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Documenti di Professioni
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J. Hämäläinen, 2016
Department of Communications and Networking
Contents
1 Principles of RLB
2 LTE downlink RLB
3 Some details on RLB
a) eNodeB powers and antennas
b) Path loss and shadowing margin
c) Interference, SINR and data rate
4 DL Link Budget Examples
5 LTE Uplink Radio Link Budget
Network planning consists of 3 phases:
- Dimensioning, detailed planning and optimization
Network Planning
Our focus area Dimensioning Note: We omit core network
150
140
130
EIRP 58dB
Path Loss [dB]
120
110
+ Margins 23dB
Sensitivity -100dB
1000 x 5000 x
100
90
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Allowed PL 135 dB
Distance from BS [km]
Detailed planning
TX power 43dBi
Antennas 2
Input from Antenna tilt 5o
dimensioning Parameter x, y, z
Optimization
+
Operating network
(drive tests, monitoring) Optimized system
1. Principles of RLB
Background
BS Transmitter BS to MS
Transmitter Total transmission power 43 dBm (20 W)
characteristics Transmitter antenna gain 15 dBi
EIRP 58 dBm
Margins
Shadow fading margin 7 dB
Channel
characteristics Interference margin 4 dB
Penetration loss 10 dB
Total Margin 21 dB
Receiver UE Receiver (Max coverage)
characteristics Receiver sensitivity -100.7 dBm
System gain 158.7 dB
Number that is
used to estimate Allowed Propagation Loss 137.7 dB
the cell range
Simplified RLB: Terminology
10
2. LTE Downlink Radio Link Budget
LTE Downlink RLB
• In the following we go
through this LTE
downlink radio link
budget in details
• This is a snapshot from
excel tool that is given
for participants
• There will be some
solved examples
discussed later.
12
Resource allocation and rate
requirements
Parameter Comment
Number of This is estimated by assuming the operation
PRBs bandwidth and number of users served at the same
time. In case of 10MHz band we have 50 resource
blocks (48 for data). Then 10PRB takes 10/48 of all
resources
Data rate In this case we assume 2Mbits/s target rate
Remark on rate requirement
• In case of constant bit rate service (like real time video) the
2Mbits/s requirement defines how much resources user
continuously employs
• In usual case (e.g. web browsing, file downloading, streaming
video) the data transfer happens in bursts so instantaneous rate
can be high while there are time gaps between transmissions
for user (time multiplexing of users)
• Example: If user on cell edge download 1 Mbit file
– (s)he needs round 0.1 seconds for all 48 PRBs OR
– (s)he is given 5PRBs for 1 second time period
– Other options – of course – are possible as well
Transmission characteristics
Parameter Comment
eNodeB TX Typical value is 20W-60W (43dBm-48dBm)
power 20W on 5MHz band (as in WCDMA/HSPA)
40W on 10MHz band (most usual test case for Rel.8 LTE)
60W on 20MHz band
Antenna Discussed later in more details. Typical 1.3 m high panel
gain antenna at 2 GHz band gives 18 dBi gain in main
direction
Cable loss Loss between the eNodeB antenna and the low noise
amplifier. The cable loss value depends on the cable
length, cable type and frequency band.
UE receiver (1/2)
Parameter Comment
UE Noise NF measures of degradation of the SNR by the
Figure (NF) components in the RF receiver chain, product specific.
Typical values: 6-11dB
Thermal Thermal noise = Boltzmann constant x T (Kelvin) x Effective
Noise bandwidth. Here
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10^(-23) J/K (J = Ws)
Reference temperature 20 Celsius = 290 Kelvin
Effective bandwidth = Number of PRB’s x 180kHz
Receiver Receiver noise floor = UE NF + Thermal noise
Noise Floor
PHICH = Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
PBCH = Physical Broadcast Channel
UE receiver (2/2) PDCCH = Physical DL Control Channel
Parameter Comment
SINR Required Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
depends on the data rate, number of PRBs and link
efficiency. We consider this in more details later in
this slide set
Receiver Minimum required power in receiver required to detect
sensitivity the signal. Receiver sensitivity = Receiver Noise Floor +
SINR
Control channel Control channel overhead includes the overhead
overhead from reference signals, PBCH, PDCCH and PHICH.
5%-25% leads to 1dB-4dB overhead.
