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Ismail Enver Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: ;اﺳﻤﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﻧﻮر ﭘﺎﺷﺎTurkish: İsmail Enver
Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer and a
Ismail Enver
Pasha
leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. He became the main leader of the
Ottoman Empire in both the Balkan Wars (1912–13) and in World War I (1914–
18). In the course of his career he was known by increasingly elevated titles as he
rose through military ranks, including Enver Efendi ()اﻧﻮر اﻓﻨﺪي, Enver Bey (اﻧﻮر
)ﺑﻚ, and finally Enver Pasha, "pasha" being the honorary title Ottoman military
officers gained on promotion to the rank ofMirliva (major general).
After the Ottoman coup d’état of January 1913, Enver Pasha became (4 January
1914) the Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire, forming one-third of the
triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas" (along with Talaat Pasha and Djemal
Pasha) who held de facto rule over the Empire from 1913 until the end of World
War I in 1918. As war minister and de facto Commander-in-Chief (despite his role
as the de jure Deputy Commander-in-Chief, as the Sultan formally held the title),
Enver Pasha was the most powerful figure of the government of the Ottoman
Empire. He decided to involve the Empire in World War I on the side of Germany.
Along with Talaat and Djemal, he was one of the principal perpetrators of the
Armenian Genocide[2][3][4] and thus is held responsible for the death of between
Minister of War
800,000 and 1,800,000[5][6][7][8] Armenians.
In office
Prior to World War I, he was hailed at home as "the hero of the revolution", and 4 January 1914 – 13 October 1918
Europeans often spoke of Ottoman Turkey as "Enverland".[9] He was a strong Prime Minister Said Halim Pasha
proponent of Pan-Turkism.
Preceded by Ahmet Izzet Pasha
Succeeded by Ahmet Izzet Pasha
Personal details
Contents
Born Ismail Enver
Early life and career
22 November 1881
Rise to power Constantinople,
Young Turk Revolution
Constantinople
Italo-Turkish War
Vilayet, Ottoman
Balkan Wars and seizure of political leadership
Empire
World War I
Minister of War Died 4 August 1922
Battle of Sarikamish, 1914 (aged 40)
Commanding the forces of the capital, 1915–1918 Bukharan People's
Yildirim Soviet Republic,
Army of Islam (present-day
Armistice and exile Tajikistan)
Relations with Mustafa Kemal Nationality Ottoman
Pan-Turkism and death, 1921–22
Political party Committee of Union
Family legacy and Progress
Family
Marriage and issue Spouse(s) HIH Princess
Naciye Sultan, 24
See also February 1914
References Alma mater Army War College
Sources (1903)[1]
External links Signature
However, the loss of Libya cost the CUP in popularity, and it fell from government after rigging the 1912 elections (known as the
Sopalı Seçimler, "Election of Clubs"), to be replaced by the Liberal Union party (which was helped by its military arm, the Savior
Officers, that denounced the CUP's actions during the 1912 elections). The defeated CUP assumed an ideology favoring more
centralization under Enver.
World War I
Enver Pasha was an architect of the Ottoman-German Alliance, and expected a quick victory in the war that would benefit the
Ottoman Empire. Without informing the other members of the Cabinet, he allowed the two German warships SMS Goeben and SMS
Breslau, under the command of German admiral Wilhelm Souchon, to enter the Dardanelles to escape British pursuit; the subsequent
"donation" of the ships to the neutral Ottomans worked powerfully in Germany's favor, despite French and Russian diplomacy to
keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war. Finally on 29 October, the point of no return was reached when Admiral Souchon, now
Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman navy, took Goeben, Breslau, and a squadron of Ottoman warships into the Black Sea and raided
the Russian ports of Odessa, Sevastopol, and Theodosia. Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire on 2 November, and Britain
followed suit on 5 November. Most of the Turkish cabinet members and CUP leaders were against such a rushed entry to the war, but
Enver Pasha held that it was the right course of action.
As soon as the war started, 31 October 1914, Enver ordered that all men of military age report to army recruiting offices. The offices
were unable to handle the vast flood of men, and long delays occurred. This had the effect of ruining the crop harvest for that
year.[15]
Minister of War
After taking office in 1913, Enver proved ineffective as War Minister, and frequently over the next four years, the Germans had to
support the Ottoman government with generals such as Otto Liman von Sanders, Erich von Falkenhayn, Colmar Freiherr von der
Goltz, and Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein. The Germans also gave the Ottoman government military supplies and fuel.
