Eular References For Website 2015

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 2nd edition 2015 – all available References
Chapter 1 References
Auffray C, Sieweke MH, Geissmann F. Blood monocytes: development, heterogeneity, and

relationship with dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:669–92.
Banchereau J, Pascual V, Palucka AK. Autoimmunity through cytokine-induced dendritic cell

activation. Immunity 2004;20:539–50.
Beutler B, Jiang Z, Georgel P, et al. Genetic analysis of host resistance: toll-like receptor signaling
and immunity at large. Annu Rev Immunol 2006;24:353–89.
Blom B, Spits H. Development of human lymphoid cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2006;24:287–320.
Buckner JH, Ziegler SF. Regulating the immune system: the induction of regulatory T cells in the
periphery. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:215–22.
Cope AP. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Rich R, Fleischer TA, Shearer WT, et al, eds. Clinical
immunology. 3rd edn. New York: Elsevier, 2008: 52.1–52.23.
Goodnow, C. Pathways for self-tolerance and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Lancet
2001;357:2115–21.
Klareskog L, Rönnelid J, Lundberg K, et al. Immunity to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis.

Annu Rev Immunol 2008;26:651–75.
Kyewski B, Klein L. A central role for central tolerance. Annu Rev Immunol 2006;24:571–606.
Martin F, Chan AC. B cell immunobiology in disease: evolving concepts from the clinic. Annu Rev
Immunol 2006;24:467–96.
McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol
2007;7:429–42.
Molina, H. Complement and immunity. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004;30:1–18.
Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, et al. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition
according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986;136:2348–57.
Snow AL, Pandiyan P, Zheng L, et al. The power and the promise of restimulation-induced cell
death in human immune diseases. Immunol Rev 2010;236:68–82.
Arvidson NG, Gudbjornsson B, Larsson A, et al. The timing of glucocorticoid administration in

rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:27–31.
Baerwald CG, Panayi GS, Lanchbury JS. Corticotropin releasing hormone promoter region
polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1997;24:215–16.
Boyle DL, Jones TL, Hammaker D, et al. Regulation of peripheral inflammation by spinal p38 MAP
1
kinase in rats. PLoS Med 2006;3:e338.
EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
M: eular@eular.org | W: www.eular.org
Busch-Dienstfertig M, Stein C. Opioid receptors and opioid peptide-producing leukocytes in
inflammatory pain-basic and therapeutic aspects. Brain Behav Immun 2010;24:683–94.
Buttgereit F, Doering G, Schaeffler A, et al. Efficacy of modified-release versus standard

prednisone to reduce duration of morning stiffness of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis (CAPRA-1):
a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:205–14.
Carlens C, Brandt L, Klareskog L, et al. The inflammatory reflex and risk for rheumatoid arthritis: a
case–control study of human vagotomy. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:414–16.
Castagnetta LA, Carruba G, Granata OM, et al. Increased estrogen formation and estrogen to
androgen ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol
2003;30:2597–2605.
*Cutolo M, Otsa K, Uprus M, et al. Vitamin D in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2007a;7:59–
64.
Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic

diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2011;11:84–7.
*Cutolo M, Straub RH, Bijlsma JW. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions in synovitis. Nat Clin
Pract Rheumatol 2007b;3:627–34.
*Cutolo M, Sulli A, Straub RH. Estrogen metabolism and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev
2012;11:A460–64.
*Cutolo M. Rheumatoid arthritis: circadian and circannual rhythms in RA. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2011;7:500–2.
Dekkers JC, Geenen R, Godaert GL, et al. Experimentally challenged reactivity of the
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. J
Rheumatol 2001;28:1496–1504.
Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune

functions. Amino Acids 2013;45:25–39.
Dulos J, van der Vleuten MA, Kavelaars A, et al. CYP7B expression and activity in fibroblast-like
synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: regulation by proinflammatory cytokines.
Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:770–8.
*Geenen R, Newman S, Bossema ER, et al. Psychological interventions for patients with rheumatic
diseases and anxiety or depression. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26:305–19.
Grimaldi CM, Michael DJ, Diamond B. Cutting edge: expansion and activation of a population of
autoreactive marginal zone B cells in a model of estrogen-induced lupus. J Immunol
2001;167:1886–90.
Hardy RS, Filer A, Cooper MS, et al. Differential expression, function and response to inflammatory
stimuli of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human fibroblasts: a mechanism for
tissue-specific regulation of inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R108.
Härle P, Möbius D, Carr DJ, et al. An opposing time-dependent immune-modulating effect of the
sympathetic nervous system conferred by altering the cytokine profile in the local lymph nodes and
spleen of mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1305–13.
2

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Hench, 1950. Nobel Lecture, December, 1950.
http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1950/hench-lecture.pdf (accessed 30 Sept 2014).
Labrie F. Intracrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991;78:C113–18.
Maestroni GJ. The immunotherapeutic potential of melatonin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs
2001;10:467–76.
Maestroni GJ, Otsa K, Cutolo M. Melatonin treatment does not improve rheumatoid arthritis. Br J
Clin Pharmacol 2008;65:797–8.
Masi AT. Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis: do the observed age-sex interaction patterns support a
role of androgenic-anabolic steroid deficiency in its pathogenesis? Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:697–9.
Masi AT, Aldag JC, Jacobs JW. Rheumatoid arthritis: neuroendocrine immune integrated
physiopathogenetic perspectives and therapy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005;31:131–60.
Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1690–4.
Nast A. Cholinergic innervation of leukocytes [thesis]. Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,

2004.
*Neumann E, Frommer KW, Vasile M, et al. Adipocytokines as driving forces in rheumatoid arthritis
and related inflammatory diseases? Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:1159–69.
*Pongratz G, Straub RH. Role of peripheral nerve fibres in acute and chronic inflammation in
arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:117–26.
*Rosas-Ballina M, Tracey KJ. Cholinergic control of inflammation. J Intern Med 2009;265:663–79.
*Schaible HG, Ebersberger A, Natura G. Update on peripheral mechanisms of pain: beyond

prostaglandins and cytokines. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:210.
Schmidt M, Hartung R, Capellino S, et al. Estrone/17beta-estradiol conversion to, and tumor

necrosis factor inhibition by, estrogen metabolites in synovial cells of patients with rheumatoid
arthritis and patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:2913–22.
Schmidt M, Weidler C, Naumann H, et al. Reduced capacity for the reactivation of glucocorticoids
in rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells: possible role of the sympathetic nervous system? Arthritis
Rheum 2005;52:1711–20.
Spath-Schwalbe E, Hansen K, Schmidt F, et al. Acute effects of recombinant human interleukin-6

on endocrine and central nervous sleep functions in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol
1998;83:1573–9.
Stark K, Schmidt M, Rovensky J, et al. Influence of CYB5A gene variants on risk of rheumatoid
arthritis and local endocrine function in the joint. Brain Behav Immun 2013;29(Suppl):S12–13.
Stark K, Straub RH, Blazickova S, et al. Genetics in neuroendocrine immunology: implications for
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;1193:10–14.
*Straub RH, Bijlsma JW, Masi A, et al. Role of neuroendocrine and neuroimmune mechanisms in
chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases—the 10-year update. Semin Arthritis Rheum
2013;43:392–404.
3

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Straub RH, Günzler C, Miller LE, et al. Anti-inflammatory cooperativity of corticosteroids and
norepinephrine in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue in vivo and in vitro. FASEB J 2002;16:993–
1000.
Straub RH, Härle P, Sarzi-Puttini P, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-neutralizing therapies improve
altered hormone axes: an alternative mode of anti-inflammatory action. Arthritis Rheum
2006;54:2039–46.
*Straub RH. Complexity of the bi-directional neuroimmune junction in the spleen. Trends
Pharmacol Sci 2004;25:640–6.
*Straub RH. Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in
pathophysiology. J Mol Med 2012;90:523–34.
*Straub RH. The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocr Rev 2007;28:521–74.
Tengstrand B, Carlstrom K, Fellander-Tsai L, et al. Abnormal levels of serum

dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone, and estradiol in men with rheumatoid arthritis: high correlation
between serum estradiol and current degree of inflammation. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2338–43.
Uhlig T, Kvien TK, Glennås A, et al. The incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis, results from
a county register in Oslo, Norway. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1078–84
Weidler C, Härle P, Schedel J, et al. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus
erythematosus have increased renal excretion of mitogenic estrogens in relation to endogenous
antiestrogens. J Rheumatol 2004;31:489–94.
Williams GC. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution
1957;11:398–411.
Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, Lafeber FP. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical
practice. Lancet 2011;377:2115–26.
Bottini N, Firestein GS. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and
imprinted aggressors. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:24–33.
Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, et al. Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in
four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet 2007;39:1329–37.
Chang SK, Noss EH, Chen M, et al. Cadherin-11 regulates fibroblast inflammation. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 2011;108:8402–7.
Colbert RA, DeLay ML, Klenk EI, et al. From HLA-B27 to spondyloarthritis: a journey through the
ER. Immunol Rev 2010;233:181–202.
de Hooge AS, van de Loo FA, Bennink MB, et al. Male IL-6 gene knock out mice developed more
advanced osteoarthritis upon aging. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:66–73.
Driban JB, Price L, Lo GH, et al. Evaluation of bone marrow lesion volume as a knee osteoarthritis
biomarker—longitudinal relationships with pain and structural changes: data from the Osteoarthritis
Initiative. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;15:R112.
4

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Duerr RH, Taylor KD, Brant SR, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an
inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science 2006;314:1461–3.
Duroux-Richard I, Jorgensen C, Apparailly, F. What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis?

Ea HK, Nguyen C, Bazin D, et al. Articular cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: insights into
crystal-induced stress. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:10–18.
Evans DS, Cailotto F, Parimi N, et al. Genome-wide association and functional studies identify a
role for IGFBP3 in hip osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (in press)
Frommer KW, Zimmermann B, Meier FM, et al. Adiponectin-mediated changes in effector cells
involved in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2012;62:2886–99.
Funck-Brentano T, Bouaziz W, Marty C, et al. Dkk1-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in bone

ameliorates osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol (in press).
Furst DE, Keystone EC, So AK, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the
treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2012. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;72:ii2–34.
Gaffen SL, Jain R, Garg AV, et al. The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic
testing. Nature Rev Immunol 2014;14:585–600.
Genovese MC, Cohen SB, Wofsy D, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled, parallel group study of the efficacy of oral SCIO-469, a p38 mitogen-activated protein
kinase inhibitor, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2011;38:846–54.
Geyer M, Grassel S, Straub RH, et al. Differential transcriptome analysis of intraarticular lesional
vs intact cartilage reveals new candidate genes in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage 2009;17:328–335.
Glasson SS, Askew R, Sheppard B, et al. Deletion of active ADAMTS5 prevents cartilage
degradation in a murine model of osteoarthritis. Nature 2005;434:644–8.
Graham S, Gamie Z, Polyzois I, et al. Prostaglandin EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists in bone
formation and bone healing: in vivo and in vitro evidence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs
2009;18:746–66.
Griffin TM, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, et al. Extreme obesity due to impaired leptin signaling in mice
does not cause knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:293544.
*Harre U, Georgess D, Bang H, et al. Induction of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by human
autoantibodies against citrullinated vimentin. J Clin Invest 2012;122:1791–802.
Hreggvidsdottir HS, Noordenbos T, Baeten DL. Inflammatory pathways in spondyloarthritis. Mol

Immunol 2014;57:28–37.
Jacques P, Lambrecht S, Verheugen E, et al. Proof of concept: enthesitis and new bone formation
in spondyloarthritis are driven by mechanical strain and stromal cells. Ann Rheum Dis
2014;73:437–45.
Kadri A, Funck-Brentano T, Lin H, et al. Inhibition of bone resorption blunts osteoarthritis in mice
with high bone remodelling. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1533–8.
5

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Karouzakis E, Neidhart M, Gay RE, et al. Molecular and cellular basis of rheumatoid joint
destruction. Immunol Lett 2006;106:8–13.
Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC, Lories RJ, et al. The coupling of bone and cartilage turnover in
osteoarthritis: opportunities for bone antiresorptives and anabolics as potential treatments? Ann
Rheum Dis 2014;73:336–48.
*Kim JH, Jeon J, Shin M, et al. Regulation of the catabolic cascade in osteoarthritis by the zinc-
ZIP8-MTF1 axis. Cell 2014;156:730–43.
Kleyer A, Finzel S, Rech J, et al. Bone loss before the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis in
subjects with anticitrullinated protein antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;73:854–60.
Lai Y, Bai X, Zhao Y, et al. ADAMTS-7 forms a positive feedback loop with TNF-alpha in the
pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1575–84.
Le Goff B, Berthelot JM, Maugars Y, et al. (2013) Osteoclasts in RA: diverse origins and functions.
Joint Bone Spine 2013;80:586–91.
*Lee DM, Kiener HP, Agarwal SK, et al. Cadherin-11 in synovial lining formation and pathology in
arthritis. Science 2007;315:1006–10.
*Lefevre S, Knedla A, Tennie C, et al. Synovial fibroblasts spread rheumatoid arthritis to unaffected
joints. Nature Med 2009;15:1414–20.
Li H, Hong S, Qian J, et al. Cross talk between the bone and immune systems: osteoclasts
function as antigen-presenting cells and activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Blood 2010;116:210–17.
Maciejewska-Rodrigues H, Karouzakis E, Strietholt S, et al. Epigenetics and rheumatoid arthritis:

the role of SENP1 in the regulation of MMP-1 expression. J Autoimmunity 2010;3515–22.
Maksymowych WP, Morency N, Conner-Spady B, et al. Suppression of inflammation and effects

on new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence for a window of opportunity in disease
modification. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:23–28.
Neumann E, Frommer KW, Vasile M, et al. Adipocytokines as driving forces in rheumatoid arthritis
and related inflammatory diseases? Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:1159–69.
Poddubnyy D, Hermann KG, Callhoff J, et al. Ustekinumab for the treatment of patients with active
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a 28-week, prospective, open-label, proof-of-concept study
(TOPAS). Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:817–23.
Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on

radiographic spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the German
Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1616–22.
Poonpet T, Honsawek S. Adipokines: biomarkers for osteoarthritis? World J Orthop 2014;5:319–

27.
*Redlich K, Hayer S, Ricci R, et al. Osteoclasts are essential for TNF-alpha-mediated joint
destruction. J Clin Invest 2002;110:1419–27.
Rengel Y, Ospelt C, Gay S. Proteinases in the joint: clinical relevance of proteinases in joint
destruction. Arthritis Res Ther 2007;9:221.
6

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Ryu JH, Yang S, Shin Y, et al. Interleukin-6 plays an essential role in hypoxia-inducible factor 2a-
induced experimental osteoarthritic cartilage destruction in mice. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:2732–
43.
*Saito T, Fukai A, Mabuchi A, et al. Transcriptional regulation of endochondral ossification by HIF-

2αlpha during skeletal growth and osteoarthritis development. Nat Med 2010;16:678–86.
*Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, et al. IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on
ROR-gammat+ CD3+ CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. Nat Med 2012;18:1069–76.
Taljanovic MS, Graham AR, Benjamin JB, et al. Bone marrow edema pattern in advanced hip
osteoarthritis: quantitative assessment with magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with
clinical examination, radiographic findings, and histopathology. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37:423–31.
Uderhardt S, Diarra D, Katzenbeisser J, et al. Blockade of Dickkopf (DKK)-1 induces fusion of

sacroiliac joints. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:592–7.
Wakkach A, Mansour A, Dacquin R, et al. Bone marrow microenvironment controls the in vivo
differentiation of murine dendritic cells into osteoclasts. Blood 2008;112:5074–83.
Wanders A, Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce radiographic

progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:1756–65.
*Wang Q, Rozelle AL, Lepus CM, et al. Identification of a central role for complement in
osteoarthritis. Nat Med 2011;17:1674–9.
Wluka AE, Lombard CB, Cicuttini FM. Tackling obesity in knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2013;9:225–35.
Yang S, Kim J, Ryu JH, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha is a catabolic regulator of

osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Nat Med 2010;16:687–93.
*Zhen G, Wen C, Jia X, et al. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling in mesenchymal stem cells of
subchondral bone attenuates osteoarthritis. Nat Med 2013;19:704–12.
Balding DJ. A tutorial on statistical methods for population association studies. Nat Rev Genet
2006;7:781–91.
Bansal V, Libiger O, Torkamani A, et al. Statistical analysis strategies for association studies
involving rare variants. Nat Rev Genet 2010;11:773–85.
Christensen K, Murray JC. What genome-wide association studies can do for medicine. N Engl J
Med 2007;356:1094–7.
Croker JA, Kimberly RP. Genetics of susceptibility and severity in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:529–37.
Feero WG, Guttmacher AE, Manolio TA. Genome-wide association studies and assessment of the
risk of disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363:166–76.

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Harley IT, Kaufman KM, Langefeld CD, et al. Genetic susceptibility to SLE: new insights from fine
mapping and genome-wide association studies. Nat Rev Genet 2009:10:285–90.
Iafrate AJ, Feuk L, Rivera MN, et al. Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome. Nat
Gen 2004;36:949–51.
International Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis Consortium (IGAS), et al. Identification of multiple

risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis through high-density genotyping of immune-related loci. Nat
Genet 2013;45:730–8.
Jirtle RL, Skinner MK. Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nat Rev Genet
2007;8:253–62.
Lewis CM. Genetic association studies: design, analysis and interpretation. Brief Bioinform
2002;3:146–53.
Okada Y, Wu D, Trynka G, et al. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug
discovery. Nature 2014;506:376–81
Radstake TR, Gorlova O, Rueda B, et al. Genome-wide association study of systemic sclerosis
identifies CD247 as a new susceptibility locus. Nat Genet 2010;42:426–9.
Redon R, Ishikawa S, Fitch KR, et al. Global variation in copy number in the human genome.
Nature 2006;444:444–454.
Reveille JD. The genetic basis of ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006;18:332–41.
Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TWJ. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2010;376:1094–108.
Thomas GP, Brown MA. Genetics and genomics of ankylosing spondylitis. Immunol Rev
2010;233:162–80.
Wang KF, Ye SL, Song LJ, et al. The metastasis of hepatocarcinoma can be inhibited by T
lymphocytes reconstitution in nude mice model. Hepatogastroenterology 2010;57:1220–6.
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of
seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007;447:661–78.
Zilberman D. The human promoter methylome. Nat Genet 2007;39:442–3.
Aisen AM, McCune WJ, MacGuire A, et al. Sonographic evaluation of the cartilage of the knee.
Radiology 1984;153:781–4.
Alasaarela E, Suramo I, Tervonen O, et al. Evaluation of humeral head erosions in rheumatoid

arthritis: a comparison of ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography
and plain radiography. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:1152–6.
Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American
College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis
Rheum Dis 2010;62:2569–81. 8

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Aletaha D, Hawker G, Neogi T, et al. Re: Clarification of the role of ultrasonography, magnetic
resonance imaging and conventional radiography in the ACR/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis
classification criteria-comment to the article by Aletaha et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; E-letter:
Published online January 11, 2011.
Althoff CE, Feist E, Burova E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of active sacroiliitis: do we really
need gadolinium? Eur J Radiol 2009;71:232–6.
American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines. Guidelines

for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 2002 Update. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:328–46.
Anandarajah AP, Ory P, Salonen D, et al. Effect of adalimumab on joint disease: features of
patients with psoriatic arthritis detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:206–9.
Antoni C, Dechant C, Hanns-Martin Lorenz PD, et al. Open-label study of infliximab treatment for
psoriatic arthritis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of reduction of
inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:506–12.
Appenzeller S, Amorim BJ, Ramos CD, et al. Voxel-based morphometry of brain SPECT can
detect the presence of active central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus
erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:467–72.
Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised
criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:315–24.
Backhaus M, Kamradt T, Sandrock D, et al. Arthritis of the finger joints: a comprehensive approach
comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic
resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1232–45.
Backhaus M, Burmester GR, Sandrock D, et al. Prospective two year follow up study comparing
novel and conventional imaging procedures in patients with arthritic finger joints. Ann Rheum Dis
2002;61:895–904.
Backhaus M, Ohrndorf S, Kellner H, et al. Evaluation of a novel 7-joint ultrasound score in daily
rheumatologic practice: a pilot project. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:1194–201.
Bakewell CJ, Olivieri I, Aydin SZ, et al. OMERACT Ultrasound Task Force. Ultrasound and
magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of psoriatic dactylitis: status and perspectives. J
Rheumatol 2013;40:1951–7.
Balint P, Sturrock RD. Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging: a new diagnostic tool for the
rheumatologist? Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:1141–2.
Balint PV, Sturrock RD. Inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa and Achilles tendonitis in psoriatic arthritis
demonstrated by ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:931–3.
Balint PV, Kane D, Hunter J, et al. Ultrasound guided versus conventional joint and soft tissue fluid
aspiration in rheumatology practice: a pilot study. J Rheumatol 2002a;29:2209–13.
Balint PV, Kane D, Wilson H, et al. Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in
spondyloarthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2002b;61:905–10.
Baraliakos X, Hermann KG, Landewe R, et al. Assessment of acute spinal inflammation in patients
with ankylosing spondylitis by magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison between contrast
9

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
enhanced T1 and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. Ann Rheum Dis 2005a;64:1141–
4.
Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Listing J, et al. Outcome of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis after
two years of therapy with etanercept: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data. Arthritis
Rheum 2005b;53:856–63.
Baraliakos X, Davis J, Tsuji W, Braun J. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in
patients with ankylosing spondylitis before and after therapy with the tumor necrosis factor alpha
receptor fusion protein etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 2005c;52:1216–23.
Baraliakos X, Listing J, Rudwaleit M, et al. The relationship between inflammation and new bone
formation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10:R104.
Battistone MJ, Manaster BJ, Reda DJ, et al. The prevalence of sacroilitis in psoriatic arthritis: new
perspectives from a large, multicenter cohort. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study.
Skeletal Radiol 1999;28:196–201.
Beckers C, Ribbens C, Andre B, et al. Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with
(18)F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 2004;45:956–64.
Beckers C, Jeukens X, Ribbens C, et al. (18)F-FDG PET imaging of rheumatoid knee synovitis
correlates with dynamic magnetic resonance and sonographic assessments as well as with the
serum level of metalloproteinase-3. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:275–80.
Beekman R, Visser LH. Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a critical review of
the literature. Muscle Nerve 2003;27:26–33.
Bennett AN, McGonagle D, O'Connor P, et al. Severity of baseline magnetic resonance imaging-
evident sacroiliitis and HLA-B27 status in early inflammatory back pain predict radiographically
evident ankylosing spondylitis at eight years. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:3413–18.
Benton N, Stewart N, Crabbe J, et al. MRI of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis can be used to
predict functional outcome at 6 years. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:555–61.
Bergman AG, Willén HK, Lindstrand AL, Petterson HTA. Osteoarthritis of the knee: correlation of
subchondral MR signal abnormalities with histopathologic and radiographic features. Skeletal
Radiol 1994;23:445–8.
Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Abdelwahab IF. High-frequency ultrasound examination of the wrist and
hand. Skeletal Radiol 1999;28:121–9.
Biswal S, Hastie T, Andriacchi TP, et al. Risk factors for progressive cartilage loss in the knee: a
longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study in forty-three patients. Arthritis Rheum
2002;46:2884–92.
Blockmans D, De CL, Vanderschueren S, et al. Repetitive 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron

emission tomography in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study in 35 patients.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:672–7.
Boers M, Brooks P, Strand CV, et al. The OMERACT filter for outcome measures in rheumatology.
J Rheumatol 1998;25:198–9.
Boesen M, Østergaard M, Cimmino MA, et al. MRI quantification of rheumatoid arthritis: current
knowledge and future perspectives. Eur J Radiol 2009;71:189–96.
10

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bollow M, Fischer T, Reisshauer H, et al. Quantitative analyses of sacroiliac biopsies in
spondyloarthropathies: T cells and macrophages predominate in early and active sacroiliitis-
cellularity correlates with the degree of enhancement detected by magnetic resonance imaging.
Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:135–40.
Boutry N, Hachulla E, Flipo RM, et al. MR imaging findings in hands in early rheumatoid arthritis:
comparison with those in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren syndrome. Radiology
2005;236:593–600.
Bøyesen P, Haavardsholm EA, Østergaard M, et al. MRI in early rheumatoid arthritis: synovitis and
bone marrow oedema are independent predictors of subsequent radiographic progression. Ann
Rheum Dis 2011a;70:428–33.
Bøyesen P, McQueen FM, Gandjbakhch F, et al. The OMERACT psoriatic arthritis magnetic
resonance imaging score (PsAMRIS) is reliable and sensitive to change: results from an
OMERACT workshop. J Rheumatol 2011b;38:2034–8.
Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in
patients with ankylosing spondylitis, before and after successful therapy with infliximab: evaluation
of a new scoring system. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1126–36.
Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, et al. Analysing chronic spinal changes in ankylosing spondylitis:
a systematic comparison of conventional x rays with magnetic resonance imaging using
established and new scoring systems. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1046–55.
Braun J, Landewe R, Hermann KG, et al. Major reduction in spinal inflammation in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis after treatment with infliximab: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-
blind, placebo-controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1646–52.
Breidahl WH, Newman JS, Taljanovic MS, et al. Power Doppler sonography in the assessment of
musculoskeletal fluid collections. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166:1443–6.
Brenner W. 18F-FDG PET in rheumatoid arthritis: there still is a long way to go. J Nucl Med
2004;45:927–9.
Brophy DP, Cunnane G, FitzGerald O, et al. Technical report: ultrasound guidance for injection of
soft tissue lesions around the heel in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Clin Radiol 1995;50:120–2.
Brown AK, Quinn MA, Karim Z, et al. Presence of significant synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis
patients with disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-induced clinical remission: evidence from an
imaging study may explain structural progression. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3761–73.
Brown AK, Conaghan PG, Karim Z, et al. An explanation for the apparent dissociation between
clinical remission and continued structural deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2008;58:2958–67.
Buchberger W. Radiologic imaging of the carpal tunnel. Eur J Radiol 1997;25:112–117.
Buckwalter KA, Rydberg J, Kopecky KK, et al. Musculoskeletal imaging with multislice CT. AJR Am
J Roentgenol 2001;176:979–86.
Campbell RS, Grainger AJ. Current concepts in imaging of tendinopathy. Clin Radiol 2001;56:253–
67.
Canoso JJ. Ultrasound imaging: a rheumatologist's dream. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2063–4.

11

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, et al. Inflamed shoulder structures in polymyalgia rheumatica with
normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:1155–9.
Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, et al. Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia

rheumatica: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1049–55.
Carotti M, Salaffi F, Manganelli P, et al. Ultrasonography and colour Doppler sonography of

salivary glands in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2001;20:213–19.
Carotti M, Salaffi F, Manganelli P, et al. Power Doppler sonography in the assessment of synovial
tissue of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary experience. Ann Rheum Dis
2002;61:877–82.
Chao J, Wu C, Sun B, et al. Inflammatory characteristics on ultrasound predict poorer longterm

response to intraarticular corticosteroid injections in knee osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2010;37:650–
5.
Chen J, Wang J, Chang YM, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow between primary and concomitant
fibromyalgia patients: a possible way to differentiate concomitant fibromyalgia from the primary
disease. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:226–32.
Chen P, Maklad N, Redwine M, et al. Dynamic high-resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel.
AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;168:533–7.
Cheng KS, Tiwari A, Boutin A, et al. Differentiation of primary and secondary Raynaud's disease
by carotid arterial stiffness. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:336–41.
Cicak N, Matasovic T, Bajraktarevic T. Ultrasonographic guidance of needle placement for

shoulder arthrography. J Ultrasound Med 1992;11:135–7.
Cicuttini FM, Jones G, Forbes A, et al. Rate of cartilage loss at two years predicts subsequent total
knee arthroplasty: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1124–7.
Cimmino MA, Parodi M, Innocenti S, et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance of the wrist in psoriatic
arthritis reveals imaging patterns similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther
2005;7:R725–R731.
Coari G, Iagnocco A, Zoppini A. Chondrocalcinosis: sonographic study of the knee. Clin Rheumatol
1995;14:511–14.
*Colamussi P, Prandini N, Cittanti C, et al. Scintigraphy in rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2004;18:909–26.
Conaghan PG, Wakefield RJ, OĆonnor W, et al. MCPJ assessment in early RA: a comparison
between X-ray, MRI, high resolution ultrasound (HRUS) and clinical examination. Arthritis Rheum
1998;41:1279.
Conaghan PG. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography: improving our senses. Arthritis Rheum

2005;53:639–42.
Conaghan PG, D’Agostino MA, Le Bars M, et al. Clinical and ultrasonographic predictors of joint
replacement for knee osteoarthritis: results from a large, 3-year, prospective EULAR study. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:644–7.
Cook RJ, Fogelman I. Bone single photon emission computed tomography. Imaging 2001;13:149–
12
54.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Cooperberg PL, Tsang I, Truelove L, et al. Gray scale ultrasound in the evaluation of rheumatoid
arthritis of the knee. Radiology 1978;126:759–63.
Cosnes A, Anglade MC, Revuz J, Radier C. Thirteen-megahertz ultrasound probe: its role in
diagnosing localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:724–9.
Cunnane G, Brophy DP, Gibney RG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of heel pain in chronic
inflammatory arthritis using ultrasound. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996;25:383–9.
D'Agostino MA, Breban M, Said-Nahal R, et al. Refractory inflammatory heel pain in

spondylarthropathy: a significant response to infliximab documented by ultrasound. Arthritis Rheum
2002;46:840–1.
D'Agostino MA, Said-Nahal R, Hacquard-Bouder C, et al. Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in

the spondylarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: a cross-sectional
study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:523–33.
D'Agostino MA, Conaghan P, Le BM, et al. EULAR report on the use of ultrasonography in painful
knee osteoarthritis. Part 1: prevalence of inflammation in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2005;64:1703–9.
*D'Agostino MA. Ultrasound imaging in spondyloarthropathies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2010;24:693–700.
Dasgupta B, Hassan N. Giant cell arteritis: recent advances and guidelines for management. Clin
Exp Rheumatol 2007;25:S62–S65.
de Bois MH, Tak PP, Arndt JW, et al. Joint scintigraphy for quantification of synovitis with 99mTc-
labelled human immunoglobulin G compared to histological examination. Clin Exp Rheumatol
1995;13:155–9.
De Maeseneer M, Jacobson JA, Jaovisidha S, et al. Elbow effusions: distribution of joint fluid with
flexion and extension and imaging implications. Invest Radiol 1998;33:117–25.
de Miguel E, Muñoz-Fernández S, Castillo C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of enthesis ultrasound in

the diagnosis of early spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:434–9.
Delaunoy I, Feipel V, Appelboom T, et al. Sonography detection threshold for knee effusion. Clin
Rheumatol 2003;22:391–2.
Døhn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Court-Payen M, et al. Are bone erosions detected by magnetic resonance
imaging and ultrasonography true erosions? A comparison with computed tomography in
rheumatoid arthritis metacarpophalangeal joints. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R110.
Dohn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Hasselquist M, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis bone erosion volumes on CT and
MRI: reliability and correlations with erosion scores on CT, MRI and radiography. Ann Rheum Dis
2007;66:1388–92.
Dohn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Hasselquist M, et al. Detection of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis wrist
joints with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and radiography. Arthritis Res Ther
2008;10:R25.
Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group
preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1218–27.
13

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Dougados M, Jousse-Joulin S, Mistretta F, et al. Evaluation of several ultrasonography scoring
systems for synovitis and comparison to clinical examination: results from a prospective
multicentre study of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:828–33.
Duer A, Østergaard M, Hørslev-Petersen K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and bone

scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of unclassified arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:48–51.
Duer-Jensen A, Ejbjerg B, Albrecht-Beste E, et al. Does low-field dedicated extremity MRI (E-MRI)
reliably detect bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis? A comparison of two different E-MRI units
and conventional radiography with high-resolution CT scanning. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1296–
302.
Duer-Jensen A, Hørslev-Petersen K, Hetland ML, et al. Bone edema on magnetic resonance

imaging is an independent predictor of development of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with early
undifferentiated arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:2192–202
*Duet M, Pouchot J, Liote F, et al. Role for positron emission tomography in skeletal diseases.
Duncan I, Sullivan P, Lomas F. Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR Am J
Roentgenol 1999;173:681–4.
Eckstein F, Mosher T, Hunter D. Imaging of knee osteoarthritis: data beyond the beauty. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2007;19:435–43.
Ejbjerg BJ, Narvestad E, Jacobsen S, et al. Optimised, low cost, low field dedicated extremity MRI
is highly specific and sensitive for synovitis and bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis wrist and
finger joints: comparison with conventional high field MRI and radiography. Ann Rheum Dis
2005a;64:1280–7.
Ejbjerg BJ, Vestergaard A, Jacobsen S, et al. The smallest detectable difference and sensitivity to
change of magnetic resonance imaging and radiographic scoring of structural joint damage in
rheumatoid arthritis finger, wrist, and toe joints: a comparison of the OMERACT rheumatoid
arthritis magnetic resonance imaging score applied to different joint combinations and the
Sharp/van der Heijde radiographic score. Arthritis Rheum 2005b;52:2300–6.
El Miedany YM, Aty SA, Ashour S. Ultrasonography versus nerve conduction study in patients with
carpal tunnel syndrome: substantive or complementary tests? Rheumatology (Oxford)
2004;43:887–95.
Ellegaard K, Torp-Pedersen S, Terslev L, et al. Ultrasound colour Doppler measurements in a

single joint as measure of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis—assessment of
concurrent validity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:254–7.
Emad Y, Ragab Y, Bassyouni I, et al. Enthesitis and related changes in the knees in seronegative
spondyloarthropathies and skin psoriasis: magnetic resonance imaging case-control study. J
Rheumatol 2010;37:1709–17.
Emery P, Salmon M. Early rheumatoid arthritis: time to aim for remission? Ann Rheum Dis
1995;54:944–7.
Emmi L, Bramati M, De Cristofaro MT, et al. MRI and SPECT investigations of the CNS in SLE
patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993;11:13–20.
Emrani PS, Katz JN, Kessler CL, et al. Joint space narrowing and Kellgren-Lawrence progression
in knee osteoarthritis: an analytic literature synthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:873–82. 14
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Erdem CZ, Tekin NS, Sarikaya S, et al. MR imaging features of foot involvement in patients with
psoriasis. Eur J Radiol 2008;67:521–5.
Eshed I, Bollow M, McGonagle DG, et al. MRI of enthesitis of the appendicular skeleton in
spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1553–9.
Eustace JA, Brophy DP, Gibney RP, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of steroid placement with
clinical outcome in patients with shoulder symptoms. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:59–63.
Falsetti P, Frediani B, Acciai C, et al. Ultrasonographic study of Achilles tendon and plantar fascia
in chondrocalcinosis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2242–50.
Falsetti P, Frediani B, Fioravanti A, et al. Sonographic study of calcaneal entheses in erosive

osteoarthritis, nodal osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol
2003;32:229–34
Farin PU, Jaroma H, Soimakallio S. Rotator cuff calcifications: treatment with US-guided
technique. Radiology 1995;195:841–3.
Farin PU, Rasanen H, Jaroma H, Harju A. Rotator cuff calcifications: treatment with ultrasound-
guided percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage. Skeletal Radiol 1996;25:551–4.
Feldtkeller E, Khan MA, van der Heijde D, et al. Age at disease onset and diagnosis delay in HLA-
B27 negative vs. positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int 2003;23:61–66.
Felson DT, Niu J, Guermazi A, et al. Correlation of the development of knee pain with enlarging
bone marrow lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2986–92.
Fessell DP, Jacobson JA, Craig J, et al. Using sonography to reveal and aspirate joint effusions.
AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1353–62.
Filippucci E, Farina A, Carotti M, et al. Grey scale and power Doppler sonographic changes
induced by intra-articular steroid injection treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:740–3.
Filippucci E, Iagnocco A, Meenagh G, et al. Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2006;24:1–5.
Fiocco U, Cozzi L, Rubaltelli L, et al. Long-term sonographic follow-up of rheumatoid and psoriatic
proliferative knee joint synovitis. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:155–63.
Fiocco U, Ferro F, Cozzi L, et al. Contrast medium in power Doppler ultrasound for assessment of
synovial vascularity: comparison with arthroscopy. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2170–6.
Foldes K. Knee chondrocalcinosis: an ultrasonographic study of the hyalin cartilage. Clin Imaging
2002;26:194–6.
Foltz V, Gandjbakhch F, Etchepare F, et al. Power Doppler but not low-field MRI predict relapse
and radiographic disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low disease activity.
Arthritis Rheum 2012,64:67–76
Fornage BD. Soft tissue masses: the underutilization of sonography. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol
1999;3:115–34.
Fornage BD. The case for ultrasound of muscles and tendons. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol
2000;4:375–91.
15

