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3G Technology Review
What is 3GPP ?
Rel. 4 – UMTS
Rel. 7 – HSPA+
IMS
Previous Technologies
7000
6000 Crossover
has happened in
5000 May 2002 !
4000
Mobile Subs
(millions)
3000
2000
Landline Subs
1000
0
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
• Digital systems
• Leverage technology to increase capacity
– Speech compression; digital signal processing
• Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
• Improve fraud prevention
• Add new services
• There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
– IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
– iDEN
– DECT and PHS
– IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
– GSM
• 2.5G GPRS
• 2.75G EDGE
• Addition of PCU, SGSN,
GGSN, DNS, IPCG nodes
into GSM network
3G Technology Overview
2G GSM
DL: 14.4Kbps
UL: 14.4Kbps
DL: 9.6Kbps
UL: 9.6Kbps A little about generations …….
DL: 171Kbps DL: 48 - 64 Kbps
2.5G GPRS
UL: 40Kbps UL: 14 - 26 Kbps
DL: 384Kbps DL: up to 217Kbps
2.75G EDGE
UL: 108Kbps UL: up to 80Kbps
DL: 2Mbps DL: 384Kbps – 1 Mbps
3G UMTS
UL: 384 Kbps UL: 64 - 153 Kbps
DL: 3.6 – 14.4 Mbps DL: 1 - 3 Mbps
3.5G HSDPA
UL: 384Kbps – 2Mbps UL: 384Kbps – 1Mbps
DL: 14.4Mbps DL: 1 - 3 Mbps
3.6G HSUPA
UL: 5.76Mbps UL: 512kbps – 2Mbps
DL: 21Mbps DL: 3 - 6 Mbps
3.75G HSPA+
UL: 5.8Mbps UL: 512kbps – 2Mbps
DL: 28 – 84 Mbps DL: 3 – 10 Mbps
3.8G HSPA+ Enhanced
UL: 5.8 – 20 Mbps UL: 1 – 5 Mbps
DL: 100Mbps DL: 5 – 30 Mbps
3.9G LTE
UL: 50Mbps UL: 3 – 15 Mbps
DL: 1Gbps DL: 100 – 300 Mbps
4G LTE-Advanced
UL: 500Mbps UL: 5 – 100 Mbps
Pedestrian & Office (<10km/h): Outdoor (< 150 km/h): Outdoor (<250 km/h):
bit rate 2 Mbps bit rate 384 Kbps bit rate 144 Kbps
FDMA — Frequency Division Multiple Access (1G) One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency
Frequency
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
Time
TDMA
FDMA/TDMA CDMA
f1
ff16 f1 f1
f 67 f4 ff17 ff12 f1
f 75 f2 f7 f1 f1 ff15 f1
f1 f3 f5 f2 f1 f1 f1
f6 f1 f3 f1 ff14 ff16 f1
f7 f4 f6 f1 f1 ff17 f1
f2 f7 f4 f1 f1
f5 f2 f1
f3
Need for frequency plan (Frequency Reuse) No need for frequency plan
TS1 TS2
Up Down
Mobile Terminal Base station
TS: Time slot
C C
User-C User-C
Downlink (NodeB to UE )
Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).
Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time
o Hard Handover: This form of handover is essentially the same as that used for 2G networks where one link is
broken and another established.
o Soft Handover: This form of handover is a more gradual and the mobile communicates simultaneously with more
than one NodeB or base station during the handover process.
o Softer Handover: Not a full form of UMTS handover, but the UE communicates with more than one sector
managed by the same NodeB.
o Inter-RAT Handover: This form of handover occurs when UEs have to change between Radio Access Technologies
like from UMTS to GSM or GSM to UMTS
• The network decides a handover is required dependent upon the signal strengths of the existing link, and the strengths
of broadcast channels of adjacent cells.
• The link between the existing NodeB and the UE is broken.
• A new link is established between the new NodeB and the UE.
• When moving from one cell to an adjacent cell that is on a different frequency.
• When moving from one cell to another where there is no capacity on the existing channel, and a change to a new
frequency is required.
• UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3 sectors) using the same frequency
• The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations and combines them using the RAKE Receiver
capability available in signal processing component of UE.
• In the uplink direction, uplink transmission from UE is received at both NodeBs, but the received data is then routed to
the RNC for combining
• The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates based on frame reliability indicator
• Once the soft handover has been completed, the links to the old NodeB are dropped and the UE continues to
communicate with the new NodeB.
• UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one NodeB using the same frequency
• In the uplink, the signals received by the NodeB, the signals from the two sectors can be routed to the same RAKE
receiver and then combined to provide an enhanced signal.
• In the downlink, it is a little more complicated because the different sectors of the NodeB use different scrambling
codes. To overcome this, different fingers of the RAKE receiver apply the appropriate de-spreading or de-scrambling
codes to the received signals. Once this has been done, they can be combined.
• These handovers are given a variety of names including Inter-RAT handover as they are handing over between different
forms of Radio Access Technology, Intersystem Handover, and UMTS / GSM Handover.
• The most common form of intersystem or inter-RAT handover is between UMTS and GSM.