Enver Pasha's message to the army and the people was "war until final victory". During the war, living conditions deteriorated
rapidly, and discontent grew. Enver would remain War Minister until he fled the country in 1918.
Yildirim
Enver’s plan for Falkenhayn’s Yildirim Army Group was to retake Baghdad, recently taken by Maude. This was nearly impossible
for logistical reasons. Turkish troops were deserting freely, and when Enver visited Beirut in June 1917, soldiers were forbidden to be
stationed along his route for fear that he would be assassinated. Lack of rolling stock meant that troops were often detrained at
Damascus and marched south.[23]
Army of Islam
During 1917, due to the Russian Revolution and subsequent Civil War, the Russian army in the Caucasus had ceased to exist. At the
same time, the Committee of Union and Progress managed to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks with the signing of the Ottoman-
Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918). Enver looked for victory when Russia withdrew from the Caucasus region. When Enver
discussed his plans for taking over southern Russia, he ordered the creation of a new military force called the Army of Islam which
would have no German officers. Enver's Army of Islam avoided Georgia and marched through Azerbaijan. The Third Army under
Vehib Pasha was also moving forward to pre-war borders and towards the First Republic of Armenia, which formed the frontline in
the Caucasus. General Tovmas Nazarbekian was the commander on the Caucasus front, and Andranik Ozanian took the command of
Armenia within the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman advance was halted at the
Battle of Sardarabad.
The Army of Islam, under the control of Nuri Pasha, moved forward and attacked
Australian, New Zealand, British, and Canadian troops led by General Lionel
Charles Dunsterville at Baku. General Dunsterville ordered the evacuation of the
city on 14 September, after six weeks of occupation, and withdrew to Iran;[24] most
of the Armenian population escaped with British forces. The Ottomans and their
Azerbaijani allies, after theBattle of Baku, entered the city on 15 September.
However, after the Armistice of Mudros between Great Britain and the Ottoman
Empire on 30 October, Ottoman troops were obliged to withdraw and replaced by
the Triple Entente. These conquests in theCaucasus counted for very little in the war
as a whole but they did however ensure that Baku remained within the boundaries of
Azerbaijan while a part of Soviets and later as an independent nation.
Wilhelm II and Enver Pasha in 1917
Enver first went to Germany, where he communicated and worked with German
Communist figures like Karl Radek. In April 1919, Enver left for Moscow in order to serve as a secret envoy for his friend General
Hans von Seeckt who wished for a German-Soviet alliance.[26] In August 1920, Enver sent Seeckt a letter in which he offered on
behalf of the Soviet Union the partition of Poland in return for German arms deliveries to Soviet Russia.[26] Besides working for
General von Seeckt, Enver envisioned cooperation between the new Soviet Russian government against the British, and went to
Moscow. There he was well-received, and established contacts with representatives from Central Asia and other exiled CUP
s Asiatic Department.[27] He also met with Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin. He
members as the director of the Soviet Government’
tried to support the Turkish national movement and corresponded with Mustafa Kemal, giving him the guarantee that he did not
intend to intervene in the movement in Anatolia. Between 1 and 8 September 1920, he was in Baku for the "Congress of Eastern
Peoples", representing Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. His appearance was a personal triumph, but the congress failed in its
aim to create a mass pro-Bolshevik movement among Moslems. V
ictor Serge, a witness, recorded that:
At Baku, Enver Pasha put in a sensational appearance. A whole hall full of Orientals broke into shouts, with scimitars
and yataghans brandished aloft: 'Death to imperialism" All the same, genuine understanding with the Islamic
world...was still difficult.[28]
On 4 August 1922, as he allowed his troops to celebrate theKurban Bayramı (Eid al-Adha) holiday while retaining a guard of 30 men
at his headquarters near the village of Ab-i-Derya near Dushanbe, the Red Army Bashkir cavalry brigade under the command of
Yakov Melkumov (Hakob Melkumian) launched a surprise attack. According to some sources, Enver and some 25 of his men
mounted their horses and charged the approaching troops, when Enver was killed by machine-gun fire.[34] In his memoirs, Enver
Pasha’s aide Yaver Suphi Bey stated that Enver Pasha died of a bullet wound right above his heart during a cavalry charge.[35]
Alternatively, according to Melkumov’s memoirs, Enver managed to escape on horseback and hid for four days in the village of
Chaghan. His hideout was located after a Red Army officer infiltrated the village in disguise. Melkumov’s troops then stormed
[36][37][38]
Chaghan, and in the ensuing combat Enver was killed by Melkumov himself.
