3.

Simpson Second Rule

 This rule assumes that the equation of the curve is
of the third order, i.e. a curve whose equation,
referred to the coordinate axes, is of the following
form:

where a0, a1, a2 and a3 are constants.

Fig. 2
 From Fig. 2. above:

 This is the Simpson second rule.

  Summary
 A coefficient of 3/8 with multipliers of 1, 3, 3,
1, etc.

4. Simpson Third Rule

 From Figure 3 :

y = a0 + a1(x) + a2(x^2)

Fig. 3
 This is the Five-eight (or Five-eight minus one)
rule, and is used to find the area between two
consecutive ordinates when three consecutive
ordinates are known.
 Summary
A coefficient of 1/12 with multipliers of 5, 8, -1.
 The Simpson rules are not the only rules for
calculating areas of arbitrary curves.
 Another rules which can be used for that purpose
are Trapezoidal rules and Tchebycheff rules.
 For Trapezoidal rules, its derivation are examined
below.
 Consider the curve AB-G in Fig. 4.
 Each portion of the curve between pairs of
ordinates as AB, BC, etc. is considered to be
approximated by a straight line through each pair
of points.
 If the spacing between each pair of ordinates is s,
then the area of trapezoid OABN = s(1/2)(y0 +
 y1), the area of trapezoid NBCM = s(1/2)(y1 +
y2) and the area of trapezoid JFGH = s(1/2)(yn-1
+ yn).
 If the areas of all n trapezoids are added, then their
combined area, and the approximate area A under
the curve is:

Fig. 4

See Fig. 4

See Fig. 4
  This is known as the trapezoidal rule for area.
 The derivation of this rule is much easier to
understand, but its applications in Naval
Architecture is less than the Simpson and
Tchebycheff rules.

5. Using Simpson First Rule

This rule can be used to find areas when there are

an odd number of ordinates.
ANSWER
 There is an odd number of ordinates in
the water-plane and therefore the First
Rule can be used.
6. Using Simpson Second Rule
 This rule can be used to find the area only when the
number of ordinates is such that if it is subtracted
by one the remainder is divisible by three, such as
4, 7, 10, 13, etc.
ANSWER
 There are 7 ordinates in the water-plane and
therefore the Second Rule can be used.
The small difference in the two answers shows that the
area found can only be a close approximation to the
correct area.

7) Using Simpson Third Rule

This rule may be used to find the area between two
consecutive ordinates when three consecutive ordinates are
known.
8) Volumes of Ship Shapes
• Let the area of the elementary strip in Figures 5 (a) and
(b) be ‘Y’ square metres.
• Then the volume of the strip in each case is equal to Y
dx and the