ABSTRACT

Energy is the primary need for survival of all organisms in the universe. Everything
what happens in the surrounding is the expression of flow of energy in one of the
forms. But in this fast moving world, population is increasing day by day and the
conventional energy sources are lessening. The extensive usage of energy has resulted
in an energy crisis over the few years. Therefore to overcome this problem we need
to implement the techniques of optimal utilization of conventional sources for
conservation of energy. Our project includes how to utilize the energy which is wasted
when the vehicles passes over a speed breaker. Lots of energy is generated when
vehicle passes over it. We can tap the energy generated and produce power by using
the speed breaker as power generating unit and through that energy the doors can be
opened. The kinetic energy of the moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical
energy of the shaft through rollers. Then, this mechanical energy will be converted to
electrical energy using generator which will be saved with the use of a battery. The
energy we save during the day light can be used in the night time for lighting street
lights. Therefore, by using this arrangement we can save lot of energy which can be
used for the fulfillment of future demands

Increasing demand of energy adds to the need of identifying non-conventional

resources of energy. In our project, I will discuss about power generation from speed
breaker and the possible mechanism required for it.
 Table of Contents

S.No TOPIC Pg.No

1. Chapter-1, Introduction 1
1.1. Problem 2
1.2. Principle 2
1.3. Purpose of the Project 3
1.4. Global, Economical & 4
Environment effect

2. Chapter-2, Components
List Of Figures
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of works by human
beings and nature. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of
energy in one of its forms. Most people use the word energy for input to their bodies or
to the machines and thus think about crude fuels and electric power energy in the form
of electricity plays a very important role in the life of a normal man.
Electricity is one of the greatest wonders of science. Next to man, it is the most
important and revolutionary creation in this world of ours .It has practically
revolutionized the world .The gradual but excessive use of electricity has come to bring
about a stupendous changes in industry. With it our modern gigantic tools are worked.
Computers as also calculators sum up totals and make other calculations with the
utmost accuracy. Newspapers and books are printed in millions overnight. There is not
a single phase of human life that is not indebted to electricity for its progress .The
modern age has, therefore, been truly called the “age of electricity.”

We do many things with electricity nowadays. We warm our homes, we drive the
machines in factories, we run our trains and buses. Electricity has completely
revolutionized the methods of travel and transport .It has enabled us to travel in
aeroplanes and fly into cold atmosphere of the sky. We also have electric trains in our
country.
So today our whole life style is dependent on electricity with the increasing population
the use of electric power is also increasing. But we know that the resources to generate
electricity are limited, and this has lead to the energy crisis. During this scenario we
need to generate electricity from things used in day- to-day life. In this project we have
tried to generate electricity through speed breakers present on roads. As we know that
vehicles on road are increasing day by day which will help us to generate electricity as
these vehicles pass through the speed breakers. This electricity generated can be used
for different purpose such as lighting of signals and streetlights on road etc.
This set up requires very basic mechanical components such as gear shaft bearing.
There are also some electrical components such battery, inverter etc.
1.1 Problem: What problem is this project trying to address?

India, unlike the top developed countries has very poor roads. And the amount of
vehicle is increasing day by day; the only solution to control this traffic is by setting up
of speed breakers. The project is concerned with generation of electricity from speed
breakers-like set up. There is possibility of tapping the energy and generating power by
making the speed breaker as a power generation unit.

1.2PRINCIPLE
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This
kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called
POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical
technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage.
POWER HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker. Whenever the vehicle
is allowed to pass over the dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached
to the dome is compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome
moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears,
there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but
the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose
function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So
that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt
drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The
conversion will be proportional to traffic density.
Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an
E.M.F is induced in it. So, for inducing the E.M.F.armature coil has to rotate, for
rotating this armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f is induced,
for this rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated
in both the directions; to convert this power into one way, a special component is used
called zener diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed under the
dome, like speed breaker, which is called HUMP. The electrical output can be improved
by arranging these POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified
and stored by using different electrical devices.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The automation of doors through speed breaker has developed and enhance automation
system focused on decreasing the human effort
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This
kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power and that power can be used for the
opening and closing of door’s .The power generated can be used to move heavy doors
that are a tough task for humans
This report has been created for the purpose of presenting all information regarding the
research, design, processes, work schedule and completed model of the project
1.4 GLOBAL, ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

All energy sources have some impact on our environment. Fossil fuels — coal, oil, and
natural gas — do sustainally more harm than renewable energy sources by most
measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and
habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions.
generation of energy from moving vehicle’s on roads that has no harm to the
environment and also is a renewable source of energy
 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENTS

Generation of electricity is possible using road track, as vehicles pass over roller
mechanism set up electricity can be produced. For reduction of carbon dioxide
emission, renewable energies are considered as proper alternative energy [1] .Unlike
conventional speed bumps, the roller mechanism set up won’t damage the car or waste
petrol while driving the car over the rollers. The main advantage is that they produce
energy free of charge. The Electro-Kinetic power generator is capable of generating
around 10kW of electricity which can then be used to power road signs, traffic lights
and street lights or stored in batteries for future use. The track is made up of metal
rollers that rotate by using the pressure exerted by vehicles passing over it. The
movement of the rollers drives a specially developed design, which in turn drives a
generator to produce electricity. The repeated rotations from the rollers, which is further
attached to another free wheel allowing it to spin freely in-between while vehicles
passes over the track. There is a little literature about extraction of kinetic energy from
flow of vehicle in the streets. There is so little and invalid literatures in generation of
electricity by speed breakers that but the most common approaches can be seen in [2-
3] these proposed systems, mostly small radial flux generators with ineffective
topologies have been employed. Therefore it is necessary to design a suitable and
efficient topology for design of an energy conversion system for extraction of kinetic
energy of vehicles.

COMPONENTS USED:

Rollers :

The Material which is used is hardened EN8Properties of EN8: EN8 is an unalloyed

medium carbon steel with good tensile strength. It is normally supplied in cold drawn
or as rolled. Tensile properties can vary but are usually between 500-800 N/mm2.
EN8 is available from stock in bar and can be cut to your requirements. Hardening:
To be heated uniformly to 830/860°C until heated through & Quench in oil or water.
Can also be induction or flame hardened.

BEARINGS

A bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts,
typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to
the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the
directions of applied loads they can handle. The type of bearing used here is rolling
element type bearing which is widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from station
in some applications. Depending upon the application, lifetime can be higher or lower
than rolling element bearings.

DC Motor as a Generator

An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy,

generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel,
an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other source of
mechanical energy III. Roller Mech

Dimensions of Roller rode:

Length = 2 feet,

Diameter= 40mm.

Basement dimensions

Length = 4 feet,

Width= 1.8 feet,

Height= 6cm.

Initially the set up was run by bike and the roller got the rotatory motion. With that
rotation, a single DC generator is able to light up a LED setup of 12V. Even if there is
an anti-direction rotation by the roller, the negative voltage is converted using bridge
circuit. The output voltage and current depends on the vehicle weight and speed as the
speed of the vehicle decrease the output voltage and current increases the main
advantage of the circuit which has used hear holds the reverse flow and the motors
which are connected hear are parallel from which we are getting constant voltage but
the current has been adding figure 3 shows the output when vehicle passes over it. The
mean power readings has been taken from our consideration as the vehicle with
constant load passes on the setup with different speeds the corresponding current and
voltage has been taken and plotted the graph between them which is almost linear
Individual motors has connected to the circuit, motor negative has connected to the
emitter and positive terminal of motor is connected to diode through which it is
connected to the battery here diode acts as rectifier and transistor acts as switch the
diode is placed because it stops the reverse flow which makes the motor not to function.
The circuit is made for each and every motor and single leads will be connected to the

battery for storage

Characteristics

 High axial stiffness

 Low bending stiffness

 High efficiency

 Relatively cheap

Battery:

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with

external connections provided to power electrical devices.[1] A battery has a positive
terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked positive
is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the terminal marked negative. The
terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external
circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected
to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the
chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to
the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows
current to flow out of the battery to perform work.[2] Historically the term "battery"
specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has
evolved to additionally include devices composed of a single cell.[3]
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the
electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
devices. Secondary(rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple
times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current.
Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used
for portable electronics.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing
aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates

US$48 billion in sales each year,[4] with 6% annual growth.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than
common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of
electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

Dynamo:

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of
a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power
for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion
devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and
the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power
generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages
of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power
rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually
economical.

The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert
mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of
induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which
provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called
the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic
field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current
in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or
more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided
by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

Link Mechanism

A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected to manage forces and

movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so the link is
considered to be rigid.[1] The connections between links are modeled as providing ideal
movement, pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called joints. A linkage
modeled as a network of rigid links and ideal joints is called a kinematic chain.
Linkages may be constructed from open chains, closed chains, or a combination of open
and closed chains. Each link in a chain is connected by a joint to one or more other
links. Thus, a kinematic chain can be modeled as a graph in which the links are paths
and the joints are vertices, which is called a linkage graph.

The movement of an ideal joint is generally associated with a subgroup of the group of
Euclidean displacements. The number of parameters in the subgroup is called
the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the joint. Mechanical linkages are usually designed to
transform a given input force and movement into a desired output force and movement.
The ratio of the output force to the input force is known as thermo mechanical
advantage of the linkage, while the ratio of the input speed to the output speed is known
as the speed ratio. The speed ratio and mechanical advantage are defined so they yield
the same number in an ideal linkage.

A kinematic chain, in which one link is fixed or stationary, is called a mechanism,[2] and
a linkage designed to be stationary is called a structure.
Gate:

The concept used in this project is to open the gate using the energy generated because
of rollers.