Family legacy
Family
After Enver’s death, three of his four siblings, Nuri (1889–1949), Mehmed Kamil
(1900–62), and Hasene Hanım, adopted the surname "Killigil" after the 1934
Surname Law required all Turkish citizens to adopt a surname.
Enver Pasha’s grave at the Abide-i
Enver’s sister Hasene Hanım married Nazım Bey. Nazım Bey, an aid-de-camp of Hürriyet (Monument of Liberty)
Abdul Hamid II, survived an assassination attempt during the 1908 Young Turk cemetery in Istanbul, where his
Revolution of which his brother-in-law Enver was a leader.[39] With Nazım, Hasene remains were interred in 1996.
gave birth to Faruk Kenç (1910–2000), who would become a famous Turkish film
director and producer.
Enver’s other sister, Mediha Hanım (later Mediha Orbay; 1895–1983), married Kâzım Orbay, a prominent Turkish general and
politician. On 16 October 1945, their son Haşmet Orbay, Enver's nephew, shot and killed a physician named Neşet Naci Arzan, an
event known as the "Ankara murder". At the urging of the Governor of Ankara, Nevzat Tandoğan, Haşmet Orbay's friend Reşit
Mercan initially took the blame. After a second trial revealed Haşmet Orbay as the perpetrator, however, he was convicted. The
murder became a political scandal in Turkey after the suicide of Tandoğan, the suspicious death of the case’s public prosecutor
Fahrettin Karaoğlan, and the resignation of Kâzım Orbay from his position as Chief of the General Staff of Turkey after his son’s
conviction.
HH Princess Dr. Mahpeyker Enver Hanımsultan (1917–2000), married and divorced,Dr. Fikret Ürgüp (1918–?), and
had issue, one son:
Osman Mayatepek (b. 1950),married Neshe Firtina and had one daughter
Burak Sadıkoğlu
His widow remarried his brother Mehmed Kamil Killigil (1900–1962) in 1923, and had one daughter:
HH Princess Rana Killigil Hanımsultan (1926; Paris – 14 April 2008; Istanbul), married Osman Sadi Eldem and had
three children:
See also
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
Ottoman Empire
Three Pashas
Young Turks
Committee of Union and Progress
Basmachi Revolt
Armenian Genocide
References
1. Komutanlığı, Harp Akademileri (1968),Harp Akademilerinin 120 Yılı(in Turkish), İstanbul, p. 46
2. Henham, Ralph; Behrens, Paul, eds. (2009).The Criminal Law of Genocide: International, Comparative and
Contextual Aspects (https://books.google.com/books?id=tK_pHoNlUYIC&pg=P A5). Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-
40949591-8. "The guilty main architects of the genocide T
alaat Pasaha [...] and Enver Pasha..."
3. Freedman, Jeri (2009).The Armenian Genocide(https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC&pg=P A18) (1st
ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. ISBN 978-1-40421825-3. "Enver Pasha, Mehmet Talat, and Ahmed Djemal were the
three men who headed the CUP. They ran the Ottoman administration during W
orld War I and planned the Armenian
genocide."
4. Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction(https://books.google.com/books?id=TkPqxCBbF7U
C&pg=PA105) (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-41535385-4. "The new ruling triumvirate – Minister of
Internal Affairs Talat Pasha; Minister of War Enver Pasha; and Minister of Navy Jemal Pasha – quickly established a
de facto dictatorship. Under the rubric of the so-called Special Organization of the CUP
, they directed, this trio would
plan and oversee the Armenian genocide..."
5. Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015).Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the
Armenians, 1789–2009(https://books.google.com/books?id=q-eMBAAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. p. 1.
ISBN 0-19-933420-X.
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External links
Enver's biography
Enver Pasha in 1911 Britannica
Enver's declaration at the Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East1920
Interview with Enver Pashaby Henry Morgenthau – American Ambassador to Istanbul 1915
Biography of Enver Pashaat Turkey in the First World War website
Personal belongings of Enver Pasha
Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922)
Newspaper clippings aboutEnver Pasha in the 20th Century Press Archivesof the German National Library of
Economics (ZBW)
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