App Urs - Reference Work For Chan Research

Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie
Reference Works for Chan Research

Urs App
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
App Urs. Reference Works for Chan Research. In: Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 7, 1993. Numéro spécial sur le Chan/Zen :
Special Issue on Chan/Zen. En l'honneur de Yanagida Seizan. pp. 357-409;
doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/asie.1993.1072
https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_1993_num_7_1_1072
Fichier pdf généré le 04/09/2018

REFERENCE WORKS FOR CHAN RESEARCH
A Selective Annotated Survey
Urs App
I. INTRODUCTION 357
II. BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES 359
1. Works in Western Languages 359
2. Works in Japanese and Chinese 366
III. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS 372
1. Works in Western Languages 372
2. Works in Japanese and Chinese 375
3. Some Other Works Useful for Chan Studies 383
IV. INDICES AND CONCORDANCES 387
V. ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 396
1. A New Information Carrier 396
2. Overview of Electronic Buddhist Text Projects 397
3. Chan Materials and Projects 400
I. INTRODUCTION
Ten years ago, in 1982, I wrote a first draft of a bibliography of reference works
for Chan research. That list made the round among some friends and colleagues, and
the echo proved that it corresponded to a real need. While participating in the study
meetings led by Prof. Yanagida Seizan and Prof. Iriya Yoshitaka at Kyoto
University's Jinbun kagaku kenkyûjo and at the Zenbunka Institute, I studied the
reference materials that were used by the participating researchers, and my list
quickly grew to such an extent that selection and annotation became essential. In
1987, the portion of that bibliography that dealt with works by Mujaku Dôchû was
published in an article about that patron saint of Chan research ("Chan/Zen's
Greatest Encyclopaedist Mujaku Dôchû *$if}lJÈ [1653-1744]," Cahiers d'Extrême-
Asie 3, 1987, pp. 155-174). Some of the bibliographical information from that article
is included in section III of the present, less specialized bibliography.
As the title indicates, this bibliography is rather narrow focused on Chan
research. Thus Son and Zen research tools are not specifically targeted; that task is
left for specialists in those fields, as is the listing and assessment of Korean works
of reference. However, since anyone doing research in Son or Zen will need at least
some of the works listed and described here, the present list should be of some use
to a rather broad spectrum of students and scholars.
Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 7 (1 993-1994) : 357-409 Introduction

358 Urs App
Since this is a selective list, it goes without saying that no claim is made for
completeness. One of the achievements of post-war Chan research spearheaded by
Profs. Yanagida and Iriya is the realization that, despite the pressure of a living
tradition that has long resisted such attempts, Chan texts (and of course also rituals,
etc.) must also be studied in their specific historical, cultural, religious, and
linguistic context. Thus many works belonging to general sinology, Chinese
Buddhism, Dunhuang studies, linguistics, etc., are important for Chan research.
Each of these domains is rich in reference works that are not covered here. In
particular, there are many Buddhist dictionaries and other reference works that all
researchers of Chinese Buddhism, including Chan researchers, use. Such
indispensable reference works are not included here.
Researchers invariably classify works of reference by location: frequently used
ones are found on or around the working table, less frequently used ones on a
bookshelf not too far away, and seldom used ones possibly at a university library or
research institute. In this list, a star iç indicates reference works that a reasonably
polyglot researcher of Chan would be likely to want on (or within arm's length of)
the working table. It has to be kept in mind that the frequency of use does not
necessarily imply high quality but may be due to a lack of alternatives. Also, the
length of the discussion (or its absence) in this list is not indicative of a work's
quality.
The two talks by Prof. Yanagida and the interview with Prof. Iriya that are
translated in this volume of the Cahiers provide some additional information about
Chan/Sôn/Zen research and research tools as well as their use and history. These
two researchers have produced some of the most valuable reference tools now
available: the first dictionary of Chan terms (Iriya and Koga's Zengojiten #Hni#:ft)
and the first concordance of a Chan text (Yanagida's Concordance to the Zutangji
fflJËH^îjl). Just when Prof. Yanagida was preparing the third volume of that
concordance for publication in 1983, I planned the first computer-made
concordance of a Zen text and discussed funding with him. Since then, I have been
engaged in the development and use of new kinds of reference tools, the subject of
the final section.
With electronic text, the very categories of "primary source" and "reference
work" or "research tool" become blurred. For example, electronic text can without
any addition function as a concordance. Therefore it is both "primary source" and
"reference work." Though the electronic sphere is presently in a phase of rapid
growth and nobody is yet able to grasp its full potential (nor its pitfalls and limits),
it is already clear that the electronic medium will in the near future become the
primary source and method of reference. Section V gives an outline not only of
work that has already been done in this new domain of Chan research but also of
some major projects and issues. I'd like to thank all readers of draft versions of this
survey; but my special thanks go to Michel Mohr and Kenji Kinugawa who made a
number of corrections and valuable suggestions.
Introduction
Reference Works for Chan Research 359
II. BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY SOURCES
1. In Western Languages
• Addiss, Stephen, and Norman Waddell. Work in progress. Biographical

Dictionary ofJapanese Zen Artist-Priests and Calligraphers.
This book will include an extensive bibliography by Stephen Addiss on publications on
Zen art.
• App, Urs. 1987. "Chan/Zen's Greatest Encyclopaedist Mujaku Dôchû MMMfc
( 1 653- 1 744)." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 3 : 1 55- 1 74.
Includes information on Japanese lists of Mujaku Dôchû's many works and an
annotated bibliography of some of the most important ones.
. 1991a. "A Series of Chan Texts Translated into Korean." Newsletter
of the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 2: 24-25.
List of modern Korean translations of twenty-eight Chan texts, about half of which are
yet to be published.
. 1991b. "Zen Dictionaries and Reference Works." Newsletter of the
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 2: 26-35.
Annotated list of some of the most important printed reference works on Chan and Zen.
Descriptions are in English and Japanese.
. 1993a. "Recent English Publications about Chan, Son, and Zen
(1977-1992)." Zenbunka kenkyujo kiyo (Annual Report from the Institute for
Zen Studies) 19:1-58.
Based partly on Gardner (1991) and Schuhmacher (1992). Unlike in Gardner's
bibliography, many fields (such as "Martial Arts, Sport, and Health," "Cuisine,"
"Buddhist-Christian Dialogue," "Tea Ceremony," etc.) are excluded, and no
publications in languages other than English are listed. However, the coverage of
publications and translations by specialists is more comprehensive, work in
progress is mentioned, and there are fewer misspellings. A selection of scholarly
publications from this bibliography is included in the Newsletter of the
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 3 (1993). See section V for an
electronic version.
. 1993b. "Theses, Dissertations, and Scholarly Publications in English
about Chan, Son, and Zen (1977-1993)." Newsletter of the International Research
Institute for Zen Buddhism 3.
Extract from the same author's comprehensive list published in the Zenbunka kiyô
(1993a).
Source information (Western)

360 Urs App
. 1993c. "Buddhist Databases and Input Projects." Electronic

Bodhidharma 3.
This survey lists databases and input projects in the field of Buddhist studies and
includes detailed information on institutions involved in such projects and their
activities. It features a list of Chinese Buddhist texts that have so far been input in East
Asia. Many Chan and Chan-related texts are listed
. 1993d. "Reference Works for Chan Research. A Selective Annotated
Survey." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 7: 357-409.
This is the present survey which includes information on printed and electronic works.
• App, Urs, Michel Mohr, et al. Work project. Chan, Son, and Zen Texts in
Translation. An Annotated Bibliography. Kyoto: International Research Institute
for Zen Buddhism.
An offshoot of the more comprehensive survey of primary Chan, Son, and Zen sources,
this project aims at listing by text (and partly evaluating) all extant translations of Chan,
Son, and Zen texts in as many Oriental and Western languages as we and our
collaborators can handle. Will take a number of years.
• Bandô, Shôjun et al. 1958. A Bibliography on Japanese Buddhism. Tôkyô:
Cultural Interchange Institute for Buddhists Press.
Bibliographical entries about Zen on pp. 123-151.
• Beautrix, Pierre. 1969. Bibliographie du Bouddhisme Zen. Bruxelles: Publications
de l'Institut Belge des Hautes Etudes Bouddhiques Série Bibliographie No. 1.
Arranged in unlisted chapters (Generalities, Texts and Commentaries, Doctrine and
Philosophy, History and Biography, Art, and Comparative Studies), this bibliography
covers only 746 works in Occidental languages as well as Japanese and Chinese.
Though Gardner (1991) does not include Oriental books and articles, his bibliography
would supersede Beautrix's work (including the supplement listed below) for the most
part if it did not include so many misprints.
. 1975. Bibliographie du Bouddhisme Zen — Premier Supplément.
Bruxelles: Publications de l'Institut Belge des Hautes Etudes Bouddhiques Série
Bibliographie No. 4.
First (and to my knowledge last) supplement to the 1 969 bibliography.
• Bielefeldt, Carl. Work in progress. Bibliography of Western publications on Sôtô Zen.
• Bielefeldt, Carl, and Lewis R. Lancaster. 1975. "T'an Ching (Platform Scripture)."
Philosophy East and West 2:197-212.
Sums up scholarship on and translation attempts of the Platform Sutra before 1975.
• Buswell, Robert E., Jr. 1983. The Korean Approach to Zen: The Collected Works
ofChinul. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
This and other books by Buswell feature well-researched and reliable bibliographies
which include much Korean scholarship on Chan/Sôn/Zen.

• Conze, Edward. 1960. "Recent Work on Tantric and Zen Buddhism." Middle
Way 35: 93-98.
. 1982. Buddhist Scriptures: A Bibliography. Ed. and rev. by Lewis
Lancaster. New York/London: Garland.
• Demiéville, Paul, Hubert Durt and Anna Seidel. 1978. Repertoire du canon
bouddhique sino-japonais, édition de Taishô ïfë^^fà]îE3:WiM.ffli>M'j\. Paris:
A. Maisonneuve/Tôkyô: Maison Franco-japonaise S {L^W>.
This revised and augmented second edition is the best repertory to date of the Taishô
edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon and thus also of the Chan texts found in volumes
48-51 and 85. The French transcription of Chinese adds an exotic touch. A revised
edition with Pinyin readings and a number of corrections is now being prepared by the
Hôbôgirin staff.
• Eastern Buddhist. 1967. "Bibliography [Daisetz T. Suzuki]." Eastern Buddhist
(n.s.) 2, 1:216-229.
See also under Yokoyama for an additional bibliography.
. 1981. "The Writings of Hisamatsu Shin'ichi." The Eastern Buddhist
(n.s.) 14, 1: 148-149.
• Faure, Bernard. 1989. La volonté d'orthodoxie dans le bouddhisme chinois. Paris:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Contains a detailed bibliography of international scholarship on early Chan. Many
references to Japanese scholarship.
•Faure, Bernard. 1993a. "Bibliographie succincte de Yanagida Seizan". Cahiers
d'Extrême-Asie 7: 45-50.
Lists a selection of 73 works by Yanagida, including some Chinese text editions and
English translations.
• Faure, Bernard. 1993b. Bibliography in Aperçu sur les études Ch'an/Zen aux
Etats-Unis. Cahiers d'Extrême- Asie 7: 41 1-435.
• First American Zen Institute in Japan at Ryôsen-an, Daitokuji. Card catalogues.
There is an extensive card catalogue at Mrs. Ruth Fuller Sasaki's former research institute
at Ryôsen-an in Daitokuji, Kyoto, that provides well-classified English descriptions of
both primary and secondary Chinese and Japanese literature on Chan and Zen (with
keywords for content). The bulk of the work was done by Philip Yampolsky under the
direction of Yanagida Seizan and Iriya Yoshitaka. Only some parts related to primary
sources were published in Zen Dust. The library card catalogue of the same institute
would also be of great value for a bibliography of pre-1965 Western literature on Zen.
• Gard, Richard A. (ed.). Since 1974. Buddhist Text Information. New York: The
Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions.
Irregular publication with a varying degree of coverage. Concentrates on publications in
English and includes some information about materials distributed in electronic form.

362 UrsApp
• Gardner, James L. 1991. Zen Buddhism: A Classified Bibliography of Western-

Language Publications Through 1990. Salt Lake City: Wings of Fire Press.
A list of 283 1 books and articles in Western languages on Zen, arranged according to
thirty categories such as "Zen in Japan," "Zen in the West," "Introductory Works on
Zen," "Concept of Man," "Zen Classics," "Cuisine," etc. Though many of these
concepts overlap and thus undermine the compiler's aim of "facilitating browsing,"
additional indices of authors and themes make this the most useful overall resource on
Western publications on Zen to date. Nevertheless, the coverage is by no means
comprehensive; in particular, only some sample publications in European languages
other than English are included. The bibliography suffers from hundreds of misspellings
and mistakes: D.T. Suzuki is sometimes spelled correctly, sometimes "Susuki," his wife
Beatrice Lane "Suzuki," "Susuzki," or "Susuki," Columbia University is mostly
"Colombia University," and so on. Often the order of entries is incorrect (Y before W,
etc.), so users do indeed need to browse. Some non-English titles are grotesquely
misspelled. For English publications by specialists between 1977 and 1992 and work in
progress, App's bibliography (1993a) is more comprehensive and precise.
• Haimes, Norma. 1972. "Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis. A Bibliographic
Essay." Psychologia 15, 1: 22-30.
See the more comprehensive references given in Muramoto Shoji's fcf^lqWJ articles
"Zen e no shinrigaku no kakawari ni tsuite #/\©>i>ffl^cD^t) 0 lIoi^T" in Zengaku
kenkyû W^^% nos. 62 (1983: 72-98) and 63 (1984: 69-93).
• Hanayama, Shinshô TÊUjfgSi. 1961. Bibliography on Buddhism 3£:£{A|5c£it£ g
%k. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press 4kM^#0.
Contains literature only until about 1940.
• Hervouet, Yves, ed. 1978. A Sung Bibliography (Bibliographie des Song). Hong
Kong: The Chinese University Press.
This heavily and competently annotated bibliography consists of detailed French or
English descriptions of many Song works. Some Chan or Chan-related texts are
discussed in detail, especially on pp. 349-358; most such descriptions are in French.
• Kabanov, Alexander. 1990. "Soviet Publications on Zen/Ch'an." Newsletter of
the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 1 : 10-13.
All titles in Kabanov's bibliography are given in romanized Russian, and English and
Japanese translations of the titles are added.
• Kasulis, T. P. 1978. "The Zen Philosopher: A Review Article on Dôgen
Scholarship in English." Philosophy East and West 28,3: 353-373.
Komazawa daigaku nai Zengaku daijiten hensansho %fàW'fc
pfr. 1977. Zengaku daijiten fP^îfll. Tokyo: Taishukan shoten.
Pp. 84-85 of vol. 3 feature a list of only thirty Western book publications on Zen, and
pp. 85-87 list sixty translations of Chinese or Japanese texts. Supposedly literature up to
1976 is covered, but the list is valuable only for very old publications. The pagination
of this third volume is possibly a candidate for the Guinness Book of Records: at seven

different places the pagination starts at page 1 . So be prepared for an amusing search
until you find p. 84 (even more so if you use the more recent one-volume edition)!
• Lancaster, Lewis, and Sung-bae Park. 1979. The Korean Buddhist Canon. A
Descriptive Catalogue. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California
Press.
The standard catalogue for the Korean Canon, which contains a number of important
Chan/Sôn texts (for example, no. 1503 Zutangji ffl^H). Includes concordance lists
with the Taishô canon numbers, Nanjô numbers, and Tôhoku numbers. Voluminous
indices (Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese titles, Korean titles, Tibetan, author/translator). The
Chinese character indices are not very user-friendly.
• McRae, John. Forthcoming. "A Bibliography of Recent Secondary Literature on
Chinese Buddhism." Journal of Asian Studies.
This selective bibliography mentions mostly English secondary literature; in a draft
version, only a few French and German articles and books were listed, and no literature
at all in other European or in Oriental languages. But since work is still in progress, it
may be too early to assess this bibliography. The draft was posted on some electronic
bulletin boards in the fall of 1992 and was one of the sources for the more specialized
bibliography of works on Chan/Zen/Sôn by App (1993a).
• Miklôs, Pàl. 1991. "Hungarian Publications on Zen/Ch'an." Newsletter of the
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 2: 23.
All Hungarian titles are translated into English and Japanese for the poor souls who
cannot read this pièce de résistance of Western languages. With short descriptions.
• Mohr, Michel. 1989. "Les principales publications en langues occidentales sur le
Chan/Zen (français, anglais, allemand)." Unpublished draft.
The scope of this small unpublished bibliography is much narrower than its title would
suggest: it is a small annotated bibliography of translations of a selection of important
Chan and Zen texts into French, English, and German after the model of Sasaki (1960-
61). Mohr's comments are written in French.
. 1991. "Recent French Publications on Zen/Ch'an (1984-1990)."
Newsletter of the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 2: 19-22.
• Miura, IsshD, and Fuller Sasaki, Ruth. 1966. Zen Dust. Kyoto: The First Zen
Institute of America in Japan. (Out of print)
Pioneering English scholarly work on Chan/Zen, which furnishes high quality
information on many Chan texts and masters. The bulk of the book is made up of a
selection of translated Zen sayings (pp. 79-122), a bibliography of important original
and translated Zen texts (pp. 333—447) and many erudite notes (pp. 147-329) written
by Mrs. Sasaki's research team, which included Profs. Iriya, Yanagida, and
Yampolsky. Good, detailed general Hepburn and Wade-Giles index. Because the book
was not conceived as a reference work but for various reasons grew into something
close to it, its coverage is spotty; but it is an indispensable reference work for any Chan
or Zen researcher. An electronic version is planned (see section V).