RX antenna gain Depends on the receiver antenna, usually 0dBi for
Margins and losses
Parameter Comment
Body loss Body loss is typically included for voice link budget
where the terminal is held close to the user’s head.
3-5dB for voice.
Shadowing loss Depends on the propagation environment. Typical values:
4-7dB. Will be discussed later in more details.
Interference Interference margin accounts for the increase in the
margin terminal noise level caused by the other cell
interference. If we assume a minimum G-factor of −4
dB, that corresponds to 5.5dB IM
(10*log10(1+10^(4/10)) = 5.5 dB). Typical values for
IM: 3dB – 8dB.
Indoor Depends on the building types. In urban area 20dB,
penetration loss in suburban/rural area with light buildings 10dB.
Allowed propagation loss
APL = PTX + GA( NodeB) - LCable + GA(UE) - min { PRX }
- M SF - M I
- LC - Lbody - LPenetration
3. Some details on RLB
RLB elements:
a) eNodeB powers and antennas
eNodeB transmission power
25
Panel antenna example: Kathrein 742 215
26
Horizontal and vertical gain patterns
27
Comparison with Gmain q3dB(H ) GFB q3dB(V ) SLL
Kathrein 742215
Simple gain model
q tilt
Antennas – A Simulation Model Proposal and Impact on
HSPA and LTE Performance”, IEEE VTC 2008 = 10 degrees
‘High power’ pico eNodeB
29
Model for pico eNodeB antenna gain
pattern 1/2
• Horizontal gain pattern
GH ( )
5dBi
0dBi
-180deg -100deg-70deg -15deg 15deg 70deg 100deg 180deg
-10dBi
30
Model for pico eNodeB antenna gain
pattern 2/2
• Vertical gain pattern
GV ( )
0dBi
-3dBi
-180deg -100deg -70deg -15deg 15deg 70deg 100deg 180deg
G ( , ) GH ( ) GV ( )
Example
• Two 2W indoor
nodes with given
antenna gain
patterns
• Received wideband
powers simulated
by WinProp tool
• 2GHz carrier
• Excellent indoor
coverage obtained
32
‘Low power’ Femto base stations
Vodafone 3G femto
Nokia 3G femto base station
base station
RLB elements:
b) Path loss and shadowing margin
b1) Average path loss
Single slope model
where
– “L0” is the average path loss at reference distance “r0”
– “n” is the path loss exponent (which depends on antenna heights,
carrier frequency, and propagation environment)
– In free space n = 2
43
Okumura-Hata Model (2)
• Okumura used extensive
measurements of base station-to-
mobile signal attenuation in the
city of Tokio (Japan)
– He developed a set of curves that
gives the median attenuation
(relative to free space) of signal
propagation in irregular terrain
– The base station heights for these
measurements were 30-100 m
44
Okumura-Hata Model (3)
• The original Hata model is given by
Carrier frequency
48
Okumura-Hata Model: PL vs. Range (2)
Carrier frequency
49
Okumura-Hata Model: PL vs. BS Antenna Height
Carrier
frequency
50
Okumura-Hata Model (6)
Environment Type
52
Okumura-Hata Model (7)
• Later on, Okumura-Hata model was extended to the 1500-
2000 MHz frequencies, in the COST 231 research program
– The distance interval was also extended
• ITU-R sector adopted this model in Recommendation P.529
56
Example: Path loss measurements
Shadow fading (1)
• Obstacles with a size from tens to hundreds of
wavelengths (on the different propagation paths)
cause a variation of the path loss around the Shadowing
average path loss “L”
• This variation is random but, however, it is Tx
correlated when measured in nearby locations
• Shadowing, caused for e.g. by big buildings, can Rx
be critical for mobile users located in cell edge
areas
– The effect of shadow fading may create large
coverage holes
➢ In many measurements, it has been observed that shadow fading “Ls”
can be described with a log-normal distribution*, and the probability
density function is given by
L2s
1 2 s2
f ( Ls ) e
2 s
* Loss measured in logarithmic scale (i.e., [dB]) is normally distributed
Shadow fading (2)
• Values obtained in shadow fading measurements*
– Carrier frequency: 2.0 GHz
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Shadow fading value [dB]
L0
L0
PLs L0 f (t ) dt 1 Q ,
0 s
where “Q(x)” is the Marcum Q-function,
t2
1 1 x
Q( x)
2 e
x
2
dt
2
erfc
2
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Shadow fading value [dB]
-1
10
-2
10
Q(x)
Q(x)
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x
x
Combined path loss and shadowing (3)
• Revisiting the derived formula that combines path loss and
shadowing,
L Lmax sQ 1
Pout
• The (average) path loss on the left-hand side depends on:
– Distance between transmitter and receiver,
Okumura-
– Antenna heights of both, transmitter and receiver, Hata model
– Carrier frequency, environment type, …
• The value on the right-hand side depends on:
– Standard deviation of shadow fading (environment type),
– Allowed attenuation (system specific parameter: link budget)
– Outage probability (network target performance: guaranteed QoS)
L Ltot
➢ As “σSF” grows for same fading margin, the edge reliability is reduced
➢ As “σSF” grows, a larger fading margin is required to maintain the
same edge reliability
67
RLB elements:
c) Interference, SINR and data rate
Co-channel interference: general formulation (1)
eNodeB
S-72.3216 RC Systems I (5
cr) Lectures 11-12, Autumn
2013
70
Co-channel interference: general formulation (2)
P
E S0
2
0
RX
P
0
TX
P
/ L0 E S k
2
k
RX
P k
TX
/ Lk P
E nW
2
N
åP L × hk × dk ×Gk (j k ) / Lk (dk ) + PN
TX SF 2
k k
k=1
0 G0 (j 0 ) L0 (d0 )
P0TX LSF
Gfactor = K
å k Lk dkGk (j k ) / Lk (dk ) + PN
P TX SF
k=1
• G-factor can be used to describe the network deployment,
see the next slide
– 30% of UEs with ITU modified Vehicular A at 30 km/h and
– 10% of UEs with ITU modified Vehicular A at 120 km/h
Cell selection Best cell selected with 0 dB margin
Uplink: Max 24 dBm (latest 3GPP specifications use 23 dBm
Geometry factor Transmission power
Antenna configuration Downlink: 1 × 2, 2 × 2
Uplink: 1 × 2, 1 × 4
Receiver algorithms Downlink: LMMSE (Linear Minimum Mean Square Error)
• G-factor distribution depends on the network
Uplink: deployment. G-factor
LMMSE receiver with Maximal Ratio Combining
depends on
1
– Antennas, sectorization
0.9
– Applied average path loss model
0.8
– Frequency reuse (e.g. δ ) 0.7
• Example: 0.6
CDF
0.5
0.2
3GPP, macro 1
3GPP, macro 3
Cell edge: 5%-ile level 0.1
3GPP, micro indoor:outdoor = 50:50
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Interference margin for 3GPP Macro 1: Geometry (dB)
The corresponding downlink system performance numbers for LTE SIMO and 2 ×
Source (picture): transmission
Holma, Toskala:
schemes areLTE for inUMTS,
presented Wiley
Figure 9.10 and Figure 9.11, respecti vely.
Notes on the G-factor distribution
25
Spectral efficiency [bits/s/Hz]
20
SIMO (1x2)
Max SE 15
MIMO (2x2)
MIMO (4x4)
MIMO (8x8)
10
Max SE
5
Max SE
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
SINR [dB]
LTE Rel.8 peak bit rate examples
Modulatio Stream Ideal SE Practical LTE Max bit
n s [bits/s/Hz] SE rate (20MHz)
[bits/s/Hz]
64QAM 1 6.0 3.75 75Mbps
64QAM 2 12.0 7.5 150Mbps
64QAM 4 24.0 15.0 300Mbps
• If carrier aggregation approach is used (LTE-Advanced), then rate
can be multiplied by number of carriers.
• Maximum spectral efficiencies may take place only when SINR is
extremely large => reachable in practical macrocellular networks
only in special cases.
• Note the difference between ideal and practical SE
• These spectral efficiencies set upper limit for SE growth in previous
slide
81
4. DL Link Budget Examples
Urban area example (DL)
• Assume the link budget parameters below, 10MHz band, 2GHz carrier, 35 meter
Radio antenna
base station Communication
height andSystems
1.5 meterII,
UEExercise
height. 3, 2014
• Compute the coverage in case of large city for 2Mbps service when eNodeB
allocates 4 PRBs for the user (12 users/cell served simultaneously).