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Frediani B, Falsetti P, Storri L, et al. Ultrasound and clinical evaluation of quadricipital tendon
enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21:294–
8.
Frediani B, Falsetti P, Storri L, et al. Evidence for synovitis in active polymyalgia rheumatica:
sonographic study in a large series of patients. J Rheumatol 2002;29:123–30.
Frediani B, Filippou G, Falsetti P, et al. Diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal

deposition disease: ultrasonographic criteria proposed. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:638–40.
Freeston JE, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, et al. A diagnostic algorithm for persistence of very
early inflammatory arthritis: the utility of power Doppler ultrasound when added to conventional
assessment tools. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:417–19.
Freeston JE, Coates LC, Helliwell PS, et al. Is there subclinical enthesitis in early psoriatic
arthritis? A clinical comparison with power Doppler ultrasound. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2012;64:1617–21.
Galluzzo E, Lischi DM, Taglione E, et al. Sonographic analysis of the ankle in patients with
psoriatic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000;29:52–55.
Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, et al. A new approach to defining disease status in
ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol
1994;21:2286–91.
Gent YY, Voskuyl AE, Kloet RW, et al. Macrophage positron emission tomography imaging as a
biomarker for preclinical rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a prospective pilot study. Arthritis Rheum
2012;64:62–66.
Gerster JC, Landry M, Dufresne L, Meuwly JY. Imaging of tophaceous gout: computed tomography
provides specific images compared with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Ann
Rheum Dis 2002;61:52–54.
Gibbon WW, Wakefield RJ. Ultrasound in inflammatory disease. Radiol Clin North Am
1999;37:633–51.
Giovagnoni A, Grassi W, Terelli F, et al. MRI of the hand in psoriatic and rheumatical arthritis. Eur
Radiol 1995;5:590–5.
Goerres GW, Forster A, Uebelhart D, et al. F-18 FDG whole-body PET for the assessment of
disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Nucl Med 2006;31:386–90.
Goronzy JJ, Matteson EL, Fulbright JW, et al. Prognostic markers of radiographic progression in
early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:43–54.
Grassi W, Tittarelli E, Blasetti P, et al. Finger tendon involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation
with high-frequency sonography. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:786–94.
Grassi W, Cervini C. Ultrasonography in rheumatology: an evolving technique. Ann Rheum Dis

1998;57:268–71.
Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A, et al. Sonographic imaging of tendons. Arthritis Rheum

2000;43:969–76.
Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A, et al. Ultrasonography in the evaluation of bone erosions. Ann
16
Rheum Dis 2001a;60:98–103.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Grassi W, Farina A, Filippucci E, et al. Sonographically guided procedures in rheumatology. Semin
Arthritis Rheum 2001b;30:347–53.
Grassi W, Farina A, Filippucci E, Cervini C. Intralesional therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome: a

sonographic-guided approach. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:73–76.
Grassi W, Filippucci E. Is power Doppler sonography the new frontier in therapy monitoring? Clin
Exp Rheumatol 2003a;21:424–8.
Grassi W. Clinical evaluation versus ultrasonography: who is the winner? J Rheumatol

2003b;30:908–9.
*Grassi W, Filippucci E. Ultrasonography and the rheumatologist. Curr Opin Rheumatol

2007;19:55–60.
Gray ML, Burstein D. Molecular (and functional) imaging of articular cartilage. J Musculoskelet
Neuronal Interact 2004;4:365–8.
Guermazi A, Burstein D, Conaghan P, et al. Imaging in osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am
2008;34:645–87.
Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, Salaffi F, et al. Differential diagnosis between rheumatoid arthritis and
psoriatic arthritis: the value of ultrasound findings at metacarpophalangeal joints level. Ann Rheum
Dis 2011;70:1111–14
Haavardsholm EA, Bøyesen P, Østergaard M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 84

patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: bone marrow oedema predicts erosive progression. Ann
Rheum Dis 2008;67:794–800.
Haavardsholm EA, Østergaard M, Ejbjerg BJ, et al. Reliability and sensitivity to change of the
OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging score in a multireader, longitudinal
setting. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3860–7.
Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Brandt HC, et al. Adalimumab reduces spinal symptoms in active
ankylosing spondylitis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results of a fifty-two-week open-
label trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:678–81.
Hall S, Buchbinder R. Do imaging methods that guide needle placement improve outcome? Ann
Rheum Dis 2004;63:1007–8.
Hammer HB, Kvien TK. Comparisons of 7- to 78-joint ultrasonography scores: all different joint
combinations show equal response to adalimumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:R78.
Hau M, Kneitz C, Tony HP, et al. High resolution ultrasound detects a decrease in pannus
vascularisation of small finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with
soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor (etanercept). Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:55–58.
Hau M, Schultz H, Tony HP, et al. Evaluation of pannus and vascularization of the
metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis by high-resolution
ultrasound (multidimensional linear array). Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2303–8.
Hauzeur JP, Mathy L, De MV. Comparison between clinical evaluation and ultrasonography in
detecting hydrarthrosis of the knee. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2681–3.
17

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Helliwell PS, Hetthen J, Sokoll K, et al. Joint symmetry in early and late rheumatoid and psoriatic
arthritis: comparison with a mathematical model. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:865–71.
Hermann KG, Backhaus M, Schneider U, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder joint:
comparison of conventional radiography, ultrasound, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic
resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3338–49.
Hermann KG, Bollow M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton in rheumatoid disease.
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004a;18:881–907.
Hermann KG, Braun J, Fischer T, et al. Magnetic resonance tomography of sacroiliitis: anatomy,
histological pathology, MR-morphology, and grading. Radiologe 2004b;44:217–28.
Hetland ML, Ejbjerg B, Horslev-Petersen K, et al. MRI bone oedema is the strongest predictor of
subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 2-year
randomised controlled trial (CIMESTRA). Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:384–90.
Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, et al. Radiographic progression and remission rates
in early rheumatoid arthritis-MRI bone oedema and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in
the 5-year extension of the double-blind randomised CIMESTRA trial. Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:1789–95.
Hodgson R, Grainger A, O'Connor P, et al. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of bone marrow
oedema in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:270–2.
Hoving JL, Buchbinder R, Hall S, et al. A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, sonography,
and radiography of the hand in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:663–
75.
Hunter DJ, Lo GH, Gale D, et al The reliability of a new scoring system for knee osteoarthritis MRI
and the validity of bone marrow lesion assessment: BLOKS (Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee
Score). Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:206–11.
Hunter DJ, Zhang W, Conaghan PG, et al. Systematic review of the concurrent and predictive
validity of MRI biomarkers in OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011;19:557–88.
Iagnocco A, Coari G, Zoppini A. Sonographic evaluation of femoral condylar cartilage in

osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1992;21:201–3.
Iagnocco A, Coari G, Palombi G, et al. Knee joint synovitis in Sjogren's syndrome. Sonographic
study. Scand J Rheumatol 2002;31:291–5.
Iagnocco A, Ossandon A, Coari G, et al. Wrist joint involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.
An ultrasonographic study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:621–4.
Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Meenagh G, et al. Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist. I.

Ultrasonography of the shoulder. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006a;24:6–11.
Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Meenagh G, et al. Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist III.
Ultrasonography of the hip. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006b;24:229–32.
Iagnocco A, Naredo E, Wakefield R, et al. Responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. a report from

the OMERACT 11 ultrasound workshop. J Rheumatol 2014;41:379–82.
18

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Jacobson JA, Andresen R, Jaovisidha S, et al. Detection of ankle effusions: comparison study in
cadavers using radiography, sonography, and MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;170:1231–
8.
*Jadvar H, Gamie S, Ramanna L, et al. Musculoskeletal system. Semin Nucl Med 2004;34:254–61.
Jamadar DA, Jacobson JA, Hayes CW. Sonographic evaluation of the median nerve at the wrist. J
Ultrasound Med 2001;20:1011–14.
Jamar F, Houssiau FA, Devogelaer JP, et al. Scintigraphy using a technetium 99m-labelled anti-E-
selectin Fab fragment in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:53–61.
Jevtic V, Watt I, Rozman B, et al. Distinctive radiological features of small hand joints in
rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthritis by contrast-enhanced (Gd-DTPA) magnetic
resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol 1995;24:351–5.
Jimenez-Boj E, Nobauer-Huhmann I, Hanslik-Schnabel B, et al. Bone erosions and bone marrow

edema as defined by magnetic resonance imaging reflect true bone marrow inflammation in
rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:1118–24.
Jonsson K, Buckwalter K, Helvie M, et al. Precision of hyaline cartilage thickness measurements.

Acta Radiol 1992;33:234–9.
*Joshua F, Edmonds J, Lassere M. Power Doppler ultrasound in musculoskeletal disease: a

systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006;36:99–108.
Kamel M, Kotob H. High frequency ultrasonographic findings in plantar fasciitis and assessment of
local steroid injection. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2139–41.
Kamolz LP, Schrogendorfer KF, Rab M, et al. The precision of ultrasound imaging and its
relevance for carpal tunnel syndrome. Surg Radiol Anat 2001;23:117–21.
Kane D, Greaney T, Bresnihan B, et al. Ultrasound guided injection of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis.
Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:383–4.
Kane D, Greaney T, Shanahan M, et al. The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and
management of idiopathic plantar fasciitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40:1002–8.
Kane D, Stafford L, Bresnihan B, et al. A prospective, clinical and radiological study of early
psoriatic arthritis: an early synovitis clinic experience. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003a;42:1460–8.
Kane D, Balint PV, Sturrock RD. Ultrasonography is superior to clinical examination in the
detection and localization of knee joint effusion in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2003b;30:966–
71.
Kane D, Balint PV, Sturrock R, et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasound--a state of the art review in
rheumatology. Part 1: current controversies and issues in the development of musculoskeletal
ultrasound in rheumatology. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:823–8.
Karim Z, Brown AK, Quinn M, et al. Ultrasound-guided steroid injections in the treatment of hip
osteoarthritis: comment on the letter by Margules. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:338–9.
Karim Z, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, et al. The impact of ultrasonography on diagnosis and
management of patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2932–3.
19

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Karim Z, Wakefield RJ, Quinn M, et al. Validation and reproducibility of ultrasonography in the
detection of synovitis in the knee: a comparison with arthroscopy and clinical examination. Arthritis
Rheum 2004;50:387–94.
Keen HI, Brown AK, Wakefield RJ, et al. MRI and musculoskeletal ultrasonography as diagnostic
tools in early arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005;31:699–714.
Keen HI, Lavie F, Wakefield RJ, et al. The development of a preliminary ultrasonographic scoring
system for features of hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:651–5.
Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis
1957;16:494–502.
Klarlund M, Østergaard M, Jensen KE, et al.; the TIRA group. Magnetic resonance imaging,
radiography, and scintigraphy of the finger joints: one year follow up of patients with early arthritis.
Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:521–8.
Klauser A, Frauscher F, Schirmer M, et al. The value of contrast-enhanced color Doppler

ultrasound in the detection of vascularization of finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Klauser A, Halpern EJ, Frauscher F, et al. Inflammatory low back pain: high negative predictive
value of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of inflamed sacroiliac joints.
Klauser AS, Faschingbauer R, Kupferthaler K, et al. Sonographic criteria for therapy follow-up in
the course of ultrasound-guided intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid in hand osteoarthritis.
Eur J Radiol 2012;81:1607–11.
Komppa GH, Northern JR Sr, Haas DK, et al. Ultrasound guidance for needle aspiration of the hip
in patients with painful hip prosthesis. J Clin Ultrasound 1985;13:433–4.
Kornaat PR, Ceulemans RY, Kroon HM, et al. MRI assessment of knee osteoarthritis: Knee
Osteoarthritis Scoring System (KOSS)--inter-observer and intra-observer reproducibility of a
compartment-based scoring system. Skeletal Radiol 2005;34:95–102.
Koski JM, Anttila P, Hamalainen M, et al. Hip joint ultrasonography: correlation with intra-articular
effusion and synovitis. Br J Rheumatol 1990;29:189–92.
Koski JM, Helle M. Ultrasound guided synovial biopsy using portal and forceps. Ann Rheum Dis
2005;64:926–9.
Koski JM, Saarakkala S, Helle M, et al. Assessing the intra- and inter-reader reliability of dynamic
ultrasound images in power Doppler ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1658–60.
Koski JM. Ultrasonography in detection of effusion in the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. Scand J
Rheumatol 1992;21:79–81.
Koski JM. Ultrasound guided injections in rheumatology. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2131–8.
Lambert RG, Salonen D, Rahman P, et al. Adalimumab significantly reduces both spinal and
sacroiliac joint inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter, randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:4005–14.
20

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Lambert RGW, Pedersen SJ, Maksymowych WP, et al. Active inflammatory lesions detected by
magnetic resonance imaging in the spine of patients with spondyloarthritis – definitions,
assessment system and reference image set. J Rheumatol 2009;84:3–17.
Landewe R, Hermann KG, van der Heijde D, et al. Scoring sacro-iliac joints by magnetic
resonance imaging. A multiple-reader reliability experiment. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2050–5.
Le Rest C, Bizais Y. Positron emission tomography: how useful is this new functional imaging tool
in rheumatology? Joint Bone Spine 2000;67:588–93.
Lee D, van Holsbeeck MT, Janevski PK, et al. Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound
versus electromyography. Radiol Clin North Am 1999;37:859–72, x.
Lehtinen A, Leirisalo-Repo M, Taavitsainen M. Persistence of enthesopathic changes in patients

with spondylarthropathy during a 6-month follow-up. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995;13:733–6.
Lehtinen A, Taavitsainen M, Leirisalo-Repo M. Sonographic analysis of enthesopathy in the lower

extremities of patients with spondylarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994;12:143–8.
Leonard L, Rangan A, Doyle G, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome - is high-frequency ultrasound a

useful diagnostic tool? J Hand Surg Br 2003;28:77–79.
Loeuille D, Rat AC, Goebel JC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis: which method
best reflects synovial membrane inflammation? Correlations with clinical, macroscopic and
microscopic features. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1186–92.
Lopez-Ben R, Bernreuter WK, Moreland LW, et al. Ultrasound detection of bone erosions in
rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison to routine radiographs of the hands and feet. Skeletal Radiol
2004;33:80–84.
Lukas C, Braun J, van der Heijde D, et al. Scoring inflammatory activity of the spine by magnetic
resonance imaging in ankylosing spondylitis: a multireader experiment. J Rheumatol 2007;34:862–
70.
Machold KP, Stamm TA, Eberl GJ, et al. Very recent onset arthritis--clinical, laboratory, and
radiological findings during the first year of disease. J Rheumatol 2002;29:2278–87.
Madsen KB, Jurik AG. Magnetic resonance imaging grading system for active and chronic
spondylarthritis changes in the sacroiliac joint. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010a;62:11–18.
Madsen KB, Jurik AG. MRI grading method for active and chronic spinal changes in
spondyloarthritis. Clin Radiol 2010b;65:6–14.
Madsen KB, Egund N, Jurik AG. Grading of inflammatory disease activity in the sacroiliac joints
with magnetic resonance imaging: comparison between short-tau inversion recovery and
gadolinium contrast-enhanced sequences. J Rheumatol 2010c;37:393–400.
Magarelli N, Guglielmi G, Di ML, et al. Diagnostic utility of an echo-contrast agent in patients with
synovitis using power Doppler ultrasound: a preliminary study with comparison to contrast-
enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol 2001;11:1039–46.
Magnani M, Salizzoni E, Mule R, et al. Ultrasonography detection of early bone erosions in the
metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:743–
8.
21

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Maksymowych WP, Inman RD, Salonen D, et al. Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of
Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of spinal inflammation in ankylosing
spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005a;53:502–9.
Maksymowych WP, Inman RD, Salonen D, et al. Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of

Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of sacroiliac joint inflammation in
ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005b;53:703–9.
*Maksymowych WP, Landewe R. Imaging in ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2006;20:507–19.
Maksymowych WP, Dhillon SS, Park R, et al. Validation of the spondyloarthritis research
consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging spinal inflammation index: is it necessary to
score the entire spine? Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:501–7.
Maksymowych WP, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Clare T, et al. Inflammatory lesions of the spine on

magnetic resonance imaging predict the development of new syndesmophytes in ankylosing
spondylitis: evidence of a relationship between inflammation and new bone formation. Arthritis
Rheum 2009a;60:93–102.
Maksymowych WP, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Pedersen SJ, et al. Development and validation of

web-based training modules for the systematic evaluation of active inflammatory lesions in the
spine and sacroiliac joints in spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol 2009b;84:48–57.
Maksymowych WP, Østergaard M, Chiowchanwisawakit P, et al. Atlas of magnetic resonance

imaging abnormalities in the spine in spondyloarthritis: definitions, reliability, training and
conceptual framework. A report from the the Canada (SPARCC) – Denmark International
Spondyloarthritis Working Group. J Rheumatol 2009c;84:1–2.
Maksymowych WP, Crowther SM, Dhillon SS, et al. Systematic assessment of inflammation by
magnetic resonance imaging in the posterior elements of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:4–10.
Makula E, Pokorny G, Kiss M, et al. The place of magnetic resonance and ultrasonographic
examinations of the parotid gland in the diagnosis and follow-up of primary Sjogren's syndrome.
Manger B, Kalden JR. Joint and connective tissue ultrasonography--a rheumatologic bedside
procedure? A German experience. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:736–42.
Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Dahmane M, et al. Ultrasound of tendons and nerves. Eur Radiol
2002;12:44–55.
Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Derchi LE. Tendon and nerve sonography. Radiol Clin North Am
1999;37:691–711, viii.
Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Gandolfo N, et al. US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the

upper and lower limbs. Radiographics 2000;20:S199S213.
Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, O'Connor P, et al. Efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of the

entheseal pathology in resistant spondylarthropathy: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging
Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, Jarrett S, et al. Infliximab in combination with methotrexate in

active ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical and imaging study. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1568–75.
22

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
McCune WJ, Dedrick DK, Aisen AM, et al. Sonographic evaluation of osteoarthritic femoral
condylar cartilage. Correlation with operative findings. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990:230–5.
McGonagle D, Gibbon W, O'Connor P, et al. A preliminary study of ultrasound aspiration of bone

erosion in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38:329–31.
McGonagle D, Gibbon W, O'Connor P, et al. Characteristic magnetic resonance imaging entheseal

changes of knee synovitis in spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:694–700.
McGonagle D. Imaging the joint and enthesis: insights into pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. Ann
Rheum Dis 2005;64:ii58–ii60.
McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early
rheumatoid arthritis reveals progression of erosions despite clinical improvement. Ann Rheum Dis
1999;58:156–63.
McQueen F, Beckley V, Crabbe J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of tendinopathy in

early rheumatoid arthritis predicts tendon rupture at six years. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:744–51.
*McQueen F, Lassere M, Ostergaard M. Magnetic resonance imaging in psoriatic arthritis: a review

of the literature. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:207.
McQueen FM, Gao A, Østergaard M, et al. High grade MRI bone oedema is common within the
surgical field in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing joint replacement and is associated with
osteitis in subchondral bone. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1581–7.
McQueen F, Lassere M, Duer-Jensen A, et al. Testing an OMERACT MRI scoring system for
peripheral psoriatic arthritis in cross-sectional and longitudinal settings. J Rheumatol
2009;36:1811–15.
McQueen FM. Imaging in early rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013;27:499–
522.
Mease P, Genovese MC, Gladstein G, et al. Abatacept in the treatment of patients with psoriatic
arthritis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Arthritis Rheum
2011;63:939–48.
Meenagh G, Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, et al. Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist IV.
Ultrasonography of the knee. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006;24:357–60.
Monteforte P, Rovetta G. Sonographic assessment of soft tissue alterations in osteoarthritis of the

knee. Int J Tissue React 1999;21:19–23.
Mottonen TT, Hannonen P, Toivanen J, et al. Value of joint scintigraphy in the prediction of
erosiveness in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:183–9.
Nakamichi K, Tachibana S. Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area

in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic accuracy. Muscle Nerve 2002;26:798–803.
Nakamichi KI, Tachibana S. Enlarged median nerve in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle
Nerve 2000;23:1713–18.
Naredo E, Cabero F, Cruz A, et al. Ultrasound guided musculoskeletal injections. Ann Rheum Dis
2005a;64:341.
23

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Naredo E, Gamero F, Bonilla G, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory activity in
rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of extended versus reduced joint evaluation. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2005b;23:881–4.
Naredo E, Moller I, Moragues C, et al. Interobserver reliability in musculoskeletal ultrasonography:

results from a "Teach the Teachers" rheumatologist course. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:14–19.
Naredo E, Collado P, Cruz A, et al. Longitudinal power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of

joint inflammatory activity in early rheumatoid arthritis: predictive value in disease activity and
radiologic progression. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:116–24.
Naredo E, Bijlsma JW, Conaghan PG, et al. Recommendations for the content and conduct of
European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) musculoskeletal ultrasound courses. Ann Rheum
Dis 2008;67:1017–22.
Naredo E, Moller I, de Miguel E, et al. High prevalence of ultrasonographic synovitis and

enthesopathy in patients with psoriasis without psoriatic arthritis: a prospective case-control study.
Naredo E, D'Agostino MA, Wakefield RJ, et al. OMERACT Ultrasound Task Force. Reliability of a
consensus-based ultrasound score for tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2013;72:1328–34.
Narvaez J, Sirvent E, Antonio NJ, et al. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging of the hand
versus anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody testing to confirm the diagnosis of clinically
suspected early rheumatoid arthritis in the absence of rheumatoid factor and radiographic
erosions. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008;38:101–9.
Newman JS, Laing TJ, McCarthy CJ, et al. Power Doppler sonography of synovitis: assessment of
therapeutic response--preliminary observations. Radiology 1996;198:582–4.
Offidani A, Cellini A, Valeri G, et al. Subclinical joint involvement in psoriasis: magnetic resonance
imaging and X-ray findings. Acta Derm Venereol 1998;78:463–5.
Ohrndorf S, Backhaus M. Advances in sonographic scoring of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2013;72:ii69–75.
Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Favaro L, et al. Dactylitis in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy.

Assessment by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:1524–
8.
Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Pierro A, et al. Toe dactylitis in patients with spondyloarthropathy: assessment
by magnetic resonance imaging. J Rheumatol 1997;24:926–30.
Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Cantini F, et al. Fast spin echo-T2-weighted sequences with fat saturation in
dactylitis of spondylarthritis. No evidence of entheseal involvement of the flexor digitorum tendons.
Ostendorf B, Peters R, Dann P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and miniarthroscopy of

metacarpophalangeal joints: sensitive detection of morphologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis.
Ostendorf B, Mattes-György K, Reichelt DC, et al. Early detection of bony alterations in rheumatoid
and erosive arthritis of finger joints with high-resolution single photon emission computed
tomography, and differentiation between them. Skeletal Radiol 2010;39:55–61.
24

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Østergaard M, Court-Payen M, Gideon P, et al. Ultrasonography in arthritis of the knee. A
comparison with MR imaging. Acta Radiol 1995;36:19–26.
Ostendorf B, Peters R, Dann P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and miniarthroscopy of

metacarpophalangeal joints: sensitive detection of morphologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis.
Østergaard M, Stoltenberg M, Løvgreen-Nielsen P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-determined

synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis:
comparison with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the synovium. Arthritis Rheum
1997;40:1856–67.
Østergaard M. Magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis. Quantitative methods for

assessment of the inflammatory process in peripheral joints. Dan Med Bull 1999;46:313–44.
Østergaard M, Peterfy C, Conaghan P, et al. OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic

Resonance Imaging Studies. Core set of MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions, and the
OMERACT RA-MRI scoring system. J Rheumatol 2003;30:1385–6.
Østergaard M, Wiell C. Ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis: a very promising method still

needing more validation. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004;16:223–30.
Østergaard M, Edmonds J, McQueen F, et al. The EULAR-OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI

reference image atlas. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:i2–i55.
Østergaard M, Szkudlarek M. Ultrasonography: a valid method for assessing rheumatoid arthritis?

Østergaard M, McQueen F, Wiell C, et al. The OMERACT psoriatic arthritis magnetic resonance
imaging scoring system (PsAMRIS): definitions of key pathologies, suggested MRI sequences and
preliminary scoring system for PsA hands. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1816–24.
*Østergaard M, Pedersen SJ, Dohn UM. Imaging in rheumatoid arthritis status and recent
advances for magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, computed tomography and
conventional radiography. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008;22:1019–44.
Østergaard M, Conaghan PG, O'Connor P, et al. Reducing invasiveness, duration, and cost of
magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis by omitting intravenous contrast injection --
Does it change the assessment of inflammatory and destructive joint changes by the OMERACT
RAMRIS? J Rheumatol 2009a;36:1806–10.
Østergaard M, Maksymowych WP, Pedersen SJ, et al. Structural lesions detected by magnetic
resonance imaging in the spine of patients with spondyloarthritis – definitions, assessment system
and reference image set. J Rheumatol 2009b;84:18–34.
Østergaard M, McQueen F, Wiell C, et al. The OMERACT psoriatic arthritis magnetic resonance
imaging scoring system (PsAMRIS): definitions of key pathologies, suggested MRI sequences, and
preliminary scoring system for PsA Hands. J Rheumatol 2009c;36:1816–24.
*Østergaard M, Poggenborg RP, Axelsen MB, Pedersen SJ. Magnetic resonance imaging in
spondyloarthritis–how to quantify findings and measure response. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2010;24:637–57.
Østergaard M. Clarification of the role of ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and

conventional radiography in the ACR/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria –
25

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
comment to the article by Aletaha et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; e-letter:Published Online December
2, 2010.
Østergaard M, Emery P, Conaghan PG, et al. Significant improvement in synovitis, osteitis, and
bone erosion following golimumab and methotrexate combination therapy as compared with
methotrexate alone: a magnetic resonance imaging study of 318 methotrexate-naive rheumatoid
arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:3712–22.
Palosaari K, Vuotila J, Takalo R, et al. Bone oedema predicts erosive progression on wrist MRI in
early RA–a 2-yr observational MRI and NC scintigraphy study. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2006;45:1542–8.
Palmer WE, Rosenthal DI, Schoenberg OI, et al. Quantification of inflammation in the wrist with
gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology
1995;196:647–55.
Paulus HE, van der Heijde DM, Bulpitt KJ, et al. Monitoring radiographic changes in early
rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996;23:801–5.
Pedersen SJ, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Lambert RGW, et al. Resolution of inflammation following

treatment of ankylosing spondylitis is associated with new bone formation. J Rheumatol
2011;38:1349–54.
Pedersen SJ, Østergaard M, Chiowchanwisawakit P, et al. Validation of definitions for active

inflammatory lesions detected by MRI in the spine of patients with spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol
2009;84:35–38.
Peetrons P, Creteur V, Bacq C. Sonography of ankle ligaments. J Clin Ultrasound 2004;32:491–9.
Peetrons PA, Silvestre A, Cohen M, et al. Ultrasonography of ankle ligaments. Can Assoc Radiol J
2002;53:6–13.
Perricone C, Ceccarelli F, Modesti M, et al. The 6-joint ultrasonographic assessment: a valid,

sensitive-to-change and feasible method for evaluating joint inflammation in RA. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2012;51:866–73.
Peterfy CG, Guermazi A, Zaim S, et al. Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score
(WORMS) of the knee in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12:177–90.
Plant MJ, Jones PW, Saklatvala J, et al. Patterns of radiological progression in early rheumatoid
arthritis: results of an 8 year prospective study. J Rheumatol 1998;25:417–26.
*Poggenborg RP, Terslev L, Pedersen SJ, et al. Recent advances in imaging in psoriatic arthritis.
Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2011;3:43–53
Puhakka KB, Jurik AG, Egund N, et al. Imaging of sacroiliitis in early seronegative
spondylarthropathy. Assessment of abnormalities by MR in comparison with radiography and CT.
Acta Radiol 2003;44:218–29.
Puhakka KB, Jurik AG, Schiottz-Christensen B, et al. MRI abnormalities of sacroiliac joints in early
spondylarthropathy: a 1-year follow-up study. Scand J Rheumatol 2004a;33:332–8.
Puhakka KB, Jurik AG, Schiottz-Christensen B, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of sacroiliitis in
early seronegative spondylarthropathy. Abnormalities correlated to clinical and laboratory findings.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004b;43:234–7.
26

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Puhakka KB, Melsen F, Jurik AG, et al. MR imaging of the normal sacroiliac joint with correlation to
histology. Skeletal Radiol 2004c;33:15–28.
Quinn MA, Conaghan PG, O'Connor PJ, et al. Very early treatment with infliximab in addition to
methotrexate in early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis reduces magnetic resonance imaging
evidence of synovitis and damage, with sustained benefit after infliximab withdrawal: results from a
twelve-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:27–35.
Qvistgaard E, Kristoffersen H, Terslev L, et al. Guidance by ultrasound of intra-articular injections

in the knee and hip joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001;9:512–17.
Raza K, Lee CY, Pilling D, et al. Ultrasound guidance allows accurate needle placement and
aspiration from small joints in patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2003;42:976–9.
Redd RA, Peters VJ, Emery SF, et al. Morton neuroma: sonographic evaluation. Radiology
1989;171:415–17.
Reimers CD, Finkenstaedt M. Muscle imaging in inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol
1997;9:475–85.
Ribbens C, Andre B, Marcelis S, et al. Rheumatoid hand joint synovitis: gray-scale and power
Doppler US quantifications following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment: pilot study.
Radiology 2003;229:562–9.
Roimicher L, Lopes FP, de Souza SA, et al. (99m)Tc-anti-TNF-α scintigraphy in RA: a comparison
pilot study with MRI and clinical examination. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:2044–50.
Rubaltelli L, Fiocco U, Cozzi L, et al. Prospective sonographic and arthroscopic evaluation of

proliferative knee joint synovitis. J Ultrasound Med 1994;13:855–62.
Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Listing J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine and the
sacroiliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis during treatment
with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1305–10.
Rudwaleit M, Schwarzlose S, Hilgert ES, et al. MRI in predicting a major clinical response to anti-
tumour necrosis factor treatment in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1276–81.
Rudwaleit M, Van Der Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. The development of Assessment of

SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II):
validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 2009a;68:777–83.
Rudwaleit M, Jurik AG, Hermann KG, et al. Defining active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: a consensual approach by the
ASAS/OMERACT MRI group. Ann Rheum Dis 2009b;68:1520–7.
Saadat E, Jobke B, Chu B, et al. Diagnostic performance of in vivo 3-T MRI for articular cartilage
abnormalities in human osteoarthritic knees using histology as standard of reference. Eur Radiol
2008;18:2292–302.
Salaffi F, Carotti M, Manganelli P, et al. Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography of knee

synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: assessment of therapeutic response. Clin Rheumatol
2004;23:285–90.
27

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Salaffi F, Ciapetti A, Gasparini S, et al. A clinical prediction rule combining routine assessment and
power Doppler ultrasonography for predicting progression to rheumatoid arthritis from early-onset
undifferentiated arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010;28:686–94.
Saleem B, Brown AK, Quinn M, et al. Can flare be predicted in DMARD treated RA patients in
remission, and is it important? A cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1316–21.
Saltzherr MS, Selles RW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. Metric properties of advanced imaging
methods in osteoarthritis of the hand: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:365–75.
Sarria L, Cabada T, Cozcolluela R, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: usefulness of sonography. Eur
Radiol 2000;10:1920–5.
Scheel AK, Hermann KG, Kahler E, et al. A novel ultrasonographic synovitis scoring system
suitable for analyzing finger joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:733–43.
Scheel AK, Hermann KG, Ohrndorf S, et al. Prospective 7 year follow up imaging study comparing
radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis finger
joints. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:595–600.
Scheel AK, Schmidt WA, Hermann KG, et al. Interobserver reliability of rheumatologists performing
musculoskeletal ultrasonography: results from a EULAR "Train the trainers" course. Ann Rheum
Dis 2005;64:1043–9.
Scheja A, Akesson A. Comparison of high frequency (20 MHz) ultrasound and palpation for the
assessment of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Clin Exp Rheumatol
1997;15:283–8.
Scher C, Craig J, Nelson F. Bone marrow edema in the knee in osteoarthrosis and association with
total knee arthroplasty within a three-year follow-up. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37:609–17.
Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, et al. Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal
arteritis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1336–42.
Schmidt WA, Volker L, Zacher J, et al. Colour Doppler ultrasonography to detect pannus in knee
joint synovitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000;18:439–44.
Schmidt WA. Value of sonography in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2001;357:1056–7.
Schmidt WA, Gromnica-Ihle E. Incidence of temporal arteritis in patients with polymyalgia

rheumatica: a prospective study using colour Doppler ultrasonography of the temporal arteries.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002a;41:46–52.
Schmidt WA, Nerenheim A, Seipelt E, et al. Diagnosis of early Takayasu arteritis with sonography.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002b;41:496–502.
Scirè CA, Montecucco C, Codullo V, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of joint involvement in early
rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission: power Doppler signal predicts short-term relapse.
Scott DL, Pugner K, Kaarela K, et al. The links between joint damage and disability in rheumatoid
arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:122–32.
28

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Seitz WS, Kline HJ, McIlroy MB. Quantitative assessment of peripheral arterial obstruction in
Raynaud's phenomenon: development of a predictive model of obstructive arterial cross-sectional
area and validation with a Doppler blood flow study. Angiology 2000;51:985–98.
Solau-Gervais E, Legrand JL, Cortet B, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hand for the
diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in the absence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies: a
prospective study. J Rheumatol 2006;33:1760–5.
Soscia E, Scarpa R, Cimmino MA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of nail unit in psoriatic
arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl 2009;83:42–45.
Spoorenberg A, de VK, van der Linden S, et al. Radiological scoring methods in ankylosing
spondylitis. Reliability and change over 1 and 2 years. J Rheumatol 2004;31:125–32.
Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, de Klerk E, et al. Relative value of erythrocyte sedimentation
rate and C-reactive protein in assessment of disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. J
Rheumatol 1999;26:980–4.
Stone M, Bergin D, Whelan B, et al. Power Doppler ultrasound assessment of rheumatoid hand
synovitis. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1979–82.
Sugimoto H, Takeda A, Hyodoh K. Early stage rheumatoid arthritis: prospective study of the
effectiveness of MR imaging for diagnosis. Radiology 2000;216:569–75.
Swen WA, Jacobs JW, Bussemaker FE, et al. Carpal tunnel sonography by the rheumatologist
versus nerve conduction study by the neurologist. J Rheumatol 2001;28:62–69.
Swen WA, Jacobs JW, Hubach PC, et al. Comparison of sonography and magnetic resonance
imaging for the diagnosis of partial tears of finger extensor tendons in rheumatoid arthritis.
Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Strandberg C, et al. Power Doppler ultrasonography for

assessment of synovitis in the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a
comparison with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2018–23.
Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Jacobsen S, et al. Interobserver agreement in ultrasonography of

the finger and toe joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003a;48:955–62.
Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Strandberg C, et al. Contrast-enhanced power Doppler

ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Radiol
2003b;13:163–8.
Szkudlarek M, Klarlund M, Narvestad E, et al. Ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal and

proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with magnetic resonance
imaging, conventional radiography and clinical examination. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R52.
Taljanovic MS, Graham AR, Benjamin JB, et al. Bone marrow edema pattern in advanced hip
osteoarthritis: quantitative assessment with magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with
clinical examination, radiographic findings, and histopathology. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37:423–31.
Tamai M, Kawakami A, Uetani M, et al. Early prediction of rheumatoid arthritis by serological

variables and magnetic resonance imaging of the wrists and finger joints: results from prospective
clinical examination. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:134–5.
29

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Tamai M, Kawakami A, Uetani M, et al. A prediction rule for disease outcome in patients with
undifferentiated arthritis using magnetic resonance imaging of the wrists and finger joints and
serologic autoantibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:772–8.
Tan AL, Benjamin M, Toumi H, et al. The relationship between the extensor tendon enthesis and
the nail in distal interphalangeal joint disease in psoriatic arthritis--a high-resolution MRI and
histological study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:253–6.
Tan YM, Ostergaard M, Doyle A, et al. MRI bone oedema scores are higher in the arthritis mutilans
form of psoriatic arthritis and correlate with high radiographic scores for joint damage. Arthritis Res
Ther 2009;11:R2.
Taouli B, Zaim S, Peterfy CG, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wrist: comparison of three
imaging techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:937–43.
Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and
joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of
infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1107–16.
Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, et al. Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of
new criteria from a large international study. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2665–73.
Teh J, Stevens K, Williamson L, et al. Power Doppler ultrasound of rheumatoid synovitis:

quantification of therapeutic response. Br J Radiol 2003;76:875–9.
Tehranzadeh J, Ashikyan O, Anavim A, et al. Detailed analysis of contrast-enhanced MRI of hands

and wrists in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37:433–42.
Terslev L, Torp-Pedersen S, Qvistgaard E, et al. Estimation of inflammation by Doppler ultrasound:

quantitative changes after intra-articular treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2003;62:1049–53.
Terslev L, Torp-Pedersen S, Qvistgaard E, et al. Effects of treatment with etanercept (Enbrel,

TNRF:Fc) on rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis
2003;62:178–81.
Terslev L, Torp-Pedersen S, Savnik A, et al. Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
of synovial inflammation of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study. Arthritis Rheum
2003;48:2434–41.
Terslev L, Naredo E, Iagnocco A, et al; on behalf of the OMERACT US Task Force. Defining
enthesitis in spondyloarthritis by ultrasound: results of a Delphi process and of a reliability reading
exercise. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
Totterman SM. Magnetic resonance imaging of psoriatic arthritis: insight from traditional and three-
dimensional analysis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004;6:317–21.
van Der Heijde D, Sharp J, Wassenberg S, et al. Psoriatic arthritis imaging: a review of scoring
methods. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:ii61–4.
van der Heijde D. Quantification of radiological damage in inflammatoryarthritis: rheumatoid

arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004;18:847–
60.
30

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
van Der Heijde D, Landewe R, Hermann KG, et al. Is there a preferred method for scoring activity
of the spine by magnetic resonance imaging in ankylosing spondylitis? J Rheumatol 2007;34:871–
3.
van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing
spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:361–8.
van Holsbeeck M, van Holsbeeck K, Gevers G, et al. Staging and follow-up of rheumatoid arthritis
of the knee. Comparison of sonography, thermography, and clinical assessment. J Ultrasound Med
1988;7:561–6.
van Vugt RM, van Dalen A, Bijlsma JW. Ultrasound guided synovial biopsy of the wrist. Scand J
Rheumatol 1997;26:212–14.
Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Emery P. The current status of ultrasonography in rheumatology.
Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Conaghan PG, et al. The value of sonography in the detection of bone
erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis
Rheum 2000;43:2762–70.
Wakefield RJ, Goh E, Conaghan PG, et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in Europe: results of a
rheumatologist-based survey at a EULAR meeting. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003a;42:1251–3.
Wakefield RJ, Brown AK, O'Connor PJ, et al. Power Doppler sonography: improving disease
activity assessment in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease. Arthritis Rheum 2003b;48:285–8.
Wakefield RJ, Green MJ, Marzo-Ortega H, et al. Should oligoarthritis be reclassified? Ultrasound
reveals a high prevalence of subclinical disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:382–5.
Wakefield RJ, Balint PV, Szkudlarek M, et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for
ultrasonographic pathology. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2485–7.
Walther M, Harms H, Krenn V, et al. Correlation of power Doppler sonography with vascularity of
the synovial tissue of the knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis
Rheum 2001;44:331–8.
Walter MA, Melzer RA, Schindler C, et al. The value of [18F]FDG-PET in the diagnosis of large-
vessel vasculitis and the assessment of activity and extent of disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
2005;32:674–81.
Wanders AJ, Gorman JD, Davis JC, et al. Responsiveness and discriminative capacity of the
assessments in ankylosing spondylitis disease-controlling antirheumatic therapy core set and other
outcome measures in a trial of etanercept in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:1–8.
Watt I. Basic differential diagnosis of arthritis. Eur Radiol 1997;7:344–51.
Weber U, Lambert RG, Pedersen SJ, et al. Assessment of structural lesions in sacroiliac joints
enhances diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging in early spondylarthritis. Arthritis Care
Res (Hoboken) 2010a;62:1763–71.
Weber U, Lambert RG, Østergaard M, et al. The diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging
in spondylarthritis: an international multicenter evaluation of one hundred eighty-seven subjects.
31

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Weidekamm C, Koller M, Weber M, et al. Diagnostic value of high-resolution B-mode and Doppler
sonography for imaging of hand and finger joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2003;48:325–33.
Williamson L, Dockerty JL, Dalbeth N, et al. Clinical assessment of sacroiliitis and HLA-B27 are
poor predictors of sacroiliitis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in psoriatic arthritis.
Wluka AE, Ding C, Jones G, et al. The clinical correlates of articular cartilage defects in
symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a prospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:1311–16.
Wunderbaldinger P, Bremer C, Schellenberger E, et al. Imaging features of iliopsoas bursitis. Eur

Radiol 2002;12:409–15.
Yu W, Feng F, Dion E, et al. Comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic

resonance imaging in the detection of sacroiliitis accompanying ankylosing spondylitis. Skeletal
Radiol 1998;27:311–20.
Zanetti M, Bruder E, Romero J, et al. Bone marrow edema pattern in osteoarthritic knees:
correlation between MR imaging and histologic findings. Radiology 2000;215:835–40.
Zhang Y, Nevitt M, Niu J, et al. Fluctuation of knee pain and changes in bone marrow lesions,
effusions and synovitis on MRI: the most study. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:691–9.
Ziswiler HR, Reichenbach S, Vogelin E, et al. Diagnostic value of sonography in patients with
suspected carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:304–11.
Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Deakin JFW. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders
with antidepressants: a revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology
guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 2000;14:3–20.
Ang DC, Choi H, Kroenke K, et al. Comorbid depression is an independent risk factor for mortality
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1013–9.
*Astin JA, Beckner W, Soeken K, et al. Psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-
analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:291–302.
Blalock SJ, Devellis RF. Rheumatoid arthritis and depression – an overview. Bull Rheum Dis
1992;41:6–8.
Cadena J, Vinaccia S, Perez A, et al. The impact of disease activity on the quality of life, mental
health status, and family dysfunction in Colombian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin
Rheumatol 2003;9:142–50.
Cuijpers P, Smit H. Excess mortality in depression: a meta-analysis of community studies. J Affect

Dis 2002;72:227–36.
de Croon EM, Sluiter JK, Nijssen TF, et al. Predictive factors of work disability in rheumatoid
arthritis: a systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1362–7.
Danoff-Burg S, Revenson TA. Benefit-finding among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Positive
effects on interpersonal relationships. J Behav Med 2005;28:91–103. 32

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*de Ridder D, Geenen R, Kuijer R, et al. Psychological adjustment to chronic disease. Lancet
2008;372:246–55.
*Dickens C, McGowan L, Clark-Carter D, et al. Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic

review of the literature with meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2002;64:52–60.
DiMatteo MR. Variations in patients' adherence to medical recommendations – a quantitative

review of 50 years of research. Med Care 2004;42:200–9.
DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical
treatment – meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch
Intern Med 2000;160:2101–7.
Dupond JL. Fatigue in patients with rheumatic diseases. Joint Bone Spine 2011;78:156–60.
Edwards RR, Bingham CO, Bathon J, et al. Catastrophizing and pain in arthritis, fibromyalgia, and
other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:325–32.
Elliott RA. Poor adherence to medication in adults with rheumatoid arthritis – reasons and
solutions. Dis Manag Health Outcomes 2008;16:13–29.
*Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, Geenen R, et al. Pain coping and social support as predictors of long-
term functional disability and pain in early rheumatoid arthritis. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:1295–310.
Fex E, Larsson BM, Nived K, et al. Effect of rheumatoid arthritis on work status and social and
leisure time activities in patients followed 8 years from onset. J Rheumatol 1998;25:44–50.
Foster G, Taylor SJC, Eldridge SE, et al. Self-management education programmes by lay leaders
for people with chronic conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007.
Gallant MP. The influence of social support on chronic illness self-management: A review and
directions for research. Health Educ Behav 2003;30:170–95.
Hagger MS, Orbell S. A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness

representations. Psychology & Health 2003;18:141–4.
Hawley DJ, Wolfe F. Depression is not more common in rheumatoid-arthritis – a 10-year

longitudinal-study of 6,153 patients with rheumatic disease. J Rheumatol 1993;20:2025–31.
*Hollon SD, Stewart MO, Strunk D. Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment
of depression and anxiety. Annu Rev Psychol 2006;57:285–315.
Jessop DC, Rutter DR. Adherence to asthma medication: the role of illness representations.
Psychol Health 2003;18:595–612.
*Keefe FJ, Smith SJ, Buffington AL, et al. Recent advances and future directions in the
biopsychosocial assessment and treatment of arthritis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:640–55.
Leventhal H, Nerenz D, Steele DJ. Illness representations and coping with health threats. In: Baum
A, Taylor SE, Singer JE, eds. Handbook of psychology and health. Hillsdale, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1984; 219–52.
Mancuso CA, Rincon M, Sayles W, et al. Psychosocial variables and fatigue: a longitudinal study
comparing individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls. J Rheumatol 2006;33:1496–
502.
33

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Martindale J, Smith J, Sutton CJ, et al. Disease and psychological status in ankylosing spondylitis.
Rheumatology 2006;45:1288–93.
McWilliams LA, Clara IP, Murphy PDJ, et al. Associations between arthritis and a broad range of
psychiatric disorders: findings from a nationally representative sample. J Pain 2008;9:37–44.
Monaghan SM, Sharpe L, Denton F, et al. Relationship between appearance and psychological
distress in rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:303–9.
*Newman S, Steed L, Mulligan, K. Self-management interventions for chronic illness. Lancet

2004;364:1523–37.
*NICE. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of depression of the National Institute for
Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). London: NICE,
http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG23#documents, 2004.
Niedermann K, Fransen J, Knols R, et al. Gap between short- and long-term effects of patient
education in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:388–98.
Nikolaus S, Bode C, Taal E, et al. Four different patterns of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients:
results of a Q-sort study. Rheumatology 2010;49:2191–9.
Odegard S, Finset A, Mowinckel P, et al. Pain and psychological health status over a 10-year
period in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1195–201.
*Parker JC, Hart E. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Newman S, Steed L, Mulligan K, eds. Chronic
physical illness: self-management and behavioural interventions. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
Penninx B, VanTilburg T, Deeg DJH, et al. Direct and buffer effects of social support and personal
coping resources in individuals with arthritis. Soc Sci Med 1997;44:393–402.
Pincus T, Griffith J, Pearce S, et al. Prevalence of self-reported depression in patients with

rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:879–83.
*Riemsma RP, Taal E, Kirwan JR, et al. Systematic review of rheumatoid arthritis patient
education. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:1045–59.
Romano JM, Turner JA, Jensen MP, et al. Chronic pain patient spouse behavioral interactions
predict patient disability. Pain 1995;63:353–60.
Scharloo M, Kaptein AA, Weinman J, et al. Illness perceptions, coping and functioning in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and psoriasis. J Psychosomat Res
1998;44:573–85.
Sprangers MAG, de Regt EB, Andries F, et al. Which chronic conditions are associated with better
or poorer quality of life? J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:895–907.
Strombeck BE, Theander E, Jacobsson LTH. Effects of exercise on aerobic capacity and fatigue in
women with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology 2007;46:868–71.
Treharne GJ, Lyons AC, Booth DA, et al. Psychological well-being across 1 year with rheumatoid
arthritis: coping resources as buffers of perceived stress. Br J Health Psychol 2007;12:323–45.
van Middendorp H, Geenen R, Sorbi MJ, et al. Emotion regulation predicts change of perceived
health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005a;64:1071–4.
34

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
van Middendorp H, Geenen R, Sorbi MJ, et al. Neuroendocrine-immune relationships between
emotion regulation and health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2005b;44:907–
11.
Warsi A, LaValley MP, Wang PS, et al. Arthritis self-management education programs - a meta-
analysis of the effect on pain and disability. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2207–13.
Wong M, Mulherin D. The influence of medication beliefs and other psychosocial factors on early
discontinuation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Musculoskeletal Care 2007;5:148–59.
Zautra AJ, Parrish BP, Van Puymbroeck CM, et al. Depression history, stress, and pain in
rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Behav Med 2007;30:187–97.
Bowen JL. Educational strategies to promote clinical diagnostic reasoning. N Engl J Med
2006;355:2217–25.
da Silva JAP, Woolf AD. Rheumatology in practice. London: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
Elstein AS, Schwartz A, Schwarz A. Clinical problem solving and diagnostic decision making:
selective review of the cognitive literature. BMJ 2002;324:729–32.
Eva KW. What every teacher needs to know about clinical reasoning. Med Educ 2005;39:98–106.
*Bowen JL. Educational strategies to promote clinical diagnostic reasoning. N Engl J Med
2006;355:2217–25.
da Silva JAP. Reumatologia Prática, 1st edn. Coimbra, Portugal: Diagnosteo Publishers, 2004.
*da Silva JAP, Woolf AD. Rheumatology in practice. London: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
*Elstein AS, Schwartz A, Schwarz A. Clinical problem solving and diagnostic decision making:
selective review of the cognitive literature. BMJ 2002;324:729–32.
EULAR DVDs (free access via www.eular.org)
EULAR GALS (Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine) examination.
EULAR Principles of the musculoskeletal history and examination.
*Eva KW. What every teacher needs to know about clinical reasoning. Med Educ 2005;39:98–106.
Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, based on
the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum
2006;36:182–8. 35

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Aletaha D, Nell VP, Stamm T, et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity
indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res Ther
2005;7:R796–806.
*Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American
Rheum 2010;62:2569–81.
American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic

Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of
the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS)
and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June
2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2002;165:277–304.
Amital A, Shitrit D, Adir Y. The lung in rheumatoid arthritis. Presse Med 2011;40:e31–48.
*Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised
Baecklund E, Iliadou A, Askling J, et al. Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with
increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:692–701.
Balandraud N, Picard C, Reviron D, et al. HLA-DRB1 genotypes and the risk of developing anti
citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) positive rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2013;8:e64108.
Bang H, Egerer K, Gauliard A, et al. Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel
autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2503–11.
Bartfai T, Waalen J, Buxbaum JN. Adipose tissue as a modulator of clinical inflammation: does
obesity reduce the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol 2007;34:488–92.
Barton A, Thomson W, Ke X, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci at chromosomes 10p15,

12q13 and 22q13. Nat Genet 2008;40:1156–9.
Beier UH, Wang L, Han R, et al. Histone deacetylases 6 and 9 and sirtuin-1 control Foxp3 +
regulatory T cell function through shared and isoform-specific mechanisms. Sci Signal
2012;5:ra45.
Bjornadal L, Baecklund E, Yin L, et al. Decreasing mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:
results from a large population based cohort in Sweden, 1964–95. J Rheumatol 2002;29:906–12.
Bosisio D, Vulcano M, Del Prete A, et al. Blocking TH17-polarizing cytokines by histone

deacetylase inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2008;84:1540–8.
*Brink M, Hansson M, Mathsson L, et al. Multiplex analyses of antibodies against citrullinated

peptides in individuals prior to development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:899–
910.
Brook A, Corbett M. Radiographic changes in early rheumatoid disease. Ann Rheum Dis
1977;36:71–3.
Carbonell J, Cobo T, Balsa A, et al. The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in Spain: results from a
nationwide primary care registry. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:1088–92.
36

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Choi HK, Hernan MA, Seeger JD, et al. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359:1173–7.
Chomarat P, Rissoan MC, Pin JJ, et al. Contribution of IL-1, CD14 and CD13 in the increased IL-6
production induced by in vitro monocyte-synoviocyte interactions. J Immunol 1995;155:3645–52.
Chung CP, Avalos I, Raggi P, et al. Atherosclerosis and inflammation: insights from rheumatoid
arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:1228–33.
Clavel C, Nogueira L, Laurent L, et al. Induction of macrophage secretion of tumor necrosis factor
alpha through Fcgamma receptor IIa engagement by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to
citrullinated proteins complexed with fibrinogen. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:678–88.
Criswell LA. Gene discovery in rheumatoid arthritis highlights the CD40/NF-kappaB signaling
pathway in disease pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2010;233:55–61.
da Silva E, Doran MF, Crowson CS, et al. Declining use of orthopedic surgery in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a long-term, population-based assessment. Arthritis Rheum
2003;49:216–20.
Del Grande M, Del Grande F, Carrino J, et al. Cervical spine involvement early in the course of
rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014;43:738–44.
Dennis G, Holweg CTJ, Kummerfeld SK, et al. Synovial phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis
correlate with response to biologic therapeutics. Arthritis Res Ther 2014;16:R90.
Dorner T. Crossroads of B cell activation in autoimmunity: rationale of targeting B cells. J

Rheumatol Suppl 2006;77:3–11.
Edwards JC, Cambridge G. B-cell targeting in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.
Nat Rev Immunol 2006;6:394–403.
Ehrenstein MR, Evans JG, Singh A, et al. Compromised function of regulatory T cells in
rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFαlpha therapy. J Exp Med 2004;200:277–85.
Eyre S, Bowes J, Diogo D, et al. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for
rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2012;44:1336–40.
Feitsma AL, Toes RE, Begovich AB, et al. Risk of progression from undifferentiated arthritis to
rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of the PTPN22 1858T-allele in anti-citrullinated peptide antibody
positive patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:1092–5.
*Felson DT, Smolen JS, Wells G, et al. American College of Rheumatology/European League
Against Rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials.
Franklin EC, Holman HR, Muller-Eberhard HJ, et al. An unusual protein component of high
molecular weight in the serum of certain patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med
1957;105:425–38.
Genovese MC, Van den Bosch F, Roberson SA, et al. LY2439821, a humanized anti-interleukin-17
monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:929–39.
37

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Girbal-Neuhauser E, Durieux JJ, Arnaud M, et al. The epitopes targeted by the rheumatoid
arthritis-associated antifilaggrin autoantibodies are posttranslationally generated on various sites of
(pro)filaggrin by deimination of arginine residues. J Immunol 1999;162:585–94.
Gomez-Puerta JA, Celis R, Hernandez MV, et al. Differences in synovial fluid cytokine levels but
not in synovial tissue cell infiltrate between anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibody-positive and -
negative rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:R182.
*Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid
arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:263–9.
Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Falch JA, et al. Bone mineral density and frequency of osteoporosis in
female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from 394 patients in the Oslo County Rheumatoid
Arthritis register. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:522–30.
Heiberg T, Kvien TK. Preferences for improved health examined in 1,024 patients with rheumatoid
arthritis: pain has highest priority. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:391–7.
Heiberg T, Finset A, Uhlig T, et al. Seven year changes in health status and priorities for
improvement of health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:191–5.
Hill JA, Bell DA, Brintnell W, et al. Arthritis induced by posttranslationally modified (citrullinated)
fibrinogen in DR4-IE transgenic mice. J Exp Med 2008;205:967–79.
*Huizinga TW, Amos CI, van der Helm-van Mil AH, et al. Refining the complex rheumatoid arthritis
phenotype based on specificity of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope for antibodies to citrullinated
proteins. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3433–8.
Ioan-Facsinay A, Willemze A, Robinson DB, et al. Marked differences in fine specificity and isotype
usage of the anti-citrullinated protein antibody in health and disease. Arthritis Rheum
2008;58:3000–8.
Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is
associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
J Rheumatol 2005;32:1213–18.
John S, Myerscough A, Marlow A, et al. Linkage of cytokine genes to rheumatoid arthritis.

Evidence of genetic heterogeneity. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:361–5.
Joosten LA, Leoni F, Meghji S, Mascagni P. Inhibition of HDAC activity by ITF2357 ameliorates
joint inflammation and prevents cartilage and bone destruction in experimental arthritis. Mol Med
2011;17:391–6.
Jorgensen C, Picot MC, Bologna C, Sany J. Oral contraception, parity, breast feeding and severity
of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:94–8.
Kallberg H, Padyukov L, Plenge RM, et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involving
HLA-DRB1, PTPN22 and smoking in two subsets of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet
2007;80:867–75.
Karouzakis E, Neidhart M, Gay RE, Gay S. Molecular and cellular basis of rheumatoid joint
destruction. Immunol Lett 2006;106:8–13.
Kawabata T, Nishida K, Takasugi K, et al. Increased activity and expression of histone deacetylase
1 in relation to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res
Ther 2010;12:R133. 38

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kinne RW, Stuhlmuller B, Burmester GR. Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis.
Macrophages. Arthritis Res Ther 2007;9:224.
*Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Ronnelid J, Alfredsson L. Genes, environment and immunity in the

development of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol 2006;18:650–5.
Klein K, Gay S. Epigenetic modifications in rheumatoid arthritis, a review. Current opinion in

pharmacology 2013;13:420–5.
Kuhn KA, Kulik L, Tomooka B, Braschler KJ, et al. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins
enhance tissue injury in experimental autoimmune arthritis. J Clin Invest 2006;116:961–73.
Kurreeman FA, Padyukov L, Marques RB, et al. A candidate gene approach identifies the
TRAF1/C5 region as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS Med 2007;4:e278.
Kvien TK, Uhlig T, Odegard S, et al. Epidemiological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: the sex ratio.
Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1069:212–22.
Lindberg J, Wijbrandts CA, van Baarsen LG, et al. The gene expression profile in the synovium as
a predictor of the clinical response to infliximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One
2010;5:e11310.
Lundberg K, Bengtsson C, Kharlamova N, et al. Genetic and environmental determinants for

disease risk in subsets of rheumatoid arthritis defined by the anticitrullinated protein/peptide
antibody fine specificity profile. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:652–8.
Luross JA, Williams NA. The genetic and immunopathological processes underlying collagen-
induced arthritis. Immunology 2001;103:407–16.
Mandl P, Naredo E, Wakefield RJ, et al. A systematic literature review analysis of ultrasound joint
count and scoring systems to assess synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis according to the OMERACT
filter. J Rheumatol 2011;38:2055–62.
Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease
and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:402–11.
Maruotti N, Crivellato E, Cantatore FP, et al. Mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol
2007;26:1–4.
Mathsson L, Mullazehi M, Wick MC, et al. Antibodies against citrullinated vimentin in rheumatoid
arthritis: higher sensitivity and extended prognostic value concerning future radiographic
progression as compared with antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Rheum
2008;58:36–45.
Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. B cells. Arthritis Res Ther
2007;9:205.
Meyer O, Labarre C, Dougados M, et al. Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibody assays in early

rheumatoid arthritis for predicting five year radiographic damage. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:120–6.
Meyer O, Nicaise-Roland P, Santos MD, et al. Serial determination of cyclic citrullinated peptide
autoantibodies predicted five-year radiological outcomes in a prospective cohort of patients with
early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R40.
39

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Mikuls TR, Levan T, Gould KA, et al. Impact of interactions of cigarette smoking with NAT2
polymorphisms on rheumatoid arthritis risk in African Americans. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:655–64.
Murphy CA, Langrish CL, Chen Y, et al. Divergent pro- and antiinflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-
12 in joint autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2003;198:1951–7.
Nie H, Zheng Y, Li R, et al. Phosphorylation of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function and is
inhibited by TNF-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med 2013;19:322–8.
Niederer F, Ospelt C, Brentano F, et al. SIRT1 overexpression in the rheumatoid arthritis synovium
contributes to proinflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis resistance. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:1866–73.
Nielen MM, van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW, et al. Specific autoantibodies precede the
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: a study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum
2004;50:380–6.
Nienhuis RL, Mandema E. A new serum factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; the
antiperinuclear factor. Ann Rheum Dis 1964;23:302–5.
Norgaard F. Earliest roentgenological changes in polyarthritis of the rheumatoid type: rheumatoid

arthritis. Radiology 1965;85:325–9.
Odegard S, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, et al. Association of early radiographic damage with
impaired physical function in rheumatoid arthritis: a ten-year, longitudinal observational study in
238 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:68–75.
Orozco G, Eyre S, Hinks A, et al. Association of CD40 with rheumatoid arthritis confirmed in a
large UK case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:813–16.
Orstavik RE, Haugeberg G, Mowinckel P, et al. Vertebral deformities in rheumatoid arthritis: a

comparison with population-based controls. Arch Internal Med 2004;164:420–5.
Ostergaard M, Hansen M, Stoltenberg M, et al. New radiographic bone erosions in the wrists of
patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two
years earlier. Arthritis Rheum 2003a;48:2128–31.
Ostergaard M, Peterfy C, Conaghan P, et al. OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic

Resonance Imaging Studies. Core set of MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions and the
OMERACT RA-MRI scoring system. J Rheumatol 2003b;30:1385–6.
Patel DD, Lee DM, Kolbinger F, Antoni C. Effect of IL-17A blockade with secukinumab in
autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(Suppl 2):ii116–23.
Pease CT, Haugeberg G, Montague B, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica can be distinguished from
late onset rheumatoid arthritis at baseline: results of a 5-yr prospective study. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2009;48:123–7.
Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, et al. Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid
arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther
2006;8:R133.
Plenge RM, Cotsapas C, Davies L, et al. Two independent alleles at 6q23 associated with risk of
rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2007a;39:1477–82.
40

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Plenge RM, Seielstad M, Padyukov L, et al. TRAF1-C5 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis--a
genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2007b;357:1199–209.
Poubelle PE, Chakravarti A, Fernandes MJ, et al. Differential expression of RANK, RANK-L and
osteoprotegerin by synovial fluid neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and by healthy
human blood neutrophils. Arthritis Res Ther 2007;9:R25.
Raaschou P, Simard JF, Holmqvist M, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis, anti-tumour necrosis factor
therapy and risk of malignant melanoma: nationwide population based prospective cohort study
from Sweden. BMJ 2013;346:f1939.
Raychaudhuri S, Remmers EF, Lee AT, et al. Common variants at CD40 and other loci confer risk
of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2008;40:1216–23.
Raychaudhuri S, Thomson BP, Remmers EF, et al. Genetic variants at CD28, PRDM1 and
CD2/CD58 are associated with rheumatoid arthritis risk. Nat Genet 2009;41:1313–18.
Raychaudhuri S, Sandor C, Stahl EA, et al. Five amino acids in three HLA proteins explain most of
the association between MHC and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2012;44:291–6.
Raza K, Mathsson L, Buckley CD, et al. Anti-modified citrullinated vimentin (MCV) antibodies in
patients with very early synovitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:627–8.
Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, et al. STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic
lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2007;357:977–986.
Rose NR, Bona C. Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited).
Immunol Today 1993;14:426–30.
Sato K, Takayanagi H. Osteoclasts, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoimmunology. Curr Opin

Rheumatol 2006;18:419–26.
Savolainen E, Kaipiainen-Seppanen O, Kroger L, Luosujarvi R. Total incidence and distribution of

inflammatory joint diseases in a defined population: results from the Kuopio 2000 arthritis survey. J
Rheumatol 2003;30:2460–8.
*Schellekens GA, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, et al. Citrulline is an essential constituent of
antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. J Clin Invest
1998;101:273–81.
Scott IC, Tan R, Stahl D, et al. The protective effect of alcohol on developing rheumatoid arthritis: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:856–67.
Shi J, Knevel R, Suwannalai P, et al. Autoantibodies recognizing carbamylated proteins are

present in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and predict joint damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 2011;108:17372–7.
Shi J, van de Stadt LA, Levarht EW, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies are present in
arthralgia patients and predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2013;65:911–5.
Shiozawa S, Hayashi S, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Identification of the gene loci that predispose to
rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunol 1998;10:1891–5.
41

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Sigurdsson S, Padyukov L, Kurreeman FA, et al. Association of a haplotype in the promoter region
of the interferon regulatory factor 5 gene with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2202–
10.
Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH, et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid
arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:244–57.
*Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Bijlsma JW, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations
of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:631–7.
Soderlin MK, Borjesson O, Kautiainen H, et al. Annual incidence of inflammatory joint diseases in a
population based study in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:911–5.
Suzuki A, Yamada R, Chang X, et al. Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating

enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet
2003;34:395–402.
Sverdrup B, Kallberg H, Bengtsson C, et al.; Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Study Group. Association between occupational exposure to mineral oil and rheumatoid arthritis:
results from the Swedish EIRA case-control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7:R1296–303.
Symmons DP, Barrett EM, Bankhead CR, et al.. The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United
Kingdom: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:735–9.
Syversen SW, Gaarder PI, Goll GL, et al. High anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels and an
algorithm of four variables predict radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:
results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:212–7.
Szkudlarek M, Klarlund M, Narvestad E, et al. Ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal and

proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with magnetic resonance
imaging, conventional radiography and clinical examination. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R52.
Thabet MM, Huizinga TW, van der Heijde DM, van der Helm-van Mil AH. The prognostic value of
baseline erosions in undifferentiated arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R155.
Thomson W, Barton A, Ke X, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis association at 6q23. Nat Genet

2007;39:1431–3.
Toh ML, Miossec P. The role of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: new subsets and new targets. Curr
Opin Rheumatol 2007;19:284–8.
Trouw LA, Haisma EM, Levarht EW, et al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies from
rheumatoid arthritis patients activate complement via both the classical and alternative pathways.
Uysal H, Bockermann R, Nandakumar KS, et al. Structure and pathogenicity of antibodies specific
for citrullinated collagen type II in experimental arthritis. J Exp Med 2009;206:449–62.
van Aken J, van Dongen H, le Cessie S, et al. Comparison of long term outcome of patients with
rheumatoid arthritis presenting with undifferentiated arthritis or with rheumatoid arthritis: an
observational cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:20–5.
van Baarsen LG, Bos CL, van der Pouw Kraan TC, Verweij CL. Transcription profiling of rheumatic
diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:207.
42

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
van Dartel SA, Fransen J, Kievit W, et al. Predictors for the 5-year risk of serious infections in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: a cohort study in
the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) registry. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2013;52:1052–7.
van der Heijde D. How to read radiographs according to the Sharp/van der Heijde method. J
Rheumatol 2000;27:261–3.
van der Helm-van Mil AH, Verpoort KN, Breedveld FC, et al. The HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles
are primarily a risk factor for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and are not an independent
risk factor for development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1117–21.
van der Woude D, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Toes RE, et al. Quantitative heritability of anti-
citrullinated protein antibody-positive and anti-citrullinated protein antibody-negative rheumatoid
arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:916–23.
van Dongen H, van Aken J, Lard LR, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in patients with
probable rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum
2007;56:1424–32.
van Gaalen FA, Linn-Rasker SP, van Venrooij WJ, et al. Autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated
peptides predict progression to rheumatoid arthritis in patients with undifferentiated arthritis: a
prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:709–15.
van Gaalen F, Ioan-Facsinay A, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. The devil in the details: the emerging role
of anticitrulline autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 2005;175:5575–80.
van Gestel AM, Prevoo ML, van't Hof MA, et al. Development and validation of the European
League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the
preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International
League Against Rheumatism Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:34–40.
van Oosterhout M, Bajema I, Levarht EW, et al. Differences in synovial tissue infiltrates between
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-positive rheumatoid arthritis and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-
negative rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:53–60.
Vermeer M, Kievit W, Kuper HH, et al. Treating to the target of remission in early rheumatoid
arthritis is cost-effective: results of the DREAM registry. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013a;14:350.
Vermeer M, Kuper HH, Moens HJ, et al. Sustained beneficial effects of a protocolized treat-to-
target strategy in very early rheumatoid arthritis: three-year results of the Dutch Rheumatoid
Arthritis Monitoring remission induction cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013b;65:1219–26.
Verpoort KN, Jol-van der Zijde CM, Papendrecht-van der Voort EA, et al. Isotype distribution of
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in undifferentiated arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
reflects an ongoing immune response. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3799–808.
Viatte S, Flynn E, Lunt M, et al. Investigation of Caucasian rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in
African patients with the same disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2012a;14:R239.
Viatte S, Plant D, Bowes J, et al. Genetic markers of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in anti-
citrullinated peptide antibody negative patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2012b;71:1984–90.
*Viatte S, Plant D, Raychaudhuri S. Genetics and epigenetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev
Rheumatol 2013;9:141–53.
43

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Vossenaar ER, Despres N, Lapointe E. Rheumatoid arthritis specific anti-Sa antibodies target
citrullinated vimentin. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:R142–50.
Waaler E. On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutintion of
sheep blood corpuscles. 1939. APMIS 2007;115:422–38; discussion 439.
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of
seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007;447:661–78.
Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Ectopic germinal center formation in rheumatoid synovitis. Ann NY Acad
Sci 2003;987:140–9.
Wiles N, Symmons DP, Harrison B, et al. Estimating the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis: trying to
hit a moving target? Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1339–1346.
Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K et al. Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization. J Am Med Assoc
1957;164:1439–47.
Yahya A, Bengtsson C, Larsson P, et al. Silica exposure is associated with an increased risk of
developing ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis in an Asian population: evidence from the Malaysian
MyEIRA case-control study. Mod Rheumatol 2014;24:271–4.
Young BJ, Mallya RK, Leslie RD, et al. Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ
1979;2:97–9.
Ziegler S, Huscher D, Karberg K, et al. Trends in treatment and outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis in
Germany 1997–2007: results from the National Database of the German Collaborative Arthritis
Centres. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1803–8.
Zijlstra TR, Bernelot Moens HJ, Bukhari MA. The rheumatoid arthritis articular damage score: first
steps in developing a clinical index of long term damage in RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:20–3.
Zvaifler NJ. The immunopathology of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Immunol
1973;16:265–336.
Aletaha D, Funovits J, Breedveld FC, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis joint progression in sustained
remission is determined by disease activity levels preceding the period of radiographic
assessment. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1242–9.
Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American
Rheum 2010;69:1580–8.
Alves JA, Fialho SC, Morato EF, et al. Liver toxicity is rare in rheumatoid arthritis patients using
combination therapy with leflunomide and methotrexate. Rev Bras Reumatol 2011;51:141–4.
Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Time-dependent increase in risk of hospitalisation with
infection among Swedish RA patients treated with TNF antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis
2007;66:1339–44.
44

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Askling J, Baecklund E, Granath F, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in rheumatoid arthritis
and risk of malignant lymphomas: relative risks and time trends in the Swedish Biologics Register.
Ann Rheum Dis 2009a;68:648–53.
Askling J, van Vollenhoven RF, Granath F, et al. Cancer risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies: does the risk change with the time since
start of treatment? Arthritis Rheum 2009b;60:3180–9.
Augustsson J, Neovius M, Cullinane-Carli C, et al. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with
tumour necrosis factor antagonists increase their participation in the workforce: potential for
significant long-term indirect cost gains (data from a population-based registry). Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:126–31.
Bartelds GM, Wijbrandts CA, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Anti-infliximab and anti-adalimumab
antibodies in relation to response to adalimumab in infliximab switchers and anti-tumour necrosis
factor naive patients: a cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:817–21.
Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in
patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1586–93.
Bengtsson C, Kapetanovic MC, Källberg H, et al. Common vaccinations among adults do not
increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:1831–3.
Benucci M, Saviola G, Baiardi P, et al. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide or methotrexate plus
subcutaneous tumour necrosis factor-alpha blocking agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J
Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011;24:269–74.
Bijlsma JW. Disease control with glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2012;51(Suppl 4):iv9–13.
Bili A, Sartorius JA, Kirchner HL, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use and decreased risk of diabetes in
rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Rheumatol 2011;17:115–20
Bingham CO 3rd, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis
patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:64–
74
Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, et al. Randomised comparison of combined step-down
prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid
arthritis. Lancet 1997;350:309–18.
Breedveld, FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, et al. The PREMIER study: a multicenter,
randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate
versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid
arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:26–37.
Breedveld F, Agarwal S, Yin M, et al. Rituximab pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid

arthritis: B-cell levels do not correlate with clinical response. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47:1119–28.
Bresnihan, B. The safety and efficacy of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001;30(Suppl 2):17–20.
Buch MH, Smolen JS, Betteridge N, et al. Updated consensus statement on the use of rituximab in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:909–20.
45

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bykerk V, Alvaro-Gracia J, Román Ivorra J, et al. Tocilizumab treatment in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to DMARDs and/or TNF inhibitors: ACT-SURE final
results. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(Suppl 3): 622.
Caporali R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, et al. Switching TNF-alpha antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis:

the experience of the LORHEN registry. Autoimmun Rev 2010;9:465–9.
Chalmers A, Scheifele D, Patterson C, et al. Immunization of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

against influenza: a study of vaccine safety and immunogenicity. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1203–6.
Choy EH, Smith C, Doré CJ, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and toxicity of combining
disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis based on patient withdrawal.
Cohen, SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-
tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis
Rheum 2006;54:2793–806.
Colebatch, AN, Marks JL, van der Heijde DM, et al. Safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
and/or paracetamol in people receiving methotrexate for inflammatory arthritis: a Cochrane
systematic review. J Rheumatol Suppl 2012;90:62–73.
Cutolo M, Bolosiu H, Perdriset G; LEADER Study Group. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in
DMARD-naïve patients with recently-diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of a loading and a
fixed dose regimen in the LEADER study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(Suppl 3):214.
Daniel CL, Moreland LW. Infliximab: additional safety data from an open label study. J Rheumatol
2002;29:647–9.
De Stefano R, Frati E, Nargi F, et al. Comparison of combination therapies in the treatment of

rheumatoid arthritis: leflunomide-anti-TNF-alpha versus methotrexate-anti-TNF-alpha. Clin
Rheumatol 2010;29:517–24.
Del Porto F, Laganà B, Biselli R, et al. Influenza vaccine administration in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 2006;24:3217–
23.
Ding T, Ledingham J, Luqmani R, et al. BSR and BHPR rheumatoid arthritis guidelines on safety of
anti-TNF therapies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:2217–9.
Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, et al. Reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis who respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: results
from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2905–12.
Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, et al. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy on cancer
incidence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had a prior malignancy: results from the
British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:755–
63.
Donahue KE, Gartlehner G, Jonas DE, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and
harms of disease-modifying medications for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:124–
34.
Dorner T, Isenberg D, Jayne D, et al. Current status on B-cell depletion therapy in autoimmune
diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2009;9:82–9. 46

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Dougados M, Combe B, Cantagrel A, et al. Combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a
randomised, controlled, double blind 52 week clinical trial of sulphasalazine and methotrexate
compared with the single components. Ann Rheum Dis 1999;58:220–5.
Dougados M, Huizinga T, Sheeran T, et al. Tocilizumab (TCZ) plus methotrexate (MTX) does not
have superior clinical efficacy to TCZ alone in RA patients with inadequate response to MTX: 24-
week results of the ACT-RAY study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(Suppl 3):73.
Du Pan SM, Dehler S, Ciurea A, et al. Comparison of drug retention rates and causes of drug
discontinuation between anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2009;61:560–8.
Duru N, van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, et al. EULAR evidence-based and consensus-based
recommendations on the management of medium to high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic
diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1905–13.
Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2572–81.
Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in

patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1390–
400.
Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, et al. Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a

combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid
arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet 2008a;372:375–82.
Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, et al. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment
outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals:
results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis
2008b;67:1516–23.
Emery P, Mease PJ, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Retreatment with rituximab (RTX) based on a
treatment to target (TT) approach provides better disease control than treatment as needed (PRN)
in patients (pts) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2009a;60(Suppl 10):2013.
Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, et al. Golimumab, a human anti-tumor necrosis factor
alpha monoclonal antibody, injected subcutaneously every four weeks in methotrexate-naive
patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: twenty-four-week results of a phase III, multicenter,
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of golimumab before methotrexate as first-line
therapy for early-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009b;60:2272–83.
Emery P, Breedveld F, van der Heijde D. Clinical remission and inhibition of radiographic
progression with combination etanercept-methotrexate versus monotherapy in active, early
rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results from the COMET trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2009c;68(Suppl 3):119.
Emery P, Deodhar A, Rigby WF, et al. Efficacy and safety of different doses and retreatment of
rituximab: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients who are biological naive with active
rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate (Study Evaluating Rituximab's
Efficacy in MTX iNadequate rEsponders (SERENE)). Ann Rheum Dis 2010a;69:1629–35.
Emery P, Durez P, Dougados M, et al. Impact of T-cell costimulation modulation in patients with
undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis or very early rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and imaging
study of abatacept (the ADJUST trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2010b;69:510–16.
47

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Feldmann M, Maini RN. Anti-TNF alpha therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned?
Against Rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials.
Feuchtenberger M, Kleinert S, Schwab S, et al. Vaccination survey in patients with rheumatoid

arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:1533–9.
Finckh A, Dehler S, Gabay C. The effectiveness of leflunomide as a co-therapy of tumour necrosis

factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:33–9.
Finckh A, Ciurea A, Brulhart L, et al. Which subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis benefits
from switching to rituximab versus alternative anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents after
previous failure of an anti-TNF agent? Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:387–93.
Fleischmann R. The clinical efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis.
Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010;10:773–86.
Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven RF, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol
monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease-modifying
antirheumatic therapy: the FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:805–11.
Fleischmann R, Burgos-Vargas R, Skopouli FN, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits radiographic

progression, improves physical function, and gains efficacy over time: LITHE 2 year. Ann Rheum
Dis 2010;69(Suppl 3):384.
Fomin I, Caspi D, Levy V, et al. Vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of
disease modifying drugs, including TNF alpha blockers. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:191–4.
Gabay C, Emery P, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab

monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA): a randomised, double-blind,
controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet 2013;381:1541–50.
*Galloway, JB, Hyrich KL, Mercer LK, et al. Anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk
of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially in the first 6 months of
treatment: updated results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register with
special emphasis on risks in the elderly. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:124–31.
Gaujoux-Viala C, Smolen JS, Landewé R, et al. Current evidence for the management of
rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature
review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:1004–9.
Gelinck LB, van der Bijl AE, Visser LG, et al. Synergistic immunosuppressive effect of anti-TNF
combined with methotrexate on antibody responses to the 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine. Vaccine 2008;26:3528–33.
Genant HK, Peterfy CG, Westhovens R, et al. Abatacept inhibits progression of structural damage
in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the long-term extension of the AIM trial. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:1084–9.
Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, et al. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in
the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with
methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1412–19. 48

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, et al. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor
necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1114–23.
Genovese MC, Schiff M, Luggen M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the selective co-stimulation
modulator abatacept following 2 years of treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an
inadequate response to anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2008a;67:547–54.
Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab
reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying
antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying
antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum 2008b;58:2968–80.
Genovese M, Breedveld F, Emery P, et al. Rate of serious infections in RA patients who

subsequently receive other biologic therapies after discontinuating rituximab treatment. Arthritis
Rheum 2010;62.
Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Clinical and radiographic
outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt
study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3381–90.
Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Comparison of treatment

strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:406–15.
Goodson NJ, Farragher TM, Symmons DP. Rheumatoid factor, smoking, and disease severity:
associations with mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2008;35:945–9.
Gottenberg J, Ravaud P, Bardin T, et al. Risk factors of severe infections in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab in the AutoImmunity and Rituximab (AIR) registry.
Gottenberg JE, Ravaud P, Cantagrel A, et al. Positivity for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide is
associated with a better response to abatacept: data from the 'Orencia and Rheumatoid Arthritis'
registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1815–19.
Greenwald MW, Shergy WJ, Kaine JL, et al. Evaluation of the safety of rituximab in combination
with a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor and methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis:
results from a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:622–32.
Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid
Gross K, Combe C, Krüger K, et al. Arthritis after hepatitis B vaccination. Report of three cases.
Scand J Rheumatol 1995;24:50–2.
Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL, de Jong AJ, et al. Combination of sulphasalazine and methotrexate
versus the single components in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind,
52 week clinical trial. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:1082–8.
Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of
influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect
Dis 2002;35:370–7.
Harle P, Straub RH, Fleck M. Perioperative management of immunosuppression in rheumatic

diseases--what to do? Rheumatol Int 2010;30:999–1004.
49

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Harrison MJ, Dixon WG, Watson KD, et al. Rates of new-onset psoriasis in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British
Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:209–15.
Heijstek MW, Ott de Bruin LM, Bijl M, et al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in paediatric
patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1704–12.
Heijstek MW, Scherpenisse M, Groot N, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the bivalent HPV
vaccine in female patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a prospective controlled observational
cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1500–7.
Hoekstra M, Haagsma C, Neef C, et al. Splitting high-dose oral methotrexate improves

bioavailability: a pharmacokinetic study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol
2006;33:481–5.
*Hueber AJ, Asquith DL, McInnes IB, et al. Embracing novel cytokines in RA - complexity grows as
does opportunity! Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010;24:479–87.
Jones G, Sebba A, Gu J, et al. Comparison of tocilizumab monotherapy versus methotrexate

monotherapy in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis: the AMBITION study. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:88–96.
Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T, Sjöholm A, et al. Influence of methotrexate, TNF blockers and
prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:106–11.
Karlsson JA, Kristensen LE, Kapetanovic MC, et al. Treatment response to a second or third TNF-
inhibitor in RA: results from the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group Register. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2008;47:507–13.
Katchamart W, Bourré-Tessier J, Donka T, et al. Canadian recommendations for use of

methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2010;37:1422–30.
Keystone E, Heijde DV, Mason D Jr, et al. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly
more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a fifty-two-
week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, et al. Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis
factor {alpha} given by monthly subcutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite
methotrexate therapy: the GO-FORWARD Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:789–96.
Keystone E, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid
arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: 52-week results of the GO-FORWARD study. Ann Rheum
Dis 2010;69:1129–35.
King SM, Saunders EF, Petric M, et al. Response to measles, mumps and rubella vaccine in
paediatric bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;17:633–6.
Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in
rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD006356.
Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, de Jager JP, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combination of
etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:675–81.
50

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Cannon GW, et al. Concomitant leflunomide therapy in patients with
active rheumatoid arthritis despite stable doses of methotrexate. A randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:726–33.
Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, et al. Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-
resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144: 865–76.
Kuznik A, Bencina M, Svajger U, et al. Mechanism of endosomal TLR inhibition by antimalarial

drugs and imidazoquinolines. J Immunol 2011;186:4794–804.
Levin MJ, Gershon AA, Weinberg A, et al. Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIV-infected
children with current or past significant depression of CD4(+) T cells. J Infect Dis 2006;194:247–
55.
Listing J, Strangfeld A, Kary S, et al. Infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with
biologic agents. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3403–12.
Loza E, Martinez-Lopez JA, Carmona L. A systematic review on the optimum management of the
use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients in the perioperative period to minimize
perioperative morbidity and maintain disease control. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:856–62.
Madhok R, Crilly A, Watson J, et al. Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations
with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:232–4.
Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha
monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant
methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 1999;354:1932–9.
Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, et al. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and
hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011;118:415–22.
Maxwell LJ, Singh JA, Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis: a Cochrane systematic review. J
Rheumatol 2010;37:234–45.
*McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol
2007;7:429–42.
Morris SJ, Wasko MC, Antohe JL, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use associated with improvement in
lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63:530–4.
Mouterde G, Dernis E, Ruyssen-Witrand A, et al. Indications of glucocorticoids in early arthritis and

rheumatoid arthritis: recommendations for clinical practice based on data from the literature and
expert opinion. Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:597–603.
Mouterde G, Baillet A, Gaujoux-Viala C, et al. Optimizing methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid

arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine 2011;78:587–92.
Nam JL, Winthrop KL, van Vollenhoven RF, et al. Current evidence for the management of
rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature
review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA. Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:976–86.
Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, von Sternberg T. Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-,
and high-risk senior citizens. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1769–76.
51

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Ostensen M, Forger F. Management of RA medications in pregnant patients. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2009;5:382–90.
Pieringer H, Stuby U, Biesenbach G. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing surgery: how
should we deal with antirheumatic treatment? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2007;36:278–86.
Platt AM, Gibson VB, Patakas A, et al. Abatacept limits breach of self-tolerance in a murine model
of arthritis via effects on the generation of T follicular helper cells. J Immunol 2010;185:1558–67
Popa C, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, et al. Repeated B lymphocyte depletion with rituximab in
rheumatoid arthritis over 7 yrs. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:626–30.
Pope JE, Stevens A, Howson W, et al. The development of rheumatoid arthritis after recombinant
hepatitis B vaccination. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1687–93.
Quinn MA, Conaghan PG, O'Connor PJ, et al. Very early treatment with infliximab in addition to
methotrexate in early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis reduces magnetic resonance imaging
evidence of synovitis and damage, with sustained benefit after infliximab withdrawal: results from a
twelve-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:27–35.
Rantalaiho V, Korpela M, Hannonen P, et al. The good initial response to therapy with a
combination of traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs is sustained over time: the
eleven-year results of the Finnish rheumatoid arthritis combination therapy trial. Arthritis Rheum
2009;60:1222–31.
Ray P, Black S, Shinefield H, et al. Risk of rheumatoid arthritis following vaccination with tetanus,
influenza and hepatitis B vaccines among persons 15-59 years of age. Vaccine 2011;29:6592–7.
Remy A, Avouac J, Gossec L, et al. Clinical relevance of switching to a second tumour necrosis
factor-alpha inhibitor after discontinuation of a first tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor in
rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2011;29:96–103.
Riese RJ, Krishnaswami S, Kremer J. Inhibition of JAK kinases in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis: scientific rationale and clinical outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010;24:513–26.
Rigby WF, Mease PJ, Olech E, et al., Safety of rituximab in combination with other biologic
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label study. J Rheumatol
2013;40:599–604.
Roll P, Dorner T, Tony HP. Anti-CD20 therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: predictors of
response and B cell subset regeneration after repeated treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1566–
75.
Romao VC, Canhao H, Fonseca JE. Old drugs, old problems: where do we stand in prediction of
rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to methotrexate and other synthetic DMARDs? BMC Med
2013;11:17.
Rubbert-Roth A, Tak PP, Zerbini C, et al. Efficacy and safety of various repeat treatment dosing
regimens of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a phase III randomized
study (MIRROR). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:1683–93.
Saag KG, Teng GG, Patkar NM, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations
for the use of nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid
arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:762–84.
52

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Sack U, Kinne RW, Marx T, et al. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid is closely associated with chronic
synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1993;13:45–51.
*Saleem B, Keen H, Goeb V, et al. Patients with RA in remission on TNF blockers: when and in
whom can TNF blocker therapy be stopped? Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1636–42.
Salliot C, van der Heijde D. Long-term safety of methotrexate monotherapy in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature research. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1100–4.
Sattar N, McInnes IB. Vascular comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: potential mechanisms and
solutions. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:286–92.
Schiff M. Subcutaneous abatacept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2013;52:986–97.
Schiff M, Keiserman M, Codding C, et al. Efficacy and safety of abatacept or infliximab vs placebo
in ATTEST: a phase III, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:1096–103.
Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2010;376:1094–108.
Scott DL. Role of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Drugs 2011;71:1121–32.
Shea B, Swinden MV, Tanjong Ghogomu E, et al. Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side
effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2013;5:CD000951.
Singh JA, Christensen R, Wells GA, et al. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
of biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: a Cochrane overview. CMAJ 2009;181:787–96.
Singh JA, Noorbaloochi S, Singh G. Golimumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2010:CD008341.
Singh JA, Wells GA, Christensen R, et al. Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis
and Cochrane overview. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011a:CD008794.
Singh JA, Beg S, Lopez-Olivo MA. Tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis: a Cochrane systematic
review. J Rheumatol 2011b;38:10–20.
Singh JA, Furst DE, Bharat A, et al. 2012 update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology
recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:625–39.
Smolen JS, Van Der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, et al. Predictors of joint damage in patients with early
rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab:
results from the ASPIRE trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:702–10.
Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with
tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-
controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371:987–97.
Smolen J, Landewé RB, Mease P, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus
methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann
53
Rheum Dis 2009a;68:797–804.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Smolen JS, Kay J, Doyle MK, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after
treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): a multicentre,
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet 2009b;374:210–21.
Smolen JS, Han C, van der Heijde DM, et al. Radiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients
attaining different disease activity states with methotrexate monotherapy and infliximab plus
methotrexate: the impacts of remission and tumour necrosis factor blockade. Ann Rheum Dis
2009c;68:823–7.
Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:964–75.
*Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013
update. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:4924–509.
Smolen JS, Schoels MM, Nishimoto N, et al. Consensus statement on blocking the effects of
interleukin-6 and in particular by interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis and other
inflammatory conditions. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:482–92.
Solomon DH, Massarotti E, Garg R, et al. Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic

drugs and diabetes risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. JAMA 2011;305:2525–
31.
Solomon GE. T-cell agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis - 2012 update. Bull NYU Hosp
Jt Dis 2012;70:191–4.
Soubrier M, Puéchal X, Sibilia J, et al. Evaluation of two strategies (initial methotrexate

monotherapy vs its combination with adalimumab) in management of early active rheumatoid
arthritis: data from the GUEPARD trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1429–34.
Strangfeld A, Hierse F, Kekow J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor alpha
inhibitors in combination with either methotrexate or leflunomide. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1856–
62.
Tak PP, Rigby WF, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Inhibition of joint damage and improved clinical
outcomes with rituximab plus methotrexate in early active rheumatoid arthritis: the IMAGE trial.
Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:39–46.
Tay L, Leon F, Vratsanos G, et al. Vaccination response to tetanus toxoid and 23-valent
pneumococcal vaccines following administration of a single dose of abatacept: a randomized,
open-label, parallel group study in healthy subjects. Arthritis Res Ther 2007;9:R38.
Thaler K, Chandiramani DV, Hansen RA, et al. Efficacy and safety of anakinra for the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis: an update of the Oregon Drug Effectiveness Review Project. Biologics
2009;3:485–98.
Treves R, Lacoste L, Bontoux D, et al. Erosive nodular rheumatoid arthritis triggered by hepatitis B
vaccination. Presse Med 1997;26:670.
van Assen S, Agmon-Levin N, Elkayam O, et al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult
patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:414–22.
54

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. Monitoring adverse events of low-dose
glucocorticoid therapy: EULAR recommendations for clinical trials and daily practice. Ann Rheum
Dis 2010;69:1913–9.
van der Heijden JW, Dijkmans BA, Scheper RJ, et al. Drug insight: resistance to methotrexate and
other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs – from bench to bedside. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol
2007;3:26–34.
van der Kooij SM, le Cessie S, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, et al. Clinical and radiological efficacy of
initial vs delayed treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid
arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1153–8.
van Dongen H, van Aken J, Lard LR, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in patients with
probable rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum
2007;56:1424–32.
van Riel PL, Freundlich B, MacPeek D, et al. Patient-reported health outcomes in a trial of
etanercept monotherapy versus combination therapy with etanercept and methotrexate for
rheumatoid arthritis: the ADORE trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1104–10.
van Tuyl LH, Boers M, Lems WF, et al. Survival, comorbidities and joint damage 11 years after the
COBRA combination therapy trial in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:807–12.
van Vollenhoven RF. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: state of the art 2009. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2009;5:531–41.
van Vollenhoven RF, Ernestam S, Geborek P, et al. Addition of infliximab compared with addition
of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
(Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet 2009;374:459–66.
van Vollenhoven RF, Emery P, Bingham CO 3rd, et al. Longterm safety of patients receiving
rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. J Rheumatol 2010a;37:558–67.
van Vollenhoven RF, Vincent E, Wax S, et al. Efficacy and safety of atacicept in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: results from the AUGUST II
Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010b;69(Suppl 3):99.
Vastesaeger N, Xu S, Aletaha D, et al. A pilot risk model for the prediction of rapid radiographic
progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1114–21.
Vautier G, Carty JE. Acute sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis occurring after hepatitis vaccination.
Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:991.
Verstappen SM, Jacobs JW, van der Veen MJ, et al. Intensive treatment with methotrexate in early
rheumatoid arthritis: aiming for remission. Computer Assisted Management in Early Rheumatoid
Arthritis (CAMERA, an open-label strategy trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1443–9.
*Visser K, Katchamart W, Loza E, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the

use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: integrating
systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists
in the 3E Initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1086–93.
Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis
factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N
Engl J Med 1999;340:253–9.
55

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor
alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant
methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:35–45.
Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, et al. Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept
in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying
antirheumatic drugs: a one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum
2006;54:2807–16.
Weinblatt M, Schiff M, Goldman A, et al. Selective costimulation modulation using abatacept in

patients with active rheumatoid arthritis while receiving etanercept: a randomised clinical trial. Ann
Rheum Dis 2007;66:228–34.
Westhovens R, Robles M, Ximenes AC, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of abatacept in
methotrexate-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognostic factors. Ann
Rheum Dis 2009a;68:870–7.
Westhovens R, Kremer JM, Moreland LW, et al. Safety and efficacy of the selective costimulation
modulator abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving background methotrexate: a 5-
year extended phase IIB study. J Rheumatol 2009b;36:736–42.
Zhou H, Jang H, Fleischmann RM, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of golimumab, a fully human
anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody, in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol
2007;47:383–96.
Amor B, Santos RS, Nahal R, et al. Predictive factors for the longterm outcome of
spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1883–7.
Anderson JJ, Baron G, van der Heijde D, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis assessment group
preliminary definition of short-term improvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum
2001;44:1876–86.
Armaka M, Apostolaki M, Jacques P, et al. Mesenchymal cell targeting by TNF as a common

pathogenic principle in chronic inflammatory joint and intestinal diseases. J Exp Med
2008;205:331–7.
*Australo-Anglo-American Spondyloarthritis Consortium (TASC). Genomewide association study of

ankylosing spondylitis identifies multiple non-MHC susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2010;42:123–7.
*Braun J, van den Berg R, Baraliakos X, et al. 2010 update of the ASAS/EULAR recommendations
for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:896–904.
Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, et al. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis.
JAMA 1977;237:2613–4.
Dougados M, Hochberg MC. Why is the concept of spondyloarthropathies important? Best Pract
Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16:495–505.
*Hermann KG, Baraliakos X, van der Heijde DM, et al. Descriptions of spinal MRI lesions and
definition of a positive MRI of the spine in axial spondyloarthritis: a consensual approach by the
ASAS/OMERACT MRI study group. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1278–88. 56

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Jenkinson TR, Mallorie PA, Whitelock HC, et al. Defining spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis
(AS): the Bath AS Metrology Index. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1694–8.
Jones SD, et al. A new scoring system for the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index
(BASMI). J Rheumatol 1995;22:1609.
*Lukas C, Landewé R, Sieper J, et al. Development of an ASAS-endorsed disease activity score

(ASDAS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:18–24.
*Rudwaleit M, Jurik AG, Hermann KG, et al. Defining active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: a consensual approach by the
ASAS/OMERACT MRI group. Ann Rheum Dis 2009a;68:1520–7.
Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, et al. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: a

reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis
Rheum 2006;54:569–78.
*Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The development of Assessment of

SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II):
validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 2009b;68:777–83.
*Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The development of Assessment of

SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and
spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:25–31.
Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, et al. The Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis international

Society (ASAS)handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2009a;68(SupplII):ii1–44.
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients
with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis
international Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis 2009b;68:784–8.
Smith JA, Marker-Hermann E, Colbert RA. Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis: current

concepts. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20(3):571–92.
Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, et al. Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of
van den Berg R, de Hooge M, Rudwaleit M, et al. ASAS modification of the Berlin algorithm for
diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis: results from the SpondyloArthritis Caught Early (SAPCE) cohort
and from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) cohort. Ann Rheum Dis
2013;72:1646–53.
van der Heijde D, Calin A, Dougados M, et al. Selection of instruments in the core set for DC-ART,
SMARD, physical therapy, and clinical record keeping in ankylosing spondylitis. Progress report of
the ASAS Working Group. Assessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:951–4.
van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Feldtkeller E. Proposal of a linear definition of the Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) and comparison with the 2-step and 10-step definitions. Ann
Rheum Dis 2008;67:489–93.
*Van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WP, et al. 2010 Update of the international ASAS
recommendations for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:905–8.
57

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:361–8.
Wanders AJ, Landewé RB, Spoorenberg A, et al . What is the most appropriate radiologic scoring
method for ankylosing spondylitis? A comparison of the available methods based on the Outcome
Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials filter. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2622–32.
Amor B, Kahan A, Dougados M, et al. Sulfasalazine and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Intern Med
1984;101:878.
Amor B, Dougados M, Listrat V, et al. Are classification criteria for spondylarthropathy useful as
diagnostic criteria? Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1995;62:10–15.
Antoni C, Krueger GG, de Vlam K, et al. Infliximab improves signs and symptoms of psoriatic
arthritis: results of the IMPACT 2 trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1150–57.
Antoni CE, Kavanaugh A, van der Heijde D, et al. Two-year efficacy and safety of infliximab
treatment in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: findings of the Infliximab Multinational Psoriatic
Arthritis Controlled Trial (IMPACT). J Rheumatol 2008;35:869–76.
Baranauskaite A, Raffayova H, Kungurov NV, et al. Infliximab plus methotrexate is superior to

methotrexate alone in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis in methotrexate-naive patients: the
RESPOND study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:541–8.
Braun J, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, et al. Persistent clinical response to the anti-TNF-alpha antibody
infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis over 3 years. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2005;44:670–6.
Braun J, Baraliakos X, Listing J, et al. Differences in the incidence of flares or new onset of
inflammatory bowel diseases in patients with ankylosing spondylitis exposed to therapy with anti-
tumor necrosis factor alpha agents. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:639–47.
*Braun J, Landewé R, Hermann KG, et al; ASSERT Study Group. Major reduction in spinal
inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after treatment with infliximab: results of a
multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled magnetic resonance imaging study.
Arthritis Rheum 2006a;54:1646–52.
*Braun J, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Huang F, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of etanercept
versus sulfasalazine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, double-blind trial.
Braun J, Deodhar A, Inman RD, et al. Golimumab administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks in
ankylosing spondylitis: 104-week results of the GO-RAISE study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:661–7.
Braun J, Zochling J, Baraliakos X, et al. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in patients with inflammatory back
pain due to undifferentiated spondyloarthritis and early ankylosing spondylitis: a multicentre
randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2006b;65:1147–53.
Breban M, Gombert B, Amor B, et al. Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of refractory

ankylosing spondylitis [letter]. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:580–1.
58

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Carter JD, Valeriano J, Vasey FB. Doxycycline versus doxycycline and rifampin in undifferentiated
spondyloarthropathy, with special reference to chlamydia-induced arthritis. A prospective,
randomized 9-month comparison. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1973–80.
Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin.
N Engl J Med 2001 Dec 20;345:1809–17.
Chandran V, Schentag CT, Gladman DD. Reappraisal of the effectiveness of methotrexate in

psoriatic arthritis: results from a longitudinal observational cohort. J Rheumatol 2008;35:469–71.
Chen J, Liu C. Sulfasalazine for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2005;2:CD004800.
Chen J, Veras MM, Liu C, Lin J. Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2013;2:CD004524.
Davis JC, van der Heijde DM, Braun J, et al. Sustained durability and tolerability of etanercept in
ankylosing spondylitis for 96 weeks. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1557–62.
*de Vries MK, Wolbink GJ, Stapel SO, et al. Decreased clinical response to infliximab in ankylosing
spondylitis is correlated with anti-infliximab formation. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1252–4.
de Vries MK, Brouwer E, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, et al. Decreased clinical response to
adalimumab in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with antibody formation. Ann Rheum Dis
2009a;68:1787–8.
de Vries MK, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Immunogenicity does not
influence treatment with etanercept in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Ann Rheum Dis
2009b;68:531–5.
Deng X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Huang F. Thalidomide reduces recurrence of ankylosing spondylitis in

patients following discontinuation of etanercept. Rheumatol Int 2013;33:1409–13.
El Miedany Y, Youssef S, Ahmed I, El Gaafary M. The gastrointestinal safety and effect on disease
activity of etoricoxib, a selective cox-2 inhibitor in inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J
Gastroenterol 2006;101:311–7.
Fox MW, Onofrio BM, Kilgore JE. Neurological complications of ankylosing spondylitis. J
Neurosurg 1993;78:871–8.
Gelman MI, Umber JS. Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis. AJR Am J
Roentgenol 1978;130:485–91.
Gossec L, Smolen JS, Gaujoux-Viala C, et al. European League Against Rheumatism

recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies. Ann
Rheum Dis 2012;71:4–12.
Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, et al. Six months open label trial of leflunomide in active
ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005a;64:124–6.
Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, et al. Open label trial of anakinra in active ankylosing spondylitis
over 24 weeks. Ann Rheum Dis 2005b;64:296–8.
Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Brandt HC, et al. Adalimumab reduces spinal symptoms in active
ankylosing spondylitis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results of a fifty-two-week open-
59
label trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:678–81.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Haibel H, Brandt HC, Song IH, et al. No efficacy of subcutaneous methotrexate in active
ankylosing spondylitis: a 16-week open-label trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:419–21.
Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, et al. Efficacy of adalimumab in the treatment of axial

spondylarthritis without radiographically defined sacroiliitis: results of a twelve-week randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial followed by an open-label extension up to week fifty-two.
Homeff G, Burgos-Vargas R. TNF-alpha antagonists for the treatment of juvenile-onset

spondyloarthritides. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20(6 Suppl 28):S137–S142.
Inman RD, Davis JC Jr, Heijde Dv, et al. Efficacy and safety of golimumab in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial.
Kaltwasser P, Nash P, Gladman D, et al. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide in the treatment of
psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a multinational, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled
clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1939–50.
Kavanaugh AF, Ritchlin C. Systematic review of treatments for psoriatic arthritis: an evidence
based approach and basis for treatment guidelines. J Rheumatol 2006;33:1417–21.
Kavanaugh A, McInnes I, Mease P, et al. Golimumab, a new human tumor necrosis factor alpha
antibody, administered every four weeks as a subcutaneous injection in psoriatic arthritis: twenty-
four-week efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum
2009;60:976–86.
Kingsley GH, Kowalczyk A, Taylor H, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of MTX in PsA.
Kirwan JR, Hällgren R, Mielants H, et al. A randomised placebo controlled 12 week trial of
budesonide and prednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:688–95.
*Landewé R, Braun J, Deodhar A, et al. Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of
axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis: 24-week results of a double-blind
randomised placebo-controlled Phase 3 study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:39–47.
Leonardi C, Matheson R, Zachariae C, et al. Anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody ixekizumab in

chronic plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1190–9.
*Machado P, Landewé R, Lie E, et al; Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society.

Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS): defining cut-off values for disease activity
states and improvement scores. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:47–53.
*McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with
active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled
PSUMMIT 1 trial. Lancet 2013;382:780–9.
Mease PJ, Kivitz AJ, Burch FX, et al. Etanercept treatment of psoriatic arthritis: safety, efficacy,
and effect on disease progression. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2264–72.
Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Ritchlin CT, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of patients with
moderately to severely active psoriatic arthritis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-
controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3279–89.
60

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Mease PJ, Kivitz AJ, Burch FX, et al. Continued inhibition of radiographic progression in patients
with psoriatic arthritis following 2 years of treatment with etanercept. J Rheumatol 2006;33:712–21.
Mease PJ, Ory P, Sharp JT, et al. Adalimumab for long-term treatment of psoriatic arthritis: 2-year
data from the Adalimumab Effectiveness in Psoriatic Arthritis Trial (ADEPT). Ann Rheum Dis
2009;68:702–9.
arthritis: results of a six-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II
trial. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:939–48.
Papp KA, Leonardi C, Menter A, et al. Brodalumab, an anti-interleukin-17-receptor antibody for

psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1181–9.
Papp KA, Langley RG, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in the treatment
of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II
dose-ranging study. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:412–21.
Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on

radiographic spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the German
Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1616–22.
Poddubnyy D, Hermann KA, Callhoff J, et al. Ustekinumab for the treatment of patients with active
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a 28-week, prospective, open-label, proof-of-concept study
(TOPAS). Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:817–23.
Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Listing J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine and the
sacroiliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis during treatment
with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1305–10.
Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment
strategies of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126:402–13.
Sandborn WJ, Stenson WF, Brynskov J, et al. Safety of celecoxib in patients with ulcerative colitis
in remission: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
2006;4:203–11.
Schett G, Wollenhaupt J, Papp K, et al. Oral apremilast in the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis:
results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum
2012;64:3156–67.
Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international

Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:ii1–ii44.
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with
non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (ABILITY-
1). Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:815–22.
Sieper J, Porter-Brown B, Thompson L, et al. Assessment of short-term symptomatic efficacy of

tocilizumab in ankylosing spondylitis: results of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum
Dis 2014;73:95–100.
Song IH, Hermann K, Haibel H, et al. Effects of etanercept versus sulfasalazine in early axial
spondyloarthritis on active inflammatory lesions as detected by whole-body MRI (ESTHER): a 48-
week randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:590–6.
61

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Song IH, Althoff CE, Haibel H, et al. Frequency and duration of drug-free remission after 1 year of
treatment with etanercept versus sulfasalazine in early axial spondyloarthritis: 2 year data of the
ESTHER trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1212–5.
Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, et al. Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of
Van den Bosch F, Kruithof E, De Vos M, et al. Crohn’s disease associated with
spondyloarthropathy: effect of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab on articular symptoms. Lancet
2000;356:1821–2.
*van Denderen JC, van der Paardt M, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Double blind, randomised, placebo
controlled study of leflunomide in the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis
2005;64:1761–4.
*van der Heijde D, Baraf HS, Ramos-Remus C, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of etoricoxib in
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a fifty-two-week, randomized, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum
2005a;52:1205–15.
van der Heijde D, Dijkmans B, Geusens P, et al. Efficacy and safety of infliximab in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (ASSERT). Arthritis Rheum
2005b;52:582–91.
van der Heijde D1, Kivitz A, Schiff MH, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Einstein S, et al. Radiographic progression of ankylosing spondylitis
after up to two years of treatment with etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 2008a;58:1324–31.
van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Baraliakos X, et al; Ankylosing Spondylitis Study for the Evaluation
of Recombinant Infliximab Therapy Study Group. Radiographic findings following two years of
infliximab therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2008b;58:3063–70.
van der Heijde D, Salonen D, Weissman BN, et al; Canadian (M03-606) study group; ATLAS study
group. Assessment of radiographic progression in the spines of patients with ankylosing spondylitis
treated with adalimumab for up to 2 years. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R127.
van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WP, et al. 2010 update of the international ASAS
recommendations for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:905–908.
Van Royen BJ, De Gast A. Lumbar osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity in
ankylosing spondylitis. A structured review of three methods of treatment. Ann Rheum Dis
1999;58:399–406.
Van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van der HD, et al. Combined spa-exercise therapy is effective in
patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:430–8.
*Wanders A, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce
radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis
Rheum 2005;52:1756–65.
Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the
management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:442–52.
62

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Chapter 13 References – no additional references
Bardin T. Gonococcal arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003;17:2001–8.
Bouquillard E, Combe B. A report of 21 cases of rheumatoid arthritis following Chikungunya fever.

A mean follow-up of two years. Joint Bone Spine 2009;76:654–7.
Braun J, Kingsley G, van der Heijde D, et al. On the difficulties of establishing a consensus on the
definition of and diagnostic investigations for reactive arthritis. Results and discussion of a
questionnaire prepared for the 4th International Workshop on Reactive Arthritis, Berlin, Germany,
July 3–6, 1999. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2185–92.
Calabrese LH, Kirchner E, Shrestha R. Rheumatic complications of human immunodeficiency virus

infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: emergence of a new syndrome of immune
reconstitution and changing patterns of disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;35:166–74.
*Carter JD, Gérard HC, Espinoza LR, et al. Chlamydiae as etiologic agents in chronic
undifferentiated spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1311–6.
*Carter JD, Espinoza LR, Inman RD, et al. Combination antibiotics as a treatment for chronic
Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial. Arthritis
Rheum 2010;62:1298–307.
Favero M, Schiavon F, Riato L, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is the major risk for septic arthritis in
rheumatological settings. Autoimmun Rev 2008;8:59–61.
*Fenollar F, Puechal X, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356:55–66.
*Franssila R, Hedman K. Viral causes of arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:1139–
57.
*Garcia-De La Torre I, Nava-Zavala A. Gonococcal and nongonococcal arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin
North Am 2009;35:63–73.
*Gaston HJS, Lillicrap MS. Arthritis associated with enteric infection. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2003;17:219–39.
Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria, 1992 update. Special Writing Group
of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on
Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. JAMA 1992;268:2069–
73.
*Hannu T, Inman R, Granfors K, et al. Reactive arthritis or postinfectious arthritis? Best Pract Res
Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:419–33.
Hytönen J, Hartiala P, Oksi J, Viljanen MK. Borreliosis: recent research, diagnosis, and
management. Scand J Rheumatol 2008;37:161–72.
Laine M, Luukkainen R, Toivanen A. Sindbis viruses and other alphaviruses as cause of human
arthritis disease. J Int Med 2004;256:457–71.
63

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Leirisalo-Repo M. Early arthritis and infection. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005a;17:433–9.
Leirisalo-Repo M. Reactive arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2005b;34:251–9.
Margaretten ME, Kohlwes J, Moore D, et al. Does this adult patient have septic arthritis? JAMA
2007;297:1478–88.
Marth T, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. Lancet 2003;361:239–46.
Mathews CJ, Kingsley G, Field M, et al. Management of septic arthritis: a systematic review. Ann
Rheum Dis 2007;66:440–5.
Mathews CJ, Coakley G. Septic arthritis: current diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2008;20:457–62.
Puéchal X, Sibilia J. What should be done in case of persistent symptoms after adequate antibiotic
treatment for Lyme disease? Curr Probl Dermatol 2009;37:191–9.
*Reveille JD, Williams FM. Rheumatic complications of HIV infection. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2006;20:1159–79.
Rohekar S, Pope J. Epidemiologic approaches to infection and immunity: the case of reactive
arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009;21:386–90.
*Schnarr S, Franz JK, Krause A, Zeidler H. Lyme borreliosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2006;20:1099–1118.
Steere AC, Angelis SM. Therapy for Lyme arthritis. Strategies for the treatment of antibiotic-
refractory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3079–86.
Taubitz W, Cramer JP, Kapaun A, et al. Chikungunya fever in travellers: clinical presentation and
course. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:e1–4.
Townes JM, Deodhar AA, Laine ES, et al. Reactive arthritis following culture-confirmed infections
with bacterial enteric pathogens in Minnesota and Oregon: a population-based study. Ann Rheum
Dis 2008;67:1689–96.
van Bemmel JM, Delgado V, Holman ER, et al. No increased risk of valvular heart disease in adult
poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60: 987–993.
*Vassilopoulos D, Calabrese LH. Virally associated arthritis 2008: clinical, epidemiologic, and
pathophysiologic considerations. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10:215.
*Cassidy JT, Petty RE. Chronic arthritis in childhood. In: Cassidy JT, Petty RE, Laxer R, Lindlsy C,
eds. Textbook of pediatric rheumatology. 5th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders 2005: 206–60.
David J, Cooper C, Hickey L, et al. The functional and psychological outcomes of juvenile chronic
arthritis in young adulthood. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:876–81.
De Benedetti F, Massa M, Pignatti P, et al. Serum soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor and IL-
6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. JCI 1994;93:2114–19. 64
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Duffy CM, Colbert RA, Laxer RM, et al. Nomenclature and classification in chronic childhood
arthritis: time for a change? Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:382–5.
*Foster HE, Marshall N, Myers A, et al. Outcome in adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a quality
of life study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:767–75.
Keul R, Heinrich PC, Muller-Newen G, et al. A possible role for soluble IL-6 receptor in the
pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile chronic arthritis. Cytokine 1998;10:729–34.
Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;342:763–9.
*Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, et al for the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group.
Long-term efficacy and safety of etanercept in children with polyarticular course juvenile
*Lovell DJ, Ruperto N, Giannini EH, et al. Advances from clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic
arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:557–63.
Martin K, Woo P. Outcome in JCA. Rev Rheum 1997;64:5242.
*Martini A. It is time to rethink juvenile idiopathic arthritis classification and nomenclature. Ann
Rheum Dis 2012;71:1437–9.
*Mellins ED, Macaubas C, Grom AA. Pathogenesis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: some
answers, more questions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011;7:416–26.
Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E, et al. The role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic
onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. J Exp Med
2005;201:1479–86.
*Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P, et al. International League of Associations for
Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J
Rheumatol 2004;31:390–2.
*Prakken B, Albani S, Martini A. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lancet 2011;377:2138–49.
Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Cuttica R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infliximab plus
methotrexate for the treatment of polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2007;56:3096–106.
Shakoor N, Michalska M, Harris CA, et al. Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus associated
with etanercept therapy. Lancet 2002;359:579–80.
*Szer IS, Kimura Y, Malleson PN, et al. Arthritis in children and adolescents: juvenile idiopathic
arthritis. UK: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Woo P, Wilkinson N, Prieur AM, et al. Open label phase II trial of single, ascending doses of MRA
in Caucasian children with severe systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: proof of principle of the
efficacy of IL-6 receptor blockade in this type of arthritis and demonstration of prolonged clinical
improvement. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7:R1281–8.
Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-

interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis
Rheum 2005;52:818–25.
65

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, et al. NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with

increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity 2004;20:319–25.
Akar N, Hasipek M, Oztürk A, et al. Serum amyloid A1 -13 T/C alleles in Turkish familial
Mediterranean fever patients with and without amyloidosis. J Nephrol 2006;19:318–21.
* Aksentijevich I, Masters SL, Ferguson PJ, et al. An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of
the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2426–37.
Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial
Mediterranean fever. The International FMF Consortium. Cell 1997;90:797–807.
Arima K, Kinoshita A, Mishima H, et al. Proteasome assembly defect due to a proteasome subunit
beta type 8 (PSMB8) mutation causes the autoinflammatory disorder, Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:14914–9.
Berkun Y, Wason S, Brik R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of colchicine in pediatric and adult patients
with familial Mediterranean fever. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012;25:1121–30.
Bulua AC, Mogul DB, Aksentijevich I, et al. Efficacy of etanercept in the tumor necrosis factor
receptor-associated periodic syndrome: a prospective, open-label, dose-escalation study. Arthritis
Rheum 2012;64:908–13.
Bulua AC, Simon A, Maddipati R, et al. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote production
of proinflammatory cytokines and are elevated in TNFR1-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).
J Exp Med 2011;208:519–33.
Chae JJ, Cho Y-H, Lee G-S, et al. Gain-of-function Pyrin mutations induce NLRP3 protein-
independent interleukin-1β activation and severe autoinflammation in mice. Immunity
2011;34:755–68.
Consortium FF. A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat Genet 1997;17:25–31.
D’Osualdo A, Ferlito F, Prigione I, et al. Neutrophils from patients with TNFRSF1A mutations
display resistance to tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis: pathogenetic and clinical
implications. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:998–1008.
Dinarello CA, Wolff SM, Goldfinger SE. Colchicine therapy for familial mediterranean fever. A
double-blind trial. N Engl J Med 1974;291:934–7.
Dodé C, André M, Bienvenu T, et al. The enlarging clinical, genetic, and population spectrum of
tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2181–8.
Drenth JP, Cuisset L, Grateau G, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding mevalonate kinase cause
hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome. International Hyper-IgD Study Group. Nat Genet
1999;22:178–81.
*Ferguson PJ, Chen S, Tayeh MK, et al. Homozygous mutations in LPIN2 are responsible for the
syndrome of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia
(Majeed syndrome). J Med Genet 2005;42:551–7.
66

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Gattorno M, Federici F, Pelagatti A, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoinflammatory
diseases in childhood. J Clin Immunol 2008;28(Suppl 1):S73–83.
Goldbach-Mansky R, Dailey NJ, Canna SW, et al. Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory

disease responsive to interleukin-1beta inhibition. N Engl J Med 2006;355:581–92.
Grateau G. The relation between familial Mediterranean fever and amyloidosis. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2000;12:61–4.
Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ, Aganna E, McDermott MF. Spectrum of clinical features in Muckle-
Wells syndrome and response to anakinra. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:607–12.
*Hentgen V, Grateau G, Kone-Paut I, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the practical

management of Familial Mediterranean Fever. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013a;43:387–91.
Hentgen V, Grateau G, Stankovic-Stojanovic K, et al. Familial mediterranean Fever in

heterozygotes: are we able to accurately diagnose the disease in very young children? Arthritis
Rheum 2013b;65:1654–62.
van der Hilst JC, Bodar EJ, Barron KS, et al. Long-term follow-up, clinical features, and quality of
life in a series of 103 patients with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome. Med Baltim
2008;87:301–10.
* Hofer M, Pillet P, Cochard M-M, et al. International periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis,
pharyngitis, cervical adenitis syndrome cohort: description of distinct phenotypes in 301 patients.
Rheumatol Oxf Engl 2014;53:1125–9.
Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, et al. Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like
protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome. Nat Genet
2001;29:301–5.
Hoffman HM, Throne ML, Amar NJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rilonacept (interleukin-1 Trap) in
patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes: results from two sequential placebo-
controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:2443–52.
*Jéru I, Duquesnoy P, Fernandes-Alnemri T, et al. Mutations in NALP12 cause hereditary periodic

fever syndromes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:1614–9.
Jéru I, Hentgen V, Normand S, et al. Role of interleukin-1β in NLRP12-associated

autoinflammatory disorders and resistance to anti-interleukin-1 therapy. Arthritis Rheum
2011;63:2142–8.
Lachmann HJ, Kone-Paut I, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, et al. Use of canakinumab in the cryopyrin-
associated periodic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2416–25.
* Lachmann HJ, Papa R, Gerhold K, et al. The phenotype of TNF receptor-associated

autoinflammatory syndrome (TRAPS) at presentation: a series of 158 cases from the
Eurofever/EUROTRAPS international registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:2160–7.
Lepore L, Paloni G, Caorsi R, et al. Follow-up and quality of life of patients with cryopyrin-
associated periodic syndromes treated with Anakinra. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2010; Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.040
Levy R, Gérard L, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of

cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome: a series of 136 patients from the Eurofever Registry. Ann
Rheum Dis 2014; doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204991 67

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Liu Y, Ramot Y, Torrelo A, et al. Mutations in proteasome subunit β type 8 cause chronic atypical
neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature with evidence of genetic and
phenotypic heterogeneity. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:895–907.
* Livneh A, Langevitz P, Zemer D, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever.
Lobito AA, Kimberley FC, Muppidi JR, et al. Abnormal disulfide-linked oligomerization results in ER
retention and altered signalling by TNFR1 mutants in TNFR1-associated periodic fever syndrome
(TRAPS). Blood 2006;108:1320–7.
Majeed HA, Kalaawi M, Mohanty D, et al. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia and chronic
recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in three related children and the association with Sweet
syndrome in two siblings. J Pediatr 1989;115:730–4.
* Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BR, et al. Interleukin-36-receptor antagonist deficiency and

generalised pustular psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:620–8.
Marshall GS, Edwards KM, Lawton AR. PFAPA syndrome. Pediatr Infect J 1989;8:658–9.
* Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, et al. Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular

pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:621–68.
* McDermott MF, Aksentijevich I, Galon J, et al. Germline mutations in the extracellular domains of
the 55 kDa TNF receptor, TNFR1, define a family of dominantly inherited autoinflammatory
syndromes. Cell 1999;97:133–44.
Melikoğlu M, Ozdoğan H, Korkmaz C, et al. A survey of phenotype II in familial Mediterranean

fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:910–3.
*Miceli-Richard C, Lesage S, Rybojad M, et al. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nat Genet
2001;29:19–20.
Muckle TJ, Wellsm. Urticaria, deafness, and amyloidosis: a new heredo-familial syndrome. Q J
Med 1962;31:235–48.
Nakagawa K, Gonzalez-Roca E, Souto A, et al. Somatic NLRP3 mosaicism in Muckle-Wells

syndrome. A genetic mechanism shared by different phenotypes of cryopyrin-associated periodic
syndromes. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204361
Neven B, Prieur A-M, dit Maire PQ. Cryopyrinopathies: update on pathogenesis and treatment. Nat
Clin Pr Rheumatol 2008;4:481–9.
* Ozen S, Bilginer Y. A clinical guide to autoinflammatory diseases: familial Mediterranean fever

and next-of-kin. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014;10:135–47.
Pelagatti MA, Meini A, Caorsi R, et al. Long-term clinical profile of children with the low-penetrance
R92Q mutation of the TNFRSF1A gene. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:1141–50.
Prieur AM, Griscelli C. Arthropathy with rash, chronic meningitis, eye lesions, and mental
retardation. J Pediatr 1981;99:79–83.
Ravet N, Rouaghe S, Dodé C, et al. Clinical significance of P46L and R92Q substitutions in the
tumour necrosis factor superfamily 1A gene. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1158–62.
68

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Russo RAG, Melo-Gomes S, Lachmann HJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of canakinumab therapy in
paediatric patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome: a single-centre, real-world
experience. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:665–70.
Simon A, Kremer HPH, Wevers RA, et al. Mevalonate kinase deficiency: Evidence for a phenotypic
continuum. Neurology 2004;62:994–7.
Simon A, Park H, Maddipati R, et al. Concerted action of wild-type and mutant TNF receptors
enhances inflammation in TNF receptor 1-associated periodic fever syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 2010;107:9801–6.
Stoffels M, Simon A. Hyper-IgD syndrome or mevalonate kinase deficiency. Curr Opin Rheumatol
2011;23:419–23.
Stych B, Dobrovolny D. Familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome (FCAS): characterization of

symptomatology and impact on patients’ lives. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:1577–82.
* Ter Haar N, Lachmann H, Özen S, et al. Treatment of autoinflammatory diseases: results from
the Eurofever Registry and a literature review. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:678–85.
Touitou I, Lesage S, McDermott M, et al. Infevers: an evolving mutation database for auto-
inflammatory syndromes. Hum Mutat 2004;24:194–8.
Tricarico PM, Kleiner G, Valencic E, et al. Block of the mevalonate pathway triggers oxidative and
inflammatory molecular mechanisms modulated by exogenous isoprenoid compounds. Int J Mol
Sci 2014;15:6843–56.
Van der Burgh R, Ter Haar NM, Boes ML, Frenkel J. Mevalonate kinase deficiency, a metabolic
autoinflammatory disease. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla 2013;147:197–206.
Van der Meer JW, Vossen JM, Radl J, et al. Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever: a
new syndrome. Lancet 1984;1:1087–90.
* Wise CA, Gillum JD, Seidman CE, et al. Mutations in CD2BP1 disrupt binding to PTP PEST and
are responsible for PAPA syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:961–
9.
Witherspoon FG, White CB. Familial urticaria due to cold. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1948;58:52–5.
Wouters CH, Maes A, Foley KP, et al. Blau Syndrome, the prototypic auto-inflammatory
granulomatous disease. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2014;12:33.
Yalçinkaya F, Ozen S, Ozçakar ZB, et al. A new set of criteria for the diagnosis of familial
Mediterranean fever in childhood. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:395–8.
Yu J-W, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Datta P, Wu J, Juliana C, Solorzano L, et al. Pyrin activates the

ASC pyroptosome in response to engagement by autoinflammatory PSTPIP1 mutants. Mol Cell
2007;28:214–27.
Chapter 18 References 69

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bregeon C, Dajon JL, Renier G, et al. Le rheumatisme palindromique. Enquete immunologique et
étude de l'évolution dans 423 cas. Revue Rhumatisme 1986;53: 441–9.
Chen H-H, Lan J-L, Hung G-D, et al. Association of ultrasonographic findings of synovitis with anti-
cyclic citrullinated Peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in patients with palindromic
rheumatism during active episodes. J Ultrasound Med 2009;28:1193–9.
Eliakim A, Neumann L, Horowitz J, et al. Palindromic rheumatism in Israel - a disease entity? A

survey of 34 patients. Clin Rheumatol 1989;8:507–11.
Emad Y, Anbar A, Abo-Elyoun I, et al. In palindromic rheumatism, hand joint involvement and
positive anti-CCP antibodies predict RA development after 1 year of follow-up. Clin Rheumatol
2014;33:791–7.
Fisher LR, Kirk A, Awad J, et al. HLA antigens in palindromic rheumatism and palindromic onset
rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1986;25:345–8.
Golding DN. Sulphasalazine for palindromic rheumatism. Br J Rheumatol 1988;27:79.
*Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava I, Jhangri G, et al. Prognostic factors for the development of

rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases in patients with palindromic rheumatism.
J Rheumatol 1999;26:540–5.
Gran JT, Husby G, Thorsby E. HLA antigens in palindromic rheumatism, nonerosive rheumatoid
arthritis and classical rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumaol 1984;11: 136–40.
Grattan CE, Kennedy TD, Yates DB. Prognostic factors in palindromic rheumatism. Bristol Med
Chir J 1984;99:51–4.
Guerne PA. Palindromic rheumatism and recurrent arthritis. In: van de Putte LB, ed. Therapy of
systemic rheumatic disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 425–59.
*Guerne PA, Weisman MH. Palindromic rheumatism: part of or apart from the spectrum of
rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1992;93:451–60.
Hannonen P, Mottönen T, Oka M. Palindromic rheumatism. A clinical survey of sixty patients.

Hench PS, Rosenberg EF. Palindromic rheumatism. A new oft-recurring disease of joints (arthritis,
periarthritis, para-arthritis) apparently producing no articular residues. Report of thirty-four cases.
Arch Intern Med 1944;73:293–321.
Huskisson EC. Treatment of palindromic rheumatism with D-penicillamine. Br Med J 1976;2:979.
*Koskinen E, Hannonen P, Sokka T. Palindromic rheumatism: longterm outcomes of 60 patients

diagnosed in 1967–84. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1873.
Maksymowych WP, Suarez-Almazor M, Buenviaje H, et al. HLA and cytokine gene polymorphism
in relation to occurrence of palindromic rheumatism and its progression to rheumatoid arthritis. J
Rheumatol 2002;29:2319–26.
Mattingly S. Palindromic rheumatism. Ann Rheum Dis 1966;25:307–17.
Pasero G, Barbieri P. Palindromic rheumatism: you just have to think about it. Clin Exp Rheumatol
1986;4:197–9.
70

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Russell AS, Devani A, Maksymowych WP. The role of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in
predicting progression of palindromic rheumatism to rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol
2006;33:1240–2.
Salvador G, Gómez A, Viñas O, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of anti-cyclic citrullinated
peptide and antikeratin antibodies in palindromic rheumatism: an abortive form of rheumatoid
arthritis? Rheumatology 2003;42:972–5.
*Sanmarti R, Cañete JD, Salvador G. Palindromic rheumatism and other relapsing arthritis. Best
Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004;18:647–61.
Schumacher RH. Palindromic onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical, synovial fluid and biopsy
studies. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:361–9.
Schwartzberg M. Prophylactic colchicines therapy in palindromic rheumatism. J Rheumatol

1982;9:341–2.
Wajed MA, Brown DL, Currey HLF. Palindromic rheumatism. Clinical and serum complement
study. Ann Rheum Dis 1977;36:56–61.
Williams MH, Sheldon PJHS, Torrigiani G, et al. Palindromic rheumatism. Clinical and
immunological studies. Ann Rheum Dis 1971;30:375–80.
Youssef W, Yan A, Rissell AS. Palindromic rheumatism. A response to chloroquine. J Rheumatol

1991;18:35–7.
Alarcon GS, Willkens RF, Ward JR, et al. Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
IV.Musculoskeletal manifestations in a large cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective
tissue diseases compared with cohorts of patients with well-established connective tissue
diseases: followup analyses in patients with unexplained polyarthritis and patients with rheumatoid
arthritis at baseline. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:403–14.
Alarcon-Segovia D. Symptomatic Sjogren's syndrome in mixed connective tissue disease. J

Rheumatol 1976;3:191–5.
Alarcon-Segovia D. Mixed connective tissue disease and overlap syndromes. Clin Dermatol
1994;12:309–16.
Alarcon-Segovia D, Cardiel MH. Comparison between 3 diagnostic criteria for mixed connective
tissue disease. Study of 593 patients. J Rheumatol 1989;16:328–34.
Alarcon-Segovia D, Uribe-Uribe O. Mutilans-like arthropathy in mixed connective tissue disease.

Alarcon-Segovia D, Villareal M. Diagnostic criteria for MCTD. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.
Allanore Y, Borderie D, Meune C, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a diagnostic

marker of early pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis and effects of
calcium-channel blockers. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3503–8.
71

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Amezcua-Guerra L, Springall R, Marquez-Velasco R, et al. Presence of antibodies against cyclic
citrullinated peptides in patients with "rhupus": a cross sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther
2006;8:R144.
Amigues JM, Cantagrel A, Abbal M, et al. Comparative study of 4 diagnosis criteria sets for mixed
connective tissue disease in patients with anti-RNP antibodies. Autoimmunity Group of the
Hospitals of Toulouse. J Rheumatol 1996;23:2055–62.
*Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the
clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1526–33.
Aschwanden M, Daikeler T, Jaeger KA, et al. Rapid improvement of nailfold capillaroscopy after
intense immunosuppression for systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease. Ann
Rheum Dis 2008;67:1057–59.
Avouac J, Guerini H, Wipff J, et al. Radiological hand involvement in systemic sclerosis. Ann
Rheum Dis 2006;65:1088–92.
Avouac J, Huscher D, Furst DE, et al. Expert consensus for performing right heart catheterisation
for suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: a Delphi consensus study with
cluster analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:191–7.
Balbir-Gurman A, Braun-Moscovici Y. Scleroderma overlap syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J

2001;13:14–20
Barakat S, Briand JP, Abuaf N, et al. Mapping of epitopes on U1 snRNP polypeptide A with
synthetic peptides and autoimmune sera. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;86:71–8.
Baurle G, Hornstein OP. Generalized cutaneous calcinosis and mixed connective tissue disease.
Dermatologica 1979;158:257–68.
Belizca C, Henrion D, Beucher A, et al. Anti-Ku antibodies: clinical, genetic and diagnostic insights.
Autoimmun Rev 2010:9:691–4.
Bennett RM, O’Connell DJ. Mixed connective tisssue disease: a clinicopathologic study of 20
cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1980;10:25–51.
Black C, Isenberg DA. Mixed connective tissue disease--goodbye to all that. Br J Rheumatol
1992;31:695–700.
Black CM, Maddison PJ, Welsh KI, et al. HLA and immunoglobulin allotypes in mixed connective
tissue disease. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:131–4.
Blockmans D, Vermylen J, Bobbaers H. Nailfold capillaroscopy in connective tissue disorders and

in Raynaud’s phenomenon: Acta Clin Belg 1993;48:30–41.
Bodolay E, Csiki Z, Szekanecz Z, et al. Five-year follow-up of 665 Hungarian patients with
undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:313–20.
Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Devenyi K, et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed

connective tissue disease (MCTD). Rheumatology (Oxford);2005;44:656–61.
Bodolay E, Seres I, Szodoray P, et al. Evaluation of paraoxonase activity in patients with mixed
connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 2008;35:237–43.
72

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bohan A, Peter JB, Bowman RL, et al. Computer-assisted analysis of 153 patients with
polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977;56:255–86.
Burdt MA, Hoffman RW, Deutscher SL, et al. Long-term outcome in mixed connective tissue
disease:longitudinal clinical and serological findings. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:899–909.
Cappelli S, Bellando Randone S, Martinovic D, et al. "To Be or Not To Be," Ten Years After:
Evidence for Mixed Connective Tissue Disease as a Distinct Entity. Semin Arthritis Rheum
2012;41:589–98.
Caramaschi P, Blasi P, Volpe A, et al. Coexistence of systemic sclerosis with other autoimmune
disease. Rheumatol Int 2007;27:407–10.
Casciola-Rosen L, Andrade F, Ulanet D. Cleavage by granzyme B is strongly predictive of

autoantigen status: implications for initiation of autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1999;190:815–26.
Catoggio LJ, Evison G, Harkness JA, et al. The arthropathy of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma);
comparison with mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1983;1:101–12.
Cavazzana I, Ciribelli A, Quinzanini M, et al. Prevalence and clinical associations of anti-Ku

antibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases. Lupus 2008;17:727–32.
*Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. 'Overlap' syndromes. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49:947–8.
Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus
during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000
patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:299–308.
Chan MT, Owen P, Dunphy J, et al. Association of erosive arthritis with anti-cyclic citrullinated
peptide antibodies and MHC class II alleles in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol
2008;35:77–83.
Cooke CL, Lurie HI. Case report: fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage in mixed connective tissue
disease. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:1421–7.
Cronin ME. Musculoskeletal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin
North Am 1988;14:99–116.
Danieli MG, Fraticelli P, Franceschini F, et al. Five-year follow-up of 165 Italian patients with
undifferentiated connective tissue diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:585–91.
Distler JH, Strapatsas T, Huscher D, et al. Dysbalance of angiogenic and angiostatic mediators in
patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1197–202.
Doria A, Bonavina L, Anselmino M, et al. Oesophageal involvement in mixed connective tissue

disease. J Rheumatol 1991;18:685–90.
Dutschmann L, Ferreira C, De Sousa G, et al. Cardiac manifestations of connective tissue

diseases. Acta Med Port 1989;2:103–10.
Fearnley M, Hodgkinson A, Holmes AL, et al. The effect of oophorectomy on plasma oestrone and
androstenedione levels in the rat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1978;88:562–6.
Fenning S, Wolff-Vorbeck G, Hackl W, et al. T cell lines recognizing the 70-kD protein of U1 small
nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1snRNP). Clin Exp Immunol 1995;101:408–13.
73

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Ferri C, Valentini G, Cozzi F, et al. Systemic sclerosis: demographic, clinical and serologic features
and survival in 1,012 Italian patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002;81:139–53.
Furuya Y, Satoh T, Kuwana M. Interleukin-6 as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial
hypertension. Int J Rheumatol 2010;2010:720305.
Gaal J, Varga J, Szabados L, et al. High prevalence of oesophageal involvement in patients with
undifferentiated connective tissue disease using radionuclide oesophageal transit scintigraphy.
Nucl Med Commun 2005;26:1113–17.
Grader-Beck T, Wigley FM. Raynaud’s phenomenon in mixed connective tissue disease. Rheum
Dis Clin North Am 2005;31:465–81.
Greidinger EL, Zang YJ, Jaimes K, et al. CD4(+) T cells target epitopes residing within the RNA-
binding domain of the U1-70-kDa small nuclear ribonucleoprotein autoantigen and have restricted
TCR diversity in an HLA-DR4-transgenic murine model of mixed connective tissue disease. J
Immunol 2008;180:8444–54.
Gunnarsson R, Molberg O, Gilboe IM, et al. The prevalence and incidence of mixed connective
tissue disease: a national multicentre survey of Norwegian patients. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:1047–51.
Gunnarsson R, Aalokken TM, Molberg O, et al. Prevalence and severity of interstitial lung disease
in mixed connective tissue disease: a nationwide, cross-sectional study. Ann Rheum Dis
2012;71:1966–72.
Habets WJ, de Rooij DJ, Hoet MH, et al. Quantitation of anti-RNP and anti-Sm antibodies in MCTD
and SLE patients by immunoblotting. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;59:457–66.
Hagen NA, Stevens JC, Michet CJ Jr. Trigeminal sensory neuropathy associated with connective
tissue diseases. Neurology 1990;40:891–6.
Hajas A, Sandor J, Csathy L, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun
Rev 2011;10:317–24.
Hajas A, Szodaray P, Nakken B, et al. Clinical curse, prognosis and causes of death in Mixed
Connective Tissue Disease. J Rheumatol 2013;40:1134–42.
Harmon KR, Leatherman JW. Respiratory manifestations of connective tissue disease. Semin
Respir Infect 1988;3:258–73.
Haroon M, O’Grandaigh D, Foley-Nolan D. A case of Raynaud's phenomenon in mixed connective

tissue disease responding to rituximab therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:718–19.
Helenius LM, Hietanen JH, Helenius I, et al. Focal sialadenitis in patients with ankylosing
spondylitis and spondyloarthropathy: a comparison with patients with rheumatoid arthritis or mixed
connective tissue disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:744–9.
Hirschl M, Hirschl K, Lenz M, et al. Transition from primary Raynaud's phenomenon to secondary
Raynaud's phenomenon identified by diagnosis of an associated disease: result of ten years of
prospective surveillance. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1974–81.
Hochberg MC, Feldman D, Stevens MB. Adult onset polymyositis/dermatomyositis: an analysis of

clinical and laboratory features and survival in 76 patients with a review of the literature. Semin
74

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Hoshino T, Kita M, Takahashi T, et al. Management of two pregnancies in a woman with mixed
connective tissue disease, pulmonary fibrosis, frequent pneumothorax and oxygen inhalation
therapy along with a published work review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34:613–18.
Iaccarino L, Gatto M, Bettio S, et al. Overlap connective tissue disease syndromes. Autoimmun
Rev 2013;12:363–73.
Ioannou Y, Sultan S, Isenberg DA. Myositis overlap syndromes. Curr Opin Rheumatol
1999;11:468–74.
Jablonska S, Blaszyk M. Scleromyositis (scleroderma/polymyositis overlap) is an entity. J Eur Acad

Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:265–6.
Jais X, Launay D, Yaici A, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus- and mixed connective tissue
disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: a retrospective analysis of twenty-three
cases. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:521–31.
Kahn MF, Appelboom T. Syndrome de Sharp. Paris: Flammarion, 1991.
*Kallenberg CG. Overlapping syndromes, undifferentiated connective tissue disease and other
fibrosing conditions. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1995;7:568–73.
Kallenberg CG, Wouda AA, Hoet MH, et al. Development of connective tissue disease in patients
presenting with Raynaud's phenomenon: a six year follow up with emphasis on the predictive value
of antinuclear antibodies as detected by immunoblotting. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:634–41.
Kaneoka H, Hsu KC, Takeda Y, et al. Molecular genetic analysis of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes
among anti-U1-70-kd autoantibody positive connective tissue disease patients. Arthritis Rheum
1992;35:83–94.
Kasukawa R, Tojo T, Miyawaki S, et al. Preliminary diagnostic criteria for classification of mixed
connective tissue disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987: 41.
Kaufman RL, Kitridou RC. Pregnancy in mixed connective tissue disease: comparison with
systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1982;9:549–55.
Khanna D, Gladue H, Channick R, et al. Recommendations for screening and detection of

connective-tissue disease associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arthritis Rheum
2013;65:3194–201.
Kitridou RC. Pregnancy in mixed connective tissue disease. Philadelpia: Elsevier, 2005.
Kitridou RC, Akmal M, Turkel SB, et al. Renal involvement in mixed connective tissue disease: a
longitudinal clinicopathologic study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1986;16:135–45.
Kobayashi S, Nagase M, Kimura M, et al. Renal involvement in mixed connective tissue disease.
Report of 5 cases. Am J Nephrol 1985;5:282–9.
Koening M, Joyal F, Fritzler M, et al. Autoantibodies and microvascular damage are independent
factors for the progression of Rynaud's phenomenon to systemic sclerosis: a twenty-year
prospective study of 586 patients, with validation of proposed criteria for early systemic sclerosis.
Komatireddy GR, Wang GS, Sharp GC, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies among anti-U1-70 kDa
autoantibody positive patients with mixed connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 1997;24:319–22.
75

