Introduction to Computer 

 Revision
 Chapter (1)
(1)• Basic operations 
– Input: Entering data into the computer .

– Processing: Performing operations on the data.

 – Output: Presenting the results.

 – Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future

use .
• Data 
     – Raw, unorganized facts
     – Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or
video 

• Information 
    – Data that has been processed into a
meaningful form 

• Information processing 
   – Converting data into information 
• Six basic categories of computers: 
    – Embedded computers 
    – Mobile devices 
    – Personal computers 
    – Midrange servers 
    – Mainframe computers 
    – Supercomputers 
• Embedded computer
– Embedded into a product and designed to
perform specific tasks or functions for that product .
– Cannot be used as general-purpose computers.
– Often embedded into:
• Household appliances
• Thermostats
• Sewing machines
• Answering machines
• Cars
 Chapter (3)
• Processing Speed
– CPU clock speed is one measurement of processing speed

• RAM
- Computer’s main memory, Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and
data.

• Cache Memory
– Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU .
• Bus Width
-is the number of wires is=n the bus over which date can travel.
• Bus Speed and Bandwidth
-the amount of date that can be transferred by the bus is given time
period.
• Memory
– Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit (i.e.
Registers, RAM, and ROM).
– Storage refers to the amount of long-term storage available to a
computer.
• Rom
-located on the motherboard which date or programs have been
permanently stored.
• Registers
- fastest type of memory which used to store date and information results
during processing.

• Flash memory
-type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed.

• Heat sinks
-small components type call made out of aluminum with fans that help
to dissipate heat
-draw a general diagram of C.P.U.?
1. Keyboard 1. Monitors
2. Mouse 2. Printers
3. Micro phone 3. Projectors
4. Touch screen 4. Speakers
5. Barcode reader 5. Plotter
6. Pen light 6. Fax machine
7. Scanner 7. storage

• Camera
• Touch pad
• Joy sticks
• Fingerprint reader
• System clock
- small quartz crystal on the motherboard which sends out a signal an a
regular basis to all components.
• Machine cycle
 Chapter (5)
• System Software
– The operating system and utility programs that control a computer system and allow
you to
use your computer .
• Application Software
– Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a computer
• Multitasking
-The ability of an operating system to have more than one program (task) open at one time

•Multiprocessing
-Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job

•Parallel Processing
- CPUs or cores typically works together to complete one job more quickly
• Utility Program
– Software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing or maintaining the
computer system
• File Management Programs
– Enable the user to perform file management tasks
• Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities
-Uninstall utilities remove programs from your hard drive without leaving bits and pieces
behind
• File compression programs
- reduce the size of files so they take up less storage space on a storage medium or can be
transmitted faster over the Internet
• Backup and Recovery Utilities
- Make the backup and restoration process easier

• Shareware
• Copyrighted software distributed on the honor system

• Freeware
• Copyrighted software programs that are given away by the author for others to use free
of charge
– Public Domain Software
• Software that is not copyrighted and ownership rights have been donated to the public
domain
– Open Source Software
• Programs with source code made available to the general public

• Graphics Software (Digital Imaging Software)

– Used to create or modify images
• Audio Capture and Editing Software
– Used to create and edit audio files (narrations, podcasts, etc.)
– Video Editing Software
• Modifies existing videos
• Prepares video clips for presentations or Web sites
• Media Players
– Programs designed to play audio and video files
 Chapter (6)
Pseudo code
is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms. Pseudo
code is very similar to everyday English

ALGORITHMS
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases