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Outline
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Generator Faults
• Internal Faults
– Phase and /or ground faults in the stator
– Ground faults in the rotor (field winding)
• Abnormal Operating Conditions.
– Loss of field
– Overload
– Overvoltage
– Under and over frequency
– Unbalanced operation e.g. single phasing
– Loss of prime mover
– Loss of synchronization (out of step)
– Subsynchronous oscillation
Generator Protection
• Major Considerations
– importance of the generator
– technical characteristics
→power
→voltage
→ earthing arrangement
– economic considerations
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• Small Generators
– For small generators, typically up to 5MVA, it is considered
necessary to have:
→protection against internal faults
→back-up protection for external faults using overcurrent relays
with voltage restraint
→reverse-power protection
→earth-fault protection, using an overcurrent relay
→protection against overloads by means of thermal relays
Small Generators
• 32 reverse-power
relay
• 40 relay for field
excitation
• 46 negative-sequence
current relay
• 49 thermal relay
• 51 time-delay
overcurrent relay
• 52 circuit breaker
• 86 lockout relay
• 87 differential relay
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• Large Generators
– For large generators over 5MVA, the protection should normally
comprise of:
→differential protection to cover internal faults
→earth-fault protection using high impedance relays
→back-up protection by means of distance or overcurrent protection
with voltage restraint
→reverse-power protection
→ negative-phase sequence protection
→protection against loss of excitation
→protection against overload using thermal relays
→out of step
→unintentional energisation (50/27)
→stator earth protection (59N and 27N)
→over/under frequency
→over/under voltage
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Large Generators
• 21 distance relay
• 24 volts/hertz
• 27 undervoltage relay
• 32 reverse-power relay
• 40 relay for field excitation
• 41 field circuit breaker
• 46 negative-sequence current relay
• 49 thermal relay
• 50 instantaneous overcurrent relay
• 51 time-delay overcurrent relay
• 52 circuit breaker
• 59 overvoltage relay
• 60 voltage or current balance relay
• 64 earth protection relay
• 78 out-of-step relay
• 81 frequency relay
• 86 lockout relay
• 87 differential relay
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Transformer Protection
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Transformer Faults
• Insulation Failures
• Overloading
• Winding to earth short circuits
• Short circuits between turns
• Oil Contamination
• Lightning and Switching Surges
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Transformer Protection
• Major Considerations
– power
– voltage
– vector group
– importance of the unit within a particular system
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Transformer Protection
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Transformer
Protection
• 26 thermal device
• 49 thermal relay
• 50 instantaneous overcurrent relay
• 51 time-delay overcurrent relay
• 52 circuit breaker
• 63 pressure relay, for flow or level
of liquid or gases (Buchholz Relay)
• 86 lockout relay
• 87 differential relay
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Buchholz Relay
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Buchholz Relay
• Used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure
inside oil-filled power transformers
• If an arc forms,
– gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator.
– This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the
moving oil.
– This switch operates a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus
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