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M, et al. Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by
treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3985–93.
Koschik RW 2nd, Fertig N, Lucas MR, et al. Anti-PM-Scl antibody in patients with systemic
sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:S12–16.
Lash AD, Wittman AL, Quismorio FP Jr. Myocarditis in mixed connective tissue disease: clinical
and pathologic study of three cases and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum
1986;15:288–96.
Lemmer JP, Curry NH, Mallory JH, et al. Clinical characteristics and course in patients with high
titer anti-RNP antibodies. J Rheumatol 1982;9:536–42.
*LeRoy EC, Maricq HR, Kahaleh MB. Undifferentiated connective tissue syndromes. Arthritis
Rheum 1980;23:341–3.
Lundberg IE. Cardiac involvement in autoimmune myositis and mixed connective tissue disease.
Lupus 2005;14:708–12.
Lundberg I, Hedfors E. Pregnancy outcome in patients with high titer anti-RNP antibodies. A
retrospective study of 40 pregnancies. J Rheumatol 1991a;18:359–62.
Lundberg I, Hedfors E. Clinical course of patients with anti-RNP antibodies. A prospective study of
32 patients. J Rheumatol 1991b;18:1511–19.
Magro CM, Crowson AN, Regauer S. Mixed connective tissue disease. A clinical, histologic and
immunofluorescence study of eight cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:206–13.
Mamula MJ, Gee RJ, Elliott JI, et al. Isoaspartyl post-translational modification triggers
autoimmune responses to self-proteins. J Biol Chem 1999;274:22321–7.
Mason LJ, Ravirajan CT, Rahman A, et al. Is alpha-actinin a target for pathogenic anti-DNA
antibodies in lupus nephritis? Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:866–70.
Marshall JB, Kretschmar JM, Gerhardt DC, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of mixed
connective tissue disease. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1232–8.
Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP, Furst DE, et al. Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to
systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:32–8.
Mendonca LL, Amengual O, Atsumi T, et al. Most anticardiolipin antibodies in mixed connective
tissue disease are beta2-glycoprotein independent. J Rheumatol 1998;25:189–90.
McClain MT, Rapp EC, Harley JB, et al. Infectious mononucleosis patients temporarily recognise a
unique, cross-reactive epitope of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1. J Med Virol 2003;70:253–7.
Mosca M, Neri R, Bencivelli W, et al. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: analysis of 83

patients with a minimum followup of 5 years. J Rheumatol 2002;29:2345–9.
Mosca M, Tani C, Vagnani S, et al. The diagnosis and classification of undifferentiate connective
tissue disease. J Autoimmun 2014;48–49:50–2.
Newkirk MM, van Venrooij WJ, Marshall GS. Autoimmune response to U1 small nuclear
ribonucleoprotein (U1 snRNP) associated with cytomegalovirus infection. Arthritis Res 2001;3:253–
76
8.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Nimelstein SH, Brody S, McShane D, et al. Mixed connective tissue disease: a subsequent
evaluation of the original 25 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1980;59:239–48.
O’Connell DJ, Bennett RM. Mixed connective tissue disease--clinical and radiological aspects of 20
cases. Br J Radiol 1977;50:620–5.
Ortega-Hernandez OD, Shoenfeld Y. Mixed connective tissue disease: an overview of clinical

manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26:61–72.
Ostendorf B, Scherer A, Specker C, et al. Jaccoud's arthropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus:

differentiation of deforming and erosive patterns by magnetic resonance imaging. Arhritis Rheum
2003;48:157–65.
Pakozdi A, Nihtyanova S, Moinzadeh P, et al. Clinical and serological hallmarks of systemic

sclerosis overlap syndrome. J Rheumatol 2011;38:2406–9.
Panush RS, Edwards NL, Longley S, et al. "Rhupus" syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1633–
6.
Patampong U, Thepat W, Theppharit P, et al. Cardiac involvement in mixed connective tissue

disease: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol 2014;171:326–30.
Piette JC, Le Thi HD, Ziza JM, et al. Jaccoud's rheumatism in Sharp's syndrome. Rev Rhum Mal
Osteoartic 1988;55:153–4.
Piirainen HI. Patients with arthritis and anti-RNP antibodies: a 10 years follow-up. Br J Rheumatol
1990;29:345–8.
Pope J. Scleroderma overlap syndromes. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002;14:704–10.
Poullin P, Lefevre P, Durand JM. Mixed connective tissue disease with hemolytic anaemia and
severe thrombocytopenia due to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol
1999;61:275.
Provost TT, Watson R, Gammon WR, et al. The neonatal lupus syndrome associated with U1RNP
(nRNP) antibodies. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1135–8.
*Reichlin M. Problems in differentiating SLE and mixed connective-tissue disease. N Engl J Med
1976;295:1194–5.
Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen L. Clearing the way to mechanisms of autoimmunity. Nat Med

2001;7:664–5.
Routsias JG, Kyriakidis N, Latreille M, et al. RNA recognition Motif (RRM) of La/SSB: The bridge
for Interparticle Spreading of Autoimmune Response to U1-RNP. Mol Med 2010;16:19–26.
Rudolph SE, Kouba M, Hrdlicka P. Severe corticoid-refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia

associated with mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp's syndrome). Treatment with rituximab.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2009;134:1734–8.
Sanchez O, Sitbon O, Jais X, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in connective tissue diseases-

associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2006;130:182–9.
Sato T, Fujii T, Yokoyama T, et al. Anti-U1 RNP antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid are associated
with central neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed
77
connective tissue disease. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:3730–40.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Satoh K, Imai H, Yasuda T, et al. Sclerodermatous renal crisis in patients with mixed connective
tissue disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24:215–18.
Scussel-Lonzetti L, Joyal F, Raynauld JP, et al. Predicting mortality in systemic sclerosis: analysis
of a cohort of 309 French Canadian patients with emphasis on features at diagnosis as predictive
factors for survival. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002;81:154–67.
Segond P, Yeni P, Jacquot JM, et al. Severe autoimmune anaemia and thrombopenia in mixed
connective tissue disease. Arthritis Rheum 1978;21:995–7.
Sen S, Sinhamahapatra P, Choudhury S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of mixed connective

tissue disease: study from a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Indian J Dermatol 2014;59:35–
40.
Setty YN, Pittman CB, Mahale AS, et al. Sicca symptoms and anti-SSA/Ro antibodies are common
in mixed connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 2002;29:487–9.
Sharp G. Diagnostic criteria for MCTD. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 1987.
*Sharp GC, Irvin WS, Tan EM, et al. Mixed connective tissue disease--an apparently distinct
rheumatic disease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen
(ENA). Am J Med 1972;52:148–59.
Siamopoulou-Mavridou A, Manoussakis MN, Mavridis AK, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in patients

with autoimmune rheumatic disease before the disease onset. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:982–7.
Simonneau G, Robbins IM, Beghetti M, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary

hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:S43–54.
Sinnathurai P, Schirber L. Treatment of Raynaud phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Intern Med J

2013;43:476–83.
*Smolen JS, Steiner G. Mixed connective tissue disease: to be or not to be? Arthritis Rheum
1998;41:768–77.
Soltesz P, Bereczki D, Szodoray P, et al. Endothelial cell markers reflecting endothelial cell
dysfunction in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R78.
Spencer-Green G. Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency,

rates and predictors of transition to secondary diseases. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:595–600.
*Sullivan WD, Hurst DJ, Harmon CE, et al. A prospective evaluation emphasizing pulmonary
involvement in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1984;63:92–
107.
Swanton J, Isenberg D. Mixed connective tissue disease: still crazy after all these years.
Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2005.
Szodoray P, Hajas A, Kardos L, et al. Distinct phenotypes in mixed connective tissue disease:
subgroups and survival. Lupus 2012;21:1412–22.
Szucs G, Szekanecz Z, Zilahi E, et al. Systemic sclerosis-rheumatoid arthritis overlap syndrome: a

unique combination of features suggests a distinct genetic, serological and clinical entity.
78

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Tani C, Carli L, Vagnani S, et al. The diagnosis and classification of mixed connective tissue
disease. J Autoimmun 2014;48–49:46–9.
Targoff IN. Autoantibodies in polymyositis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992;18:455–82.
Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ, et al. Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma
lung disease. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2655–66.
Trager J, Ward MM. Mortality and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2001;13:345–51.
Udoff EJ, Genant HK, Kozin F, et al. Mixed connective tissue disease: the spectrum of
radiographic manifestations. Radiology 1977;124:613–18.
Ueda-Hayakawa I, Hasegawa M, Kumada S, et al. Usefulness of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide

antibody and rheumatoid factor to detect rheumatoid arthritis in patients with systemic sclerosis.
van den Hoogen FH, Spronk PE, Boerbooms AM, et al. Long-term follow-up of 46 patients with
anti-(U1)snRNP antibodies. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:1117–20.
Van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis:
an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative
initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:2737–47.
van Gaalen FA, Linn-Rasker SP, van Venrooij WJ, et al. Autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated
peptides predict progression to rheumatoid arthritis in patients with undifferentiated arthritis: a
prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:709–15.
van Vugt RM, Derksen RH, Kater L, et al. Deforming arthropathy or lupus and rhupus hands in
systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:540–4.
Vegh J, Szodoray P, Kappelmayer J, et al. Clinical and immunoserological characteristics of mixed

connective tissue disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Scand J Immunol
2006;64:69–76.
Venables PJ. Mixed connective tissue disease. Lupus 2006;15:132–7.
Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Guialis A, Tzioufas G, et al. Predominance of IgM anti-U1RNP antibodies

in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:534–41.
Weissman BN, Rappoport AS, Sosman JL, et al. Radiographic findings in the hands in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus. Radiology 1978;126:313–17.
Weston S, Thumshirn M, Wiste J, et al. Clinical and upper gastrointestinal motility features in
systemic sclerosis and related disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1085–9.
Williams HJ, Alarcon GS, Joks R, et al. Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease (CTD). VI.
An inception cohort after 10 years: disease remissions and changes in diagnoses in well
established and undifferentiated CTD. J Rheumatol 1999;26:816–25.
Winfield JB, Koffler D, Kunkel HG. Development of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein following short-
term therapy with procainamide. Arthritis Rheum 1975;18:531–4.
Wolfe F, Ross K, Hawley DJ, et al. The prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis and undifferentiated
79
polyarthritis syndrome in the clinic: a study of 1141 patients. J Rheumatol 1993;20:2005–9.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Yasuda M, Loo M, Shiokawa S, et al. Mixed connective tissue disease presenting myasthenia
gravis. Intern Med 1993;32:633–7.
Alarcon GS, Friedman AW, Straaton KV, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic
groups: III. A comparison of characteristics early in the natural history of the LUMINA cohort.
LUpus in MInority populations: NAture vs. Nurture. Lupus 1999;8:197–209.
Alarcon GS, Roseman J, Bartolucci AA, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic
groups: II. Features predictive of disease activity early in its course. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus
in minority populations, nature versus nurture. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1173–80.
Alonso MD, Llorca J, Martinez-Vazquez F, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in northwestern

Spain: a 20-year epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;90:350–8.
Ardoin SP, Schanberg LE; et al. The management of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat
Clin Pract Rheumatol 2005;1:89–92.
Asanuma Y, Oeser A, Shintani AK, et al. Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic

lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2407–2415.
*Bertsias, G, Ioannidis JP, Boletis J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for
International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:195–205.
*Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JP, Aringer M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the
EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010a;69:2074–82.
Bertsias GK, Nakou M, Choulaki C, et al. Genetic, immunologic, and immunohistochemical

analysis of the programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 pathway in human systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:207–18.
*Bertsias GK, Pamfil C, Fanouriakis A, et al. Diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus:
has the time come? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:687–94.
Bertsias GK, Salmon JE, Boumpas DT, et al. Therapeutic opportunities in systemic lupus
erythematosus: state of the art and prospects for the new decade. Ann Rheum Dis
2010b;69:1603–11.
Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, et al. Joint European League Against Rheumatism and
European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA)
recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2012;71:1771–82.
Biesecker G, Lavin L, Ziskind M, et al. Cutaneous localization of the membrane attack complex in
discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1982;306:264–70.
Birnbaum J, Petri M, Thompson R, et al. Distinct subtypes of myelitis in systemic lupus

Bodolay E, Csiki Z, Szekanecz Z, et al. Five-year follow-up of 665 Hungarian patients with
undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:313–20. 80

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bosch X, Guilabert A, Pallarés L, et al. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective
and controlled study of 110 patients. Lupus 2006;15:584–9.
Bresnihan B. Outcome and survival in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis
1989;48:443–5.
Bruce IN, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, et al. Premature atherosclerosis in systemic lupus
erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000;26:257–78.
Bukhari M. Drug-induced rheumatic diseases: a review of published case reports from the last two
years. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012;24:182–6.
Calvo-Alen J, Alarcon GS, Burgard SL, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: predictors of its
occurrence among a cohort of patients with early undifferentiated connective tissue disease:
multivariate analyses and identification of risk factors. J Rheumatol 1996;23:469–75.
Cardoso CR, Signorelli FV, Papi JA, et al. Initial and accrued damage as predictors of mortality in
Brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cohort study. Lupus 2008;17:1042–8.
Cervera R, Abarca-Costalago M, Abramovicz D, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe at

the change of the millennium: lessons from the Euro-Lupus Project. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5:180–
6.
Cervera R, Khamashta MA. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus at the change of the
millennium: lessons from the Euro-Lupus and the LUMINA projects. Lupus 2006;15:1–2.
Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic
patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. The European Working Party on
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993;72:113–24.
*Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus
during a 5-year period. A multicentre prospective study of 1,000 patients. European Working Party
on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999;78:167–75.
Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. European Working Party on Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus: a 10 year report. Lupus 2001;10:892–4.
Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. The Euro-lupus project: epidemiology of systemic lupus
erythematosus in Europe. Lupus 2009;18:869–74.
Chambers SA, Allen E, Rahman A, et al. Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2009;48:673–5.
Chen MJ, Tseng HM, Huang YL, et al. Long-term outcome and short-term survival of patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus after bacteraemia episodes: 6-yr follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2008;47:1352–7.
Cooper GS, Wither J, Bernatsky S, et al. Occupational and environmental exposures and risk of
systemic lupus erythematosus: silica, sunlight, solvents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:2172–80.
Dias AM, do Couto MC, Duarte CC, et al. White blood cell count abnormalities and infections in
one-year follow-up of 124 patients with SLE. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1173:103–7.
Faust TW, Chang EH, Kowal C, et al. Neurotoxic lupus autoantibodies alter brain function through
81
two distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:18569–74.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Feng PH, Lin SM, Yu CT, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment for nosocomial infection is a
mortality risk factor for systemic lupus erythematous patients admitted to intensive care unit. Am J
Med Sci 2010;340:64–8.
Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Miller EC, Liszewski MK, et al. Mutations in complement C3 predispose to

development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2008;112:4948–4952.
Futrell N, Millikan C. Frequency, aetiology, and prevention of stroke in patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus. Stroke 1989;20:583–91.
Gilliam JN, Sontheimer RD. Skin manifestations of SLE. Clin Rheum Dis 1982;8:207–18.
Goldblatt F, Chambers S, Rahman A, et al. Serious infections in British patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus: hospitalisations and mortality. Lupus 2009;18:682–9.
Griffiths B, Mosca M, Gordon C. Assessment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and
the use of lupus disease activity indices. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005;19:685–708.
Guballa N, Sammaritano L, Schwartzman S, et al. Ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization in

systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:550–6.
Guerra SG, Vyse TJ, Cunninghame Graham DS. The genetics of lupus: a functional perspective.
Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:211.
Hiraki LT, Feldman CH, Liu J, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and demographics of systemic lupus
erythematosus and lupus nephritis from 2000 to 2004 among children in the US Medicaid
beneficiary population. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64: 2669–76.
*Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the
classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1725.
Javierre BM, Fernandez AF, Richter J, et al. Changes in the pattern of DNA methylation associate
with twin discordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genome Res 2010;20:170–9.
Jeong SJ, Choi H, Lee HS, et al. Incidence and risk factors of infection in a single cohort of 110
adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Infect Dis 2009;41:268–274.
Jimenez S, Cervera R, Font J, et al. The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rev
Allergy Immunol 2003;25:3–12.
Jonsson R, Heyden G, Westberg NG, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus-
-a clinical, histopathological and immunopathological study. J Rheumatol 1984;11:38–42.
Kitagawa Y, Gotoh F, Koto A, et al. Stroke in systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1990;21:1533–
9.
Kojima E, Naito K, Iwai M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome complicated by thrombosis of the

superior mesenteric artery, co-existence of smooth muscle hyperplasia. Intern Med 1997;36:528–
31.
Kowal C, Degiorgio LA, Lee JY, et al. Human lupus autoantibodies against NMDA receptors
mediate cognitive impairment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:19854–9.
Lee JG, Joo KW, Chung WK, et al. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage in lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol
2001;55:282–8.
82

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Lindsey A, Criswell LA. Genome-Wide Association Studies of SLE. What do these studies tell us
about disease mechanisms in lupus? The Rheumatologist 2011.
Liu K, Li QZ, Delgado-Vega AM, et al. Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular
basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans. J Clin Invest
2009;119:911–23.
Liu MF, Lee JH, Weng TH, et al. Clinical experience of 13 cases with severe pulmonary
haemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus with active nephritis. Scand J Rheumatol
1998;27:291–5.
Lopez R, Davidson JE, Beeby MD, et al. Lupus disease activity and the risk of subsequent organ
damage and mortality in a large lupus cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:491–8.
Manger K, Manger B, Repp R, et al. Definition of risk factors for death, end stage renal disease,
and thromboembolic events in a monocentric cohort of 338 patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:1065–70.
Markle JG, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, et al. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-
dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science 2013;339:1084–8.
McCollum CN, Sloan ME, Davison AM, et al. Ruptured hepatic aneurysm in systemic lupus
McMahon M, Grossman J, Skaggs B, et al. Dysfunctional proinflammatory high-density lipoproteins

confer increased risk of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis
Rheum 2009;60: 2428–37.
Meroni PL, Schur PH. ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:1420–22.
Namjou B, Kothari PH, Kelly JA, et al. Evaluation of the TREX1 gene in a large multi-ancestral
lupus cohort. Genes Immun 2011;12:270–9.
Navarra SV, Guzmán RM, Gallacher AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with
active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet
2011;377:721–31.
Navarra SV, Leynes MS. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010;19:1419–24.
Navarro-Zarza JE, Alvarez-Hernández E, Casasola-Vargas JC, et al. Prevalence of community-

acquired and nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus 2010;19:43–8.
Nossent J, Kiss E, Rozman B, et al. Disease activity and damage accrual during the early disease
course in a multinational inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus
2010;19:949–56.
O'Neill SG, Giles I, Lambrianides A, et al. Antibodies to apolipoprotein A1, high density lipoprotein
and C-reactive protein are associated with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus
Patel DR, Richardson BC. Dissecting complex epigenetic alterations in human lupus. Arthritis Res
Ther 2013;15:201.
Patel P, Werth V. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review. Dermatol Clin 2002;20:373–385, v.83
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus
International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis
Rheum 2012a;64:2677–686.
Petri M, Purvey S, Fang H, et al. Predictors of organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus:
The Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2012b;64:4021–8.
Pistiner M, Wallace DJ, Nessim S, et al. Lupus erythematosus in the 1980s: a survey of 570
patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991;21:55–64.
Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcón GS, Scofield L, et al. Understanding the epidemiology and progression of
systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010;39:257–68.
Pons-Estel GJ, Wojdyla D, McGwin G Jr, et al. The American College of Rheumatology and the
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification criteria for systemic lupus
erythematosus in two multiethnic cohorts: a commentary. Lupus 2014;23:3–9.
Reidenberg MM, Drayer DE, Lorenzo B, et al. Acetylation phenotypes and environmental chemical
exposure of people with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:971–3.
Rivest C, Lew RA, Welsing PM, et al. Association between clinical factors, socioeconomic status,
and organ damage in recent onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000;27:680–4.
Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis
in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2399–406.
Rowell NR, Beck JS, Anderson JR. Lupus Erythematosus and Erythema Multiforme-Like Lesions.
A Syndrome with Characteristic Immunological Abnormalities. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:176–80.
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Olivares N, Ruiz-Arruza I, et al. Predictors of major infections in systemic lupus

erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R109.
Rullo OJ, Tsao BP. Recent insights into the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann
Rheum Dis 2013;72:ii56–61.
Sanchez-Guerrero J, Uribe AG, Jiménez-Santana L, et al. A trial of contraceptive methods in

women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2539–2549.
Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus
Taylor KE, Remmers EF, Lee AT, et al. Specificity of the STAT4 genetic association for severe
disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet 2008;4:e1000084.
*The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric
lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:599–608.
Toloza SM, Roseman JM, Alarcón GS, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US
cohort (LUMINA): XXII. Predictors of time to the occurrence of initial damage. Arthritis Rheum
2004;50:3177–86.
*Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2110–21.
Urman JD, Lowenstein MB, Abeles M, Weinstein A. Oral mucosal ulceration in systemic lupus
84

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Urowitz MB, Gladman DD. Measures of disease activity and damage in SLE. Baillieres Clin
Rheumatol 1998;12:405–13.
Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Ibañez D, et al. Evolution of disease burden over five years in a
multicentre inception systemic lupus erythematosus cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2012;64:132–7.
Vitali C, Bencivelli W, Mosca M, et al. Development of a clinical chart to compute different disease
activity indices for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999;26:498–501.
*Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic
lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney Int 2004;65:521–30.
Wollina U, Barta U, Uhlemann C, et al. Lupus erythematosus-associated red lunula. J Am Acad

Dermatol 1999;41(3 Pt 1):419–21.
Wysenbeek AJ, Leibovici L, Amit M, et al. Alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to
disease manifestations. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1185–6.
Yang CD, Wang XD, Ye S, et al. Clinical features, prognostic and risk factors of central nervous
system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:895–
901.
Yu Y, Su K. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Cell

Immunol 2013;4.
Zandman-Goddard G, Solomon M, Rosman Z, et al. Environment and lupus-related diseases.

Lupus 2012;21:241–50.
Zhou WJ, Yang CD. The causes and clinical significance of fever in systemic lupus erythematosus:
a retrospective study of 487 hospitalised patients. Lupus 2009;18:807–12.
Alchi B, Jayne D, Labopin M, et al. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for
systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the European Group for Blood and Marrow
Transplantation registry. Lupus 2013; 22:245–53.
Anolik JH, Barnard J, Cappione A, et al. Rituximab improves peripheral B cell abnormalities in
human systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3580–90.
*Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for
induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:1103–12.
Arends S, Grootscholten C, Derksen RH, et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
of azathioprine/methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in patients with proliferative lupus
nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:966–73.
Aringer M, Steiner G, Graninger WB, et al. Effects of short-term infliximab therapy on

autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:274–9.
Aringer M, Houssiau F, Gordon C, et al. Adverse events and efficacy of TNF-alpha blockade with
infliximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 13 patients.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1451–4. 85

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Austin HA 3rd, Klippel JH, Balow JE, et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone
and cytotoxic drugs. N Engl J Med 1986;314:614–9.
Austin HA 3rd, Illei GG, Braun MJ, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of prednisone,
cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine in lupus membanous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol
2009;20:901–11.
Badsha H, Kong KO, Lian TY, et al. Low-dose pulse methylprednisolone for systemic lupus
erythematosus flares is efficacious and has a decreased risk of infectious complications. Lupus
2002;11:508–13.
Bao H, Liu ZH, Xie HL, et al. Successful treatment of class V+IV lupus nephritis with multitarget
therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:2001–10.
Barile-Fabris L, Ariza-Andraca R, Olguin-Ortega L, et al. Controlled clinical trial of IV

cyclophosphamide versus IV methylprednisolone in severe neurological manifestations in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:620–5.
Bartolucci M, Bréchignac S, Cohen P, et al. Adjunctive plasma exchanges to treat neuropsychiatric

lupus: a retrospective study on 10 patients. Lupus 2007;16:817–22.
Battafarano DF, Battafarano NJ, Larsen L, et al. Antigen-specific antibody responses in lupus
patients following immunization. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1828–34.
Bennett TD, Fluchel M, Hersh AO, et al. Macrophage activation syndrome in children with systemic
lupus erythematosus and children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:4135–
42.
*Bertsias G, Ioannidis JP, Boletis J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for
International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:195–205.
*Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, et al. Joint European League Against Rheumatism and
European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA)
recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2012;71:1771–82.
Bijl M, Horst G, Bootsma H, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil prevents a clinical relapse in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus at risk. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:534–9.
Bortolati M, Marson P, Fabris F, et al. Recovery from catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome by a

plasma exchange procedure: report of four cases and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev
2009;8:297–301.
Boumpas DT, Austin HA 3rd, Vaughn EM, et al. Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus
two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis. Lancet 1992;340:741–5.
Boumpas DT, Austin HA 3rd, Vaughan EM, et al. Risk for sustained amenorrhea in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. Ann Intern
Med 1993;119:366–9.
Boumpas DT, Furie R, Manzi S, et al. A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody)
improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus
glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:719–27.
86

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Briani C, Zara G, Rondinone R, et al. Thalidomide neurotoxicity: prospective study in patients with
lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2004;62:2288–90.
Brodsky RA, Petri M, Smith BD, et al. Immunoablative high-dose cyclophosphamide without stem-
cell rescue for refractory, severe autoimmune disease. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:1031–5.
Budde K, Glander P, Diekmann F, et al. Review of the immunosuppressant enteric-coated

mycophenolate sodium. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:1333–45.
Buyon JP, Petri MA, Kim MY, et al. The effect of combined estrogen and progesterone hormone
replacement therapy on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized trial. Ann
Intern Med 2005;142:953–62.
Cathcart ES, Idelson BA, Scheinberg MA, et al. Beneficial effects of methylprednisolone « pulse »
therapy in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Lancet 1976;1:163–6.
Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus
during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestation in a cohort of 1,000 patients.
Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:299–308.
Chambers SA, Allen E, Rahman A, et al. Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2009;48:673–5.
Chan TM, Li FK, Tang CS, et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse
proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong-Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med
2000;343:1156–62.
Chang AY, Werth VP. Treatment of cutaneous lupus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011;13:300–7.
Coelho A, Souto MI, Cardoso CR, et al. Long-term thalidomide use in refractory cutaneous lesions
of lupus erythematosus: a 65 series of Brazilian patients. Lupus 2005;14:434–9.
Condon MB, Ashby D, Pepper RJ, et al. Prospective observational single-centre cohort study to
evaluate the effectiveness of treating lupus neprhitis with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil but
no oral steroids. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1280–6.
Conti F, Priori R, Alessandri C, et al. Safety profile and causes of withdrawal due to adverse events
in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated long-term with cyclosporine A. Lupus
2000;9:676–80.
Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B, et al. Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N
Engl J Med 2004;350:971–80.
Cortes-Hernandez J, Avila G, Vilardell-Tarres M, et al. Efficacy and safety of lenalidomide for

refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:R265.
*Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pouchot J, Guettrot-Imbert G, et al. Adherence to treatment in systemic

lupus erythematosus patients. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013;27:329–40.
Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Hulot JS, et al. Very low blood hydroxychloroquine

concentrations as an objective marker of poor adherence to treatment in systemic lupus
Cuadrado MJ, Karim Y, Sanna G, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of resistant cutaneous lupus:
87
efficacy and safety of different therapeutic regimens. Am J Med 2005;118:246–50.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Culwell KR, Curtis KM, del Carmen Cravioto M. Safety of contraceptive method use among women
with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:341–53.
Davis JC Jr, Totoritis MC, Rosenberg J, et al. Phase I clinical trial of monoclonal antibody against
CD40-ligand (IDEC-131) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2001;28:95–
101.
Diaz-Lagares C, Croca S, Sangle S, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in 164 patients with biopsy-proven
lupus nephritis: pooled data from European cohorts. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11:357–64.
D’Cruz D. Antimalarial therapy: a panacea for mild lupus? Lupus 2001;10:148–51.
Donadio JV Jr, Holley KE, Ferguson RH, et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis
with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. N Engl J Med 1978;299:1151–
5.
*Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance
therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1886–95.
Espinola RG, Pierangeli SS, Gharavi AE, et al. Hydroxychloroquine reverses platelet activation
induced by human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost 2002;87:518–22.
Ezra N, Jorizzo J. Hydroxychloroquine and smoking in patients with cutaneous lupus

erythematosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012;37:327–34.
Faul C, Donnelly M, Merscher-Gomez S, et al. The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a

direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat Med 2008;14:931–8.
Fenton DA, Black MM. Low-dose dapsone in the treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus
erythematosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:102–3.
Fessler BJ, Alarcon CS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups:
XVI. Association of hydroxychloroquine use with reduced risk of damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:1473–80.
Fortin PR, Abrahamowicz M, Ferland D, et al. Steroid-sparing effects of methotrexate in systemic

lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum
2008;59:1796–804.
Franchin G, Diamond B. Pulse steroids: how much is enough? Autoimmun Rev 2006;5:111–113.
*Furie R, Petri M, Zamani O, et al. A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of

belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:3918–30.
Furie R, Nicholls K, Cheng TT, et al. Efficacy and safety of abatacept in lupus nephritis: a twelve-
month, randomized, double-blind study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:379–89.
Gansauge S, Breitbart A, Rinaldi N, et al. Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus
erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease). Ann Rheum Dis 1997;
56:382–5.
Gaubitz M, Schorat A, Schotte H, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of systemic lupus
erythematosus: an open pilot trial. Lupus 1999;8:731–6.
88

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide
for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2219–28.
Ginzler EM, Wax S, Rajeswaran A, et al. Atacicept in combination with MMF and corticosteroids in
lupus nephritis: results of a prematurely terminated trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:R33.
Ginzler EM, Wallace DJ, Merrill JT, et al. Disease control and safety of belimumab plus standard
therapy over 7 years in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2014;41:300–9.
Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Rahman P, et al. Accrual of organ damage over time in patients with
Glicklich D, Acharya A. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for lupus nephritis refractory to intravenous
cyclophosphamide. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:318–22.
Gourley MF, Austin HA 3rd, Scott D, et al. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in
combination, in patients with lupus nephritis. A randomized, controled trial. Ann Intern Med
1996;125:549–57.
Griffiths B, Emery P. The treatment of lupus with cyclosporin A. Lupus 2001;10:165–70.
Grootscholten C, Ligtenberg G, Hagen EC, et al. Azathioprine/methylprednisolone versus

cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int
2006;70:732–42.
Grootscholten C, Bajema IM, Florquin S, et al. Treatment with cyclophosphamide delays the
progression of chronic lesions more effectively than does treatment with azathioprine plus
methylprednisolone in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:924–37.
Gunnarsson I, Sundelin B, Jonsdottir T, et al. Histopathologic and clinical outcome of rituximab

treatment in patients with cyclophosphamide-resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum
2007; 56: 1263-72.
Haga HJ, D’Cruz D, Asherson R, et al. Short term effects of intravenous pulses of
cyclophosphamide in the treatment of connective tissue disease crisis. Ann Rheum Dis
1992;51:885–8.
Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for
screening, treatment, and management of lups nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2012;64:797–808.
Hahn BH. Belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1528–35.
Hanly JG, Harrison MJ. Management of neuropsychiatric lupus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2005;19:799–821.
Houssiau FA, D’Cruz DP, Haga HJ, et al. Short course of weekly low-dose intravenous pulse
cyclophosphamide in the treatment of lupus nephritis: a preliminary study. Lupus 1991;1:31–5.
Houssiau FA, Lefebvre C, Depresseux G, et al. Trabecular and cortical bone loss in systemic lupus
erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:244–7.
Houssiau FA, N’Zeusseu Toukap A, Depresseux G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-detected

avascular osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: lack of correlation with antiphospholipid
antibodies. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:448–53.
89

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus neprhitis: the
Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous
cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2121–31.
Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Early response to immunosuppressive therapy

predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the
Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3934–40.
Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus
Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis
2010a;69:61–4.
*Houssiau FA, D’Cruz D, Sangle S, et al. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term
immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial; 2010b. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010b;69:2083–9.
Illei GG, Austin HA, Crane M, et al. Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse
methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus
nephritis. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:248–57.
Illei GG, Shirota Y, Yarboro CH, et al. Tocilizumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: data on
safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I
dosage-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:542–52.
Ioannidis JP, Katsifis GE, Tzioufas AG, et al. Predictors of sustained amenorrhea from pulsed
intravenous cyclophosphamide in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J
Rheumatol 2002;29:2129–35.
Isenberg DA, Morrow WJ, Snaith ML. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy in the treatment of
systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1982;41:347–51.
Isenberg D, Appel GB, Contreras G, et al. Influence of race/ethnicity on response to lupus nephritis
treatment: the ALMS study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:128–40.
Isenberg DA, Allen E, Farewell V, et al. An assessment of disease flare in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus: a comparison of BILAG 2004 and the flare version of SELENA. Ann Rheum
Dis 2011;70:54–9.
Izmirly PM, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pisoni C, et al. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is

associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody-associated cardiac
manifestations of neonatal lupus. Circulation 2012;126:76–82.
Jallouli M, Francès C, Piette JC, et al. Hydroxychloroquine-induced pigmentation in patients with

systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:935–40.
Jayne D, Appel G, Chan TM, et al. A randomized controlled study of laquinimod in active lupus
nephritis patients in combination with standard of care. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:164.
Jessar RA, Lamont-Havers RW, Ragan C. Natural history of lupus erythematosus disseminatus.
Ann Intern Med 1953;38:717–31.
Jessop S, Whitelaw DA, Delamere FM. Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2009;4:CD002954.
90