364 Urs App
• Pfandt, Peter. 1986. Mahayana Texts Translated into Western Languages. A

Bibliographical Guide (revised ed. with supplement). Kôln: E.J. Brill.
This synoptical bibliography covers 264 Indian Mahayana texts (including
Prajnâparamitâ literature) translated into a variety of languages; but it includes
neither Vinaya literature (see Yuyama 1979) nor narrative works and Tantric
literature. Titles of Chinese translations are given according to the Taishô canon with
Pinyin and Hepburn transcriptions. Indices of Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, and
Japanese titles are included. The supplement contains additions to texts already listed
and an additional twenty-odd texts; two lists with the Taishô and Tôhoku numbers of
texts covered in both bibliography and supplement are also included.
• Sasaki, Ruth Fuller. 1960-61. "A Bibliography of Translations of Zen (Ch'an)
Works." Philosophy East and West 10, 3-4: 149-166.
An annotated list of translations into Western languages of fourteen Chan and six Zen
texts. Does not list the many fragments translated in the works of D.T. Suzuki. Though
the discussed translations are a bit old, the descriptions and critical comments remain
valuable. The approach of discussing translations in conjunction with information about
primary source texts is worthy of imitation.
• Schuhmacher, Stephan. 1992. "Literaturverzeichnis." Diener, Michael S. (pseud.),
Das Lexikon des Zen, 255-264. Ed. by Stephan Schuhmacher and Gert Woerner.
Miinchen: Otto Wilhelm Barth Verlag.
This bibliography features many (primarily German and English) translations of
Chan/Zen texts. It is much more comprehensive than that included in Schuhmacher and
Woerner (1989) and its copy in the Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen (see
Fischer-Schreiber et al. [1991]).
• Schuhmacher, Stephan, and Gert Woerner, eds. 1989. Rider Encyclopedia of
Eastern Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism, Taoism, Zen, Hinduism. London:
Rider.
In its various incarnations (see below under "Dictionaries in Western Languages":
Fischer-Schreiber et al. [1986, 1991, 1992] and Diener [1992]), this encyclopedia
contains a number of bibliographies. The English publications by Rider and Shambhala
give just a careless rehash of the original German bibliography and thus contain many
German titles, even if these were originally published in English. The most up-to-date
bibliography was prepared by Schuhmacher (1992; see above).
• Schwaller, Dieter, and Urs App. 1990. "Recent Publications about Zen in German."
Newsletter of the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 1 : 17-18.
Lists some German book publications from about 1984 to 1990; no comprehensive
coverage.
• Spae, Joseph J. 1973. "Contents of the Christian-Buddhist Dialogue." Zeitschriû
fur Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft 57, 3: 87-201.
This is a bibliographic essay on Buddhist-Christian dialogue that includes some
material about Christianity and Zen.

Thompson, Laurence G. 1976. Studies of Chinese Religion: A Comprehensive

and Classified Bibliography of Publications in English, French, and German
Through 1970. Encino, CA: Dickenson Pub. Co.
. 1984. Chinese Religion in Western Languages: A Comprehensive
and Classified Bibliography of Publications in English, French, and German
Through 1980. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
This bibliography is divided into three parts: 1. Bibliography and general studies; 2.
Chinese religion exclusive of Buddhism; and 3. Chinese Buddhism. Subsection 9 is
devoted to Chan and contains about 300 bibliographical entries, but of course many
other subsections are also of import. The author used Vessie' s (1976) and Beautrix's
(1969 & 1975) work. Gardner's bibliography (1991) is much more comprehensive but
contains also more spelling mistakes. Contains a useful index of author's names. An
update by a different author has appeared as an occasional paper at the University of
Massachusetts.
Ueyama, Daishun. 1983. "The Study of Tibetan Ch'an Manuscripts Recovered
from Tun-huang: A Review of the Field and its Prospects." In Lai, Whalen, and
Lewis R. Lancaster, eds. Early Ch 'an in China and Tibet, 327-350. Berkeley, CA:
Asian Humanities Press.
Vessie, Patricia Armstrong. 1 976. Zen Buddhism: A Bibliography of Books and
Articles in English, 1892-1975. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
The 81 -page bibliography has two parts whose vague definition makes locating
authors and works difficult (no index). The first (general works, historical
development, texts and commentaries, and Zen sects) and second parts (Zen and
Archery, Zen and Philosophy, Zen Training, Zen and the West, etc.) contain some
valuable information, but it is hard to figure out the thematic logic: why is
Broughton's M.A. thesis on Tsung-mi (1970) under "Zen and Philosophy" in the
second part? A fair number of the 762 entries of this bibliography are devoted to
such things as "Yin, Yang, Macrobiotics and Me" or "This Diet can Kill" (both
under Zen and Food, the latter from Reader's Digest). Some entries are commented.
Not very useful overall; Gardner (1991) is more comprehensive but uses a similar
thematic approach.
Watanabe, Manabu. 1985. "The Works of Heinrich Dumoulin: A Select
Bibliography." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12, 2-3: 263-271 .
Yokoyama, Wayne. 1992. "D.T. Suzuki's Writings in Japanese: A Descriptive
Essay and Chronological Bibliography." The Annual Report of Hanazono
College (Hanazono daigaku kenkyû kiyo) 24: 107-1 1 8.
Yoo, Yushin. 1973. Buddhism: A Subject Index to Periodical Articles in English,
1728-1971. Metuchen N.J.: The Scarecrow Press.
. 1 976. Books on Buddhism. An Annotated Subject Guide. Metuchen
N.J.: The Scarecrow Press.

366 Urs App
• Yuyama, Akira. 1979. Systematische Obersicht tiber die buddhistische Sanskrit-

Literatur. Erster Teil: Vinaya-Texte. Ed. by Heinz Bechert. Wiesbaden: Franz
Steiner.
This Systematic Survey of Buddhist Sanskrit Literature deals exclusively with Vinaya
literature and thus supplements Pfandt's 1986 bibliography. This may seem a bit
removed from Chan studies, but monastic rules are surprisingly longlived and
international.
• Zeuschner, Robert B. 1976. "A Selected Bibliography on Ch'an Buddhism in
China." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 3: 299-31 1.
2. In Japanese or Chinese
• App, Urs. 1993. "Recent English Publications about Chan, Son, and Zen (1977-
1992)." Zenbunka kenkyûjo kiyô 19: 1-58.
All titles of books and articles in this bibliography have been translated into Japanese
by Shun Murakami. This list thus contains Chinese characters for all names, book titles,
etc. that appear in titles of English publications on Chan/Sôn/Zen over the last fifteen
years. It is also available in electronic form (see section V).
• Bukkyôgaku kankei zasshi ronbun bunruimokuroku henshû iinkai {LM.^Wi^W
l£fraX>^^@^li^SMê. 1972. Bukkyôgaku kankei zasshi ronbun
bunruimokuroku: Shôwa sanjûichinen ichigatsu — Shôwa yonjûyonen jûnigatsu
&&¥M&&UmjCftmB&-mm\*P\R~m%1444t\2R. Kyoto: Nagata
Bunshôdô
Chûgoku shisô shûkyôshi kenkyûkai ^SJSSIîlt&flr&ê. 1976. Chûgoku
shisô shûkyô bunka kankei ronbun mokuroku tp\M&M'^%L-XikFM&imJCBB.
Tôkyô: Kokusho kankôkai @#f!!lfrê.
Dongguk University Institute of Buddhist Culture MM*¥<k&1C4tffî$Lffi. 1 982.
Kankoku bussho kaidai jiten ^-MiL^MMMM. Tôkyô: Kokusho kankôkai H#
Lists Korean Buddhist works from the Three-Kingdom period until 1 896. Entries are
arranged according to period and author, and descriptions of these works provide a great
deal of useful information. Each major author is introduced by a short biography. Almost
half of the dictionary consists of a "materials" section which lists important sources for
biographies, the history of temples, and various other topics (such as 72 works on ritual
and many reference works). Includes also indices to authors' s names, book titles, and
texts associated with particular sects. A useful and authoritative reference work.
Hanazono daigaku yES^C^. 1 977. "Yanagida Seizan sensei chosaku mokuroku
lh&tkMftBBr Hanazono daigaku kenkyû kiyô ŒS^flf&iKil 8:1-8.
List of Yanagida's publications until 1976. See the more recent list of publications under
Tôhôgakuhô (1987). Since then, no comprehensive list of publications has been made.
Source information (Asian)

Iida, Rigyô fiRHfUfï. 1942. Gakushô Mujaku Dôchû &WMMÏÊ&. Tôkyô:

Seigodô #fë^. Reprint with updated comprehensive catalogue of Mujaku's
works. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo, 1986.
The body of this book provides much information about the circumstances in which
Mujaku's works were written. The 1986 reprint includes the latest comprehensive
catalogue of Mujaku's works. The list does not contain microfilm and page numbers,
and no comments are included. Good for finding unpublished works.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism itMK^MfàW^ffîÇlffi .
Work in progress. Library Catalogue of the International Research Institute for
Zen Buddhism.
About two-thirds of the basic data have been input, and correction and classification is
ongoing. The printed catalogue should be available in 1994, and publication as a
computer file is also planned.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ^H^^H^#îf^Fir.
Work in progress. Primary Sources of Chan, Son, and Zen.
This part of the Zen Knowledgebase project aims at compiling a survey of the major
Chan, Son, and Zen primary sources after the model of Prof. Yanagida's Zenseki
kaidai (1974) and Zen Dust. Apart from essential information about the various
editions, authors, editors, etc., this work will also list references to other sources of
information about the work in question as well as available modern translations.
Kokusho kankôkai HirfJfTê. 1983. Bukkyôgaku kankei zasshi bunken sôran \k
m&m&W.U1C.WM%. Tokyo: Kokusho kankôkai H^fljfrê.
This fat volume lists, in the form of tables of contents, articles concerning Buddhism
that appeared in 288 Japanese journals and research publications from the beginning of
Meiji until 1981. An index of all authors' names facilitates finding information. A
project of the Indogaku bukkyôgaku kenkyûkai (see section V) aims at making this
information available in electronic form and with up to five keywords for access to this
pool of information by theme.
Komazawa daigaku toshokan l&lïR^C^HIÎt. 1962. Shinsan zenseki mokuroku
@isit Tôkyô: Nihon bussho kankôkai 0*{A#f'Jff £. (Supplement iiM
published in 1964).
This is one of the best known catalogues of Chan/Son/Zen literature. It is a major
overhaul of the older Zenseki mokuroku #$f @&Ê by Takada Yoshimitsu (listed
below). It consists of two major parts: part 1 (pp. 1-532) which lists texts up to the end
of the Edo period (arranged according to title reading in the Japanese syllabary) and
part 2 (pp. 533-612) which lists post-Edo titles arranged according to themes. A "List
of Reference Books on Zen" (pp. 56-62 from the back) is really a hodgepodge list of
some pre-1962 Western publications on Zen, Buddhism, and associated themes (such
as E.J. Harrison's The Fighting Spirit of Japan. London: Fisher Unwin, 1913). Part 1 is
an indispensable list which provides details about volume, authorship, publication,
place of storage, etc., of a very large number of Chan/Zen texts. It has long been out of
print, but as happens often with such indispensable research tools, a possibly illegal yet

368 Urs App
very welcome and affordable pirate edition (which includes the 1964 supplement) has
appeared in a foreign land (in this case in Korea).
Komazawa daigaku nai zengaku daijiten hensansho l&J'/f ^
1977. Zengaku daijiten M&j:ï&&. Tôkyô: Taishûkan shoten
A handy classified bibliography of reference works, primary Chan/Sôn/Zen literature, and
general Buddhist texts used in the Chan/Sôn/Zen traditions is found on pp. 147-203 of vol.
3. It contains a lot of information, and the arrangement according to themes makes
browsing easy. In general, book titles are followed by their number of fascicles,
author/editor information, collection information, and the page of the Zengaku daijiten on
which the work is described in more detail. Commentaries are also listed. Yanagida's 1 974
list is much more limited in breadth but gives substantially more depth of information.
Korean National Library @ÏL^^gI#lt. 1970-1972. Annotated Bibliography of
Son Texts W^MM I - III. Seoul: National Library.
Kyoto University Jinbun kagaku kenkyûjo Mffl^^ÀX^f^f^/f. Tôyôgaku
bunken ruimoku ^#^;£i£ÏSl H .
This yearly comprehensive classified bibliography is an important source of
information on secondary sources. It also includes many references to Chinese
scholarship.
Yi, Sôn-kùn ^ïjiEfll. Kôrai daizôkyô sômokuroku/sakuinAaidai (Nihongoban M
M^mfê fàBB-m^ -te&(B*mm). Kyoto: Dôhôsha [W]^#.
Contains a sequential list of all texts contained in the Korean canon as well as detailed
descriptions of works. Corresponding Taishô numbers are added. The descriptions of the
texts (including those contained in the additional materials of the canon, for example the
Zutangji fi^^l, K 1 503) make this work valuable. A variety of indices make it easier to
use than its equivalent by Lancaster: there is, for example, an index to variant names of
texts, one to key terms occurring within a text title, and one to names of translators.
• Myôtaku ^4. 1909. "Mujaku oshô jisen shomoku." ffifêfftjfâ §$!#§. Murata,
Mudô fàffl^M (éd.), Zenrin shôkisen *Ç#£l3§^. Tôkyô: Baiyô shoin M^#fêt,
11-18.
This is the earliest published list of Mujaku Dôchû's works; it is mostly of historical
interest.
• Matsugaoka bunko card catalogue. Matsugaoka bunko fè^r Sl~%0- Kamakura.
This is just one example of a library with important holdings whose contents have not
yet been published in a bibliography but need to be. All books and manuscripts left by
D.T. Suzuki are stored in this library, among them many valuable woodblock print
editions. Komazawa University's Shinsan zenseki mokuroku may include most of
them, but nobody is quite sure how much is missing there.
• Ogawa, Takashi /MHPÉ. Forthcoming (1993). "Zenseki dokukai no tebiki #Hai
$0)^31 £." In: Zengaku kenkyù nyûmon #3*flf&ÀFl Tôkyô: Daitô
shuppansha ^^trJJîStt.
To judge by the small part I have seen of this forthcoming book written mostly by

scholars of Komazawa University, it appears to become a very valuable resource

indeed. The part written by Mr. Ogawa deals with all sorts of reference materials and
reading aids for Chan texts, from Chinese grammars and introductions to kanbun
reading to year-tables and dictionaries. The draft version I have seen deals exclusively
with Chinese and Japanese printed works useful for Chan (rather than Son or Zen)
research. Descriptions are very brief, but the choice and arrangement by themes will
make this article (and probably the whole book) well worth having.
• Ono, Gemmyô /JW£fei>. 1933-36/1964-67. Bussho kaisetsu daijiten {%
S^jfë. Tôkyô: Daitô shuppansha ^J^ftJîStt. 12 volumes. Supplement by
Maruyama Takao %\h^M. Tokyo, 1975-77.
A magnum opus of proverbial quality and scope, at least as far as Chinese Buddhist
texts are concerned. The entries furnish whatever information is available about the
following: the scripture title(s) in Chinese characters and Japanese as well as Chinese
reading, number of fascicles, whether it is extant or lost, author and/or translator, year
of origin or translation, remarks on content, commentaries and reference works, year of
publication, where it is found, and information about the publisher. Many reference
works, works by Mujaku Dôchû, and more modern works are also listed and discussed.
Particularly the two supplementary volumes are rich in Chan, Son, and Zen materials,
and these articles are generally of high quality.
Ôtsuki, Mikio ^^#eP. Work in progress. Bibliography of Publications on
Ôbaku-Zen.
Ryûkoku daigaku toshokan H^^ÊItfêt. 1973. Bukkyôgaku kankei zasshi
ronbun bunruimokuroku: Meijishoki — Shôwa gonen \LM.^LtM^MMm'XJè^.^
U-WfèWm-mW¥. Kyoto: Hyaklcaen Hf^B.
Lists publications by a variety of categories and includes a useful index to themes.
Ryûkoku daigaku bukkyôgaku kenkyûshitsu fï^^^&iC^ftf^L^. 1974.
Bukkyôgaku kankei zasshi ronbun bunrui mokuroku.
U. Kyoto: Ryûkoku daigaku bukkyôgaku kenkyûshitsu
Like the earlier Ryûkoku volume just listed, this useful bibliography includes many
articles from the Chûgai nippô ff^l-B^ newspaper which tend not to appear in other
bibliographies and is indexed by theme.
Shôboku, Gitai lifêliiff , éd., Zensekishi #HjS. Included in the Dainihon
bukkyô zensho ^B&iAWL±M (Tôkyô: Bussho kankôkai iA^WaÛ, 1980) vol.
1, pp. 271-320.
Shinohara, Hisao BWsMfâ, and Tanaka Ryôshô ffl^BS, eds. 1980. Tonkô
butten to Zen WL&{k$k£W. Tôkyô: Daitô shuppansha jïM&M±.
Contains an enormous amount of information on Dunhuang Chan materials, including
lists of such texts and detailed descriptions of their content. Indispensable for students
of early Chan, Dunhuang, and Tibet.