IMS
What is 3GPP?
• Radio Interfaces
– Higher Data Throughput
– Lower Latency
– More Spectrum Flexibility
– Improved CAPEX and OPEX
• IP Core Network
– Support of non-3GPP Accesses
– Packet Only Support
– Improved Security
– Greater Device Diversity
• Service Layer
– More IMS Applications
(MBMS, PSS, mobile TV, IPTV)
– Greater session continuity
Rel. 4 - UMTS
3) Core Network
NodeB
• Mobility management: When a UE attaches to the Packet Switched domain of the UMTS Core Network, the
SGSN generates MM information based on the mobile's current location.
• Session management: The SGSN manages the data sessions providing the required quality of service and
also managing what are termed the PDP (Packet data Protocol) contexts, i.e. the pipes over which the data is
sent.
• Interaction with other areas of the network: The SGSN is able to manage its elements within the network
only by communicating with other areas of the network, e.g. MSC and other circuit switched areas.
• Billing: The SGSN is also responsible for billing. It achieves this by monitoring the flow of user data across
the GPRS network. CDRs (Call Detail Records) are generated by the SGSN before being transferred to the
charging entity (Charging Gateway, CG).
VAS
• Stands for Value Added Services
• Includes Voicemail Server, SMSC, RBT Server, Loyalty Server and other product servers
OSS
• Stands for Operation & Support System
• Provides centralized network operations, monitoring, maintenance, configuration, troubleshooting platform
• Supports external interfacing to send SMS/Email alerts in case of issues.
• Provides Performance Statistics to help optimize the network and do proper capacity planning
Disadvantage
• Poor Video Experience
• Drains battery
• Expensive that GSM
• Still not Broadband
Release 5 - HSDPA
BSC
MSC Server GMSC server
BTS VLR
SS7
2G+ MS (voice & data)
RNS
HLR/HSS IP
IP Network
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW
IMS
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system
MRF — Media Resource Function IP
CSCF — Call State Control Function
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW MRF
MGCF
CSCF
16
UMTS HSPA
NodeB
RLC
Retransmisson
ACK/NACK
Layer 1
ACK/NACK
UE UE
Hybrid automatic repeat request is a combination of high-rate forward error-correcting coding and ARQ error-control. In standard ARQ,
redundant bits are added to data to be transmitted using an error-detecting code such as a cyclic redundancy check
2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 14.4 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4
Rel. 7 – HSPA+
Second Carrier
Frequency 2
+ +
45 42
40
35
30 28
25 21
20 14.4
15
10
5 DIGICEL OPTIONS
0
RAN10.0 RAN11.0 RAN11.0 RAN12.0
64 QAM
• Only users at the center of a cell can enjoy the increase of
peak data rate
MIMO
• All users in a cell can enjoy the increase in the peak data rate
DC-HSDPA
Downlink MIMO Introduction
• DC-HSDPA has best coverage and better throughput in cell
edges compared to all other features of HSPA+ due to double
frequency resource utilization.
Voice
Voice
Chat
Chat
Instant
Instant Messaging
Messaging
Video
Telephony
Video
Telephony
1 > Decide on communication mode/media 1 > See who is available beforehand (presence)
2 > Create content 2 > See which mode/media to use
3 > Send/call the chosen person 3 > Contact and create content
4 > Disconnect and reconnect if changing media 4 > Change media in real time
Video Movies
Music
Person-to-Content Ring tone
known usability patterns Photos
Internet Streaming
Text/Pictures
Download
HTTP
Video
SMS/MMS Active
phonebook
Fixed Mobile
Convergence
=
Converged Service
Architecture
Setup of the
appropriate QoS
and resources
Participates in Videoconference
Switches from Mobile to PC
Value
New value
chain
Traditional
value chain
Content Device
Network provider
+ RCS
+
+
KPN summarizes the cause of revenue
decline as that more and more
+ VDF view on RCS: The RCS is not a service
or framework. It is an overall
consumers use instant messaging and communication strategy for the VDF and
VoIP applications, leading to a Many Operators like Sprint, Verizon, an important strategic measure for
reduction in making calls and sending H3G, VimpleCom cooperate with ensuring that the VDF can obtain more
SMs. In response to this trend, KPN OTT in installing VoIP software such than 80% revenues in the field of basic
decides to improve the PS tariff. as Skype, Gtalk and Whatsapp in a communications.
customized terminal.
Blocking OTT services provided by other The subscriber loyalty may be maintained Led by G5, European operators unite to promote
vendors and improving the PS tariff are in a short term. rapid deployment of RCS services.
double-edged swords, which will lead to In a long term, operators will gradually Operators compete against OTT for subscribers by
loss of subscribers (KPN example) lose basic communication services and be deploying services the same as OTT services in a
Technologies emerging in an endless stream completely reduced to pipeline operators. customized terminal.
will continue to break all kinds of
blockades.
The RCS initiative was established in May 2007 and belongs to the GSM association (GSMA). It includes operators, network device
vendors, and mobile phone vendors, and independent RCS AS and RCS client vendors.