– Problem
What happens1. forLTE downlink
the service RLB
coverage (excelcan
if eNodeB in Noppa):
allocate allAssume thePRBs
available 48 following link b
for this user
(target rate being
2.1GHz the same
carrier, 2 Mbps)?
25 meter base station antenna height and 1.5 meter UE height:
– Increase the user rate 5Mbps and solve problem again
Parameter Value
BS TX power 40W
BS antenna gain 18dBi
BS cable loss 2dB
UE noise figure 7dB
Interference margin 4dB
RX antenna gain 0dBi
RX body loss 0dB
Control channel overhead 1dB
Indoor penetration loss 20dB
Shadow fading margin 7dB
BS antenna configuration 2x2/4x4 MIMO
• Case 2Mbit/s and 4 PRB’s:
Results – Range in large city = 300 meters
– Range in suburban area = 680 meters
• Case 2Mbit/s and 48 PRB’s:
– Range in large city = 880 meters
– Range in suburban area = 2.0 km
• Case 5Mbit/s and 4 PRB’s:
– Range in large city = 110 meters
– Range in suburban area = 240 meters
• Case 5Mbit/s and 48 PRB’s:
– Range in large city = 650 meters
– Range in suburban area = 1.5 km
Remark on range (1/3)
7 SISO Spectral
Efficiency
6
5
MIMO Spectral
efficiency (2x2)
4
3
Shannon AWGN
2 bound (SISO)
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
SINR [dB]
Remark on range (3/3)
16.3dB
27.0dB
Other remarks
Yagi antenna
(10dBi gain)
Antenna cable
(2dB loss)
LTE receiver
and WiFi
router
Outdoor UE
Parameter Comment
Number of This is decided by eNodeB after estimating the
PRBs required bandwidth and scheduling uplink users that
are served at the same time. Thus, in this case 1
Mbit/s takes 10/50 of all resources. In (Rel.8/9)
uplink PRB’s are given continuously in frequency.
Data rate In uplink we have 1Mbit/s while in DL we assumed
2Mbits/s target rate (APL will be almost the same)
UE transmission characteristics
Parameter Comment
UE TX In uplink maximum TX power is 23dBm. It is assumed here since
power this RLB consider cell edge user. Power control is used in uplink
=> TX power can be less than 23dBm as well.
UE UE antenna gain depends on the device type. Typical value
antenna is 0dBi while fixed wireless LTE transceivers may have even
gain 10dBi antenna gain.
Body loss Not visible in this UL RLB but 3-5dB body loss can be
subtracted.
EIRP EIRP = TX power + antenna gain (-body loss)
TX power UE power is divided between PRB’s. Thus, with larger
eNodeB receiver (1/2)
Parameter Comment
eNodeB NF measures of degradation of the SNR by the
Noise components in the RF receiver chain, product specific.
Figure The minimum performance requirement is approximately
5 dB but the practical performance can be better like 2 dB.
Thermal Thermal noise = Boltzmann constant x T (Kelvin) x Effective
Noise bandwidth. The bandwidth depends on the number of
allocated resource blocks. With 10 PRB’s we have -
121dBm.
Receiver Receiver noise floor = eNodeB NF + Thermal noise
Noise Floor
eNodeB receiver (2/2)
Parameter Comment
SINR Required Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
depends on the data rate, number of PRBs and link
efficiency.
Receiver Minimum power in receiver required to detect the signal.
sensitivity Receiver sensitivity = Receiver Noise Floor + SINR (in
UL this is given per PRB)
RX antenna gain eNodeB antenna gain, same as in DL
Margins and losses
Parameter Comment
eNodeB cable Same as in DL.
loss
Shadowing As in downlink. Values: 4-7dB.
loss
Interference Interference margin reflects the increase in the eNodeB
margin receiver noise level caused by the interference from (other
cell) users. Since LTE uplink is orthogonal, there is no intra-
cell interference but we still need a margin for the other cell
interference. This margin depends on the UL target capacity.
That is, there is a tradeoff between capacity and coverage.
Penetration As in downlink
loss
Allowed propagation loss
APL = PTX + GA(UE) - LBody + GA(eNodeB) - min { PRX }
- M SF - M I
- LCable - LPenetration
Example: Recall the first DL example
Yagi antenna
(10dBi gain)
Antenna cable
(2dB loss)
LTE receiver
and WiFi
router
Outdoor UE