370 Urs App
Sôtôshû shûgaku kenkyûsho WM^M^W!%yfi . 1990. Sôtôshû kankei bunken

mokuroku WM%M&$MB0t. Tôkyô: Sôtôshû shûgaku kenkyûsho Wîfô*?*?^
A convenient list, arranged according to themes (important figures, such as Dôgen, and
their life, thought, work; historical topics; doctrinal issues; important texts; monastic
codes, etc.). Includes an author index.
Sôtôshû zensho kankôkai WîH^^r^f'Jffè. 1978. Sôtôshû zensho kaidai/sakuin
JÊffî*<±1ÊMM- M%\. Tôkyô: Sôtôshû zensho kankôkai W^^fJfîè.
An extremely useful companion volume to the collection of Sôtô materials. A major
portion of this fat volume is taken up by an annotated list of all texts which contains
very detailed information. The encyclopaedic bent of Sôtô scholars carried the day once
again: pp. 622 - 653 features a historical table of texts and editions, pp. 654 - 664
lineage tables of authors and editors, a detailed bibliography of related source materials,
etc. Indices to temple names, authors, editors, and book titles round off this impressive
piece of scholarship.
Takada, Yoshimitsu H5ffl&)£. 1928. Zenseki mokuroku W^BB. Tôkyô:
Komazawa daigaku toshokan I^^^ÎHtflt.
This is the original list that the editors of the Shinsan zenseki mokuroku $ffH^H@^ (see
above under Komazawa daigaku) used for their work. It is thus superseded by the latter.
Tanaka, Ryôshô H^J^Hp. 1989. "Tonkô zenseki no kenkyûjôkyô to sono
mondaiten" %LHkW%l(Dtf{$lïï.M£.:£<DfâMÉL. Komazawa daigaku bukkyô-
gakubu ronshû mW*¥ik&¥&tmM 20: 41-55 (514-500).
Deals with 1) Dunhuang Zen materials and their content, 2) the establishment and
development of the Lamp Histories, 3) early Zen records (yulu $$$&), and 4) other
Dunhuang Zen materials. Good survey by one of the foremost specialists.
Tanaka Ryôshô fflc£M. 1983. Tonkô Zenshû bunken no kenkyû %tfÊW%$:fà.
. Tokyo: Daitô shuppansha jzMitilfàfà:.
Though not a reference work, this book is an important source of information for
researchers working in this field.
Toho gakuhô ~%U]^¥i. 1987. "Yanagida Seizan kyoju chosaku mokuroku"
m.\h%mM\tBm. Tôhô gakuhô Mfi^n 59: 591-599.
To date the most comprehensive list of Prof. Yanagida's publications. For a few more
recent works see the bibliography by Faure included in this number of the Cahiers. No
list has yet been made of the hundreds of newspaper articles authored by Yanagida.
Unesco Higashi Ajia Bunka kenkyû sentâ bukkyô bijutsu chôsa senmon iinkai ûl
ZXuMTitriCfttitgLty*- iA&Wfàm&W^W>m.£. 1973. Bukkyô
bijutsu bunken mokuroku iL^LW^^CM.^^. Tôkyô: Chûô kôron bijutsu shuppan
Lists 4083 publications about Buddhist art that appeared in Japan between 1960 and
1969. Includes a useful list (pp. 255-281) of periodicals that include such articles and
an index to authors' names.

• Yanagida, Seizan #PBÛl. 1967. Shoki zenshu shisho no kenkyU

Qffî%. Kyoto: Hôzôkan fèjiêt.
This work, described by John McRae in this issue of the Cahiers, is not a reference
work, but it can almost function as such for early Chan since it includes a set of six
indices that are exemplary in conception and content (personal names including
buddhas and bodihsattvas, place and temple names, themes, expressions, and book
titles). Pp. 49-50 and 51-53 contain lists of Chan-related materials in the Quantangwen
^r/S^C and such Dunhuang materials. Indispensable.
• Yanagida, Seizan fPffl^[il. 1974. "Zenseki kaidai" WWMM. In: Nishitani, Keiji
W&Wé and Yanagida, Seizan fPHMUi, eds.: Zenke goroku W^MU vol. 2,
445-514. Tôkyô: Chikuma Shobô ^M^B.
While there are longer lists of Zen literature from different traditions (such as that in
the third volume of Zengaku daijiten ##^cïSA, p. 147 ff., and Komazawa
University's excellent Shinsan zenseki mokuroku HfH^^@^ of 1962), Yanagida's
list is annotated. Apart from materials, text collections containing Zen texts, Dunhuang
Zen materials, etc., it lists Chinese and some Korean Zen texts by Chinese dynastic
periods. Authors, editors, etc., of texts are mentioned, and a brief textual history with
remarks about different versions, etc., is given for each text. Though in need of some
revision and augmentation (particularly with regard to Dunhuang and Korean
materials), this list is of singular quality. An electronic version of this list is being
planned at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
• Yoshinaga, Utarô ^*5Pi:âP. 1942. Ôbaku sôsho JfUil^. Kyoto: Obaku
shùmu hon'in HH^H^K.
List of Obaku materials, mostly biographical materials, and works by Obaku monks.
•Yuan Bin %M.. 1991. Zhongguo chanzong yulu daguan ^pMM^Mî^M.
Nanchang: Baihuashu wenyi chubanshe lïTbMJtlStiiJiStt.
Though this book lists about 400 Chan masters and gives some brief excerpts from their
records, I hesitate to include it in this list despite its grand title. For biographical
information, one better turns to the Zengaku daijiten; in the present book, well-known
biographical anecdotes (mostly from the Jingde chuandenglu MWMfêtfëk or Wudeng
huiyuan 3l!lË#7c) are simply repeated. The Chan records are not described but quoted
in small translated sound-bites (mostly from the Taishô or Zokuzckyô).
• Zenbunka kenkyûjo W3C.ikffî%ïft. 1965. Mujaku Dôchû zenji senjutsu shomoku
i&WMfcWffîWûÈM'à (2 mimeographed vols). Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo ffîjc
4kffi%PJT, 1965.
The two slim volumes have long been out of print but are still the most important and
complete catalogues of Mujaku's works. The first volume lists all works from
Mujaku's hand that are found in the library of his subtemple (the Ryugein H^^) in
Kyoto's Myôshinji #P>b^ temple complex. The second volume provides a list of all
works found in the Hokuen bunko (itfiiJcW- ) in the Shunkôin #t^^ subtemple of
Myôshinji ^jOtF. An appendix lists all works that are not in the Ryûgein but are
mentioned in Myotaku's W^- Mujaku oshô jisen shomoku MMftifêlÊMI^Ë (see
below) and are stored at other locations. This catalogue contains microfilm numbers

372 Urs App
and additional information not included in the more recent reprint of Iida's book (1986)
by the same institute.
Zenbunka kenkyûjo W%VcM%ffs. 1988. "Iriya Yoshitaka kyôju ryakunenpu •
hennen chosaku mokuroku X^^m^Wfe^^ • MîtUB" Zenbunka
kenkyûjo kiyoWXim%MlW: 15: 3-24.
Zengaku kenkyû W¥tf\%. 1982. "Ôbakushû kankei zasshi ronbun mokuroku."
Zengaku kenkyû #^#f&61: 10-12.
A simple and short but helpful list of Japanese journal publications on the Ôbaku-Zen
tradition; mentions articles from 1895 until 1979.
Zengaku kenkyû W¥ffli%. Yearly. "Zengaku kankei zasshi ronbun mokuroku W
mmmUmX&Ur Zengaku kenkyû W¥ffl3l.
Useful periodical listings of (mainly but not exclusively) Japanese journal publications.
The rubrics are "thought," "China," "Japan," "Korea," "Miscellaneous," and "Book
reviews." Articles are listed with journal name, number, and month but unfortunately
without page numbers.
Zhongguo fojiaohui wenxian weiyuanhui bianjibu tf*
HP. 1975. Zhongguo minguo liushinian lai fojiao lunwen rnulu
. Taipei: Zhongguo fojiaohui wenxian weiyuanhui
Lists Taiwanese publications on Buddhism from 1971 to 1975.

• Xinwenfeng bianshenbu 0f;£il$ifEf qP. 1977. Xuzangjing zongmulu mulu suoyin
MMBktBBBBM3\. Taipei: Xinwenfeng chuban ffAllrtJJK.
This is a list of all text titles contained in the 150-volume Manji zokuzôkyô collection.
There are two parts: one list gives the titles by the number of strokes in their first
character, the second by their sequence of appearance in the 150 volumes.
III. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS
1 . Zen Dictionaries in Western Languages

Diener, Michael S. (pseud.). 1992. Das Lexikon des Zen. Edited by Stephan
Schuhmacher and Gert Woerner. Miinchen: Otto Wilhelm Barth Verlag.
This lexicon forms part of a miracle of the loaves and fishes in the realm of
dictionaries. At the origin stands the Lexikon der o'stlichen Weisheitslehren (Fischer-
Schreiber et al., 1986), which featured entries marked with "B" for Buddhism, "H" for
Hinduism, "T" for Daoism, and "Z" for Zen. That lexicon was translated into English
(published by Rider as well as Shambhala) and into French (published by Laffont). In
1991, Shambhala left out the "T" and "H" entries and published the result as
Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen (Fischer-Schreiber et al., 1991). In 1992, the original
Chan Dictionaries (Western)

German publisher went on to publish the "B" entries (Lexikon des Buddhismus.
Mûnchen: O.W. Barth Verlag, 1992) and the "Z" entries (the present lexicon) as
separate books. The useful and detailed descriptions in fine print that followed the basic
entries in the original Lexikon der o'stlichen Weisheitslehren were regrettably omitted
in this work, but the bibliography was brought up to date by Stephan Schuhmacher, one
of the original editors. See under Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991) for an evaluation of the
scope and quality of the entries marked "Zen."
Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid (Buddhism); Ehrhard, Franz-Karl (Tibetan Buddhism);
Diener, Michael S. (Zen); Friedrichs, Kurt (Hinduism); Schuhmacher, Stephan
and Gert Woerner (eds). 1986. Lexikon der o'stlichen Weisheitslehren.
Munchen/Bern: Scherz Verlag.
This is the original encyclopedia. See Diener (1992) for the history of this encyclopedia and
Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991) for an evaluation of the entries marked "Zen."
. 1989a. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion:
Buddhism. Taoism, Zen, Hinduism. Boston: Shambhala.
English translation of the Lexikon der ôstlichen Weisheitslehren by Fischer-Schreiber
et al. (1986). See Diener (1992) for the history of this encyclopedia, and Fischer-
Schreiber et al. (1991) for an evaluation of the entries marked "Zen."
. 1989b. Rider Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion:
Buddhism. Taoism, Zen, Hinduism. London: Rider.
Identical except for the title to Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1989a).
. 1989c. Dictionnaire de la sagesse orientale. Paris: Robert Laffont.
French translation of Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1986). See Diener (1992) for the history
of this encyclopedia and Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991) for an evaluation of the entries
marked "Zen."
Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid (Buddhism); Ehrhard, Franz-Karl (Tibetan Buddhism);

Diener, Michael S. (Zen). 1991. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and
Zen. Boston: Shambhala.
Réédition of parts of the encyclopedia by Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1989a); all entries
marked "T" (Daoism) and "H" (Hinduism) were omitted. See Diener (1992) for the
history of this encyclopedia.
The entries marked "Z" (Zen)— and these are the only ones discussed here —include
about 135 general Buddhist terms, about 300 specifically Zen terms, a dozen general
Japanese terms (such as "haiku" and "Shinto"), information about 16 Buddhas and
bodhisattvas, 24 Indian Zen patriarchs, 140 Chinese Chan masters, 35 Japanese Zen
masters, one Korean Son master, 13 Chan texts, 20 Japanese Zen texts, and some
surras and place names. The focus of this dictionary lies on present-day Japanese Zen
practice, kôan collections, and figures appearing in them. Korean Son is practically
ignored, and information on texts and other items of interest to students and scholars is
very sparse. The author's conscious effort to discuss terms that a Western novice will
encounter in a Zen monastic environment makes it much more useful in this respect
than Inagaki's (1991) and Yokoi's (1991) works. The author seems just to describe

374 Urs App
what he is familiar with, and he does so in a very engaged fashion. Unfortunately, this
does not quite add up to a "dictionary," but practitioners will find it quite useful. Many
cross references, but antiquated Wade-Giles transcriptions for Chinese. The
bibliography is a careless rehash of the original German one; it contains many German
titles, even if they were originally published in English.
• Hcrrigcl, Gustic. Sôtô Wo'rterbuch.
This work by the wife of Eugen Herrigel is listed (without further information) on p. 14
(at the very back) of the 1964 supplement to Komazawa University's Shinsan zenseki
mokuroku $f Hff & @ ft.
• Hori, Sôgen. Work in progress. Annotated English translation of the Zemin
kushû Wfo^%.
The author has spent long years in Japanese Zen monasteries and aims at conveying not
only the sources of these sayings but also their usage in modern Zen training. This may
finally become an alternative to Shigematsu's "translation" (1981).
• Inagaki, Hisao MM^KM. 1991. A Glossary of Zen Terms. Kyoto: Nagata
Bunshôdô |(HiIi
This dictionary is produced much on the lines of Inagaki's earlier Dictionary of
Japanese Buddhist Terms (Kyoto: Nagata Bunshôdô, 1988 [third ed. with supplement]).
Includes seven appendices. Unfortunately, this glossary does not include a character-
based index and thus favors users with a good grasp of Japanese readings of Chinese
terms (kanburi). It was compiled by choosing names and terms from a narrow set of
sources (essentially a few selected records of Chinese Zen masters, the five major kôan
collections, and Dôgen's Shôbôgenzô). Coverage of Zen terms is thus very much
dependent on their occurrence in these texts. As a consequence of this compilation
method, even very common terms such as sesshin ëc>i> or rôhatsu I1&A or zazen %W-
are not included in this work. The approximately 5,000 entries of this glossary are not
well chosen, and the quality of the entries is uneven. The information that one does find
in this dictionary is generally reliable. An electronic index to this work is being
prepared at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
• Kodansha International. 1983. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (nine volumes).
Tokyo: Kodansha International.
Includes a good number of entries on Zen, some of which also touch on Chan written
by Western authorities such as Philip Yampolsky and Martin Collcutt.
• Rice, Edward E. 1980. Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of
the Orient, with Terms from Hinduism, Sufism, Buddhism, Islam, Zen, Tao, the
Sikhs. Garden City N.Y.: Anchor Books.
• Shigematsu, Sôiku. 1981. A Zen Forest.: Sayings of the Masters. New
York/Tôkyô: Weatherhill.
This is supposedly a translation of the Zenrin kushii WWî% collection of sayings
and poetry lines. Many have deplored the almost total absence of annotation and
the questionable quality not only of the English but also of the translation itself by
an author who appears to lack knowledge of classical Chinese. See Hori (work in

progress) for an attempt at something better. In Japanese, Iriya and Sanae (work in
progress) will soon publish an authoritative annotated translation. Shigematsu has also
published a translation of the Japanese haiku, dodoitsu and waka poems contained in
the Zenrin segoshû ##t&apH under the title A Zen Harvest (San Francisco: North
Point Press, 1988).
Velte, Herbert. 1985. Budo-Weisheiten und kleines Zen-Lexikon. Bad Homburg:
Velte.
Wood, Ernest. 1957. Zen Dictionary. Harmondsworth/New York: Penguin.
Though out of date in much of its historical information, this slim (127 pp.) volume is
surprisingly informative in some matters. The author, who spent much of his life in
India and died in 1965, was much influenced by D.T. Suzuki's translations and analyses
and R.H. Blyth's works. Some of Wood's discussions of Zen masters, their teaching,
and certain terms are worth reading (for example, one full page each about karma,
prajfiâ, and seer-seen). However, the narrow coverage, inconsistent spellings
(sometimes Japanese, sometimes Chinese, sometimes Sanskrit), and a general
unevenness make this book hardly useful as a dictionary.
Yokoi, YDhô f§#£lÉ^. 1991. The Japanese-English Zen Buddhist Dictionary B
3£*f ISfftll. Tôkyô: Sankibô Buddhist Bookstore.
The approximately 10,000 entries of this work contain a mixed bag of names of famous
masters, titles of Zen texts, kôans, Zen terms, place names, objects used in Zen
monasteries, functions of monks, Chinese particles, etc. Though the author used Fukami
Yôgen's Zenshû jiten (see below) and the Zengaku daijiten (see below) as his main
sources, many famous terms, texts, and persons are not included here. Numerous wrong
spellings, cryptic or wrong references, and strange English further diminish the value of
this work. Many references to source texts are nowhere explained. Includes indices of
Chinese characters arranged by stroke number, Sanskrit terms, and a Wade-style index to
some Chinese person, place, and text names. An electronic index to this work is being
prepared at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
2. Zen Dictionaries in Japanese and Chinese
Aizawa, Ekai ffl#S$S. 1907. Zengaku yôkan #^Hi8t. Tôkyô: Segawa shobô M
Contains a long section (pp. 1-350) on specific Chan/Zen terms and colloquialisms that
appear in Chan literature. This section is arranged according to the Japanese syllabary
(aiueo) with pre-war conventions (thus modern kôdô 3£!sÊ is listed under kaudau).
Finding entries is greatly facilitated by using Shinohara's Zengo kaisetsujiten sakuin
(1959). Relies heavily on Mujaku Dôchû's much more extensive Zenrin shôkisen (see
below) and Kattô gosen (see below) and often quotes Muan's Zuting shiyuan (see
below). Does not contain much information that cannot be found, with more precise
references to sources, in Zengaku daijiten (see below). An electronic index to this work
is being prepared at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

376 Urs App
Akaji Munesada %<$&?£ g.. 1918. Zengo

Comments on sixty Zen expressions associated with the tea ceremony.
Fukui, Masao j®#jE8E. 1977. Bukkyô girei jiten \k$.W3U&$k. Tôkyô: Tôkyôdô
shuppan MtH
Genkyô Zenji îzBftffî. 1908. Zengaku zokugokai. Mî'ÔMM. Tôkyô: Kaiunji
;MM^. More recently published as part of the following work: Zenbunka
kenkyûjo W~Xi\M%ïft. 1991. Zengo jisho ruiju fu sakuin. ft? MffîMMM tt^3l.
Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo ffîjtlb${%pft.
The first part of this book contains two lectures and a commentary by the author who spent
more than twenty years in America, Europe, India, and China. The second part (fëlafê?) is a
dictionary of 771 vernacular expressions found in Chan texts. The arrangement follows the
number of characters in the expressions (two to six). This is one of the five books indexed by
Shinohara (1959). Usually the author's translation or explanation of an expression is given,
sometimes together with a critical appraisal of earlier views. References to works of fiction
(such as the Shuihuzhuan 2K?iW and the Xiyuji SjSbB) are quite frequent. The places where
the given expressions originated and where they were used in Chan literature often go
unmentioned, in spite of the impressive list of 135 Buddhist (mostly Chan) and 13 secular
texts that opens the second part of this work. Partly based on Keishû Dôrin liîiHiiËf^'s
Shoroku zokugokai Wi%fri$îaM. This is one of the five works indexed in Shinohara's Zengo
kaisetsu jiten sakuin # MfâWftl&M'ïï (1959). The Zenbunka edition features a combined
on'yomi index to this and several other similar works (see below in the section on indices and
concordances).
• Iida, Rigyô igBWfî. 1975. Zenrin meiku jiten ifW£*0i£*. Tôkyô: Kokusho
kankôkai HOTJÏTé.
Collection of famous phrases of Chinese and Japanese Zen masters, arranged by rhyme
and number of characters, with an index following the Japanese pronunciation.
Concentrates on phrases used in the Japanese Sôtô tradition. Often mentions neither the
first nor early occurrences of these phrases but rather refers to later Chinese kôan
collections, reference works, Japanese sources (especially Dôgen) and occasionally even to
modern writers (Natsume Sôseki). The given interpretations reflect the meaning these
phrases have in the Japanese Zen (especially Sôtô) tradition today.
• Iriya, Yoshitaka A^îS, and Koga, Hidehiko £M%B. 1991. Zengo jiten WM
S¥H. Kyoto: Shibunkaku Jg;£H.
With 5,155 entries, far from being all-encompassing, this work includes a wealth of Zen
terms and expressions, defines them concisely, and supplies one (and sometimes several)
examples of usage. The whole manuscript was thoroughly supplemented and corrected
in several passes over a number of years by Prof. Iriya, who figures as the supervisor of
this dictionary. Entries, particularly on colloquial terms, grammatical particles, etc., are
far more detailed and reliable than those in other dictionaries. In spite of its overall
quality and scope, one would wish that the references to source texts were more precise.
An undisguised bias toward Chinese Zen terms and texts and a failure to comment on
even very important differences in usage and meaning in Japan or Korea make this
dictionary more limited in scope than its title suggests (unless one simply reads it in