Due to passing of many vehicles the rollers starts rotating which inturn generates the
energy which is then used for opening and closing of the gate.
 CHAPTER - 3
WORKING AND POWER CALCULATIONS

3. WORKING

In this Mechanism, a roller is fitted in between a speed breaker and some kind of a grip
is provided on the speed breaker so that when a vehicle passes over speed breaker it
rotates the roller. This movement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator
by the help of chain drive which is there to provide different speed ratios. As the shaft
of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity. This electricity is stored in a battery.
Then the output of the battery is used to open the door’s . Every time we don’t need
electricity for opening or closing of the door’s so we are using a control switch which
is manually operated .The control switch is connected by wire to the output of the
battery. The control switch has ON/OFF mechanism which allows the current to flow
when needed.

3.1 Block Diagram

In this project the ramps has been replaced with the specially designed rollers which
directly absorbs
The kinetic energy of the moving vehicles and converts them to rotational energy and
thereby rotating the generator, to produce the electrical power

Speed Breaker Roller Gear Drives if

Chain Drive
Arrangement Arrangement Required

Automatic Charge Dynamo

Doors Battery Shaft
Controller
 IV. Figures And Tables

Dimensions of Roller rode:

Length = 2 feet,
Diameter= 40mm.

Basement dimensions:
Length = 4 feet,
Width= 1.8 feet,
Height= 6cm.

Fig. 3

Initially the set up was run by bike and the roller got the rotatory motion. With that
rotation, a single DC generator is able to light up a LED setup of 12V. Even if there is
an anti-direction rotation by the roller, the negative voltage is converted using bridge
circuit. The output voltage and current depends on the vehicle weight and speed as the
speed of the vehicle decrease the output voltage and current increases the main
advantage of the circuit which has used hear holds the reverse flow and the motors
which are connected hear are parallel from which we are getting constant voltage but
the current has been adding figure 3 shows the output when vehicle passes over it.

The mean power readings has been taken from our consideration as the vehicle with
constant load passes on the setup with different speeds the corresponding current and
voltage has been taken and plotted the graph between them which is almost linear

Table 1: Mean Power for the vehicle with constant weight

Vehicle
Sno Voltage(volts) current (Amps) Power(watts) weight
1 4 0.17 0.68 205
2 2 0 0 205
3 0.7 0.05 0.035 205
4 6.3 0.6 3.78 205
5 7.2 0.5 3.6 205
6 4.3 0.3 1.29 205
7 1.4 0.1 0.14 205
8 3.3 0.35 1.15 205

Mean power 1.334375

Vehicle speed Vs Voltage

Speed vs Voltage
CALCULATIONS
Let us consider,

The mass of any vehicle travelling over the speed

breaker= 300Kg (Approximately) Height of speed
brake = 15 cm

Work done = weight of the body x distance

travelled by the vehicle Here, Weight of the
Body = 300 Kg x 9.81 = 2943 N

Distance traveled by the body = Height of

the speed breaker = 15cm Power = Work
done/Second = (2943 x 0.15)/60 = 7.3575
Watts Output Power developed for 1 vehicle
passing over the speed Breaker arrangement
for one minute = 7.3575 watts

Power developed for 60 minutes

(1 hr) = 441.45 watts Power
developed for 24 hours = 10.5948
Kw

This power generated by vehicles is more than sufficient for opening and closing the
doors throughout the day
 ADVANTAGES

 Power generation with low cost and using non-conventional energy

sources which will help us to conserve the conventional energy sources
to meet the future demand.

 By using this method, electricity will be generated throughout the year without
depending on other factors.

 Easy for maintenance and no fuel transportation problem.

 Pollution free power generation.

 Less floor area required and no obstruction to traffic.

 No need of manpower during power generation.

 Low maintenance cost

 Low installation cost
 Simple construction, mature technology and easy maintenance.
 FUTURE SCOPE

 Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc.

 Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc.
 Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing
input torque and ultimately output of generator.
 More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.
 The rollers which are used in this project can be designed for heavy
vehicles, thus increasing input torque and ultimately output of generator
can also be increased by using the multiple transmission system which is
more efficient method for generating electricity
 CONCLUSION

"Electricity plays a very important role in our life”. Due to population explosion,
the current power generation has become insufficient to fulfill our requirements.
In this project we discover technology to generate electricity from speed breakers
in which the system used is reliable and this technique will help conserve our
natural resources. In coming days, this will prove a great boon to the world, since
it will save a lot of electricity of power plants that gets wasted in illuminating the
street lights. As the conventional sources are depleting very fast, it’s high time to
think of alternative resources. We got to save the power gained from the
conventional sources for efficient use. So this idea not only provides alternative
but also adds to the economy of the country.
1. It can be implemented at metropolitan cities.
2. So that more electric power is produced.
3. Arrangement of whole setup is easier.
4. The stored electricity could satisfy the daily requirement of electric power.
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