The thyristor can be triggered into the on-state by applying a
pulse of positive gate current for a short duration provideed that
the device is in its forward blocking state. The forward voltage
drop in the on-state is only a few volts (typically 1 to 3 V
depending on the device blocking voltage rating).

Thyristors
Once the device begins to conduct, it is latched on the gate

current can be removed. The thyristor can’t be turn off by the
gate, and the thyristor conducts as a diode. Only when the anode
current tries to go negitive under the influence of the circuit in
which the thyristor is connected does the thyristor turn off and the
current go to zero. This allows the gate to regain control in order
to turn the device on at some controllable time after it has again
entered the forward blocking state.
In reverse bias at voltages below the reverse breakdown voltage,
only a negligibly small leagage current flows in the thyristor.
Usually the thyristor voltage rating for forward and reverse
blocking voltages are the same. The thyristor current ratings are
specified in terms of maximum rms and average currents that it is
capable of conducting.

Thyristors
Using the same arguments as for diodes, the thyristor can be

represented by the idealized characteristics in analyzing converter
topologies.
In an application of resistant load circuit, control can be
exercised over the instant of current conduction during the positive
half cycle of source voltage. When the thyristor current tries to
reverse itself when the source voltage goes negative, the idealized
thyristor would have its current become zero immediately.

Thyristors
However, as specified in the thyristor data sheet, the thyristor

current reverses itself before becoming zero. The important
parameter is not the time it takes for the current to become zero
from its negative value, but rather the turn-off time interval tq
from the zero crossover of the current to the zero crossover of the
voltage across the thyristor. During tq a reverse voltage must be
maintained across the thyristor and only after this time is the
device capable of blocking a forward voltage without going into its
on-state. If a forward voltage is applied to the thyristor before this
interval has passed, the device may prematurely turn on and
damage to the device and circuit could could result. Thyristor data
sheets specify tq with a specified reverse voltage applied during this
interval as well as a specified rate-of-rise of voltage beyond this
interval. This interval tq is sometimes called the
circuit-commutated-recovery time of the thyristor.

Thyristors
Depending on the application requirements, various types of

thyristor are available. In addition to voltage and current ratings,
turn-off time tq , and the forward voltage drop, other characteristics
di
that must be considered include the rate-of-rise of current ( dt ) at
du
turn-on and the rate-of-rise of voltage ( dt ) at turn-off.
Phase-control Thyristors. Sometimes termed converter
thyristors, these are used primarily for rectifying line-frequency
voltage and current in applications such as phase-controlled
rectifiers for dc and dc motor drives and in high-voltage dc
power transmission. The main device requirements are large
voltage and current handling capabilities and low on-state
voltage drop.

Thyristors
Inverter-grade Thyristors. These are designed to have small

turn-off times tq in addition to low on-state voltages, although
on-state voltages are larger in device with shorter values of tq .
These device are available with ratings up to 2500V and
1500A. Their turn-off times are usually in the range of a few
microseconds to 100µs depending on their blocking voltage
ratings and on-state voltage drops.

Thyristors
Inverter-grade Thyristors. These are designed to have small

turn-off times tq in addition to low on-state voltages, although
on-state voltages are larger in device with shorter values of tq .
These device are available with ratings up to 2500V and
1500A. Their turn-off times are usually in the range of a few
microseconds to 100µs depending on their blocking voltage
ratings and on-state voltage drops.
Light-activated Thyristors. These can be triggered on by a
pulse of light guided by optical fibers to a special sensitive
region of the thyristor. The light-activated triggering of the
thyristor uses the ability of light of appropriate wavelengths to
generate excess electron-hole pairs in the silicon. The primary
use of these thyristors are in high-voltage applications such as
high-voltage dc transmission where many thyristors are
connected in series to make up a converter valve.....
Thyristors
....Light-activated thyristors have been reported with ratings of

4KV and 3KA, on-state voltage of about 2V, and light trigger
power requirements of 5mW.
There are other variations of these thyristors such as
gate-assisted-turn-off thyristors (GATT), asymmetrical
silicon-controlled-rectifiers (ASCR), and
reverse-conducting-thyristors (RCT). These are utilized based on
the application.

Words and Terms for Diodes and Thyristors
GTO : €›¬¹+
Transistor : ¬N+
Triac : V•Œ›7
biased : Ø
blocking : µ£, {l, {ä
topology : ÿÀÆ, ÿÀ(
overvoltage : L>Ø
microsecond : ‡©
andoe : 4
cathode : Ò4
polority : 45
trigger : >u, éÄ, u , -uå
latch : µ£
controllable : Œ›
rms : k Š
resistant : >{
crossover : ª
prematurely : L@/; Ø Ï/
rectifying : 6
excess : Lþ ;
silicon : 7
asymmetrical : Øé¡ ; Ø²ï
forward biased : ˜
reverse biased : ‡ ˜
breakdown rating : ½ÂB(>Ø)Š
i − u characteristics : ÏSA5
reverse recovery time : ‡•¡Ežm
fast-recovery diode : ¯„¡E 4+
Schottky diodes : AÄ 4+

phase control : ƒ›
voltage rating : ½>Ø
current rating : ½>6
in series : Gé
in parallels : ¿é
latched on : µ£; £4
specified in : 5(()½; L«(... ag)
rate-of-rise of voltage : >Øþ,Ç
power transmission : >åDÑ
wafer diameter : Ä¡†»
light-actived-thyristor : 1>u¬¹+
reverse-conducting-thyristors : _ .¬¹+
circuit-commutated-recovery time : >´†6¡Ežm
schematic : «¿5

Notes and Terms for Diodes and Thyristors
F which is on the order of one volt,...

d?order ¹ÂA•êþ?, ÏdŒÈ•: Œ •1V.
F During tq a reverse voltage must be maintained across the

thyristor and only after this time is the device capable of blocking
a forward voltage without going into its on-state.
only, only after, only if, only before uéÄž, Ù ¢
ŠÄcÚÌŠ Ã6 . éuäkÏÄc ¢Š, AòÏÄc
Jc. eØ6 , ~ŠSA•...the device is capable of blocking
a forward voltage without going into its on-state.

Thanks!
Email: yinghuzhangyong@163.com

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Specified English for Automation

Electrics and Electronics

August 23, 2011

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Native Place: Linqing, Shandong Province

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Education Foundations and Basic Demands

1 The position of this course: Compulsory(Optional).

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Importance of this Course

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Importance of this Course

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Importance of this Course

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation

Importance of this Course

ZHANG Yong Specified English for Automation