Reference Works for Chan Research 7>11
Chinese as "Chanyu cidian"). Indispensable for students and researchers. An electronic index
to this work is being prepared at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
Iriya, Yoshitaka À^Hïfiï, and Sanae, Kensei ¥-bII^. Work in progress. Zenrin
kushu W^^M.
The Zenrin kushu collection has great importance not only in present-day Zen training
but also in Zen calligraphy, etc. This work promises not only to explain the meaning of
the often puzzling verses but also to trace them to their original context.
Jinbô, Nyoten ffîUïn^., and Andô, Bun'ei %.WX&. [1944] 1958. Zengakujiten
W¥?ft$:. Tôkyô: Nakayama shobô ^[ilitM.
This dictionary has about 20,000 entries arranged by Japanese pronunciation and
includes a stroke-count index. The items include titles of books (Chan and Zen texts,
monastic codes, verse-collections, biographies of monks, etc.), place-names (including
famous places in India, China, and Japan), names of famous temples, Zen monastic
precepts, names of persons, expressions, kung-an, etc. The breadth of included items
necessitated rather concise treatment; the more recent Zengaku daijiten (1977) and
Iriya/Koga's Zengo jiten (1991) are usually preferable because of their broader
coverage and more detailed information.
Kajitani, Sônin M#^>S. 1982. Shûmon kattôshû ^FlMW^k. Kyoto: Hôzôkan
mm.
Explains some often-used phrases which usually stem from koans used in the Rinzai
tradition. The Zengaku daijiten is much more comprehensive in this respect.
Keishû Dôrin H#H?Ifi%. 1961. "Shoroku zokugokai MUfàMffî" Hatano, Tard fâ.
#0>kâP, ed. Journal of the Yokohama Municipal University tët^rtï^ï^^fàliê
Series A-22, no. 123. More recently published as part of the following work:
Zenbunka kenkyOjo WJC'ikffii&pfT. 1991. Zengo jisho ruiju fii sakuin. If |p|^#^
%k #ffê6l. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo WX4t$t%Pft.
This book, written by a mid-Edo author, takes up Zen and vernacular expressions that
appear in a number of Chan texts (such as the records of Yuanwu, the letters of Dahui,
etc.) Though devised as a commentary that deals with expressions in the order of their
occurrence in these texts, this book can now be used as a dictionary thanks to Hatano's
Pinyin and stroke-count indices. At times only a short, old-style Japanese translation is
given; at other times, older explanations and examples from Chan literature are quoted
(and occasionally commented upon). The photo-reproduced handwriting is rather
difficult to decipher, especially in the second of the two chapters (even more so in the
low-contrast Zenbunka edition). Manuscript versions also exist in the Komazawa
University library and in the Matsugaoka bunko in Kamakura. The Zenbunka edition
features a combined on'yomi index to this and several other similar works (see below
in the section on indices and concordances).
Koga, Hidehiko ~£\%MM. 1985. "Zengoroku o yomu tame no kihon goi shokô W-
MU ZMtJ tzibom^m^WM." Zengaku kenkyU 64: 1 3 1 - 1 70.
This and the following article (Koga 1987) are draft versions of the manuscript that
later was much enlarged and improved in Iriya/Koga's Zengo jiten W-M&fâ:. Once

378 Urs App
much used by students and researchers alike, they are thus superseded by the dictionary.
• Koga, Hidehiko ~&%'&M. 1987. "Zengoroku o yomu tame no kihon goi (zoku)
mB*MVtztb<DM%iMM (tit)." Zengaku kenkyû 66: 35-69.
Part II of Koga's 1985 article.
• Komazawa daigaku nai Zengaku daijiten hensansho ^
pft. 1977. Zengaku daijiten m&Xfftft. Tôkyô: Taishûkan shoten
In spite of various shortcomings, this dictionary is the most comprehensive to date. In
addition to many illustrations and photographs, it contains a good number of maps,
historical tables, and the like; all of this makes it indispensable. Some of its weak points are
the scant coverage of Zen outside China and Japan, a rather heavy Sôtô bias, and a spotty
and unreliable treatment of Zen terminology. Such terminology is often seen and judged
exclusively through the writings of the Japanese monk Dôgen— whose creativity did not
stop short of redefinitions of traditional concepts. This dictionary is thus a standard source
to be consulted for information about most aspects of Chinese and Japanese Zen; for
Chinese Zen terms and expressions, however, one better relies on Iriya and Koga's
dictionary (see above). An electronic index to this work is being prepared at the
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
Masunaga, Reihô iH^KilM, and Furuta, Shôkin SHlS^. 1957. Zengo shôjiten
#g§/J\3$ft. Special volume of Gendaizen kôza MRWMM B'J#. Tokyo:
Kadokawa shoten ^JI|#JÊ.
Of little more than historical interest after Iriya/Koga's 1991 dictionary.
Matsuo, Yoshiki I&M^^. Forthcoming. Tonkô henbunshù goi sakuin WMM.'X
This index will purportedly include not only references to all occurrences of a term in
the collection of bianwen but also cite many specific examples and provide a modern
Japanese translation of its meaning, which is why I included it here rather than in the
index section.
• Ming, Fu BJfél. Zhongguo foxue renming cidian tfiMffiÂ&fâ^. Taipei:
Fangzhou chubanshe ^f^rttiJStfl.
• Mujaku DôchO ffi^jËJÊ. 1979. Zemin shôkisen #$fcii^. Kyoto: Chubun
shuppansha ^XfiiJiStt. (Volume 9 _h of the Zengaku sôsho iffîSit, edited by
Yanagida Seizan fPHMlij).
Older edition: Zenrin shôkisen. Kyoto: Seishin shobô tfàisWtM, 1963.
The 1963 printed edition includes kana and Chinese character indices; the 1979 edition is a
photo-reproduction of the Myôshinji's pp/b^f original manuscripts and does not contain any
index. A four-comer index of the 1963 edition forms part of Shinohara's index (1959).
Mujaku wrote the preface to this outstanding encyclopedia in 1742 at age 88. This
book explains a great number of terms related to the Chan/Zen temple (architecture,
organizational structure, utensils, etc.) and monastic life (functions, rules, daily life,
ceremonies, calendar, monastic conventions, etc.). The information is drawn from a
wealth of sources: Dôchû lists 488 titles from the Buddhist tradition and 286 titles of

Chinese historical, philosophical, and artistic writings. Dôchû's meticulous analyses and
interpretations are the outcome of a well-documented inductive process; they are
written in classical Chinese with some aids for kanbun readers and pertain to the nature,
origin, history, and function of the various objects, roles, and actions that figure in this
monument of scholarship. An electronic index to this work is being prepared at the
• Mujaku Dôchû UWMfc. 1979. Kattô gosen MWM1&. Kyoto: Chubun
shuppansha ^Xl^Mt. (pp. 868-1 100 of volume 9 T of the Zengaku sôsho MQ
W.W edited by Yanagida Seizan flfflUlil).
Older edition: Kattô gosen MWM1&. Tokyo: Komazawa University's Compiling
Office of the Zen Dictionary, 1959.
Recent edition with index: Zenbunka kenkyujo WJCfaffi^pft. 1992. Zengo jisho
ruiju (ni). m$^mmm (-) . Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo W-3Cltm$LPft.
The 1959 printed edition includes stroke-count, Wade, and four-corner indices;
Shinohara [1959] indexed the same edition. The 1979 edition is a photographic
reproduction of the original manuscript, as is the 1992 edition which includes a
combined index to vols. 1 & 2 of the Zengo jisho ruiju. In contrast to other Zenbunka
indices, this one includes a radical, stroke count, and pinyin lookup table.
This dictionary of difficult words and expressions found in Chan literature is a
complement to Dôchû's Zenrin shôkisen. Dôchû provides one or several good examples
for each entry and adds, when necessary, his interpretation. Quite often, he corrects
explanations of earlier commentators. An indispensable reading aid from the hand of the
86-year-old Dôchû (manuscript completed in 1739). An electronic index to this work is
being prepared at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
• Mujaku Dôchû ffî^Mfi». Shitsurien I^Hâ. Unpublished manuscript (prefaced in
1738) found in the Hokuen bunko AKfàXW- of the Zenbunka kenkyûjo WXiWt
%fft on the campus of Hanazono College TEH^:^, Kyoto.
A reference work that lists (and sometimes quotes) occurrences of certain terms and
expressions (mostly between two and five characters long) found in Chan literature.
These terms are listed under twenty headings ("schools [of Chan]," "Chan sickness,"
"enlightenment," etc.). Though far from exhaustive in its listing of occurrences of the
items, this book is a valuable aid for the reader of Chan texts who seeks to establish
meanings in Dôchû's inductive manner. Copies of a handwritten index (following
Japanese pronunciation) prepared by Mr. Nishiguchi Yoshio in 1983 are privately
circulated. An electronic index to this work is being prepared at the International
Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
•Mujaku Dôchù M^Mfc. Zenseki jirui ffipii^^C. Unpublished manuscript
without date found in the Bungakubu X^nP library of Kyoto University and in
the Hokuen bunko RMJCM of the Zenbunka kenkyujo W3C4tffi3lPÏT, Kyoto.
This reference work quotes sentences from the whole range of Chan literature that
contain certain words or pertain to certain concepts. These words and concepts are
divided in three categories (facts/conditions/living beings ti, objects §§, and numbers
W,). The chapter on numbers has subdivisions corresponding to numbers in which

380 Urs App
quotations for "the three kinds of heresies" or "the seven steps," etc., can be found. The
three chapters on objects feature subcategories such as "money," "drinks," "oil," "flute,"
"bridge," "mirror," etc. The five chapters on facts/conditions/living beings list occurrences
of terms that fall under the subcategories of, for example, "head monk," "heresy," "robber,"
"tiger," "dream," "ordination," "doubt," and the like. This work is helpful for establishing
the Chan context and significance of a great number of terms.
Mujaku Dôchû ffîWMfo. Zemin kushû benmyô SPfl^H^ffi. Kyoto: Chûbun
shuppansha tWtfJJKtt, 1979. (pp. 1100-1221 of volume 9 T of the Zengaku
sôsho M^WtUt edited by Yanagida Seizan $P H M ill). Recently republished as
part of the following work: Zenbunka kenkyûjo W-JCitffi^Pft. 1991. Zengojisho
ruiju fu sakuin. #mS^#M^f>f^5l. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo W~Xttffi%$ft.
A collection of three- to sixteen-character phrases that originate from a variety of
sources (Chinese classics, poems, Buddhist sutras, Chan records, etc.) and are used in
the Chan/Zen tradition. This work is much shorter than other collections of the kind
(just 786 phrases), but its quality is remarkable. Dôchu often lists more than five, and
sometimes more than ten, places where one finds an expression (inside and outside the
Chan literature), and when necessary he adds others' and/or his own commentary
pertaining to its meaning(s). This stands in marked contrast to other current Zen phrase
collections and to works such as the Zengaku daijiten that usually flatly state one or
more meanings of an expression and then either give a reference to the text where it
first occurred or provide just one example of its use in the Chan context. The Zenbunka
edition contains only an on'yomi index, but the second volume of the same series (see
under Mujaku Dôchû's Kattô gosen) features a more convenient index to both volumes.
An electronic index to this work is being prepared at the International Research
Institute for Zen Buddhism.
• Mujaku Dôchû MWM&. Zenrin hôgo iji? #7ÈHa. Handwritten manuscript,
prefaced by the author in 1708. Found in the Bungakubu X^pfl library of Kyoto
University, and on microfilm (nos. 11-61 and 12-61) in the library of the
Zenbunka kenkyûjo W%4fcffî$lfîï, Kyoto.
This small book contains, according to Dôchû's preface written in 1 708, 330 expressions
that any Zen master ought to know and cannot avoid using. These expressions are listed
according to the number of characters they consist of (one to five), and a concise
explanation of the meaning is provided. In some cases the source of the expression is noted
and a quotation is given. This is but one example of Dôchû's smaller works in dictionary
form; others are listed in the Zenbunka kenkyûjo's list.
• Mujaku Dôchû M^Mti*. Zenroku yôgo J&MfâM. Handwritten manuscript, n.d.,
Hokuen bunko JbÊ^C* of the Zenbunka kenkyûjo WXit^%fft, Kyoto.
A slim notebook which points to places in the Chan literature where certain prefixes,
suffixes, and other particles are found. Taken up here are for example ~M, ~£P, ~H, ~
ëL, ~ife, M~, etc. Competent explanations and translations as well as further examples
can be found, for example, in Iriya/Koga (1991) or Ota (1983). Other works by Dôchû
(such as Joshikaku fiôiëlfê- and Joji hin'i SÙônlt) provide examples for particles that
are drawn from a broader literature which includes the Lunyu train, Zhuangzi
Wenxuan ~%M, Mengzi ]£?, etc.

Mujaku Dôchû fà^jtJÈ. Chokushû Hyakujô shingi sakei

Kyoto: Chûbun shuppansha ^XtfilKtt, 1979. (Volume 8 ± and part [pp. 623-
1042] of volume 8 T of the Zengaku sôsho fll^ïHt collection edited by
Yanagida Seizan #P H Hill).
This major work of Mujaku is a detailed commentary to terms occurring in the
monastic rules that are attributed to Baizhang. The level of detail and competence
makes this an indispensable research aid. No index has yet been published, but the
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism plans to publish an electronic
version of the Baizhang code with tags for terms discussed by Mujaku.
Mujaku Dôchû MWMfc. Daie zenji sho kôrôshu jzMMffîWrfë'&Bk. Unpublished.
Manuscript found at the Bungakubu X^pft library of Kyoto University (copy
available at the Zenbunka kenkyûjo).
Very detailed explanations of terms occurring in the Letters of Dahui. Since these
letters contain a wealth of expressions and quotes, Mujaku's comments are a veritable
storehouse of reliable information on Chan vocabulary. An electronic version of
Dahui's letters with tags for terms commented by Mujaku is being prepared at the
•Mujaku Dôchû MMMï&. Ninden ganmoku shundôkai
Unpublished manuscript found in the libraries of Kyoto University and Ryûkoku
University in Kyoto.
As usual, Mujaku comments on almost every term of this short and popular Chan text
(Taishô vol. 48, no. 2006). An electronic version of this text with tags for terms commented
by Mujaku is in preparation at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
• Mujaku Dôchu *S^MiË. 1991. Goke shôshûsan joketsu £££E*?£SOflE (2 vols,
with index). Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo WXi\M%ff\.
A reproduction of Mujaku Dôchû's detailed handwritten Chinese comments on the
Wujia zhengzongcan, one of the standard compendia on traditional Chan teaching
arranged according to the "five houses" 2l^. The Zokuzôkyô text is cut and pasted at
the head of each section, but without indication of the original volume, page, and line
numbers. The index at the end of volume 2 is arranged according to the on'yomi
reading used at the Zenbunka research institute. A table of contents (radicals) makes
this work accessible to readers unfamiliar with this sometimes quite peculiar traditional
way of reading. This index refers to the lookup words supplied by Mujaku as well as to
some important terms inside Mujaku's commentary. Each user will have to number the
Zokuzôkyô text by him- or herself to facilitate access and quoting. See also the same
institute's 1991 index to the text ( Wujia zhengzongzan SîE^S) itself.
• Muan Shanqing HJÉÊft®. Zuting shiyuan fàMMIni (Dainihon zokuzôkyô jzB#
vol. 113).
Muan's work consists of explanations of difficult terms from a number of Chan texts.
For example, the first fascicle deals with terms from a lost edition of the Records of
Yunmen. Explanations are often not entirely trustworthy, but the age of these
comments (it was first published in 1908) and the variety of materials commented upon and

382 Urs App
referred to make this a valuable source of information. This is one of the five works
indexed in Shinohara's Zengo kaisetsu jiten sakuin iWan$?l£S$ftê/l (1959).
• Nakagawa, Sôsuke ^JUtfclft. 1935 (8th edition 1981). Zengo jiiUft M¥&. Tokyo:
Hakurinsha shoten fEWiH^, 1935 .
This dictionary lists Chan and Zen phrases in the order of their total number of Chinese
characters (1 to 20). An index also allows finding phrases by the traditional Zen
pronunciation of its first character. This is a Zenrin kushu W^H-type reference work
which provides a good survey of the meanings such phrases had in the Japanese Zen
tradition. It is often worth consulting, though Iriya/Koga (1991), which reflects post-war
Chan scholarship rather than Japanese Zen tradition, is in another league.
• Nakajima, Kôshô tf'lofê^. 1993. Bokujô hikkei zen no goroku Mt%
U. Tôkyô: Shogeikai #S#.
A repertory of Chan phrases found in calligraphy. This book is intended for students of
calligraphy rather than scholars. Its main body consists of phrases culled from two
major koan collections (the Wumenguan/ Mumonkan Mffiffli and the basic text for the
Biyanlul Hekiganroku fljtël^, the Xuetou songgu HSsSïï). Additionally, there are
miscellaneous phrases from the Records ofLinji BË^f® and the Zenrin kushu Pfl^H.
Information on sources of sayings is practically absent, and explanations are geared to
amateur calligraphers. Pages 412-590 consist of indices; but one will find more
information by simply consulting an edition of the Zenrin kushu ##^^1 and the
indices to vols. 1 5 and 1 8 of the Zen no goroku series (Chikuma shobô W$-^W) and to
Yanagida's Linjilu ËëS^ translation..
• Ransuishi fâvfc?. 1694. Goroku jigi MU^B.
The preface by Ransuishi flmDfc^ was written in July of 1671. This dictionary (which is
also called Goroku shinan Ip^Jh^) explains words and compounds (from one to five
characters) that are encountered in Chan records. Arranged according to length of
phrase.
• Rusu, Yûshin ^WfH. 1958. Zôho goroku yakugi (zen) i^mMBsR^ (£) .
Fukuoka: Kôhan tosho shuppansha JLHSS^tHliStt.
• Sahashi, Hôryû fëfjf fêH, Zengo shôjiten WM'^3&. Tôkyô: Shunjûsha ##tf±,
1978.
The author writes in the preface that this dictionary was written for beginners wanting
to study Zen and that therefore examples were chosen mainly from famous Chan and
Zen texts such as the Record of Linji, Dôgen's Shôbôgenzô, the Wumenguan
(Mumonkan), etc. The explanations of over 2000 terms are thoroughly in the tradition
of Japanese Zen, and most examples stem from the most popular kôan collections. For
the meaning of such terms in the Chan tradition, Iriya/Koga is much superior. However,
this pocket dictionary also includes about 500 short biographies of ancient and modern
masters (famous Chinese masters and many Japanese) and very brief descriptions of 50
Chan and 39 Zen texts plus the obligatory lineage charts.
• Shanjun Hfô, Zhijing H?^, Daotai M^z et al. 1307. Chanlin leiju
Dainihon zokuzôkyô ^ B &1&MM. vol. 1 1 7 (old ed. 2-22).

Shibano, Kyôdô SggpS^. 1980. Zenroku kan'yôgo zokugo yôten WÎ&

HUJfc. Kyoto: Shibunkaku SX 15.
A slim volume with a random choice of expressions picked from 16 different Chan
texts. No example phrases are provided, only the expression and the author's guess at
its meaning. Iriya/Koga (1991), which was published by the same house, is three times
more expensive but a thousand times better.
• Shibayama Zenkei ^\U±M. 1972. Teihon zenrin kushu fe^&U^jM. Kyoto:
KichDdô ^<4^.
This is a standard phrasebook hidden in the sleeve of many a Zen monk. Though it
contains over 2700 phrases, this represents Shibayama rôshi's selection from a larger
collection. The phrases are commonly used as answers and "capping phrases" HIp
during kôan training at Japanese monasteries. Master Shibayama's pithy comments and
explanations elevated this collection to the status of a classic.
• Yamada, Kôdô Ojffl#jË. [1915] 1975. Zenshû jiten iff^H. Tôkyô: Kôyûkan
3fcSftÊ&. Tôkyô: Kokusho kankôkai H^fijfîè.
This dictionary includes entries on Chan/Zen expressions, Buddhist expressions used in
the Zen tradition, stories, colloquialisms, ceremonies, monks, temples, texts, place
names, etc. It is equipped with a stroke count index to the first character of the entries.
The reading of entries in the body of the dictionary follows pre-war conventions. Since
the appearance of Komazawa University's Zengaku daijiten, this dictionary holds little
more than historical interest.
• Yuan Bin HI5, Chanzong zhuzuo ciyu huishi. #zj?HfË§Bl§nBIf?. Shanghai:
Jiangsu guji chubanshe ffiBWIftfJJKft, 1990.
A useful little (and brittle) softcover book that documents the progress made in modern
Chinese Chan studies. Only 2000 copies were produced in the first printing, so it may not be
easy to get. It is printed in simplified characters. About 250 expressions used in Chan texts are
discussed; usually one or more meanings are briefly defined, and these meanings are then
substantiated by a wealth of quotations from a good choice of Chan literature and some
additional materials such as Zhuxi's Records. The main strength of this book may lie in the
well-chosen examples rather than the definitions; some of the latter (for example, those of ^H
on p. 25, of ?# on p. 55, or of % M on p. 249) are questionable.
• Zenbunka kenkyûjo. 1991. Teihon zenrin kushu sakuin
Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyujô W3c4\ffl%fîx.
See the description of this work in section IV below.
3. Some Other Works Useful for Chan Studies
Gao, Wenda i^XM. 1991. Jindai hanyu cidian fâfàMMM$&. Beijing: Zhishi
chubanshe fcHBtfiJRtt.
The 13,000 expressions featured in this dictionary stem mostly from vernacular
literature from the end of the Tang to the Qing period. It describes many expressions
Other Useful Works

384 Urs App
used in particular regions and proverbs or standing expressions that are usually not included in
dictionaries. Genres of literature that the compilers drew from include Chan records, Dunhuang
bianwen WX, novels, and plays. Rich in examples and broad in coverage.
Jiang, Lihong (Chiang, Li-hung) #fli$e. 1962. Dunhuang bianwen ciyi tongshi.
SSJtëËSX^ÉIjËfë. Several editions: Beijing (Zhonghua shuju tf^W^ 1959);
revised and enlarged edition 1962; fifth revised and enlarged edition Shanghai
(Shanghai guji chubanshe ii^SÛHjJiRtt 1988). Taiwan reprints: Taipei: Muduo
chubanshe ^^ftjijxti, 1961; Taipei: Guting shuwu ^^#11,1975.
Entries are arranged in six chapters according to content or grammatical function; the
four-corner index appended, for instance, to the 1961 Taiwan reprint facilitates locating
entries considerably (for an introduction to this practical system of classifying
characters and expressions, see Electronic Bodhidharma no. 2, pp. 17-26). As Iriya
points out in his review (Chiigoku bungakuhô ff>@X## 11 [1959.10]), this work is
the first research product based on Wang Zhongmin's Bianwenji '%£%%. Contains many
examples from bianwen %t£ found in Wang's book but also draws on sources from
other literary genres. A valuable reading aid, but the reader is warned by Iriya against
uncritical reliance on the author's definitions. Iriya's index of colloquial terms of the
B/anwe/y/(1961) supplies many examples of expressions current in Chan texts (such as
zhishi DËë, zaoshi ^-JSk, etc.) that are not found in this book.
• Liu, Jian fJlê et al. 1992. Tangdai shiciyu cidiangu cidian
H. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe tt
This new dictionary, published by the institution which has already input massive
amounts of data (for example, all poems of the official Tang collection as well as the
entire Quantangwen -tkMJt), may be one of the first reference works in this field to
have been written by people with access to lots of electronic text. This dictionary is
arranged by pinyin pronunciation and includes a stroke count index both for
expressions and literary allusions. Unfortunately printed in simplified characters, the
entries usually give a concise modern Chinese definition of the term in question and
support each meaning by at least one quotation from a Tang poem.
• Liu, Jiexiu fj^0. 1991. Hanyu chengyu gaoshi cidian MMf&t^WM^.
Beijing: Shangwu yinshu féïflËPi^.
A useful dictionary by a group of specialists. A particularly welcome and unique feature is
the appended four-corner index to similar phrases and sayings; this lists not only variations
and sometimes parts of phrases but also all entries of the main body.
• Lu, Dan'an PÉÏS ^. 1979 (1962). Xiaoshuo ciyu huishi 'hWiMMMW. Shanghai:
Shanghai guji chubanshe ±#SÉ"fI &!{£#:.
"This is a phrase dictionary of colloquial expressions used in Chinese novels written
from the Yuan to the end of the Ch'ing dynasty. All entries (estimated 8400) are listed
at the beginning of the volume, arranged by the number of strokes. Each entry is given
a simple definition followed by a quotation, with indication of source." (Teng and
Biggerstaff, An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 136). An index of the pinyin
pronunciation of the entries was published by Sato (1983; see below).
Other Useful Works

Lu, Tanan WlM'U. 1981. Xiqu ciyu huishi S%$iMlmMW. Shanghai: Shanghai
guji chubanshe ±fë£HaiJK*l:
•Nishiguchi, Yoshio SP^jg. 1974. "Tôdai zenja seisotsuhyô
In: Iriya, Yoshitaka À^liïiî. Baso no goroku Mffl^ln^. Kyoto: Zenbunka
kenkyujo WJtlkfflUPft.
This is a table that indicates the life spans of some of the most noted Tang and Five
Dynasties Chan masters. Having them all on one sheet gives an interesting perspective
on possible biographical and doctrinal relations.
• Ôta, Tatsuo i:ffljg^. 1983 [1958]. Chûgokugo rekishi bunpô *PMMM£.1Cfè.
Kyoto: Hôyû shoten JKSii^ (Chinese translation published by Beijing daxue
chubanshe #&*.¥&!&&.).
A classic in its field and destined to become a true longseller. Though structured as
a grammar with word categories and period indications that are sometimes difficult
to follow, this book can be used as a reference work because of its good Pinyin
index. Prof. Iriya has pointed out that sometimes the historical change in meaning
and usage of terms could be more clearly defined, but overall this book is very
useful for any careful reader of Chan texts with an interest in language and its
functioning.
• Ôta, Tatsuo icffljg^. 1988. Chûgokugoshi tsûkô ^HM^M#. Tokyo:
Hakusuisha Ùffîîi. (translated into Chinese under the title Hanyushi tongkao yHfn
5&®#, published by Zhongqing chubanshe SUttiJtStt).
A collection of papers. Of special interest for Chan studies are the "Sodôshû gohô
gaisetsu ffl.^HM?È$S;!£" and "Chûko gohô gaisetsu 43ï"In?£#5tI£".
• Ôta, Tatsuo icfflM^. 1982 [1957]. Chûgoku rekidai kôgobun tpffîMftUMJC.
Kyoto: Hôyû shoten MizMfëi.
A reader for vernacular Chinese throughout the ages, with extensive notes that are
included in the general pinyin index. One chapter is devoted to the Zutangji ffi^HI,
another one to Zhuxi's Yulei ^Î^S. Surprisingly instructive booklet.
• Qu, Shouyue (Ch'ii, Shou-yueh) ffi^^J. 1968. Zonggu ciyu kaoshi
Taipei: Yiwen yinshuguan H^ËPHêg.
Similar in content to the second part described in the next entry.
Qu, Shouyue (Ch'ii, Shou-yiieh) ffi^$J. 1972. Zhonggu ciyu kaoshi xubian
ffti§#8lBMl. Taipei: Yiwen yinshuguan SXWS=fil.
As the author indicates in the foreword, this book takes up medieval words and
expressions that are found in texts of the Chinese Buddhist canon. "Medieval" refers to
the period between the Eastern Han and the beginning of the Tang. Occurrences of each
item are collected and arranged according to usage, and based on these examples the
author interprets its meaning(s). Sometimes earlier meanings, different usages of the
period, and later evolutions are taken into account. Useful for the student of Chan texts
as a link to earlier usages of terms in Buddhist texts.
Other Usefiil Works

386 Urs App
Tian, Zongyao (Tien, Tsung-yao) Bzj^. 1984. A Dictionary of Colloquial

Terms and Expressions in Chinese Vernacular Fiction ^HtS^Îftfêlq^ft.
Taipei: Shin Wen Feng Print Co. ]&f:fc£fcbJK&3l.
This dictionary contains approximately 32,000 colloquial expressions used in Chinese
vernacular fiction. "Because it is mainly for the study of Chinese vernacular fictions,
the majority of the entries are colloquial. Single-character words and four-character set
phrases already available in other dictionaries are generally excluded unless their
meaning in vernacular fictions differ from those in everyday use." (The quality of
English in this quotation from the preface is typical of the whole work). Entries are
arranged by Pinyin transcription (but a radical-based index is included), and all tones
are indicated. Where tonal differences affect the meaning of a compound, it is listed
separately. Each entry consists of Chinese characters, Pinyin transcription, English
rendering or explanation, and source indication. Mr. Tian drew his examples from a
large mass of vernacular fiction; he lists seventy works. Unfortunately, they are listed
only by title without further details.
Wang, Dongming ÏJ^BJ et al. 1992. Song yuan ming qing baibu xiaoshuo yuci
dacidian %7tW%'ëffi'btiïiMM*.1$&. Changan: Shanxi Renmin chubanshe
The list of often quoted sources (pp. 1362-1366) shows how broadly the editors read to
compile this large dictionary. Though no specific Chan literature was used, this
dictionary can be useful for occasionally finding a rare expression that found its way
into Song or later popular literature. The explanations about expressions are very short,
and usually no more than one example is given in support.
Wang, Ying £&. 1987. Shiciqu yuci jishi BMM^MMW. Beijing: Yuwen
chubanshe MX&M±.
The author's main interest is grammar; this work thus contains not too many vernacular
expressions (from the Tang to the Ming periods) but goes into great detail in explaining
their grammatical function. The most useful part may well be the index to ten different
Chinese books of similar thrust, for example Zhang Xiang's classic work (1953).
• Wen, Duanzheng ïm.2i$C. 1989. Zhongguo suyu dacidian ^
Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe ±.M?$Wt&¥3ift:.
The reference work explains about 15,000 vernacular expressions; many of them are of
the kind that was so well known at one point in time that only the first or second part
was uttered. The explanations are often very detailed, and many examples are included.
A quite useful work; it is a pity that the stroke count index at the end does not list the
second parts of phrases.
• Zhang, Xiang 3lffl. 1980 [1953]. Shi ci qu yu ci huishi mn^MffiUM.
Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju ^^PiSM.
An extensive collection of colloquial expressions, particles, etc., found in the literary
genres of shi il, ci M, and qu ffi. A time-tested reading aid for the student of vernacular
and vernacular-influenced literature (such as Chan records). Gives one or several
meanings of a given character or expression and provides a profusion of quotations
that serve as examples of usage. Prof. Iriya has analysed the author's way of arriving at
Other Useful Works

meanings and advises users to have a good look at the plentiful examples rather than
blindly trusting the author's definitions. Includes a table of contents of its six fascicles
and a stroke-count index. This work is indexed, together with nine other Chinese books
of similar thrust, in Wang Ying (1987).
• Zhu, Juyi ^HJa. 1956. Yuanju suyu fangyan lishi 7CJi!jf£fIn^f1Î^H$J. Shanghai:
Commercial Press.
"This is a dictionary of about one thousand colloquial and slang expressions used in the
dramas of the Yuan dynasty. Some two hundred of the items also appear in Chang
[Zhang 1980] but with different illustrations. Under each phrase is given a simple
definition with its equivalent in literary Chinese, or an explanation followed by a few
examples with indication of sources. There is a four-corner index." Teng and
Biggerstaff, An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 137.
Many other relevant works are mentioned in the survey of Ogawa (see the previous
section).
IV. INDICES AND CONCORDANCES
App, Urs, ed. 1993a. Concordance to the Records of Linji

Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TÈ
F/r (vol. 1 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
This computer-generated concordance comes with three tables of content (radicals, stroke-
count, and four-corner) and contains an edited version of the Taishô text with punctuation
by Prof. Iriya and page references to four major modern translations of the Record of Linji
(Rinzai), namely, those by Iriya, Yanagida, Sasaki (English) and Demiéville (French).
App, Urs, ed. 1993b. Concordance to the Vajrasamâdhi Sutra &H!l
B\. Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ÊS
(vol. 2 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
The Linji concordance was produced on computer but published in conventional
printed form. The Vajrasamâdhi volume (July 1993) initiates a different approach: a
concordance will be published every month and sent to over fifty academic institutions
in Japan and elsewhere that engage in research on Buddhism and Chan. Scholars are
invited to make their own copy of these concordances; to assist them, we send a bound
copy (for the library) and a loose copy (for easy copying) to each institution. Scholars
able to use computers can also copy or download the electronic texts themselves which
are sent out together with the two copies. This and all subsequent concordances of the
Hanazono series include three tables of content (stroke count, radical, and four-corner)
as well as a character frequency table. The texts (not included) usually stem from the
Taishô or Zokuzôkyô collections, and original page, segment, and line numbers are
maintained. The text for this volume stems from vol. 9 of the Taishô; the punctuation is
by Prof. Yanagida Seizan. See below under "International Research Institute for Zen
Buddhism" for the titles of concordances in preparation.
Indices and Concordances

