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3 Pavement strength
SNBASU s = 0.0394
∑ ais hi
i =1
...(3.2)
b 0 exp ( −b 3 z j ) b 1exp ( − (b 2 + b 3 )z j )
m + −
− b3 (b 2 + b 3 )
SNSUBA s = 0.0394
∑
j =1
a js
0
b exp ( −b z
3 j−1 )
+
b 1exp ( − (b 2 + b 3 )z
j−1 )
...(3.3)
− b3 (b 2 + b 3 )
[
SNSUBG s = [b 0 - b 1exp (- b 2 z m )] [exp(- b 3 z m )] 3.51 log10 CBR s - 0.85 (log10 CBR s ) − 1.43
2
]
...(3.4)
where:
The values of the model coefficients b0 to b3 are given in Table C2.6 and the values of the
layer coefficients ai and aj are given in Table C2.7.
Pavement type b0 b1 b2 b3
All pavement types 1.6 0.6 0.008 0.00207
GB CBR > 70, cemented sub-base ai = 1.6 (29.14 CBR - 0.1977 CBR2 +
0.00045 CBR3) 10-4
Notes:
1 The table reproduces information from the source, with the exception of the granular
sub-base coefficient
2 If the user quotes a CBR value for a stabilised (lime or cement) layer, the
corresponding granular coefficient should be used
3 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) is quoted in MPa at 14 days
4 MR30 is the resilient modulus by the indirect tensile test at 30 °C
5 CBR is the California Bearing Ratio
Equation 3.4 above predicts negative values for the subgrade contribution below CBR = 3.
This is different to HDM-III where the values were set to 0 and reflects the detrimental impact
of weak subgrades on pavement performance.
where:
f
fs = ...(3.6)
[(1 - d) + d(f p )]1/p
and:
Distress Model p
Cracking Initiation of structural cracking 2.0
If only one season’s SNP value is available then the following relationship (Riley, 1996a)
should be used to calculate the wet/dry season SNP ratio. This relationship will also be used
to calculate the wet/dry season SNP ratio for each year of the analysis period, taking into
account changes in the drainage factor and the amount of cracking.
[1 - exp(a 0 MMP )]
f = K f 1 - (1 − a 2 DFa )(1 + a 3 ACRA a + a 4 APOTa ) ...(3.7)
a1
where:
Table C2.9 Default coefficient values for the seasonal SNP ratio
Coefficient a0 a1 a2 a3 a4
The drainage factor, DF, is a continuous variable whose value can range between 1 (excellent)
and 5 (very poor), depending on the type of drain (Paterson, 1998). The user will be required
to input the type of drain (as listed in Table C2.10) and the condition of the drain as excellent,
good, fair, poor or very poor.
Surface lined 1 3
V-shaped – hard 1 4
Shallow – hard 2 5
Shallow – soft 2 5
The minimum (excellent) and maximum (very poor) values for DF suggested for various
types of drain are given in Table C2.10. The value of DF for drains in a good, fair or poor
condition is determined by linearly interpolating between these values.
In some instances there will be an absence of drains. In situations where a drain is required the
value of DF ranges between 3 and 5, whereas in situations where a drain is unnecessary a
value of 1 for DF is suggested.
The condition of the drains will deteriorate unless they are well maintained, for example,
through routine maintenance. The incremental annual change in DF due to deterioration is
given in Equation 3.8 below: (the change in DF due to maintenance, ∆DFw, is detailed in Part
D - Road Works Effects).
and:
(DFmax - DFmin )
ADDF = ...(3.9)
Drain Life
where:
Drain life has been expressed as a function of the terrain as given below. The proposed
default coefficient values a0 and a1 are given in Table C2.11 (Morosiuk, 1998b) for the
climatic categories classified by moisture (see Chapter C1 - Section 4).
where:
a0 a1 a0 a1 a0 a1 a0 a1 a0 a1
No drain - but 3.5 -0.0029 2.5 -0.0027 2 -0.0033 1.5 -0.0044 1.5 -0.0044
required
No drain - not 50 0 50 0 50 0 50 0 50 0
required