The RCS initiative aims to promote RCS interworking, instead of formulating RCS specifications. The RCS service specification
architecture part reuses the OMA and GSMA specifications, and the technical details are defined by using a large number of IETF
specifications.
The main purpose of the RCS Release 2 was to provide the user with access to RCS service features from a wider range of devices,
making it possible to use RCS from a PC, for instance via broadband wire-line access.
• Broadband Access to RCS features
Release 2.0 • Multi-device environment
The RCS Release 3 effort focuses on consolidating the Release 2 features and adds some enhancements such as the IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) Primary Device feature, which allows customers to use the Broadband Access (BA) as the primary device in the
case where there are not mobile devices.
• Broadband Access Enhancement
Release 3.0 • Social Presence Information Enhancements
• Content Sharing Enhancement
• Messaging Enhancement
• NVAS Network Value Added Service (NVAS)
RCS 5.0 is completely backward compatible with RCS-e V1.2 specifications and also includes features from RCS 4 and exciting new
features such as IP video call, IP voice call and Geo-location exchange. Global interoperability is a key aspect of these
RCS specifications, and RCS5.0 supports both OMA CPM and OMA SIMPLE IM. RCS 5.0 includes following features listed below.
• Standalone Messaging
• 1-2-1 Chat
• Group Chat
CS Core CS Core
IM, Presence, Video Sharing, File Transfer IM, Presence, Video Sharing, File Transfer
File transfer
Capability discovery
Presence
NAB
RCS VoLTE integration *
Enhanced
Address Book Video call IM File transfer
IP TV
• Generation 1 - “Cable Look Alike”
- 50 to 1000 Channels
Internet Protocol Televison: The TV programs transferred
- 20 - 50 Video on Demand
- Three to 5 Tier Service Plans through IP network and in IP data packages
• Different Operators has the different motives to develop IPTV. Some of them
include:
Household
PCs/Hand PCs
application
Smartphones
Fixed phone sets TV / Consoles &
Tablets
Walled Garden
TV Shopping
Games on Demand
TV Shopping
TV Photo
Video Comm
Video
Online Guessing
Home Lifestyle
Service
IP Data Life Magazine
Shape
Based on
Convergence Interactive Games
Entertainment Interactive Ad
Online Education
Mobile Multi-Screen Experience
o See anything you want to see, any time, also possible on a mobile
device. (content delivered through 3gp/MP4 conversion)
o On demand advertising
o Interactive applications –
• Satellite maps
• Online shopping, ticket booking etc.
Data Voice
2010 2014 Europe operator (PB)
Customer demands in various aspects is changing voice centric traffic to data centric traffic
(1)Voice ARPU
Traffic
Hotspot
Demand
Continuous Macro cell capacity Real o Most MBB traffic come from indoor
o Indoor coverage by outdoor site is bad because of high
penetration loss
o Site acquisition for indoor coverage is difficult
Urban Suburban Rural o Femto is about 5 times more expensive than AP, too costly
WiFi has an advantage over current cellular technology in bandwidth & cost
WiFi is complement ray for cellular network to offload the data traffic
"WiFi offloading is a huge topic. It could “WiFi is a very important technology for
significantly reduce the load on the us and it will be considered as a factor in
mobile network, [reduction of around our network plans in the future.“
30%]" Mark Siegel, AT&T
Dr Hans Ametsreiter, CEO Mobilkom Feb 12, 2010
Austria
Feb 17, 2010
WLAN
"The price points of femtocell technology "We use a lot of WiFi, especially in
still make it a bit beyond consumer Germany, to offload data traffic as early as
pricing. The ability to use Wi-Fi is much we can...”
more industrial grade." Olivier Baujar, CTO Deutsche Telekom
Vivek Badrinath, CTO Orange Feb 24, 2010
Feb 24, 2010
WLAN Cellular
OFF
ON
Much higher speed than 3G, Access WiFi with (U)SIM, Encrypt in the air and using Access PS services through WiFi
802.11 achieves 600Mbps no need for 802.1x authentication network, and seamless handover
username/password for cellular/WiFi.
Operator
XYZ
Subscriber with Wi-Fi Data Plan Seamlessly Connects to Subscriber Without Data Plan Gets Prompt to buy
Hotspot when Mobile Network Coverage is not good or data plan or Hotspot access
Mobile Network is congested
Tight Coupling WLAN & Cellular Very Tight Coupling WLAN & Cellular
• Seamless Connectivity • All features of Tight Coupling
• Vertical Handover between 2G/3G & WLAN • Mobility
• Same PS Services over Cellular & WLAN • Both CS & PS Services over WLAN
Wm
UE WiFi TGW GGSN
AP AC
Radius PS service
GRE GTP(Gn’) or Internet
Solution feature
NMS
Internet Balance two network traffic, AC/BSC/RNC trigger UE
whether handover base on policy (BS and AP load,
UE HLR PCRF etc )
WiFi AP AC 3GPP AAA
Advantage
Full use WiFi & cellular resource, higher user
S2a
(GTP/PMIP) experience
Upgrade
TGW
WiFi AP PS Service/ AC support EAP-SIM/AKA, support data flow local
Internet retransmit or route to gateway