388 Urs App
• App, Urs, ed. 1993c. Concordance to Huangbo's Chuanxin fayao and Wanlinglu
fë&fêH • tfèMfâi— ^MB\. Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen
Buddhism TES^HRSft^flf&m (vol. 3 of the Hanazono University
Concordance Series).
Appeared in July of 1993. Based on texts no. 2012 A & B of vol. 48 of the Taishô
collection. The punctuation follows Prof. Iriya's text in vol. 8 of the Zen no goroku
series.
• Daizôkyô gakujutsu yôgo kenkyûkai %MM&fâFQMffi$lft. 1940-47, and from
1964. Taishô shinshû daizôkyô sakuin jï.ïE%x{&jï.MM.MB\ (Index to the Taisho
Tripitaka). Tôkyô: Taishô shinshû daizôkyô kankôkai, 1940-47 and since 1964
(esp. vols. 25-28).
Though useful, the quality of this index is very uneven. Much of the work was done by
students, and in some cases supervision seems to have been too lax. One would think
that persons' names would be easy enough to pick up, but even such coverage is quite
incomplete. One can expect that coverage of more complicated topics (such as terms
belonging to "doctrine," "arts," etc.) is not better. Nevertheless, this gigantic effort by
a consortium of Japanese universities is a useful tool.
• Fang, Jiliu ^Fffl/\, and Wu Dongxiu ^4^. 1992. Tangwudai wushierzhong biji
xiaoshou renming suoyin iSE^Ï-h^SÎS^SèÀ^^Î. Beijing: Zhonghua
shuju tfîtJIa.
• Forte, Antonino. 1984. Index des caractères chinois dans les fascicules I - V du
Hôbôgirin. Tôkyô: Maison Franco-japonaise S fAêlt.
• He, Yingqing M^Krf. 1987. Jingangjing yuju suoyin ^WlMm^JM^l. Taipei:
Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan îïfêfâfâmiWifè.
• Hirakubo, Akira ¥Xfà^. 1979. Shinsan kôtei Ingen zenshû sakuin ff^félT IS
7t±M 5N5I. Tôkyô: Kaimei shoin MfflWtfà.
This is an index to the eleven-volume collection of materials by and about Chan master
Yinyuan Lonqi fit;n:PEfit (Jap. Ingen RyQki; 1592-1673), the founder of the Japanese
Ôbaku-Zen tradition. It features person's names, place names, temple names, names of
buddhas and bodhisattvas, and book titles. Additionally, the index includes phrases
found in Yinyuan's poems and some other works.
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TEH^^
Forthcoming (August 1993). Concordance to the Platform Sutra rs
ë}[ (vol. 4 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism l£Mi<¥:M
Forthcoming (September 1993). Concordance to the Lengjia shiziji
^^31 (vol. 5 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism itMJZ^
Forthcoming (October 1993). Concordance to the Jueguanlun

International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism

Forthcoming (November 1993). Concordance to the Wumenguan M
Forthcoming (December 1993). Concordance to Famous Chan Poems
afilE • #l3l§g • SiH^ • -f-^HH^f^l (vol. 8 of the Hanazono University
Concordance Series).
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TElil^^lSI&fflM
Forthcoming (January 1994). Concordance to the Record ofNanquan â
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 7bB;*;^HÎ#
Forthcoming (February 1994). Concordance to the Record ofZhaozhou
¥MB\ (vol. 10 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
Forthcoming (March 1994). Concordance to Zongmi's
^^51 (vol. 1 1 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism flsH^ÎI
Forthcoming (April 1994). Concordance to the Changuan cejin ll
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism l£M^¥\M
Forthcoming (May 1994). Concordance to the
51 (vol. 13 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 4tM
Forthcoming (June 1994). Concordance to the Records ofCaoshan
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ^M'X^
Forthcoming (July 1994). Concordance to the Record ofYunmen
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism fëgl^^
Forthcoming (August 1994). Concordance to Zen Master Tôrei's Shûmon
mujintôron 'M^MWiiÊiïÊ (vol. 16 of the Hanazono University Concordance
Series).
Forthcoming (September 1994). Concordance to Dahui's
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TE
Forthcoming (October 1994). Concordance to the Record ofXuefeng WÎI^—

390 Urs App
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ^hM'k^M^W

Forthcoming (November 1994). Concordance to the Record ofXuansha
-^^M^\ (vol. 19 of the Hanazono University Concordance Series).
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TÈS^SI&fl
Forthcoming (December 1994). Concordance to the Record ofMazu JS
Iriya, Yoshitaka ÀÛrfiï. 1961. Tonkô henbunshû kôgo goi sakuin WL'&^JtMd
loin Hi^!!l. Kyoto: mimeograph.
This little book enables the student of late T'ang and Five Dynasties colloquialisms to
locate colloquial words and expressions in the collection of Dunhuang bianwen
(Dunhuang bianwen &&&$:. Kyoto: ChQbun shuppansha ipifciBJKtt, 1978).
Classification follows the Zhuyin fuhao system; a Wade-Zhuyin fuhao conversion table
is appended (pp. 33-34). The author carefully notes discrepancies between Wang's
compilation and the original Tunhuang manuscripts: wrong readings, inappropriate
corrections, omitted necessary corrections, wrong punctuation, etc. Some cross-
references and indications of the grammatical position of an entry make this work even
more valuable. Iriya has since 1961 made a number of corrections and added some
items; many of these are included in Matsuo (1985)
• Ishii, Shûdô J=\$ri$M. 1984-85. "Jûisshu sôdai zenmon zuihitsushu jinmei
sakuin" -h^S^^PPIPàlitlIÀî^^l. In Komazawa daigaku bukkyôgakubu
kenkyû kiyô mm *3M&iC^âP#r %UW: 42 & 43.
• Itô Ryûju &W$k^t. 1985. Jôron ichijisakuin SHé^^^SI. Tôkyô: Jishôin E=î
Concordance of the Zhaolun, based on the Taishô text, with stroke count and four
corner table of contents and an additional table that lists textual differences in four
additional editions. The character order follows the Japanese on'yomi reading, but with
the help of the indices any character can be found easily. Gives the Taishô page/line
numbering.
• Komazawa daigaku nai Zengaku daijiten hensansho $&W Jï¥fàW
flfr. 1977. Zengaku daijiten fu shikaku gôma sakuin #^^g$H ft
Tôkyô: Taishûkan shoten ^{i^ttH^.
Primitive four-corner index which, instead of including all entries of the dictionary,
simply gives page numbers of the third volume where the first character of what one is
looking for is used. Since the third volume has a messy pagination (seven different
pages bear the number 1), this index is not too helpful unless one has trouble with
Japanese readings.
• Kyoto daigaku jinbun kagaku kenkyûjo genkyokusho kenkyuhan
¥ffi%ffi jK$M-%%tyL. 1961. Genkyokusho sakuin ko (yonhen).
Wi. Kyoto: Jinbun kagaku kenkyujo.
• Makita, Tairyô ftCfflifcfé et al. 1973. Tô kôsôden sakuin J&itMifëfgiJI. 3 vols.
Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten ^F^^fStë.

Makita, Tairyô Œcffljfftjfc et al. 1976-1978. Sô kôsôden sakuin 5fcï^fifë

3 vols. Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten ^P^^Sj^ (vol. 3 including Daimin
kôsôden sakuin).
Matsuo, Yoshiki fèMJUst 1985. Tonkô henbunshû kôgo goi sakuin fu hoi |£'M
^JC^kRoaMilkM^l PftfÉtfâ. Kyoto: Privately circulated copy of a handwritten
manuscript.
A welcome work based on Iriya's 1961 booklet. Unlike Iriya's booklet, Matsuo also
lists the examples themselves, together with their page and line numbers in Dunhuang
bianwenji 1$.lfëM~%^. Hanazono University library has a bound copy of this
handwritten manuscript. A revised edition may form the body of Matsuo's forthcoming
Tonkô henbunshû goi sakuin W^'fèMXWtWiikM^ .
Matsuo, Yoshiki #*M Jlfif. Work in progress. Glossary of Vernacular in Chinese
Buddhist Texts.
I hear that this work of a disciple of Prof. Iriya will be published in 1993-94.
Drafts of various parts dealing with specific Buddhist texts have been passed
around for a while, and Prof. Iriya is examining the entire manuscript. This work
may prove valuable not only for Chan studies but also for Chinese linguistics in
general as it will index many terms used by Chinese translators of Indian
Buddhist texts.
Morino, Shigeo 3&l?$l^. 1989. Rikuchô koshôsetsu goishû
Kyoto: Hôyû shoten SHS#JE.
Osaka Municipal University Chinese Literature Research Office
^gP^M^H^ffî^. 1970. Chûgoku koten gikyoku goshaku sakuin ^
HÛjDtffiMIKf^l. Nagoya: Saika shorin 3^»**.
This index lists in Pinyin order about 28,000 words and expressions that are explained
in the text or footnotes of 34 publications. These publications appeared between 1 929
and 1963 and stem for the most part from China; but some are Japanese editions of
Chinese texts. There is no character index; thus users unfamiliar with Pinyin or unsure
about a reading must first consult a dictionary.
Ôshima, Akira j<.Êh% et al. 1980. Shûshi bunshû koyûmeishi sakuin ïfcïrJcMWl
^£MMd\. Tôkyô: Tôhô shoten JjCM^.
Ôta, Tatsuo XïBWzjz. Sodôshû kôgo goi sakuin fflÛPHniol^BI. Kyoto:
mimeograph, 1962.
Though there is now Yanagida's Concordance of the Zutangji, this index is still of
value for people interested in colloquialisms in Chan literature. In this respect, too, the
Zutangji is one of the most interesting and least studied texts.
Ôta, Tatsuo icfflJg^. 1982. Tôsô zokuji fu [Sodôshû no bu] Jt^fë^ft [ffl^SI
2.3]. Tôkyô: Kyûko shoin $t£#K.
This is an index of some variant forms of Chinese characters found in the Zutangji.
Indispensable for students of that text.

392 Urs App
Satô, Haruhiko fèj^Htjf . 1983. Lu Dan'an hencho "Xiaoshuo ciyu huishi,"

"Xiqu ciyu huishi" hatsuon sakuin
A Pinyin index to the two works mentioned in the title.

Shôji, Kakuitsu ttWJfê— . 1983. "Keitoku dentôroku sômei sakuin"
£^§l. Yamagata daigaku kiyô (Jinbunkagaku) [Uft^^fàW: 10,2: 163-208.
This index of names in the Jingde chuandenglu is keyed to two editions: the Sibu
congkan HâftflfJ edition and the widely used 1967 Taiwanese Zhenshanmeishe M#H
tt edition. See Suzuki (1975) for an index to the Taishô edition of this text. Superseded
by the same author's more comprehensive and better indexed 1988 publication.
Shôji, Kakuitsu Itqjfê-^. 1988. Keitoku dentôroku koyûmeishi sakuin
This index of personal names, place names, temple names, and buddhas/bodhisattvas in
the Jingde chuandenglu is keyed to two editions: the Sibu congkan HâflUfiJ edition and
the widely used 1967 Taiwanese Zhenshanmeishe jBLltlltt edition. It is a reproduction
of a handwritten manuscript and features lookup tables by stroke count, four-corner
number, and pinyin reading. Pp. 327 - 365 list masters and disciples in the order of their
appearance in the Jingde chuandenglu. See also Suzuki (1975) and Zenbunka kenkyûjo
(planned index to the Jingde chuandenglu).
Sôtôshû shûgaku kenkyûjo Wîfâl^^^^f^fjf. 1993. Shinji shôbôgenzô
sanbyakusoku goi sakuin M^JEfèffî.MELïSiïJlWîikîM'jl. Tôkyô: Sôtôshû shûgaku
kenkyûjo Wmmm¥ffl%ffi.
This is the first of a planned series of indices published by the Shûgaku kenkyûjo.
Pages 1-72 from the back contain a well-annotated and valuable critical edition of the
text, pp. 1 -30 from the front two lookup tables (by radical and Japanese pronunciation),
and (to keep the tradition of Komazawa's multiple first pages) pp. 1-160 contain the
index. Characters are in general simplified Japanese ones. The index was first created
as a machine-generated concordance from which subsequently most entries were
deleted based on the editors' choice of expressions.
• Suzuki, Tetsuo ffcfc^fH. 1975. Chiigoku zenshU jinmei sakuin ^MW
Nagoya: Kikôdô KI&1Ë
The standard work for looking up names of Chan masters. It supplies variant names, as
well as information about biographies in the Taishô and Zokuzôkyô canons. Tables for
Pinyin, radicals, and on'yomi. The appendix lists names that occur in the Taishô edition
of the Jingde chuandenglu.
• Suzuki, Tetsuo tfrfc©*!. 1984. Tôgodai no ZenshU J§Sft<D#a?. Tôkyô: Daitô
shuppansha ;^ftH£%t.
Though this is no reference work, it can function as such for a particular purpose: its
place name index (pp. 23-37) lists many temple and place names in the two regions of
China which are examined, namely, Hunan MW and Jiangxi rljS. Additionally, the list
of events with import to Chan history in these two regions (pp. 297-341) and the survey
of historical sources from which the information was culled (pp. 293-296) is of interest.

Shinohara, Hisao HJ^#$i. 1959. Zengo kaisetsujiten sakuin

Tôkyô: Komazawa daigaku Zenshûjiten hensansho ffatilX
This mimeographed index is arranged according to the four-corner system but also
includes Zhuyin fuhao (£È i=ffë!j|), Wade-Giles, and stroke count indices. It is a useful
but seldom found combined index to the following works:
1. Zuting shiyvan fflji^B, a collection of early twelfth-century commentaries to Chan
texts authored by Muan Shanqing Bi$ïlt!SP (Zokuzôkyô vol. 113). 2. Mujaku Dôchû's
Zemin shôkisen ipfW^tHrll. 3. Mujaku Dôchû's Kattô gosen Mffîîa^. 4. Aizawa
Ekai's féjyiSftl Zengaku yôkan #<Pil$!ni. 5. Genkyô Zenji's jzfâMffi Zengaku
• Shiomi, Kunihiko MM^Pi^. 1992. Shushi gorui kôgo goi sakuin 5fc? in SI Pin In
Hi^3l. Kyoto: Chubun shuppansha ^XftJtStt.
• Yanagida, Seizan fPfflÛj ed. 1980-84. Sodôshû sakuin ffl^f^3l (3 vols.).
Kyoto: Kyoto daigaku jinbun kagaku kenkyujo MtP^C^ÀX^^^f^/5/?.
This is the yardstick of Chan concordances, an indispensable reference tool for any
Chan, Son, or Zen researcher. Contains in volume 3 a conveniently numbered reduced-
size reproduction of the original text and an important study of the text by Yanagida.
The concordance is arranged according to radical/stroke order and contains a very
detailed Japanese on'yomi lookup table. With its many variant character forms, this text
has still not moved into the age of movable type. This concordance is the access gate to
this invaluable and still much too little studied major source of Chan teaching and
history. Specialists can order it at the Jinbun kagaku kenkyujo in Kyoto which should
provide it free of charge to persons able to document their need; but those left out may
come across a very fat one-volume Korean edition whose legal status does not in any
way diminish its scholarly value.
• Yanagida, Seizan $P EH Hill ed. 1980. Keitoku dentôroku dainijûkyû/sanjukkan
sakuin ko ÏÏM'iM&ftm ^29-30#f83|;fg. Unpublished draft.
Features the text from Taishô vol. 51 and a handwritten index.
Zenbunka kenkyujo WJCiktftRpft ed. 1988. Hekiganroku teishô sakuin Hjgliît
Difâi (1 vol.). Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyujo WXitWKffi.
An index to the Biyanlu (Hekiganroku, Blue Cliff Records) rUKgf^jl M^\, volume 10
of Yamada Mumon's lectures on this text published by the same institute. Since the
index refers to the pages of the whole series, one needs to buy the whole set to make use
of this index. However, a new three-volume index is planned (see below).
Zenbunka kenkyujo W1C4ktft$lPft. 1 990. Kidô oshô goroku (with index) dg
Mtê • fa§83l. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyujo WX4tffi$Lpft.
Includes a reproduction of the Zokuzôkyô text with handwritten variants in the margins
and no line numbers. The original page numbers of the Zokuzôkyô have for unknown
reasons been replaced by Zenbunka numbers starting at I . Researchers wanting to cite
the text with Zokuzôkyô page numbers are thus required to add the magic number 657
to the Zenbunka page. The index is arranged according to the on'yomi reading used at
the Zenbunka research institute with a table of contents according to radicals.

394 Urs App
Zenbunka kenkyujo WXftffi%?ft. 1990. Tdzenjiban keitoku dentôroku .

MMWMmU (2 vols.). Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyujo WX4kffi$tpft.
This book contains the Dongchansi 3S## edition of the Jingde chuandenglu in
reproduction and a slim index of names of persons. This edition has important variants and is
worth consulting.
Zenbunka kenkyujo WXttffi%fft. 1991. Kanzanshi kan'i sakuin. M\UMffi%M
31. Unpublished research material.
Primitive index without table of contents, arranged in Zenbunka kenkyusho fashion
according to Japanese on'yomi reading. See under Zhonghua for a published concordance.
Zenbunka kenkyujo W%ik^{%W\. 1991. Teihon zenrin kushii sakuin fëîjiflfr
^&f£3l. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyujo WXiW(%Pft.
A reproduction of the text used for this index, the 1882 Zôho tôsho zenrinkushù itffif M
##^^jft edited by Tôyô Eichô 1%M1%M, is included. Characters can be found by
radical only; but the radical table in this expensive book gives wrong page references;
the correct page numbers are supplied in a loose pamphlet that comes with the index.
Zenbunka kenkyujo WJCfcffi^PJr. 1991. Tôshisen santaishi sôgô sakuin M1&M
Hfif#^3l. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyujo ftXikfit$lpft.
Author's names and expressions from two collections of poems that are sometimes
cited in Chan and Zen texts are indexed in this work. Poems from the two collections
(the Tôshisen kokujikai 'Ê^MM^-M and the ZochO santaishi JtflïH'ffcgt) are included.
Characters can be found by radical only.
Zenbunka kenkyujo W%i\ffî$LÏFï. 1991. Kaian kokugo sakuin tt$|g|iSffê3l.
Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo WJtfkffi %ïft.
The Kaian kokugo consists of comments, capping phrases, and sermons by the
Japanese Zen master Hakuin Ekaku ÈBIlïti on the Records of Daitô J<L'fâMffîWi$&.
This text is one of the most important texts of the Japanese Rinzai tradition; it includes
voluminous comments on 58 traditional Chinese kôans. This volume features a
reproduction of a 1750 edition of the text (with some variants added by the Zenbunka
in the margins) and an index arranged according to the on'yomi reading used at the
Zenbunka research institute with a table of contents according to radicals.
Zenbunka kenkyujo WJClkffi^lpJT. 1991. Goke shôshûsan (fu sakuin) S
(ftf^3l). Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo WJt4k%ft3lpft.
The original manuscript, which is photo-reproduced in this edition, stems from the
Ryugein H^fêt subtemple in the Myôshinji &!>>[>#, Kyoto. The Wujia zhengzongzan
SîE^M (Zokuzôkyô vol. 135) of which this is a detailed commentary is a
compendium of essential teachings from the "five houses" of Chan. It thus covers a
broad spectrum of terms and is a useful research aid.
• Zenbunka kenkyûjo W^C.\YM%ff\ . 1991. Zengojisho ruiju fu sakuin. WMfflWtM
f£ tt%5\. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo W3tWiï\%ïft.
A convenient collection of some smaller Chan reference works with an index. The
works included in more or less readable reproduction are: Shûmon hôgo ^

Zenrin hôgo #fà^ffn (in Mujaku Dôchû's handwriting); Mujaku Dôchû's Zenrin hôgo
ffîjfajjan; the Hekiganshû hôgokai UIÎI^Hofê?; Genkyô Zenji's izlfcWffi Zengaku
zokugokai. #^fëaofê?; and finally Mujaku Dôchû's Zenrin kushû benmyô Wfl^HP
S. The index is arranged according to (the often non-standard Zen) on'yomi readings,
and there is no stroke-count or radical table. Chinese, Koreans, and Westerners
unfamiliar with on'yomi readings will thus not be able to use this index.
Zenbunka kenkyujo WJCitffi^pft. 1991. Hekiganroku shudenshô, sakuin tsuki
Zenbunka kenkyûjo W-JCltffi^PJî. 1992. Hyakujô koroku ichiji sakuin

^^^31. Unpublished research material.
Primitive concordance without table of contents, arranged in Zenbunka kenkyûsho
fashion according to Japanese on'yomi reading. Based on a copy of the Tiansheng
guangdenglu ;£HJa W^; (juan 9); but page numbers start at 1 . Characters that are not in
the Japanese JIS character set are replaced by two letters of the alphabet.
Zenbunka kenkyûjo W%iïM%îfi. 1993. Shôyôroku sakuin
Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo WXitffi^lPft.
This is an index to one of the major kôan collections. A woodblock print edition is
indexed in this work.
Zenbunka kenkyûjo W3C.i\M%ïft. 1993. Hekiganroku Funishô sakuin. FîlÊkU
^fr.01 m$\. Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo WXitB^Pfx.
Index to an important edition of a major kôan collection. A woodblock print edition is
indexed in this work. Stroke count, radical, and Pinyin lookup tables facilitate access.
Zenbunka kenkyûjo ffîJC'it'Çft%ffî. Work in progress. Keitoku dentôroku sakuin.
• Zen no goroku series general index WO^M^ &t n'^51 . Unpublished.

