Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

Lecture 7

Linear Momentum
& Moment of
Momentum
Equations
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

Linear Momentum & Moment of

Momentum Equations
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

Chapter Summary
n Introduction
n Derivation of Momentum Equation
n Applications of Momentum Equation
n Moment of Momentum Equation
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.1. Introduction Momentum

n Motion of fluid is dependent on Newton’s Principle
Second Law ?????
n Newton’s 2nd Law :
Rate of Change of Momentum of the System
in the direction of the force = Net External
Force ON the system in the same direction
n For fluid, since control volume approach is
used, the General Control Volume Equation
(Reynolds Transport Equations) need to be
used.
n Note that force and momentum are vector
quantities
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.2. Derivation of FME

n Consider the general CV Equation :

n Let X be the momentum in x-direction, Mx :

n By Newton;s 2nd Law :

n So the FME becomes :

 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.2. Derivation of FME …

n The FME for general non-uniform inlets and exits :

n Steady Flow FME :

n Or for non-uniform flow :

n Note that these equation can be applied to y and z

directions
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.2. Derivation of FME …

n Notes on Applicability :
– The net force are net of all external forces acting
ON the control volume
– 2 types forces need to be considered 1) Boundary
forces such as pressure (act normal to the surface
and towards the surface) and shear (act parallel to
the surface and parallel to the surface 2) Forces
across the CV boundary eg. Gravity or magnetic
force
– Application of FME to CV is analogous to drawing
free body diagram in solid mechanics
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME

V1
n Example 1 :
Find the horizontal and
vertical component of the
force exerted on the vane A1
A2
n Solution Steps :
- Choose a suitable control volume
- Identify the inlets and exit positions
- Identify all the external forces including pressure forces
- Ensure that the MCE is satisfied
- Apply the FME in x and y directions
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 2 :

Determine the external reactions in the x and y

directions needed to hold this fixed vane. Here V1 is 28
m/s, V2 = 27 m/s and Q = 0.20 m3/s.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 3 :

n A water jet of diameter 30 mm and speed 20 m/s is filling a

tank. The tank has a mass of 20 kg and contains 20 liters of
water at the instant shown. The water temperature is 15oC.
Find the force acting on the bottom of the tank and the force
acting on the stop block. Neglect frictions.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 4 : (Nozzle)

n Water flows through this nozzle at a rate of 2 m3/s. and

discharge into the atmosphere. D1 = 0.4 m, D2 = 0.3 m.
Determine the force required to hold the nozzle in place.
Assume irrotational flow. Neglect the gravitational effect.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 5 : (Pipe Bend – Flange & Bolts )
When fluid in a pipe
network pass through a
pipe bend, a force will be
exerted on the bend. For
P1
small and medium size
pipes, this force is
supplied by a flange bolts
or by welds. Determine
the forces that will be
experienced by the bolts. P2
(Assume the bend is in a
horizontal plane)
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 6 : (Pipe Bend – Anchor Block )
For a large pipe – the
bolts joint may be not
adequate and a specially
designed anchor block
may be needed.
Determine the forces that
will be experienced by
the anchor block.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 7 : (Non-Uniform Velocity )

= 30 m/s
A missile is being tested in a cylindrical wind tunnel. The diameter of the wind
tunnel is 1 m. The measured upstream and downstream pressures are 2 kPa
gage and 0.5 kPa gage respectively. Assume velocity distribution as above. Air
is assumed incompressible with density of 1.15 kg/m3. Assume uniform
pressure and negligible viscous forces at the wall. Determine maximum
velocity at station C and the drag force experience by the missile ?
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.3. Application of FME …

n Example 8: (Moving Control Volume )

Newton’s 2nd Law (& FME) is equally applicable to control volume

which is moving at a constant velocity. The same FME is applicable
but all taken relative to the moving control volume. Eg. A horizontal jet
of water that is 6 cm in diameter and has a velocity of 20 m/s is
deflected by a vane. The vane is moving in the x direction at a constant
velocity of 7 m/s. Determine the force experience by the vane.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.4. Moment of Momentum Equation

n The Newton’s 2nd Law can also be applied to MOMENT rather
than force and state that :

n Substitution into the Reynolds Transport Equation give :

n For steady flow :

 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

7.4. Moment of Momentum Equation …

n Example 9:

Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at a

steady rate of 1000 ml/s. The exit area of the 2 nozzles are 30
mm2 and the sprinkler rotates at 500 rpm. Determine (a) The
relative speed of water leaving the nozzle (b) The resistive torque
of the sprinkler system.
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 7: Force & Moment Momentum Equations

End of Lecture 7