This anonymous index is a simple collation of the indices found at the back of each
volume of the Zen no goroku series. They were copied by someone and simply pasted
together. One still has to look up names or terms nineteen times, but instead of pulling
out nineteen volumes time after time, one can leaf through a few pages of this index,
which is widely used by Japanese researchers and their disciples.
• Zhang, Chenshi liëttïî et al. 1982. Tang wudai renwu zhuanji ziliao zonghe
suoyin JS^ftÀtlfiliS^Mté-^l. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju ^MM.
A useful work for finding secular biographical sources of Chan monks and their
sponsors as well as editors and writers of prefaces.
• Zhongguo shehui kexue yuan Ûlttêf^^fên:. 1993. Quantangshi soyin:
Hanshan Shide juan :Ér/ir§#îj|3|?iL|fè##. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian
chubanshe &MWX.%k&m±.
Concordance to the Hanshan poems, keyed to the Zhonghua shuju f£¥lfj§j edition.
Like the other volumes of this large series of poem concordances, this is a computer-
generated concordance arranged according to four-corner numbers and equipped with a

396 Urs App
stroke count lookup table.

Apart from these works, there is of course a multitude of other works of help to
Chan researchers, for example, the excellent Tang poetry concordances by the
Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe tte^f^XSKftJiSî in Beijing, the concordances
of Chinese classics by Commercial Press in Hong Kong (made at the Chinese
University of Hong Kong), the concordances published at Oslo University, and
various indices and other reference materials to bianwen W% literature, early
vernacular sources, Chinese novels, etc.
V. ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
1. A New Information Carrier
It is already generally agreed that the advent of electronic text will transform
scholarship even more radically than the invention of movable type printing. The new
medium is of a much simpler nature than that of letters printed on paper: Basically, it
consists of nothing other than a string of "offs" and "ons." The simple nature of digital
information and the ease of storing, copying, retrieving, and displaying it will
radically change the production and management of knowledge. The new information
carrier is much more flexible than ink and paper, which can only display visible and
static information. It can carry any combination of audible and visible information,
moving or static, and can be "displayed" through loudspeakers, television screens,
video equipment, printing machines, telephone lines, etc.
Just ten years after the first efforts to transfer Chan texts to the electronic
medium, it is still impossible to grasp the potential of the electronic revolution for
this and related fields. However, it has already become clear that this revolution
affects even bedrock concepts of scholarship such as "primary source" and
"reference work" and that many established scholarly categories do not apply to
electronic information. For example: the electronic source text usually is its own
work of reference. The inherent reference potential of electronic text can be
substantially improved by hidden tags and embedded links. Tags (which can
mark, for example, grammatical particles or plant names) permit sophisticated
queries for whole classes of textual objects, and embedded links permit immediate
access to alternative primary or secondary sources as well as non-textual
information (such as maps, mandalas, architectural plans, video sequences, works
of art, etc.). The meaning of "primary source" and "reference work" is thus likely
to undergo radical change. This part of my survey must thus go beyond the
"reference work" boundaries that are customary for printed works.
Various projects are now under way to create a basic stock of electronic text for
Buddhist studies as well as software to support innovative and intelligent use of
Electronic Materials
such text. We can expect to have the major Buddhist canons (including the majority
of texts for Chan studies) available in electronic form around the year 2000. At
present, I am aware of the following projects (more detailed information about these
and smaller projects as well as addresses etc. is found in the Electronic
Bodhidharma 3 (1993).
2. Overview of Electronic Buddhist Text Projects
• The Thai Buddhist Canon Project

This database established by Mahidol University contains the entire Siam edition of the
Pali canon (45 vols.; over 30 million characters), both in Thai and romanized Pali
script. Additionally, 70 volumes of commentary and textbook information as well as
the proprietary Buddhist Scripture Information Retrieval (BUDSIR) software (version
IV) is included on a CD-ROM for use on IBM compatible PCs. Release of the CD is
planned for autumn of 1993. Distribution in Thailand by Mahidol University, in other
countries by the American Academy of Religion (AAR). Approx. price: US $ 500 for
institutions, US $ 300 for individuals.
• The Burmese Buddhist Canon
Nearly all of the Burmese tipitaka plus commentaries and some sub-commentaries has
been input in India by Mr. S.N. Goenka for a printed devanagari edition. The input was
based on the work of the Rangoon Council (1954-56). Completion date and release are
not yet known. Another input project with the same objective is planned by Rev. U.
Silananda (San Francisco).
• The Pali Text Society Database
The Dhammakaya Foundation in Bangkok has reportedly input almost all of the Pali
materials and also the English translations of the Pali Text Society series. The data is
now being proofread; no completion date has been announced.
• Tibetan Buddhist Database
The initial goal of the "Asian Classics Input Project" is the input of the 4,500 works of
the Kangyur and Tengyur collections (Tibetan translations of Sanskrit Buddhist texts).
Along with electronic texts, other research tools (dictionaries, bibliographies) are to
published in electronic form. The database now contains about 40 megabytes of data,
some of it uncorrected. Corrected are over fifty Tibetan Buddhist texts and many lists
and catalogues as well as some text books. Texts already input are listed in the
documentation to Release 3 of the ACIP.
• The Korean Buddhist Canon Project
The input of the first two volumes was organized by Prof. Lancaster of Berkeley
with the support of Mr. Park Wan-il, the former president of the Lay Buddhist
Association of the Chogye Order of Korea. When the Haein monastery decided to
take over the project, all input data were handed over. Input of the entire Chinese
Buddhist canon stored on more than 80,000 wooden plates at Haein monastery in
Korea is now planned.
398 Urs App
• The Beihai Chinese Sutra Database

Foguangshan {$t£i1| novice monks at the Beihai itM monastery at the northern tip of
Taiwan have so far input a catalogue of all titles of texts contained in the Taishô edition
of the Chinese Buddhist canon and about forty sûtras (among them the Lotus,
Vimalakirti, Diamond, and èûramgama sûtras as well as some major Mâdhyamika and
Tiantai texts). Texts already input are listed in the Electronic Bodhidharma 3.
• The Taishô Buddhist Canon
The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing plans the input of the entire Taishô
edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon. In May of 1993, the first ten volumes were
allegedly already input.
• Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyûjo Database
The Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto University, has long been involved in
bibliographies of East Asian studies, but they were usually produced on a mainframe
computer. Now some researchers are inputting volumes 49 to 52 (historical section) of
the Taishô edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon. Texts already input are listed in the
Electronic Bodhidharma 3.
• Zenbunka Kenkyûjo Database
Since around 1986, this institute had many texts, mainly Zen texts, input by companies in
Japan and China (see list below). Only data of which indices were produced are proofread.
Additionally, some indices of reference works and Chan repertories were input.
• Academia Sinica Database
The Academia Sinica, best known for its 25-history database (40 million characters), is
also inputting vast amounts of other data, for example nine million characters worth of
classics, Dunhuang materials collections, and Chinese stone inscriptions. Many Buddhist
works such as the Gaosengzhuan fiififl? and Xugaosengzhuan fâlËiMW and other works
of interest for Chan researchers (Zhuxi's Yulei MM, the Dunhuang Bianwen Collection,
the Forty-two Chapter Sutra, etc.) have also been input and are being proofread.
Buddhist texts already input are listed in the Electronic Bodhidharma 3.
• Chinese University of Hong Kong Database
The Chinese University of Hong Kong's Institute of Chinese Studies which is now
involved in a major concordance project of Chinese classics has plans to input a large
number of religious texts from the Six Dynasties. Between 1993 and 1995, 36 Daoist
texts (ca. 500,000 characters) from the Six Dynasties will be input, among many other
materials, and in a subsequent stage (starting in 1 995) 47 Buddhist texts (ca. 4.2 million
characters). Buddhist texts whose input is planned are listed in the Electronic
Bodhidharma 3.
• The Zen Knowledgebase
Founded in 1990 at the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism at Hanazono
University, this project aims at the creation of an encyclopaedic knowledge base for
Chan/Son/Zen research centering on primary source materials. Software products and
input texts are listed below.
The Shiigaku Kenkyiijo Database

This Sôtô research institution situated in Komazawa University (Tokyo) has begun
input of various Sôtô Zen related texts. Already input are Dôgen's collection of
300 kôans (Sanbyakusoku HejJKJ), the twelve-fascicle edition of Dôgen's
Shôbôgenzô JEfètfkW,, and the first three fascicles of the same author's Eihei
kôroku
The Sangha Database
This database is associated with members of the Nishi honganji's Kyôgaku kenkyûjo
and with Ryûkoku University (Kyoto). It contains a good number of Pure Land
Buddhist texts, a few in Chinese (listed in App [1993c]) and some more in Japanese
yomikudashi reading. Subscribers can copy these input materials over a modem.
Korean Buddhist Texts
A group of monks from the Haein monastery in Korea has begun input of various texts
from the Collection of Korean Buddhist Texts ^Mib&'ik^ such as the complete
works of Wônhyo 7t;g|. Input of the works of Chinul £flifi and other major Korean
Buddhist teachers is also planned.
The Risshô Nichiren Database
Risshô University has produced a CD with a photographic reproduction of a
Kamakura edition of Nichiren shônin ibun. Text is stored as graphic information, but a
dictionary is included which contains references. This is not a database in the
conventional sense but rather something like a turbo microfilm which requires
dedicated Hitachi machinery.
Hôbôgirin Database
Driven by the foresight of the late Anna Seidel, the Hôbôgirin research institute has
since the late eighties continuously expanded its computer-related activities. An
electronic edition of the supplement of the Hôbôgirin Catalogue of the Taishô Canon is
now being prepared and will be used for printing a revised edition. There are also plans
for other electronic tools such as multilingual electronic indices to the Hôbôgirin
encyclopedia.
Taishô Texts on Japanese Electronic Bulletin Boards
Instead of copying surras with a writing brush on paper, some Japanese monks and
laypersons have begun to input texts on computers and posting them on electronic
bulletin boards. Texts posted on Nifty-Serve, section "Vihara" and PC-VAN (section
"Orient") include the Shengmanjing fêH^, the Vimalakirti Sutra $IJS$1, the
Abhidharmakosa-sâstra {^1§?fm, part of the Wuliangshou jing M1ÊWM, and the
Awakening of Faith ^
Various other Buddhism-related materials (texts, translations, bibliographies,
discussions, papers, etc.) are posted on electronic bulletin boards around the world.
For lists of input texts, electronic addresses, and information about the scope and
history of these projects see the Electronic Bodhidharma 3.
400 Urs App
3. Chan Materials and Projects
The last decade has seen a variety of efforts to take advantage of the electronic
medium for Chan studies. These efforts can be divided into five categories:
1. Typing. Since 1983, a number of (at the outset mostly Western) individual
researchers struggled with the limitations of Japanese personal computers and Japanese
character code standards in order to type mixed-language dissciUuiuua un Cîiau ui Zen.
A few texts and programs were exchanged among users of the same machinery; the
exchanged data were generally good enough for individual efforts but not of a quality
suited for wider distribution. Even today, researchers in East and West still use their
computers or word-processors predominantly for typing papers or books.
2. Generating indices and concordances: Since about 1986, personal computers and
electronic Chan texts are used for producing computer-generated printed products,
especially concordances and indices. The structure and coding of data fits this task;
Chinese characters not present in the Japanese code are usually custom-created for a
specific printer. If software is developed at all, it is also limited to the production of
printed materials. In the field of Chan, the Institute for Zen Studies (Zenbunka
kenkyûjo W3ti\L$\%?fi;) in Kyoto is most active in this respect; since the late
eighties, it had paid Japanese companies to input a substantial number of Chan and
Zen texts (see list below). The quality of such input was quite poor, and the
institute's staff spent much time and effort correcting the data for their printed
indices (see above). The high cost and relatively low quality of input in Japan made
the Zenbunka institute explore input in mainland China; several large texts were
input in simplified characters and then converted to JIS code for use on Japanese
personal computers. The emphasis on printing also accounts for the fact that no
electronic text is made available by the Zenbunka; the institute fears that this would
undercut its publication business. The Shûgaku kenkyûjo at Komazawa University
in Tokyo has just started a major input project whose primary aim is also the
production of Zenbunka-style printed indices of Sôtô-Zen materials. The first index
(to Dôgen's Sanbyakusoku) has just appeared. The International Research Institute
for Zen Buddhism (Hanazono University, Kyoto) has begun a series of computer-
generated concordances of Chan materials (see above), but these are essentially
byproducts of electronic texts that are distributed at the same time.
3. Using electronic Chan texts for research: Around 1984, the first Chan texts were
input by myself and then by a small group of Western students, most of them using
my four-corner character conversion dictionary which allowed easy input of full-form
Chinese characters on Japanese equipment. Some years later, a substantial number of
texts was input at various institutions by the scanning method described in the
Electronic Bodhidharma 2. The primary objective of such input is not printing but
rather electronic search of characters or terms within texts. Data retrieval was and
is mostly carried out by fast line-based full-text search ("Find.exe" and variations
of grep and fgrep) of electronic text structured according to App's text file format
(described in the Electronic Bodhidharma 2). Electronic text can be put in that
format by programs (Shimizu [1990], Wittern [1993]). This text file format and
search method is used a number of researchers and institutions. Since 1992, the
researchers at the Zenbunka kenkyûjo and interested visitors can also search Chan
data. Apart from Chan texts, a variety of electronic Chan reference materials (see
list below) were input by individual researchers and institutions (primarily
Zenbunka and International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism). At present, the
use of such electronic materials is still young and primitive; but the enormous
potential is already apparent.
4. Creating high-quality electronic text: So far, all efforts to create electronic Chan
or Zen texts were heavily hardware- and software-dependent. Almost all such text
was created in Japanese JIS code for Japanese computing equipment, and the many
characters that do not exist in the Japanese code were dealt with by using a variety
of tricks. Such electronic text has a non-standard character and is hardly fit for
publication (which is a major reason why no electronic Chan texts have been
published so far). Moreover, its dependency on a character code with only 6,353
characters, a mishmash of full and simplified forms, and bad convertibility into
other national codes makes such electronic text unlikely to survive for more than a
few years. In the course of work on the International Research Institute's Zen
Knowledgebase, I realized that for East Asian electronic text one must make a basic
distinction between primary or "master" electronic text and secondary or "user"
text. The "master" text functions like the master tape in music recording, i.e. it
should faithfully reproduce the original text (including variant forms of characters).
This electronic master text must be automatically convertible into various "user"
formats that require specific hardware and software configurations or serve, for
example, certain search procedures. The electronic master text should be useful for
decades or centuries to come, while the user format depends on sometimes
shortlived circumstances (national character codes, etc.).1
At present, the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism appears to be the
only institution involved in the creation of such electronic Chan texts. Its data is
being input in China using Taiwanese Big-5 code, then mastered at the institute in
CCCII code (which contains over 33,000 characters and many variant forms), and
finally machine-converted into a variety of national character codes (Taiwanese,
Korean, Japanese, Unicode). The institute has begun publishing a series of
electronic Chan texts and other research materials on floppies in various user
formats and national codes. The first such text is an electronic version of the
Records ofLinji (in Taiwanese Big-5 code and Japanese JIS code), and other texts
used for the institute's concordance series will follow.
In the last part of this section, all Chan-related materials that I am aware of having been
input are listed, regardless of whether publication or distribution is planned or not.
1) For more information on basic issues concerning electronic East Asian text see the Electronic
Bodhidharma 3.
402 Urs App
5. Creating Intelligent Electronic Text: Electronic text created so far is still

primitive. Its value and function can be very much enhanced by appropriate tagging
and other techniques (linking of variant character forms, linking of different
versions of texts, etc.). Such studies have begun in the framework of the Zen
Knowledgebase project.
A. Electronic Texts Published or Prepared for Publication
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ^H^^S^J^^fûF/f.

1993. The Records ofLinji Bs$|f^ (electronic version).
Data input by Urs App (manual) in 1986, data correction by the publishing institute in
1992-3. The text is taken from Taishd vol. 47, but the punctuation is by Prof. Iriya.
Formats: JIS code, KS code, and Big-5 code; IBM, Macintosh, NEC-9801 type equipment.
Published in conjunction with a printed concordance based on these data (App [1993]) and
with an electronic toolset for automatic creation of such concordances from text files.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TES^^
Forthcoming. All twenty electronic texts of the institute's Hanazono University
Concordance Series (see above in the index section) .
Formats: JIS code and Big-5 code; IBM, Macintosh, NEC-9801 type equipment. These
texts can be copied at over fifty universities all over the world which also receive the
concordances.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism fàM$:¥MffîM
Work in progress. Guzunsu yulu ^W-fêînfâ (electronic version).
Formats: JIS code and Big-5 code; IBM, Macintosh, NEC-9801 type equipment. The
text follows Zokuzôkyô vol. 1 18. Punctuation of the forty-eight fascicles may partly be
done in mainland China.
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism Ê
Work in progress. Dahui's Zhengfa yanzang ^SïETÈBJliic (electronic version).
Formats: JIS code and Big-5 code; IBM, Macintosh, NEC-9801 type equipment. This
six-fascicle text is the first we had input in mainland China in Taiwanese Big-5 code.
The text follows Zokuzôkyô vol. 118, and the punctuation is by members of the
research group on this text headed by Profs. Iriya and Yanagida.
B. Reference Work Information:
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TES^H^^ffl^Jr.

Work in progress. Electronic Edition of Zen Dust. Kyoto: International Research
Institute for Zen Buddhism.
This work, long out of print, is one of the most valuable reference tools for Western
Chan, Zen, and Son researchers. The advantages of an electronic version are evident:
one will be able to look for any character of word in both text and notes. Data input of
large parts are finished. IBM and Macintosh versions should be ready for publication
around the end of 1993.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism l£M^¥Mf%W¥$ft%Pft . Work
in progress. Electronic Index to Major Zen Reference Works.
Since 1989 we have been inputting the lookup words of some major works of reference
used by Zen researchers (Zengaku daijiten, Zengo jiten, Zenrin shôkisen, Kattô gosen,
Japanese-English Zen Buddhist Dictionary, Zen Glossary, etc.). Much of the input work
for this index was done in Japan, and the correction process is rather labor-intensive
because of the "gaiji" problem. We aim for a release date in late 1993. Format: Big-5
code or JIS, for use on IBMs, Macintoshes, and NECs.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ?E|g;^S^#^Jf $tfft. Work
in progress. Electronic Version ofYanagida 's Zenseki kaidai W^ÊMjSL.
The data correction process of the data (input in 1990) is ongoing; a HyperCard version for
Macintoshes as well as a text file version for IBMs and NECs should be published in 1994.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 7EH*¥S^###f^F/r.
Work in progress. Electronic Footnote Index to Major Japanese Translations of
Chan Texts.
Data input of the lookup words of Zen no goroku footnotes is finished, but footnotes to
other Japanese translations of Chan texts (such as those to the Records ofMazu and the
Records of Xuansha by Iriya and the Zutangji translations by Yanagida) must still be
input and corrected. Publication possibly in 1994.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TÈS^SRStf^flf&flfr. Work
in progress. Electronic Chan Lineage Charts.
These lineage charts will allow users to search for names and to copy and paste whatever
parts they need for their purpose. Since the graphic environment on personal computers
is being rapidly developed, we will only publish these charts when a standard evolves
which can be used in different hardware and software configurations. So far we have
made only a HyperCard demonstration model.
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TbH^ÎIIIn^^T %fft. Work
in progress. Electronic Chan, Zen, and Son Maps.
Electronic maps with information of interest to researchers. We took the first steps in
creating model maps that are freely scalable, but further work will only be done when
such maps can be used independent of one's particular hardware configuration.
C. Bibliographical Information
App, Urs. 1993. Recent English Publications about Chan, Son, and Zen (1977-
1992) — Electronic Version. Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen
Buddhism ttm*¥mmm¥ffl$Lpjr.
There are two versions of this electronic bibliography: one contains only alphabetical
information, the other also Japanese translations by Shun Murakami of all book and
404 Urs App
article titles. The former is distributed as a Microsoft Word file (IBM or Macintosh),
the latter as a Solo Writer file (Macintosh) or text file (Macintosh, IBM, NEC). The
mixed-language version makes it possible to search for persons' names, book titles, etc.
through Chinese characters.
• App, Urs, Michel Mohr, et al. Work in progress. Chan, Son, and Zen Texts in
Translation. A Database. Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen
Buddhism.
Planning has begun for a database giving basic information about primary source texts
and their translations. The coverage should be as broad as possible.
• Hôbôgirin Research Institute TEjeil^. Work in progress. Electronic Catalogue
of the Taishô Canon.
• Indogaku bukkyôgaku kenkyûkai. 1988-?. Index to Japanese Journal articles on
Buddhism since 1868.
The Indogaku bukkyôgaku kenkyûkai has since 1988 been compiling a database on
Japanese secondary literature on Buddhism. The information will cover all articles
published in 85 scholarly journals since 1868. Input of titles, authors, journal information,
and keywords is in progress at twenty-six Japanese universities, and a first set of data
(articles that appeared in Indogaku bukkyôgaku kenkyû) has been on sale since 1989.
• McRae, John. 1992. Bibliography of recent Western works on Chinese Buddhism.
This is a draft version of a bibliography posted on a variety of electronic bulletin boards,
for example, the Coombspaperss database of the Australian National University.
• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism TES^^HB&ft^flf&flfr.
Work in progress. Library Data of the International Research Institute for Zen
Buddhism.
After the publication of the Library catalogue, the institute plans to make the data available
in text file form. Included is not only the basic information (author, title, publisher, place,
time, etc.) but also their pronunciation (thoroughly checked) as well as an authoritative
classification code which will allow searches by theme. Publication planned for 1994.
D. Electronic Tools
•App, Urs. 1991. VJE Four-Corner Kanji Conversion Dictionary. Kyoto:

Versions: VJE for NEC 9801, Mac- VJE, VJE for DOS/V. Data were all input by Urs
App and contain also "wrong" numbers to facilitate input for people with an
insufficient grasp of this system. Can be merged with other dictionaries. Features four-
digit and five-digit four-corner numbers which allow speedy input of characters whose
pronunciation one ignores.
• App, Urs, and Murakami Shun. 1991 . VJE Kana-Kanji Conversion Dictionary for
Zen Terms. Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism.
Versions: VJE for NEC 9801, Mac-VJE, VJE for DOS/V. Can be merged with other
dictionaries. Using this dictionary, one can input the Hepburn transcription of most Zen
terms, names, places, and book titles and get instantaneously the corresponding Kanji
characters on screen (both full and simplified forms are included).
• App, Urs, C. Wittern, M. Mohr, and S. Murakami. Work in progress. Electronic
Index to Major Chan/Zen Dictionaries. Kyoto: International Research Institute for
Zen Buddhism.
• App, Urs, and K. Fujimoto. Forthcoming. Zen Gaiji. Kyoto: International
Japanese operating systems contain too few characters for handling Chan and Zen
materials. The number of missing characters is large, but most of them are rarely
found. We created about 100 of the most frequently occurring characters for use on
Postscript printers or any printer which can handle True Type characters. Release in
late 1993. For use on any Macintosh with a Japanese system or Japanese Windows 3. 1
on IBMs or NECs.
• Shimizu, Mitsuyuki, and Urs App. 1991. Taishô OCR Toolset. Kyoto:
International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism 1t\MJï¥MfâkW¥%ft3lPfi.
Only for NECs. Consists of an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) kanji file, an
automatic concordance program, a program which arranges data for electronic search,
and fast text search software. The hardware and software setup is discussed in the
Electronic Bodhidharma 2. Produces JIS data of a quality acceptable only to individual
researchers willing to correct them. Not useful for large-scale input of Chinese text data
because of insufficient JIS kanji codes and the related gaiji problem.
• Wittern, Christian. Forthcoming. Concordance Toolset. Kyoto: International
Versions: for JIS kanji on NECs or JIS/Big-5 on IBMs. Programs contained in this
toolset permit fully automatic creation of a printed text concordance from a Chinese
text file in JIS code. The resulting concordance is complete with three tables of content
(stroke count, radical, and four-corner) and page numbers and can without further
formatting be printed by a simple type command. A Macintosh version is planned.
• Wittern, Christian, U. App, and K. Fujimoto. Work in progress. Chinese
Character Conversion Toolset. Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen
Buddhism.
This toolset for Chinese character data will mainly consist of programs written by C.
Wittern and code tables established and corrected at our institute. It allows conversion
of Japanese text files into to Taiwanese or Korean text files and vice-versa. It will be
available for IBMs, Apples, and NEC-9801 type machines.
E. List of Already Input Chan and Zen Texts
See the more comprehensive list of Buddhist texts already input in the Electronic
Bodhidharma 3. Here, only specific Chan/Zen texts or texts often quoted in such
texts are listed.
406 Urs App
Already Input Chan and Zen Texts (incl. some other texts) June 1993
Text Title
Institution Code/ Correction
08/0235 001 Big-5,bas. corr., punct.

08/0251 001 Beihai Big-5,bas. corr., punct.
09/0273 001 TEH {/*£!■ Hanazono U. JIS, n.a.
09/0273 001 CCCII/Big-5/JIS, corr.,punct.
1 4/0474 002 Sangha database JIS,corrected
1 4/0475 003 JIS, OCR, uncorrected
16/0670 004 anazono U. JIS,n.a.
17/0784 001 Acad. sinica Big-5, corr. ongoing
17/0784 03 -K 001 Beihai Big-5,bas. corr., punct.
24/1484 002 4 Hanazono U. JlS.n.a.
25/1509 100 Mr. Nônin fSàtl JIS, OCR, not corrected
30/1579 100 JIS, corrected?
31/1585 010 Sangha database JIS, uncorrected?
32/1666 001 Hanazono U. JIS, corrected
32/1666 001 Sangha database JIS,corrected
45/1857 001 JIS, OCR, uncorrected
45/1880 001 nbunka JIS, no correction
47/1985 001 CCCII/Big-5/JIS, corr. punct.
47/1986A 001 iriz JIS, basic correction
47/1986B 001 JIS, basic correction
47/ 1987 A 001 JIS, basic correction

47/1987B 002 iriz JIS, basic correction
47/1988 003 JIS, basic correction
47/ 1998 A 030 JIS, OCR, uncorrected
47/2000 010 JIS, corrected
48/2003 010 nbunka JIS, corrected
48/2004 006 JIS, OCR, basic corr.
48/2004 006 # XibW&fft Zenbunka JIS, corrected
48/2005 001 JIS, basic correction
48/2005 001 JIS, correction?
48/201 2A 001 iriz CCCII/Big-5/JIS, corr.,punct.
48/20 12B 001 CCCII/Big-5/JIS, corr.,punct.
48/2017 003 JIS, no correction
48/2018 001 iriz JIS, OCR, uncorrected
48/201 9 A ULH 001 JIS, OCR, uncorrected
48/2021 001 IRIZ JIS, OCR, uncorrected
48/2025 010 JIS, correction?
408 Urs App

50/2059 |p|j 1e p5r 014 W~$ti^M%Pft Zenbunka JIS, no correction
50/2059 014 Ef^^ff^bfêT; Acad. sinica Big-5, corr. ongoing
50/2060 m&mm 030 Wi'fb^f^F/f Zenbunka JIS, no correction
50/2060 030 ■t'^^ff^K Acad. sinica Big-5, corr. ongoing
50/2061 KffflMI 030 W^'fkW^f/r Zenbunka JIS, no correction
50/2062 008 î'fb^f^fif Zenbunka JIS, no correction
51/2085 nmmmm 001 JIS, OCR, basic corr.
51/2092 %ME£ 005 ^^W^^ Acad. sinica Big-5, corr. ongoing
80/2548 mm^mmmtm 002 -W^'fbW^F/f Zenbunka JIS, no correction
80/2551 wmmmmu 002 •^X^bW^F/f Zenbunka JIS, no correction
81/2566 *mmmtm 003 W~X\^M1R>Pft Zenbunka JIS, no correction
81/2574 mzmm 007 MCitmXm Zenbunka JIS, corrected
85/2832 001 BIB#W£3riRiz JIS, OCR, uncorrected
85/2833 001 H^ff^wîiW IRIZ JIS, OCR, uncorrected
85/2834 001 §^|^^^Jf^J0^ IRIZ JIS, OCR, uncorrected
85/2835 001 r^TI^Xiffi'^Jtff ?£? aft- 1K1Z.
IsHwfT^Wj^Vi/TT idtv JIS, OCR, uncorrected
85/2836 001 mmœmmiRJz JIS, OCR, uncorrected
85/2837 mamxn 001 mmœmxmnuz CCCII/Big-5/JIS, corr.
85/2883 mum 001 7bH{/\^4 Hanazono U. JlS.n.a.
85/2887 xm&mm 001 HI^#^#f =&#? IRIZ JIS, OCR, uncorrected
85/2901 001 ?blSi/\l4 Hanazono U. JIS,n.a.
85/2901 m*im 001 JIS, OCR, uncorrected
ZZ 113 006 ff XYbSf ^0? Zenbunka JIS, not corrected
ZZ 117 020 W%W$%PF( Zenbunka JIS, not corrected
ZZ 118 048 I^X'fb^ff^F/f Zenbunka JIS, first corr.
ZZ118 006 Big-5, first corr.
ZZ 118 048 ?ÈH*^BIRfl^W^ Big-5, first corr.
ZZ119 mmm 001 JIS, Big-5, first corr.
ZZ 119 ■smmm 003 JIS, Big-5, no corr.
ZZ119 001 JIS, no corr.
ZZ 119 001 JIS, no corr.

ZZ 120 003 JIS, Big-5, first corr.
ZZ126 003 JIS, Big-5, no corr.
ZZ135 004 nbunka JIS, corrected
ZZ 137 030 JIS, first corr., new punct.
ZZ 138 020 nbunka JIS, corrected?
ZZ 142 002 nbunka JIS, not corrected
ZZ142 001 nbunka JIS, not corrected
ZZ148 003 Zenbunka JIS, not corrected
Last Minute Supplement
Just before this issue of the Cahiers went to press, I received the following new and
important publication which needs to be added to the bibliography section:
• Shiina, Kôyû V&&W&. 1993. Sôgenban zenseki no kenkyu 5+:7tJ{£$M§£>#f^.
Tôkyô: Daitô shuppansha ^^tfjJiSli.
This brand-new voluminous book (635 pp. text and 100 pp. indices) is the fruit of over
thirty years of meticulous work on the history of specific Chan texts and the filiations
of their extant and lost manuscripts. Since many of the most interesting and well-known
Chan texts were first printed during the Song or Yuan periods and since the information
furnished about these texts is solid, this work is likely to become a constant companion
to many Chan researchers. Shiina's detailed tracing of Chan texts through different
editions of the Chinese Buddhist canon and his information both about source texts and
secondary literature is almost as accessible as a reference work because of the excellent
indices (text titles, names of persons, place names, and titles of Japanese and Chinese
secondary literature listed by author).

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Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie

Reference Works for Chan Research

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Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 7 (1 993-1994) : 357-409 Introduction

II. BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT PRIMARY AND

• Addiss, Stephen, and Norman Waddell. Work in progress. Biographical

Source information (Western)

. 1993c. "Buddhist Databases and Input Projects." Electronic

Source information (Western)

Source information (Western)

• Gardner, James L. 1991. Zen Buddhism: A Classified Bibliography of Western-

Source information (Western)

Source information (Western)

• Pfandt, Peter. 1986. Mahayana Texts Translated into Western Languages. A

Source information (Western)

Thompson, Laurence G. 1976. Studies of Chinese Religion: A Comprehensive

Source information (Western)

• Yuyama, Akira. 1979. Systematische Obersicht tiber die buddhistische Sanskrit-

Source information (Asian)

Iida, Rigyô fiRHfUfï. 1942. Gakushô Mujaku Dôchû &WMMÏÊ&. Tôkyô:

Source information (Asian)

Source information (Asian)

scholars of Komazawa University, it appears to become a very valuable resource

Source information (Asian)

Sôtôshû shûgaku kenkyûsho WM^M^W!%yfi . 1990. Sôtôshû kankei bunken

Source information (Asian)

• Yanagida, Seizan #PB^Ul. 1967. Shoki zenshu shisho no kenkyU

Source information (Asian)

Lists Taiwanese publications on Buddhism from 1971 to 1975.

III. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS

1 . Zen Dictionaries in Western Languages

Chan Dictionaries (Western)

Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid (Buddhism); Ehrhard, Franz-Karl (Tibetan Buddhism);

Chan Dictionaries (Western)

Chan Dictionaries (Western)

2. Zen Dictionaries in Japanese and Chinese

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Akaji Munesada %<$&?£ g.. 1918. Zengo

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Mujaku Dôchû fà^jtJÈ. Chokushû Hyakujô shingi sakei

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Chan Dictionaries (Asian)

Shibano, Kyôdô SggpS^. 1980. Zenroku kan'yôgo zokugo yôten WÎ&

3. Some Other Works Useful for Chan Studies

Other Useful Works

Other Useful Works

Other Usefiil Works

Tian, Zongyao (Tien, Tsung-yao) Bzj^. 1984. A Dictionary of Colloquial

Other Useful Works

IV. INDICES AND CONCORDANCES

App, Urs, ed. 1993a. Concordance to the Records of Linji

Indices and Concordances

Indices and Concordances

International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism

Indices and Concordances

• International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism ^hM'k^M^W

Indices and Concordances

Makita, Tairyô Œcffljfftjfc et al. 1976-1978. Sô kôsôden sakuin 5fcï^fifë