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Jonsdottir T, Gunnarsson I, Risselada A, et al. Treatment of refractory SLE with rituximab plus
cyclophosphamide: clinical effects, serological changes, and predictors or response. Ann Rheum
Dis 2008;67:330–4.
Kalunian KC, Davis JC Jr, Merrill JT, et al. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by inhibition
of T cell costimulation with anti-CD154: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Karim MY, Alba P, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for systemic lupus erythematosus
refractory to other immunosuppressive agents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:876–82.
Katsifis GE, Tzioufas AG. Ovarian failure in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with
pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide. Lupus 2004;13:673–8.
Kuhn A, Gensch K, Haust M, et al. Photoprotective effects of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in

ultraviolet-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind
study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011a;64:37–48.
Kuhn A, Gensch K, Haust M, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in cutaneous lupus
erythematosus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. J Am Acad
Dermatol 2011b;65:54–64.
Kuruma KA, Borba EF, Lopes MH, et al. Safety and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007;16:350–4.
Lauwerys BR, Hachulla E, Spertini F, et al. Down-regulation of interferon signature in systemic

lupus erythematosus patients by active immunization with interferon a-kinoid. Arthritis Rheum
2013;65:447–56.
Lauwerys BR, Ducreux J, Houssiau FA. Type I interferon blockade in systemic lupus
erythematosus: where do we stand ? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:1369–76.
Leandro MJ, Edwards JC, Cambridge G, et al. An open study of B lymphocyte depletion in
systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2673–7.
Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Lan SP, et al. A controlled trial of plasmapheresis therapy in severe lupus
nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1373–9.
Liang J, Zhang H, Hua B, et al. Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in refractory
systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot clinical study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1423–9.
Lochhead KM, Pirsch JD, D’Alessandro AM, et al. Risk factors for renal allograft loss in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 1996;49:512–7.
Looney RJ, Anolik JH, Campbell D, et al. B cell depletion as a novel treatment for systemic lupus
erythematosus: a phase I/II dose-escalation trial of rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2580–9.
Magder LS, Petri M. Incidence of and risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events among
patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176:708–19.
Magro Checa C, Cohen D, Bollen EL, et al. Demyelinating disease in SLE: is it multiple sclerosis or
lupus? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013;27:405–24.
Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and
angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am
91
J Epidemiol 1997;145:408–15.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Marmor MF. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy:
a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthamology 2002;109:1377–82.
McBride JM, Jiang J, Abbas AR, et al. Safety and pharmacodynamics of rontalizumab in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase I, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-
escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:3666–76.
Meinao IM, Sato EI, Andrade LE, et al. Controlled trial with chloroquine diphosphonate in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1996;5:237–41.
*Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-
severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double blind, phase II/III systemic
lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010a;62:222–33.
Merrill JT, Burgos-Vargas R, Westhovens R, et al. The efficacy and safety of abatacept in patients
with non-life-threatening manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a twelve-
month, multicenter, exploratory, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Merrill JT, Wallace DJ, Petri M, et al. Safety profile and clinical activity of sifalimumab, a fully
human anti-interferon a monoclonal antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I,
multicentre, double-blind randomised study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1905–13.
Miyasaka N, Kawai S, Hashimoto H. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus for lupus nephritis: a
placebo-controlled double-bind multicenter study. Mod Rheumatol 2009;19:606–15.
Mok CC, Tong KH, To CH, et al. Tacrolimus for induction therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus
nephritis: an open-labeled pilot study. Kidney Int 2005;68:813–7.
Mok CC, Ying KY, Ng WL, et al. Long-term outcome of diffuse proliferative lupus
glomerulonephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Am J Med 2006;119:355.e25–33.
Molloy ES, Calabrese LH. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with

immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: evolving role of biologic therapies. Arthritis
Rheum 2012;64:3043–51.
Moroni G, Tantardini F, Gallelli B, et al. The long-term prognosis of renal transplantation in patients
with lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:903–11.
Moroni G, Gallelli B, Quaglini S, et al. Withdrawal of therapy in patients with proliferative lupus
nephritis: long-term follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1541–8.
Morton SJ, Powell RJ. An audit of cyclosporin for systemic lupus erythematosus and related
overlap syndromes: limitations of its use. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:487–9.
Mosca M, Giuliano T, Curcio M, et al. Comparison of real-time PCR and nested PCR for the
detection of Y chromosome sequences in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with
systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:155–6.
Mosca M, Boumpas DT, Bruce IN, et al. Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: where
are we today? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:S112–5.
Mysler EF, Spindler AJ, Guzman R, et al. Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative
lupus nephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study. Arthritis Rheum
2013;65:2368–79.
92

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Narvaez J, Rios-Rodriguez V, de la Fuente D, et al. Rituximab therapy in refractory
neuropsychiatric lupus: current clinical evidence. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011;41:364–72.
*Navarra SV, Guzman RM, Gallacher AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with
active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet
2011;377:721–31.
Naveau C, Houssiau FA. Pneumococcal sepsis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus 2005;14:903–6.
Neri R, Mosca M, Bernacchi E, et al. A case of SLE with acute, subacute and chronic cutaneous
lesions successfully treated with Dapsone. Lupus 1999;8:240–3.
Neuwelt CM, Lackx S, Kaye BR, et al. Role of intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of
severe neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1995;98:32–41.
Neuwelt CM. The role of plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe central nervous system
neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Ther Apher Dial 2003;7:173–82.
Ng HJ, Crowther MA. Azathioprine and inhibition of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin: evidence
from a case report and a literature review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006;4:75–7.
Nossent HC, Swaak TJ, Berden JH. Systemic lupus erythematosus after renal transplantation:
patient and graft survival and disease activity. The Dutch Working Party on Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:183–8.
Ognenovski VM, Marder W, Somers EC, et al. Increased incidence of cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia in women with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with intravenous
cyclophosphamide. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1763–7.
Okon LG, Werth VP. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res
Ong LM, Hooi LS, Lim TO, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous
cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus
nephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005;10:504–10.
Pagnoux C, Korach JM, Guillevin L. Indications for plasma exchange in systemic lupus
erythematosus in 2005. Lupus 2005;14:871–7.
Parodi A, Davi S, Pringe AB, et al. Macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile systemic lupus
erythematosus: a multinational multicenter study of thirty-eight patients. Arthritis Rheum
2009;60:3389–99.
Payne K, Newman W, Fargher E, et al. TPMT testing in rheumatology: any better than routine
monitoring? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:727–9.
Pelle MT, Werth VP. Thalidomide in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Am J Clin Dermatol
2003;4:379–87.
Perez-Aytes A, Ledo A, Boso V, et al. In utero exposure to mycophenolate mofetil: a characteristic

phenotype ? Am J Med Genet A 2008;146A:1–7.
Petri M, Lakatta C, Magder L, et al. Effect of prednisone and hydroxychloroquine on coronary

artery disease risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal data analysis. Am J Med
93
1994;96:254–9.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Petri M, Jones RJ, Brodsky RA. High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell transplantation in
systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:166–73.
Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus
erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2550–8.
Petri M, Brodsky R. High-dose cyclophosphamide and stem cell transplantation for refractory
systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA 2006;295:559–60.
Petri MA, Kiani AN, Post W, et al. Lupus Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (LAPS). Ann Rheum
Dis 2011;70:760–5.
Petri M, Wallace DJ, Spindler A, et al. Sifalimumab, a human anti-interferon-a monoclonal

antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I randomized, controlled, dose-escalation
Pisoni CN, Sanchez FJ, Karim Y, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in systemic lupus erythematosus:
efficacy and tolerability in 86 patients. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1047–52.
Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on renal
damage in patients with lupus nephritis: LXV, data from a multiethnic US cohort. Arthritis Rheum
2009;61:830–9.
Ponticelli C, Glassoc RJ, Moroni G. Induction and maintenance therapy in proliferative lupus
nephritis. J Nephrol 2010;23:9–16.
Radhakrishnan J, Moutzouris DA, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous
cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritis. Kidney Int
2010;77:152–60.
Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, et al. The cholesterol lowering effect of antimalarial drugs is
enhanced in patients with lupus taking corticosteroid drugs. J Rheumatol 1999;26:325–30.
Rand JH, Wu XX, Quinn AS, et al. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of
antiphospholipid antibody-beta2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood
2008;112:1687–95.
Remer CF, Weisman MH, Wallace DJ. Benefits of leflunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus: a
pilot observational study. Lupus 2001;10:480–3.
Rietveld A, Berden JH. Renal replacement therapy in lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant
2008;23:3056–60.
Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis
in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2399–406.
Rönnblom L, Eloranta ML, Alm GV. The type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Rosado FG, Kim AS. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an update on diagnosis and

pathogenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 2013;139:713–27.
*Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active
proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum
2012;64:1215–26.
94

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Hebert LA, et al. Lupus nephritis: induction therapy in severe lupus nephritis
– should MMF be considered the drug of choice? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:147–53.
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA. Management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid sydnrome and

systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1051:606–12.
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Pijoan JI, et al. Effect of antimalarias on thrombosis and survival in
patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006;15:577–83.
Sakthiswary R, Suresh E. Methotrexate in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of

its efficacy. Lupus 2014;23:225–35.
Sanchez-Guerrero J, Uribe AG, Jimenez-Santana L, et al. A trial of contraceptive methods in

women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2539–49.
Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML, Khamashta MA. Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus

erythematosus: current therapeutic approach. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:1261–9.
Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin for immunomodulation of systemic lupus

erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5:153–5.
Shinjo SK, Bonfa E, Wojdyla D, et al. Antimalarial treatment may have a time-dependent effect on
lupus survival: data from a multinational Latin American inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum
2010;62:855–62.
Sun L, Akiyama K, Zhang H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation reverses multiorgan
dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus mice and humans. Stem Cells 2009;27:1421–32.
Sun L, Wang D, Liang J, et al. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in severe and
refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:2467–75.
Steinberg AD, Steinberg SC. Long-term preservation of renal function in patients with lupus
nephritis receiving treatment that includes cyclophosphamide versus those treated with prednisone
only. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:945–50.
Stone JH, Amend WJ, Criswell LA. Outcome of renal transplantation in systemic lupus
erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997;27:17–26.
Szepietowski JC, Nilganuwong S, Wozniacka A, et al. Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-

contolled, multiple intravenous, dose-ascending study of sirukumab in cutaneous or systemic lupus
Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai FM, et al. Tacrolimus for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
with pure class V nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:1678–81.
Tam LS, Gladman DD, Hallett DC, et al. Effect of antimalarial agents on the fasting lipid profile in
Tam LS, Li EK, Wong CK, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of
leflunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2004;13:601–4.
Tam LS, Li EK, Wong CK, et al. Safety and efficacy of leflunomide in the treatment of lupus nephriti
refractory or intolerant to traditional immunosuppressive therapy: an open label trial. Ann Rheum
Dis 2006;65:417–8.
95

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Tang Z, Yang G, Yu C, et al. Effects of mycophenolate mofetil for patients with crescentic lupus
nephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008;13:702–7.
Thamer M, Hernan MA, Zhang Y, et al. Prednisone, lupus activity, and permanent organ damage.
J Rheumatol 2009;36:560–4.
*The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. A randomized study of the effect of withdrawing
hydroxychloroquine sulfate in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1991;324:150–4.
Tokunaga M, Saito K, Kawabata D, et al. Efficacy of rituximab (anti-CD20) for refractory systemic
lupus erythematosus involving the central nervous system. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:470–5.
Toubi E, Rosner I, Rozenbaum M, et al. The benefit of combining hydroxychloroquine with

quinacrine in the treatment of SLE patients. Lupus 2000;9:92–5.
Tsakonas E, Joseph L, Esdaile JM, et al. A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on

exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group.
Lupus 1998;7:80–5.
Turner-Stokes T, Lu TY, Ehrenstein MR, et al. The efficacy of repeated treatment with B-cell
depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: an evaluation. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2011;50:1401–8.
Tyndall A, Houssiau FA. Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:1413–4.
Tzung TY, Liu YS, Chang HW. Tacrolimus vs. clobetasol propionate in the treatment of facial
cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind, bilateral comparison study. Br J
Dermatol 2007;156:191–2.
Urowitz MB, Bookman AA, Koehler BE, et al. The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus
erythematosus. Am J Med 1976;60:221–5.
van Vollenhoven RF, Petri MA, Cervera R, et al. Belimumab in the treatment of systemic lupus
erythematosus: high disease activity predictors of response. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1343–9.
Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis
Rheum 2009;61:1168–78.
Wallace DJ, Gordon C, Strand V, et al. Efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in patients with
moderate/severe flaring systemic lupus erythematosus: results from two randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled, multicentre studies (ALLEVIATE) and follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2013;52:1313–22.
Wallace DJ, Kalunian K, Petri MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in patients with
moderate/severe active systemic lupus erythematosus: results from EMBLEM, a phase Iib,
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:183–90.
Ward MM. Outcomes of renal transplantation among patients with end-stage renal disease caused
by lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2000;57:2136–43.
Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic
lupus erythematosus revisited. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:241–50.
96

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Wofsy D, Hillson JL, Diamond B. Comparison of alternative primary outcome measures for use in
lupus nephritis clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 2013a;65:1586–91.
Wofsy D, Askanase A, Cagnoli PC, et al. Treatment of lupus nephritis with abatacept plus low-dose
pulse cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine (the Euro-Lupus Regimen): twenty-four week
data from a double-blind controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2013b;65:S379.
Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Milford EL, et al. Comparison of mortality in all patients on dialysis, patients
on dialysis awaiting transplantation, and recipients of a first cadaveric transplant. N Engl J Med
1999;341:1725–30.
Zavada J, Pesickova S, Rysava R, et al. Cyclosporine A or intravenous cyclophosphamide for

lupus nephritis: the Cyclofa-Lune study. Lupus 2010;19:1281–9.
Zeher M, Doria A, Lan J, et al. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in
combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis. Lupus
2011;20:1484–93.
Zhou HQ, Zhang FC, Tian XP, et al. Clinical features and outcome of neuropsychiatric lupus in
Chinese: analysis of 240 hospitalized patients. Lupus 2008;17:93–9.
Zimmer R, Scherbarth HR, Rillo OL, et al. Lupuzor/P140 peptide in patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb clinical trial. Ann Rheum
Dis 2013;72:1830–5.
Andreoli L, Chighizola CB, Banzato A, et al. The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid

antibodies in patients with pregnancy morbidity, stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein
thrombosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65:1869–73.
Ben-Chetrit E, Ben-Chetrit A, Berkun Y. Pregnancy outcomes in women with familial

Mediterranean fever receiving colchicine: is amniocentesis justified? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2010;62:143–8.
Berman H, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Cervera R, et al. Rituximab use in the catastrophic antiphospholipid

syndrome: descriptive analysis of the CAPS registry patients receiving rituximab. Autoimmun Rev
2013;12:1085–90.
Bertolaccini ML, Amengual O, Atsumi T, et al. 'Non-criteria' aPL tests: report of a task force and
preconference workshop at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies,
Galveston, TX, USA, April 2010. Lupus 2011;20:191–205.
Bramham K, Hunt BJ, Bewley S, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus with
and without previous nephritis. J Rheumatol 2011;38:1906–13.
Branch DW, Porter TF, Rittenhouse L, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in women at risk for
preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:825–32;discussion 832–4.
*Cervera R, Tektonidou MG, Espinosa G, et al. Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid

Syndrome (APS) and Non-criteria APS Manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and
heart valve lesions. Lupus 2011;20:165–73.
97

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Chen JS, Ford JB, Roberts CL, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with juvenile idiopathic
arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:1119–25.
*Clowse ME, Magder LS, Witter F, et al. The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric
outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:514–21.
*Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Lupoglazoff JM, et al. Outcome of pregnancies in patients

with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies: a study of 165 pregnancies, with special focus on
electrocardiographic variations in the children and comparison with a control group. Arthritis
Rheum 2004;50:3187–94.
De Carolis S, Salvi S, Botta A, et al. The impact of primary Sjogren's syndrome on pregnancy
outcome: our series and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:103–7.
*de Jesus GR, Agmon-Levin N, Andrade CA, et al. 14th International Congress on
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force Report on obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.
Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:795–813.
de Man YA, Bakker-Jonges LE, Goorbergh CM, et al. Women with rheumatoid arthritis negative for
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor are more likely to improve during pregnancy,
whereas in autoantibody-positive women autoantibody levels are not influenced by pregnancy. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:420–3.
*de Man YA, Dolhain RJ, van de Geijn FE, et al. Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during
pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1241–8.
*Doria A, Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, et al. Pregnancy in rare autoimmune rheumatic diseases:

UCTD, MCTD, myositis, systemic vasculitis and Bechet disease. Lupus 2004;13:690–5.
*Erkan D, Aguiar CL, Andrade D, et al. 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Task Force Report on antiphospholipid syndrome treatment trends. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:685–
96.
Germain S, Nelson-Piercy C. Lupus nephritis and renal disease in pregnancy. Lupus 2006;15:148–
55.
*Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA. The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med
2013;368:1033–44.
Gladman DD, Tandon A, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. The effect of lupus nephritis on pregnancy
outcome and foetal and maternal complications. J Rheumatol 2010;37:754–8.
Gromnica-Ihle E, Ostensen M. Pregnancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory

spondylarthropathies. Z Rheumatol 2006;65:209–12.
Guettrot-Imbert G, Cohen L, Fermont L, et al. A new presentation of neonatal lupus: 5 cases of

isolated mild endocardial fibroelastosis associated with maternal anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La
antibodies. J Rheumatol 2011;38:378–86.
Izmirly PM, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pisoni CN, et al. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is

associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-ssa/ro-antibody-associated cardiac manifestations
of neonatal lupus. Circulation 2012;126:76–82.
*Izmirly PM, Saxena A, Kim MY, et al. Maternal and foetal factors associated with mortality and
morbidity in a multi-racial/ethnic registry of anti-SSA/Ro-associated cardiac neonatal lupus.
Circulation 2011;124:1927–35. 98

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Lockshin MD, Kim M, Laskin CA, et al. Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome by the presence
of lupus anticoagulant, but not anticardiolipin antibody, in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies.
Lui NL, Haroon N, Carty A, et al. Effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis: a case-control
study. J Rheumatol 2011;38:2442–4.
Meroni PL, Raschi E, Grossi C, et al. Obstetric and vascular APS: same autoantibodies but
different diseases? Lupus 2012;21:708–10.
*Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the
classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost
2006;4:295–306.
Moak JP, Barron KS, Hougen TJ, et al. Congenital heart block: development of late-onset
cardiomyopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:238–42.
Nield LE, Silverman ED, Smallhorn JF, et al. Endocardial fibroelastosis associated with maternal
anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies in the absence of atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol
2002;40:796–802.
Noel N, Wechsler B, Nizard J, et al. Behcet's disease and pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum
2013;65:2450–6.
*Ostensen M. The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992;28:235–7.
*Ostensen M, Brucato A, Carp H, et al. Pregnancy and reproduction in autoimmune rheumatic

diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:657–64.
Østensen M, Förger F. Management of RA medications in pregnant patients. Nature Rev

Rheumatol 2009;5:382–90.
*Ostensen M Förger F. How safe are anti-rheumatic drugs during pregnancy? Curr Opin
Pharmacol 2013;13:470–5.
Ostensen M, Fuhrer L, Mathieu R, et al. A prospective study of pregnant patients with rheumatoid
arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis using validated clinical instruments. Ann Rheum Dis
2004;63:1212–7.
Ostensen M, Khamashta M, Lockshin M, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs

and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:209.
Ostensen M, Motta M. Therapy insight: the use of antirheumatic drugs during nursing. Nat Clin
Pract Rheumatol 2007;3:400–6.
Ostensen M, Villiger PM. Immunology of pregnancy-pregnancy as a remission inducing agent in

rheumatoid arthritis. Transpl Immunol 2002;9:155–60.
*Ostensen M, Villiger PM, Forger F. Interaction of pregnancy and autoimmune rheumatic disease.
Autoimmun Rev 2012;11:A437–46.
*Pagnoux C, Le Guern V, Goffinet F, et al. Pregnancies in systemic necrotizing vasculitides: report

on 12 women and their 20 pregnancies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:953–61.
99

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, et al. Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection.
Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and
Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J
Thromb Haemost 2009;7:1737–40.
*Pierangeli SS, de Groot PG, Dlott J, et al. ‘Criteria’ aPL tests: report of a task force and
preconference workshop at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies,
Galveston, Texas, April 2010. Lupus 2011;20:182–90.
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Cuadrado MJ, Ruiz-Arruza I, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the

prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive
patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies.
Lupus 2011;20:206–18.
Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of haemolysis, elevated
liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:981–91.
*Silva CA, Sultan SM, Isenberg DA. Pregnancy outcome in adult-onset idiopathic inflammatory
myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:1168–72.
*Steen VD. Pregnancy in scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2007;33:345–58, vii.
Tincani A, Rebaioli CB, Andreoli L, et al. Neonatal effects of maternal antiphospholipid syndrome.
Curr Rheumatol Res 2009;11:70–6.
Tuin J, Sanders JS, de Joode AA, Stegeman CA. Pregnancy in women diagnosed with
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: outcome for the mother and the child.
Ahmadi-Simab K, Lamprecht P, Gross WL. Successful therapy of bosentan-refractory pulmonary

arterial hypertension (PAH) with inhalative iloprost. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005;23:402–3.
Akesson A, Scheja A, Lundin A, Wollheim FA. Improved pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis
after treatment with cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:729–35.
Allanore Y, Borderie D, Avouac J, et al. High N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and low
diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide as independent predictors of the occurrence of precapillary
pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008a;58:284–
91.
Allanore Y, Devos-Francois G, Caramella C, et al. Fatal exacerbation of fibrosing alveolitis

associated with systemic sclerosis in a patient treated with adalimumab. Ann Rheum Dis
2006;65:834–5.
Allanore Y, Dieude P, Boileau C. Updating the genetics of systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2010;22:665–70.
Allanore Y, Meune C. N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide: the new cornerstone of
cardiovascular assessment in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:59–63.
Allanore Y, Meune C, Kahan A. Systemic sclerosis and cardiac dysfunction: evolving concepts and
diagnostic methodologies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008b;20:697–702.
100

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Allanore Y, Seror R, Chevrot A, et al. Hand vascular involvement assessed by magnetic resonance
angiography in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2747–54.
Allcock RJ, Forrest I, Corris PA, et al. A study of the prevalence of systemic sclerosis in northeast
England. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:596–602.
Altman RD, Medsger TA Jr, Bloch DA, Michel BA. Predictors of survival in systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:403–13.
Amanzi L, Braschi F, Fiori G, et al. Digital ulcers in scleroderma: staging, characteristics and sub-
setting through observation of 1614 digital lesions. Rheumatology (Oxford);49:1374–82.
Armstrong RD, Gibson T. Scleroderma and erosive polyarthritis: a disease entity? Ann Rheum Dis
1982;41:141–6.
Artlett CM. Microchimerism and scleroderma: an update. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003;5:154–9.
Artlett CM, Smith JB, Jimenez SA. Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women
with systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1186–91.
Avouac J, Airò P, Dieude P, et al. Associated autoimmune diseases in Systemic Sclerosis define a
subset of patients with milder disease: results from two large cohorts of European Caucasian
patients. J Rheumatol 2010a;37:608–14.
Avouac J, Airo P, Meune C, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis in

European Caucasians and metaanalysis of 5 studies. J Rheumatol 2010b;37:2290–8.
Avouac J, Borderie D, Ekindjian OG, et al. High DNA oxidative damage in systemic sclerosis. J
Rheumatol 2010c;37:2540–7.
* Avouac J, Fransen J, Walker UA, et al; EUSTAR Group. Preliminary criteria for the very early
diagnosis of systemic sclerosis: results of a Delphi Consensus Study from EULAR Scleroderma
Trials and Research Group. Ann Rheum Dis 2011a;70:476–81.
* Avouac J, Furnrohr BG, Tomcik M, et al. Inactivation of the transcription factor STAT-4 prevents
inflammation-driven fibrosis in animal models of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2011b;63:800–
9.
Avouac J, Guerini H, Wipff J, et al. Radiological hand involvement in systemic sclerosis. Ann
Rheum Dis 2006;65:1088–92.
Avouac J, Huscher D, Furst DE, et al; EPOSS Group. Expert consensus for performing right heart
catheterisation for suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: a Delphi
consensus study with cluster analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:191–7.
Avouac J, Juin F, Wipff J, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic sclerosis:
association with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis 2008a;67:1455–60.
Avouac J, Kowal-Bielecka O, Landewe R, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)

Scleroderma Trial and Research group (EUSTAR) recommendations for the treatment of systemic
sclerosis: methods of elaboration and results of systematic literature research. Ann Rheum Dis
2009;68:629–34.
Avouac J, Kowal-Bielecka O, Pittrow D, et al. Validation of the 6 min walk test according to the
OMERACT filter: a systematic literature review by the EPOSS-OMERACT group. Ann Rheum Dis
101
2010d;69:1360–3.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Avouac J, Mogavero G, Guerini H, et al. Predictive factors of hand radiographic lesions in systemic
sclerosis: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011c;70:630–3.
Avouac J, Walker U, Tyndall A, et al. Characteristics of joint involvement and relationships with
systemic inflammation in systemic sclerosis: results from the EULAR Scleroderma Trial and
Research Group (EUSTAR) database. J Rheumatol 2010e;37:1488–501.
Avouac J, Wipff J, Kahan A, Allanore Y. Effects of oral treatments on exercise capacity in systemic
sclerosis related pulmonary arterial hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Ann Rheum Dis 2008b;67:808–14.
Badesch DB, Tapson VF, McGoon MD, et al. Continuous intravenous epoprostenol for pulmonary
hypertension due to the scleroderma spectrum of disease. A randomised, controlled trial. Ann
Intern Med 2000;132:425–34.
Baron M, Lee P, Keystone EC. The articular manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma). Ann Rheum Dis 1982a;41:147–52.
Baron M, Srolovitz H, Lander P, Kapusta M. The coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and

scleroderma: a case report and review of the literature. J Rheumatol 1982b;9:947–50.
* Baroni SS, Santillo M, Bevilacqua F, et al. Stimulatory autoantibodies to the PDGF receptor in
systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2667–76.
Blocka KL, Bassett LW, Furst DE, et al. The arthropathy of advanced progressive systemic
sclerosis. A radiographic survey. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:874–84.
Bogoch ER, Gross DK. Surgery of the hand in patients with systemic sclerosis: outcomes and
considerations. J Rheumatol 2005;32:642–8.
Bouros D, Wells AU, Nicholson AG, et al. Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients
with systemic sclerosis and their relationship to outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2002;165:1581–6.
Bovenzi M, Barbone F, Pisa FE, et al. A case-control study of occupational exposures and
systemic sclerosis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004;77:10–6.
Braun-Moscovici Y, Furst DE, Markovits D, et al. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and

acroosteolysis in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2008;35:2201–5.
Brembilla NC, Chizzolini C. T cell abnormalities in systemic sclerosis with a focus on Th17 cells.
Eur Cytokine Netw 2012;23:128–39.
Brower LM, Poole JL. Reliability and validity of the Duruoz Hand Index in persons with systemic
sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:805–9.
Bulkley BH, Ridolfi RL, Salyer WR, Hutchins GM. Myocardial lesions of progressive systemic
sclerosis. A cause of cardiac dysfunction. Circulation 1976;53:483–90.
Butler AR, Flitney FW, Williams DL. NO, nitrosonium ions, nitroxide ions, nitrosothiols and iron-
nitrosyls in biology: a chemist's perspective. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995;16:18–22.
Campo A, Mathai SC, Le Pavec J, et al. Hemodynamic predictors of survival in scleroderma-

related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:252–60.
102

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Chaisson NF, Hassoun PM. Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest
2013;144:1346–56, 195–200.
Chizzolini C. T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic
sclerosis and other examples. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1999;21:431–50.
Cipriani P, Guiducci S, Miniati I, et al. Impairment of endothelial cell differentiation from bone
marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: new insight into the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis.
Clements PJ, Furst DE, Campion DS, et al. Muscle disease in progressive systemic sclerosis:
diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Arthritis Rheum 1978;21:62–71.
* Clements PJ, Furst DE, Wong WK, et al. High-dose versus low-dose D-penicillamine in early
diffuse systemic sclerosis: analysis of a two-year, double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial.
Coghlan JG, Denton CP, Grünig E, et al; on behalf of the DETECT study group. Evidence-based
detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: the DETECT study. Ann Rheum
Dis 2014;73:1340–9.
Cohen MJ, Persellin RH. Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis in four
patients. Scand J Rheumatol 1982;11:241–5.
Cohen S, Fisher R, Lipshutz W, et al. The pathogenesis of oesophageal dysfunction in

scleroderma and Raynaud's disease. J Clin Invest 1972;51:2663–8.
Cuomo G, Zappia M, Abignano G, et al. Ultrasonographic features of the hand and wrist in
systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1414–7.
Cutolo M, Grassi W, Matucci Cerinic M. Raynaud's phenomenon and the role of capillaroscopy.
Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Accardo S. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular

damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2000;27:155–60.
Czirjak L, Kiss CG, Lovei C, et al. Survey of Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis based
on a representative study of 10,000 south-Transdanubian Hungarian inhabitants. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2005;23:801–8.
D'Alto M, Ghio S, D'Andrea A, et al. Inappropriate exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery

pressure in patients with systemic sclerosis. Heart 2011;97:112–7.
Del Papa N, Quirici N, Soligo D, et al. Bone marrow endothelial progenitors are defective in
systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2605–15.
Denton CP, Black CM. Pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am
2003;29:335–49, vii.
Derk CT, Jimenez SA. Systemic sclerosis: current views of its pathogenesis. Autoimmun Rev
2003;2:181–91.
Desai CS, Lee DC, Shah SJ. Systemic sclerosis and the heart: current diagnosis and
management. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011;23:545–54.
103

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Diot E, Lesire V, Guilmot JL, et al . Systemic sclerosis and occupational risk factors: a case-control
study. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:545–9.
Domsic RT, Nihtyanova SI, Wisniewski SR, et al. Derivation and validation of a prediction rule for
two year mortality in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:1616–
24.
Doré A, Lucas M, Ivanco D, et al. Significance of palpable tendon friction rubs in early diffuse
cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65:1385–9.
Dospinescu P, Jones GT, Basu N. Environmental risk factors in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2013;25:179–83.
Elhai M, Guerini H, Bazeli R, et al. Ultrasonographic hand features in systemic sclerosis and
correlates with clinical, biologic, and radiographic findings. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2012;64:1244–9.
Elhai M, Meunier M, Matucci-Cerinic M, et al; EUSTAR (EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research
group). Outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis-associated polyarthritis and myopathy treated
with tocilizumab or abatacept: a EUSTAR observational study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1217–20.
Emmanuel AV, Shand AG, Kamm MA. Erythromycin for the treatment of chronic intestinal pseudo-
obstruction: description of six cases with a positive response. Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2004;19:687–94.
Farge D, Marolleau JP, Zohar S, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of
refractory systemic sclerosis: early results from a French multicentre phase I-II study. Br J
Haematol 2002;119:726–39.
Farge D, Passweg J, van Laar JM, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of
systemic sclerosis: report from the EBMT/EULAR Registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:974–81.
Farina GA, York MR, Di Marzio M, et al. Poly(I:C) drives type I IFN- and TGFbeta-mediated
inflammation and dermal fibrosis simulating altered gene expression in systemic sclerosis. J Invest
Dermatol 2010;130:2583–93.
Ferri C, Emdin M, Giuggioli D, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: time and
frequency domain 24 hour heart rate variability analysis. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:669–76.
Fisher MR, Forfia PR, Chamera E, et al. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the
hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:615–
21.
Follansbee WP, Zerbe TR, Medsger TA, Jr. Cardiac and skeletal muscle disease in systemic
sclerosis (scleroderma): a high risk association. Am Heart J 1993;125:194–203.
Fox BD, Shimony A, Langleben D, et al. High prevalence of occult left heart disease in
scleroderma-pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2013;42:1083–91.
Fransen J, Popa-Diaconu D, Hesselstrand R, et al. Clinical prediction of 5-year survival in systemic

sclerosis: validation of a simple prognostic model in EUSTAR centres. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:1788–92.
Fujimoto M, Sato S. B cell signalling and autoimmune diseases: CD19/CD22 loop as a B cell
signalling device to regulate the balance of autoimmunity. J Dermatol Sci 2007;46:1–9.
104

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Fujimoto M, Sato S. B lymphocytes and systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:746–51.
Galié N, Badesch D, Oudiz R, et al. Ambrisentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am
Coll Cardiol 2005a;46:529–35.
Galié N, Corris PA, Frost A, et al. Updated treatment algorithm of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62(25_S).
Galié N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial
hypertension. N Engl J Med 2005b;353:2148–57.
*Galié N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary
hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the
European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by
the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009;30:2493–
537.
Garabrant DH, Lacey JV Jr, Laing TJ, et al. Scleroderma and solvent exposure among women. Am
J Epidemiol 2003;157:493–500.
*Gerber EE, Gallo EM, Fontana SC, et al. Integrin-modulating therapy prevents fibrosis and
autoimmunity in mouse models of scleroderma. Nature 2013;503:126–30.
Ghofrani HA, D'Armini A, Grimminger F, et al. for the CHEST-1 Study Group. N Engl J Med 2013a;
369:319–329.
Ghofrani HA, Galiè N, Grimminger F, et al. for the PATENT-1 Study Group. N Engl J Med 2013b;
369:330–340.
Ghrénassia E, Avouac J, Khanna D, et al. Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of gastric antral
vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR case-control study. J Rheumatol 2014;41:99–
105.
Greydanus MP, Camilleri M. Abnormal postcibal antral and small bowel motility due to neuropathy
or myopathy in systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1989;96:110–5.
Gruschwitz MS, Hornstein OP, von Den Driesch P. Correlation of soluble adhesion molecules in
the peripheral blood of scleroderma patients with their in situ expression and with disease activity.
Guttadauria M, Ellman H, Emmanuel G, et al. Pulmonary function in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum

1977;20:1071–9.
Hachulla E, Carpentier P, Gressin V, et al. Risk factors for death and the 3-year survival of patients
with systemic sclerosis: the French ItinerAIR-Sclerodermie study. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2009a;48:304–8.
Hachulla E, de Groote P, Gressin V, et al. The three-year incidence of pulmonary arterial

hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis in a multicentre nationwide longitudinal study in
France. Arthritis Rheum 2009b;60:1831–9.
Hamamdzic D, Kasman LM, LeRoy EC. The role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of
systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002;14:694–8.
Herrick AL, Matucci Cerinic M. The emerging problem of oxidative stress and the role of
105
antioxidants in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001;19:4–8.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Herrick AL, Rieley F, Schofield D, et al. Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary
Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1477–83.
Hoyles RK, Ellis RW, Wellsbury J, et al. A multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids and intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by oral
azathioprine for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3962–
70.
Ihn H. The role of TGF-beta signalling in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in scleroderma. Arch Immunol
Ther Exp (Warsz) 2002;50:325–31.
Ingraham KM, O'Brien MS, Shenin M, et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis:
demographics and disease predictors. J Rheumatol 2010;37:603–7.
Jimenez SA, Artlett CM. Microchimerism and systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol
2005;17:86–90.
Jimenez SA, Diaz A, Khalili K. Retroviruses and the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Int Rev
Immunol 1995;12:159–75.
Joglekar A, Tsai FS, McCloskey DA, et al. Bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary
to scleroderma. J Rheumatol 2006;33:61–8.
Johnson RW, Tew MB, Arnett FC. The genetics of systemic sclerosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2002;4:99–107.
Jordan S, Distler JH, Maurer B, et al; on behalf of the EUSTAR Rituximab study group. Effects and
safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and
Research (EUSTAR) group. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
Jungel A, Ospelt C, Gay S. What can we learn from epigenetics in the year 2009? Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2010;22:284–92.
Kahaleh B. Lymphocyte interactions with the vascular endothelium in systemic sclerosis. Clin
Dermatol 1994;12:361–7.
Kettaneh A, Al Moufti O, Tiev KP, et al. Occupational exposure to solvents and gender-related risk
of systemic sclerosis: a metaanalysis of case-control studies. J Rheumatol 2007;34:97–103.
Khanna D, Hays RD, Maranian P, et al. Reliability and validity of the University of California, Los
Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument. Arthritis Rheum
2009;61:1257–63.
Khanna D, Yan X, Tashkin DP, et al. Impact of oral cyclophosphamide on health-related quality of
life in patients with active scleroderma lung disease: results from the scleroderma lung study.
Kim DS, Yoo B, Lee JS, et al. The major histopathologic pattern of pulmonary fibrosis in
scleroderma is nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:121–
7.
Klein S, Kretz CC, Ruland V, et al. Reduction of regulatory T cells in skin lesions but not in
peripheral blood of patients with systemic scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1475–81.
Klein HA, Wald A, Graham TO, et al. Comparative studies of oesophageal function in systemic
106
sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1551–6.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
* Koenig M, Joyal F, Fritzler MJ, et al. Autoantibodies and microvascular damage are independent
predictive factors for the progression of Raynaud's phenomenon to systemic sclerosis: a twenty-
year prospective study of 586 patients, with validation of proposed criteria for early systemic
sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:3902–12.
Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M, et al. Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by
treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3985–93.
Kostis JB, Seibold JR, Turkevich D, et al. Prognostic importance of cardiac arrhythmias in systemic
sclerosis. Am J Med 1988;84:1007–15.
Koumakis E, Bouaziz M, Dieudé P, et al. A regulatory variant in CCR6 is associated with

susceptibility to antitopoisomerase-positive systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:3202–8.
Koutaissoff S, Vanthuyne M, Smith V, et al. Hand radiological damage in systemic sclerosis:

comparison with a control group and clinical and functional correlations. Semin Arthritis Rheum
2011;40:455–60.
Kovalchik MT, Guggenheim SJ, Silverman MH, et al. The kidney in progressive systemic sclerosis:
a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1978;89:881–7.
*Kowal-Bielecka O, Landewe R, Avouac J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the treatment of

systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR).
Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:620–8.
Kraling BM, Maul GG, Jimenez SA. Mononuclear cellular infiltrates in clinically involved skin from
patients with systemic sclerosis of recent onset predominantly consist of monocytes/macrophages.
Pathobiology 1995;63:48–56.
Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S. Soluble adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sE-

selectin), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 in patients with systemic
sclerosis: relationship to organ systemic involvement. Clin Rheumatol 2005;24:111–6.
La Montagna G, Baruffo A, Tirri R, et al. Foot involvement in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal

study of 100 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002;31:248–55.
La Montagna G, Sodano A, Capurro V, et al. The arthropathy of systemic sclerosis: a 12 month

prospective clinical and imaging study. Skeletal Radiol 2005;34:35–41.
Lafyatis R, O'Hara C, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Matteson E. B cell infiltration in systemic sclerosis-

associated interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3167–8.
Leask A, Holmes A, Abraham DJ. Connective tissue growth factor: a new and important player in
the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002;4:136–42.
Lee S, Lee S, Sharma K. The pathogenesis of fibrosis and renal disease in scleroderma: recent
insights from glomerulosclerosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004;6:141–8.
Leite LP, Johnston BT, Barrett J, et al. Ineffective oesophageal motility (IEM): the primary finding in
patients with nonspecific oesophageal motility disorder. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:1859–65.
Lepri G, Guiducci S, Bellando-Randone S, et al. Evidence for ooesophageal and anorectal

involvement in very early systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS): report from a single VEDOSS/EUSTAR
centre. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
107

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
LeRoy EC, Black C, Fleischmajer R, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets
and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol 1988;15:202–5.
LeRoy EC, Medsger TA Jr. Criteria for the classification of early systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol
2001;28:1573–6.
Livi R, Teghini L, Pignone A, et al. Renal functional reserve is impaired in patients with systemic
sclerosis without clinical signs of kidney involvement. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:682–6.
Low AH, Lax M, Johnson SR, Lee P. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hand in systemic
sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2009;36:961–4.
Lunardi C, Dolcino M, Peterlana D, et al. Antibodies against human cytomegalovirus in the

pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: a gene array approach. PLoS Med 2006;3:e2.
Mady C, Fernandes F, Arteaga E, et al. Serum NT pro-BNP: relation to systolic and diastolic
function in cardiomyopathies and pericardiopathies. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008;91:46–54.
Manetti M, Allanore Y, Revillod L, et al. A genetic variation located in the promoter region of the
UPAR (CD87) gene is associated with the vascular complications of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis
Rheum 2011;63:247–56.
Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP, Furst DE, et al. Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to
systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:32–8.
* Matucci-Cerinic M, Kahaleh B, Wigley FM. Review: evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular
disease. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:1953–62.
Mau W, Listing J, Huscher D, et al. Employment across chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases
and comparison with the general population. J Rheumatol 2005;32:721–8.
Mayes MD, Lacey JV Jr, Beebe-Dimmer J, et al. Prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease
characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2246–55.
Medsger TA Jr, Masi AT, Rodnan GP, et al. Survival with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A life-
table analysis of clinical and demographic factors in 309 patients. Ann Intern Med 1971;75:369–76.
Meune C, Avouac J, Wahbi K, et al. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by tissue-
doppler echocardiography during routine care: A controlled study of 100 consecutive patients.
Minier T, Guiducci S, Bellando-Randone S, et al; and the EUSTAR co-workers. Preliminary

analysis of the Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis (VEDOSS) EUSTAR multicentre study:
evidence for puffy fingers as a pivotal sign for suspicion of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis
2013. [Epub ahead of print]
Miyamoto S, Nagaya N, Satoh T, et al. Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute
walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Comparison with cardiopulmonary
exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:487–92.
* Moore OA, Goh N, Corte T, et al. Extent of disease on high-resolution computed tomography
lung is a predictor of decline and mortality in systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease.
108

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Mugino H, Ikemura K. Progressive systemic sclerosis with spontaneous fracture due to resorption
of the mandible: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:1137–9.
Nacci F, Righi A, Conforti ML, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins improve the function and
ameliorate joint involvement in systemic sclerosis: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:977–9.
Neidhart M, Kuchen S, Distler O, Bruhlmann P, Michel BA, Gay RE, et al. Increased serum levels
of antibodies against human cytomegalovirus and prevalence of autoantibodies in systemic
Nelson JL. Microchimerism and HLA relationships of pregnancy: implications for autoimmune
diseases. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;3:222–9.
Nihtyanova SI, Brough GM, Black CM, Denton CP. Clinical burden of digital vasculopathy in limited
and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:120–3.
O'Brodovich H, Coates G. Pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA: a noninvasive assessment of

epithelial integrity. Lung 1987;165:1–16.
Odaka M, Hasegawa M, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Autoantibody-mediated regulation of B cell responses

by functional anti-CD22 autoantibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol
2010;159:176–84.
Ogawa F, Shimizu K, Hara T, et al. Serum levels of heat shock protein 70, a biomarker of cellular
stress, are elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with fibrosis and vascular
damage. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26:659–62.
Ogawa F, Shimizu K, Hara T, et al. Autoantibody against one of the antioxidant repair enzymes,
methionine sulfoxide reductase A, in systemic sclerosis: association with pulmonary fibrosis and
vascular damage. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:27–35.
Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galié N, et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N
Engl J Med 2002;347:322–9.
Ooi GC, Mok MY, Tsang KW, et al. Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Acta Radiol
2003;44:258–64.
Oudiz RJ, Brundage BH, Galiè N, et al; PHIRST Study Group. Tadalafil for the treatment of
pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind 52-week uncontrolled extension study. J Am Coll
Cardiol 2012;60:768–74.
Oudiz RJ, Galie N, Olschewski H, et al. Long-term ambrisentan therapy for the treatment of
pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1971–81.
Paciocco G, Martinez FJ, Bossone E, et al. Oxygen desaturation on the six-minute walk test and
mortality in untreated primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2001;17:647–52.
Pantin CF, Valind SO, Sweatman M, et al. Measures of the inflammatory response in cryptogenic
fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:1234–41.
Peters-Golden M, Wise RA, Hochberg MC, et al. Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity as predictor
of outcome in systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 1984;77:1027–34.
Phan TG, Cass A, Gillin A, et al. Anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies in the diagnosis of
scleroderma renal crisis sine scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2489–92.
109

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Pignone A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Lombardi A, et al. High resolution computed tomography in
systemic sclerosis. Real diagnostic utilities in the assessment of pulmonary involvement and
comparison with other modalities of lung investigation. Clin Rheumatol 1992;11:465–72.
Pignone A, Mori F, Pieri F, et al. Exercise Doppler echocardiography identifies preclinic

asymptomatic pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1108:291–
304.
Poole JL, Gallegos M, O'Linc S. Reliability and validity of the arthritis hand function test in adults
with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Care Res 2000;13:69–73.
Poole JL, Steen VD. The use of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) to determine
physical disability in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res 1991;4:27–31.
Poormoghim H, Lucas M, Fertig N, Medsger TA, Jr. Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma:
demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in forty-eight patients. Arthritis Rheum
2000;43:444–51.
Pope JE. The diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a practical approach. Drugs
2007;67:517–25.
Postlethwaite AE. Role of T cells and cytokines in effecting fibrosis. Int Rev Immunol 1995;12:247–
58.
Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Subcommittee for
scleroderma criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria
Committee. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:581–90.
* Pulido T, Adzerikho I, Channick RN, et al; SERAPHIN Investigators. Macitentan and morbidity
and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2013;369:809–18.
Radstake TR, van Bon L, Broen J, et al. Increased frequency and compromised function of T
regulatory cells in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is related to a diminished CD69 and TGFbeta
expression. PLoS One 2009;4:e5981.
Ramirez A, Varga J. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: clinical manifestations,

pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. Treat Respir Med 2004;3:339–52.
Ranque B, Authier FJ, Le-Guern V, et al. A descriptive and prognostic study of systemic sclerosis-
associated myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1474–7.
Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wallaert B, et al. Pulmonary involvement in progressive systemic

sclerosis: sequential evaluation with CT, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage.
Radiology 1993;188:499–506.
Renaudineau Y, Revelen R, Levy Y, et al. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic sclerosis.

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6:156–60.
Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective
study. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:216–23.
Rodnan GP, Medsger TA. The rheumatic manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma). Clin Orthop Relat Res 1968;57:81–93
Sakkas LI, Xu B, Artlett CM, et al. Oligoclonal T cell expansion in the skin of patients with systemic
110
sclerosis. J Immunol 2002;168:3649–59.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Scharer L, Smith DW. Resorption of the terminal phalanges in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum
1969;12:51–63.
Schmidt K, Martinez-Gamboa L, Meier S, et al. Bronchoalveoloar lavage fluid cytokines and

chemokines as markers and predictors for the outcome of interstitial lung disease in systemic
sclerosis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R111.
Shibukawa G, Irisawa A, Sakamoto N, et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) associated
with systemic sclerosis: relapse after endoscopic treatment by argon plasma coagulation. Intern
Med 2007;46:279–83.
Simonneau G, Barst RJ, Galie N, et al. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of treprostinil, a

prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind,
randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:800–4.
Sitbon O, Humbert M, Jais X, et al. Long-term response to calcium channel blockers in idiopathic
pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2005;111:3105–11.
Sjogren RW. Gastrointestinal motility disorders in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:1265–82.
Steen V. Predictors of end stage lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:97–
9.
Steen V, Domsic RT, Lucas M, et al. A clinical and serologic comparison of African American and
Caucasian patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:2986–94.
Steen V, Medsger TA, Jr. Predictors of isolated pulmonary hypertension in patients with systemic
sclerosis and limited cutaneous involvement. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:516–22.
Steen VD. Scleroderma renal crisis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1996;22:861–78.
Steen VD, Conte C, Owens GR, Medsger TA Jr. Severe restrictive lung disease in systemic
Steen VD, Costantino JP, Shapiro AP, Medsger TA Jr. Outcome of renal crisis in systemic
sclerosis: relation to availability of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Ann Intern Med
1990;113:352–7.
Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse
scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2437–44.
Steen VD, Medsger TA, Jr. The palpable tendon friction rub: an important physical examination
finding in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1146–51.
Strange C, Bolster MB, Roth MD, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and response to
cyclophosphamide in scleroderma interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2008;177:91–8.
Susskind H. Technetium-99m-DTPA aerosol to measure alveolar-capillary membrane permeability.

J Nucl Med 1994;35:207–9.
Svegliati S, Cancello R, Sambo P, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) regulate Ras protein levels in primary human fibroblasts via ERK1/2. Amplification of ROS
and Ras in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2005;280:36474–82.
111

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
* Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ, et al. Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma
lung disease. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2655–66.
Thompson AE, Shea B, Welch V, et al. Calcium-channel blockers for Raynaud's phenomenon in
Tiev KP, Cabane J. Digestive tract involvement in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2011;11:68–
73–65.
Travis WD, Hunninghake G, King TE Jr, et al. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: report
of an American Thoracic Society project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:1338–47.
Tuffanelli DL. Scleroderma and its relationship to the “collagenoses”: dermatomyositis, lupus
erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome. Am J Med Sci 1962;243:133–46.
Tuffanelli DL, Winkelmann RK. Systemic scleroderma, A clinical study of 727 cases. Arch Dermatol
1961;84:359–71.
Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of

systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003;3:1041–9.
Vacca A, Cormier C, Piras M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in 2 independent cohorts
of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1924–9.
* Vacca A, Meune C, Gordon J, et al; on behalf of the Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium
(SCTC) Cardiac Subcommittee. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects in systemic sclerosis.
van Bon L, Affandi AJ, Broen J, et al. Proteome-wide analysis and CXCL4 as a biomarker in
systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2014;370:433–43.
*van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis:
an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative.
Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1747–55.
van den Hoogen FH, Boerbooms AM, Swaak AJ, et al. Comparison of methotrexate with placebo
in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomised double-blind trial, followed by a 24
week observational trial. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:364–72.
Varga J, Jimenez SA. Cutaneous sclerosis localised to one limb after immobilisation in a patient
with CREST syndrome. J Rheumatol 1987;14:637–8.
Volkmann ER, Saggar R, Khanna D, et al. Improved transplant-free survival in patients with
systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease. Arthritis
Rheumatol 2014;66:1900–8.
Wegener M, Adamek RJ, Wedmann B, et al. Gastrointestinal transit through esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestine in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Dig Dis Sci
1994;39:2209–15.
Wells AU, Hansell DM, Harrison NK, et al. Clearance of inhaled 99mTc-DTPA predicts the clinical
course of fibrosing alveolitis. Eur Respir J 1993;6:797–802.
Wells AU, Hansell DM, Rubens MB, et al. Fibrosing alveolitis in systemic sclerosis: indices of lung
function in relation to extent of disease on computed tomography. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1229–
112
36.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
White B. Immunopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1996;22:695–708.
White B, Moore WC, Wigley FM, et al. Cyclophosphamide is associated with pulmonary function
and survival benefit in patients with scleroderma and alveolitis. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:947–54.
Williams MH, Handler CE, Akram R, et al. Role of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-TproBNP)
in scleroderma-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1485–94.
Wipff J, Allanore Y, Soussi F, et al. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in systemic sclerosis.

Wipff J, Coriat R, Masciocchi M, et al. Outcomes of Barrett's oesophagus related to systemic

sclerosis: a 3-year EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research prospective follow-up study.
Wipff J, Dieude P, Guedj M, et al. Association of KCNA5 gene polymorphism with systemic
sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the European Caucasian population.
Yamane K. Endothelin and collagen vascular disease: a review with special reference to
Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Intern Med 1994;33:579–82.
Zamost BJ, Hirschberg J, Ippoliti AF, et al. Esophagitis in scleroderma. Prevalence and risk
factors. Gastroenterology 1987;92:421–8.
Alexanderson H. Exercise effects in patients with adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr
Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, McHugh NJ. Novel autoantibodies and clinical phenotypes in adult
and juvenile myositis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:209.
*Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med
1975;292:344–7.
*Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J
Med1975;292: 403–7.
Cappelletti CBF, Baggi F, Zolezzi F, et al. Type I interferon and Toll-like receptor expression
characterizes inflammatory myopathies. Neurology 2011;76:2079–88.
*Casciola-Rosen L, Nagaraju K, Plotz P, et al. Enhanced autoantigen expression in regenerating

muscle cells in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. J Exp Med 2005;201:591–601.
Dastmalchi M, Grundtman C, Alexanderson H, et al. A high incidence of disease flares in an open

pilot study of infliximab in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:1670–7.
*Del Grande F, Carrino JA, Del Grande M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory
myopathies. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2011;22:39–43.
113

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Efthimiou P, Schwartzman S, Kagen LJ. Possible role for tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in the
treatment of resistant dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a retrospective study of eight patients.
Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1233–6.
Georgantas RW, Streicher K, Greenberg SA, et al. Inhibition of myogenic microRNAs 1, 33, and
206 by inflammatory cytokines links inflammation and muscle degeneration in adult inflammatory
myopathies. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:1022–33
*Ghirardello A, Bassi N, Palma L, et al. Autoantibodies in Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. Curr

Rheumatol Rep 2013;15:335.
Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Iaccarino L, et al. Anti-Mi-2 antibodies. Autoimunity 2005;38:79–83.
Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Tarricone E, et al. Cutting edge issues in polymyositis. Clinic Rev Allerg
Immunol 2011;41:179–89.
*Greenberg SA. A gene expression approach to study perturbed pathways in myositis. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 2007;19:536–41.
Greenberg SA. Biomarkers of inclusion body myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013;25:753–62.
Greenberg SA, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, et al. Interferon-alpha/beta-mediated innate immune
mechanisms in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol 2005;57:664–78.
Griggs RC. The current status of treatment for inclusion-body myositis. Neurology 2006:66:S30–
32.
Griggs RC, Askanas V, Di Mauro S, et al. Inclusion body myositis and myopathies. Ann Neurol
1995;38:705–13.
*Hengstman GJ, ter Laak HJ, Vree Egberts WT, et al. Anti-signal recognition particle
autoantibodies: marker of a necrotizing myopathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2006a;65:1635–8.
Hengstman GJD, ter Laak HJ, Vree Egberts WT, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with
myositis and autoantibodies to different fragments of the Mi-2β antigen. Ann Rheum Dis
2006b;65:242–5.
*Iaccarino L, Gatto M, Bettio S, et al. Overlap connective tissue disease syndromes. Autoimmun
Rev 2013;12:363–73.
Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG. Muscle testing and function. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams
& Wilkins, 1993.
Malström V, Venalis P, Albrecht I. T cells in myositis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:230.
Oddis C, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile
dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum
2013;65:314–24.
*Suber TL, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. Mechanisms of disease: autoantigens as clues to the

pathogenesis of myositis. Nat Clin Pract Rheum 2008;4:201–9.
Tarricone E, Ghirardello A, Rampudda M, et al. Anti-SAE antibodies in autoimmune myositis:

identification by unlabelled protein immunoprecipitation in an Italian patient cohort. J Immunol
Methods 2012;384:128–34.
114

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Tournadre A, Miossec P. A critical role for immature muscle precursors in myositis. Nat Rev
Rheumatol 2013;9:438–42.
*Troyanov Y, Targoff IN, Tremblay JL, et al. Novel classification of idiopathic inflammatory
myopathies based on overlap syndrome features and autoantibodies: analysis of 100 French
Canadian patients. Medicine 2005;84:231–49.
Vitadello M, Doria A, Tarricone E, et al. Myofiber stress-response in myositis: parallel

investigations on patients and experimental animal models of muscle regeneration. Arthritis Res
Ther 2010;12:R52.
Weber MA. Ultrasound in the inflammatory myopathies. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1154:159–70.
*Zampieri S, Valente M, Adami N, et al. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis and malignancy: a further

intriguing link. Autoimmun Rev 2010;9:449–53.
Abdulahad WH, Stegeman CA, van der Geld YM, et al. Functional defect of circulating regulatory
CD4+ T cells in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis in remission. Arthritis Rheum
2007;56:2080–91.
Abu-Shakra M, Smythe H, Lewtas J, et al. Outcome of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss

syndrome. An analysis of twenty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:1798–803.
Adu D, Howie AJ, Scott DG, et al. Polyarteritis and the kidney. Q J Med 1987;62:221–3.
Allenbach Y, Seror R, Pagnoux C, et al. High frequency of venous thromboembolic events in

Churg-Strauss syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis but not
polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study on 1130 patients. Ann Rheum Dis
2009;68:564–7.
Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M, et al. Wegener's granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen
between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research
Committee. Q J Med 1992;83:427–38.
Aouba A, Pagnoux C, Bienvenu B, et al. Analysis of Wegener's granulomatosis responses to

rituximab: current evidence and therapeutic prospects. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008;34:65–73.
Aries PM, Hellmich B, Voswinkel J, et al. Lack of efficacy of rituximab in Wegener's granulomatosis
with refractory granulomatous manifestations. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:853–8.
Baldini C, Della Rossa A, Grossi S, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-
up of 38 patients from a single Italian centre. Reumatismo 2009;61:118–24.
Bansal PJ, Tobin MC. Neonatal microscopic polyangiitis secondary to transfer of maternal
myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody resulting in neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage
and renal involvement. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004;93:398–401.
Berden AE, Ferrario F, Hagen EC, et al. Histopathologic classification of ANCA-associated

glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:1628–36.
Bourgarit A, Le Toumelin P, Pagnoux C, et al. Deaths occurring during the first year after treatment
onset for polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a 115

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
retrospective analysis of causes and factors predictive of mortality based on 595 patients. Medicine
(Baltimore) 2005;84:323–30.
Cao Y, Schmitz JL, Yang J, et al. DRB1*15 allele is a risk factor for PR3-ANCA disease in African
Americans. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1161–7.
Cartin-Ceba R, Keogh KA, Specks U, et al. Rituximab for the treatment of Churg-Strauss
syndrome with renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:2865–71.
Cartin-Ceba R, Peikert T, Specks U. Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol

Rep 2012;14:481–93.
Casian A, Jayne D. Plasma exchange in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis, microscopic

polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and renal limited vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol
2011;23:12–17.
Chen M, Kallenberg CG, Zhao MH. ANCA-negative pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis.

Nat Rev Nephrol 2009;5:313–18.
Chumbley LC, Harrison EG Jr, DeRemee RA. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss
syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1977;52:477–84.
Churg J, Strauss L. Allergic angiitis and periarteritis nodosa. Am J Pathol 1951;27:277–301.
Cohen P, Pagnoux C, Mahr A, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome with poor-prognosis factors: a

prospective multicenter trial comparing glucocorticoids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses
in forty-eight patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:686–93.
Comarmond C, et al. Churg–Strauss syndrome: description and long-term follow-up of the 383
patients enrolled in the FVSG cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:84.
Csernok E, Ai M, Gross WL, et al. Wegener autoantigen induces maturation of dendritic cells and
licenses them for Th1 priming via the protease-activated receptor-2 pathway. Blood
2006;107:4440–8.
Damianovich M, Gilburd B, George J, et al. Pathogenic role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in

vasculitis. An idiotypic experimental model. J Immunol 1996;156:4946–51.
D'Agati V, Chander P, Nash M, et al. Idiopathic microscopic polyarteritis nodosa: ultrastructural

observations on the renal vascular and glomerular lesions. Am J Kidney Dis 1986;7:95–110.
*de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of
remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann
Intern Med 2009;150:670–80.
*de Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA, et al. Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus
methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-
associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2461–9.
de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Hauer HA, Wolterbeek R, et al. Clinical and histologic determinants
of renal outcome in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a prospective analysis of 100 patients with severe
renal involvement. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2264–74.
de Menthon M, Mahr A. Treating polyarteritis nodosa: current state of the art. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2011;29:S110–16.
116

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Deniz K, Ozşeker HS, Balas S, et al. Intestinal involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J
Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007;6:329–331.
Dennert RM, van Paassen P, Schalla S, et al. Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Devaney KO, Travis WD, Hoffman G, et al. Interpretation of head and neck biopsies in Wegener's
granulomatosis. A pathologic study of 126 biopsies in 70 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:555–
64.
Duna GF, Galperin C, Hoffman GS. Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am
1995;21:949–86.
Eleftheriou D, Melo M, Marks SD, et al. Biologic therapy in primary systemic vasculitis of the
young. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:978–86.
Exley AR, Bacon PA, Luqmani RA, et al. Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis
Damage Index for the standardized clinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides.
Fauci AS, Haynes B, Katz P, et al. The spectrum of vasculitis: clinical, pathologic, immunologic and
therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 1978;89:660–76.
Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, et al. Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and
therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:76–85.
Finkielman JD, Merkel PA, Schroeder D, et al. Antiproteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic

antibodies and disease activity in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:611–9.
*Flossmann O, Berden A, de Groot K, et al. Long-term patient survival in ANCA-associated

vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:488–94.
Furukawa F. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: an update. Ann Vasc Dis 2012;5:282–8.
Gaffo AL. Thrombosis in vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013;27:57–67.
Gayraud M, Guillevin L, le Toumelin P, et al. Long-term followup of polyarteritis nodosa,

microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: analysis of four prospective trials including
278 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:666–75.
Godman GC, Churg J. Wegener's granulomatosis: pathology and review of the literature. AMA
Arch Pathol 1954;58:533–53.
Guerry MJ, Brogan P, Bruce IN, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab in antineutrophil
cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2012;51:634–43.
*Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory

findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999a;42:421–30.
Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term
follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999b;78:26–37.
Guillevin L, Cordier JF, Lhote F, et al. A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing
steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versus steroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment
of generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:2187–98.
117

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Guillevin L, Guittard T, Bletry O, et al. Systemic necrotizing angiitis with asthma: causes and
precipitating factors in 43 cases. Lung 1987;165:165–72.
Guillevin L, Mahr A, Callard P, et al. Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa: clinical

characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 115 patients. Medicine (Baltimore)
2005;84:313–22.
Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss
syndrome. A prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1996;75:17–28.
*Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Seror R, et al. The Five-Factor Score revisited: assessment of prognoses
of systemic necrotizing vasculitides based on the French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG) cohort.
Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;90:19–27.
Haas C, Geneau C, Odinot JM, et al. Allergic angiitis with granulomatosis: Churg-Strauss
syndrome. Retrospective study of 16 cases. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1991;142:335–42.
Hazlewood GS, Metzler C, Tomlinson GA, et al. Non-biologic remission maintenance therapy in
adult patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Heckmann M, Holle JU, Arning L, et al. The Wegener's granulomatosis quantitative trait locus on
chromosome 6p21.3 as characterised by tagSNP genotyping. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:972–9.
Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Tervaert JW, et al. Animal models of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 1998;53:253–63.
Hellmich B, Flossmann O, Gross WL, et al. EULAR recommendations for conducting clinical
studies and/or clinical trials in systemic vasculitis: focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-
associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:605–17.
Henegar C, Pagnoux C, Puéchal X, et al. A paradigm of diagnostic criteria for polyarteritis nodosa:
analysis of a series of 949 patients with vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1528–38.
Herrmann K, Gross WL, Moosig F. Extended follow-up after stopping mepolizumab in

relapsing/refractory Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:S62–65.
*Hiemstra TF, Walsh M, Mahr A, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission
maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled
trial. JAMA 2010;304:2381–8.
Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann
Intern Med 1992;116:488–98.
Holle JU, Gross WL, Holl-Ulrich K, et al. Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with localised
Wegener's granulomatosis: does it occur as persistent disease stage? Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:1934–9.
Hu W, Liu C, Xie H, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for inducing remission
of ANCA vasculitis with moderate renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:1307–1312.
Huang H, Wang YX, Jiang CG, et al. A retrospective study of microscopic polyangiitis patients
presenting with pulmonary fibrosis in China. BMC Pulm Med 2014;14:8.
Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, et al. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis
118
associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 2003;349:36–44.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA-associated systemic
vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 2000;93:433–9.
Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, et al. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage
methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol
2007;18:2180–8.
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an
international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:187–92.
*Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Gasim AH. Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody
vasculitis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011a;20:263–70.
Jennette JC, Falk RJ. L1. Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis: observations, theories and
speculations. Presse Med 2013;42:493–8.
*Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus
Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:1–11.
Jennette JC, Xiao H, Falk R, et al. Experimental models of vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
induced by antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Contrib Nephrol 2011b;169:211–20.
*Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-
associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363:211–20.
Jones R, Walsh M. A randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for

remission induction in ANCA-associated vasculitis: MYCYC [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol
2012;23:3B.
Josselin L, et al. Infliximab efficacy and safety against refractory systemic necrotising vasculitides:
long-term follow-up of 15 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1343–6.
Kain R. L29. Relevance of anti-LAMP-2 in vasculitis: why the controversy. Presse Med
2013;42:584–8.
Kain R, Exner M, Brandes R, et al. Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune focal necrotizing

glomerulonephritis. Nat Med 2008;14:1088–96.
Kain R, Tadema H, McKinney EF, et al. High prevalence of autoantibodies to hlamp-2 in anti-
neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:556–566.
Kallenberg CG. Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis, an update. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol
2011;41:224–31.
Kallenberg CG, Heeringa P. Complement is crucial in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated

vasculitis. Kidney Int 2013;83:16–18.
Kantari C, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Amir-Moazami O, et al. Proteinase 3, the Wegener autoantigen, is

externalized during neutrophil apoptosis: evidence for a functional association with phospholipid
scramblase 1 and interference with macrophage phagocytosis. Blood 2007;110:4086–95.
Khan A, Lawson CA, Quinn MA, et al. Successful treatment of ANCA-negative Wegener’s
granulomatosis with rituximab. Int J Rheumatol 2010;2010:846063.
Kim S, Marigowda G, Oren E, et al. Mepolizumab as a steroid-sparing treatment option in patients

119
with Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:1336–1343.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kluger N, Pagnoux C, Guillevin L, et al. Comparison of cutaneous manifestations in systemic
polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:615–20.
Koldingsnes W, Nossent JC. Baseline features and initial treatment as predictors of remission and
relapse in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Rheumatol 2003;30:80–8.
Kussmaul A, Maier R. Ueber eine bisher nicht beschriebene eigenthümliche Arterienerkrankung

(Periarteritis nodosa), die mit Morbus Brightii und rapid fortschreitender allgemeiner
Muskellähmung einhergeht. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1866;1:484–518.
Lane SE, Watts R, Scott DG, et al. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. Current Rheumatol Rep
2005;7:270–5.
Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, et al. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical
approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1984;63:65–81.
Laurino S, Chaudhry A, Booth A, et al. Prospective study of TNFalpha blockade with adalimumab
in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant
2010;25:3307–3314.
Leavitt RY Fauci AS, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the
classification of Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1101–7.
Lightfoot RW Jr, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria
for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1088–93.
Little MA, Bhangal G, Smyth CL, et al. Therapeutic effect of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies in an
experimental model of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. J Am Soc
Nephrol 2006;17:160–9.
Lobo I, Ferreira M, Silva E, et al. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa treated with intravenous
immunoglobulins. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:880–2.
Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, et al. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic
necrotizing vasculitis. QJM 1994;87:671–8.
*Luqmani RA, Exley AR, Kitas GD, Bacon PA. Disease assessment and management of the
vasculitides. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997;11:423–46.
*Lynch JP 3rd, Tazelaar H. Wegener granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis): evolving

concepts in treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011;32:274–97.
Lyons P, Rayner TF, Trivedi S, et al. Genetically distinct subsets within ANCA-associated
vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2012;367:214–223.
Mahr A, Heijl C, Le Guenno G, Faurschou M. ANCA-associated vasculitis and malignancy: current

evidence for cause and consequence relationships. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013;27:45–
56.
Marmursztejn J, Vignaux O, Cohen P, et al. Impact of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for
assessment of Churg-Strauss syndrome: a cross-sectional study in 20 patients. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2009;27:S70–6.
Martinez V, Cohen P, Pagnoux C, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins for relapses of systemic

vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: results of a multicenter,
120
prospective, open-label study of twenty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:308–17.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the
classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis). Arthritis Rheum
1990;33:1094–100.
McGregor JG, Hogan SL, Hu Y, et al. Glucocorticoids and relapse and infection rates in anti-
neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:240–7.
Merkel PA, Lo GH, Holbrook JT, et al. Brief communication: high incidence of venous thrombotic
events among patients with Wegener granulomatosis: the Wegener's Clinical Occurrence of
Thrombosis (WeCLOT) Study. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:620–6.
Metzler C, Miehle N, Manger K, et al. Elevated relapse rate under oral methotrexate versus
leflunomide for maintenance of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2007;46:1087–91.
Mohammad AJ, Jacobsson LT, Mahr AD, et al. Prevalence of Wegener's granulomatosis,
microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome within a defined
population in southern Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:1329–37.
Mohammad AJ, Jacobsson LT, Westman KW, et al. Incidence and survival rates in Wegener's
granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and polyarteritis nodosa.
Molloy ES, Calabrese LH. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with

immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: evolving role of biologic therapies. Arthritis
Rheum 2012;64:3043–51.
Molloy ES, Calabrese LH. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a national estimate of

frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum
2009;60:3761–5.
Moosig F, Gross WL, Herrmann K, et al. Targeting interleukin-5 in refractory and relapsing Churg-
Strauss syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:341–343.
*Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary
small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009a;68:310–7.
*Mukhtyar C, Lee R, Brown D, et al. Modification and validation of the Birmingham Vasculitis
Activity Score (version 3). Ann Rheum Dis 2009b;68:1827–32.
Ntatsaki E, Carruthers D, Chakravarty K, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline for the management of
adults with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;pii: ket445. [Epub ahead of
print]
Ogbogu PU, Bochner BS, Butterfield JH, et al. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: a multicenter,
retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and response to therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol
2009;124:1319–25.
Ormerod AS, Cook MC. Epidemiology of primary systemic vasculitis in the Australian Capital
Territory and south-eastern New South Wales. Intern Med J, 2008;38:816–823.
Ozen S, Anton J, Arisoy N, et al. Juvenile polyarteritis: results of a multicenter survey of 110
children. J Pediatr 2004;14:517–522.
*Ozen S, Ruperto N, Dillon MJ, et al. EULAR/PRES endorsed consensus criteria for the
classification of childhood vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:936–41. 121

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Pagnoux C. Churg-Strauss syndrome: evolving concepts. Discov Med 2010;9:243–52.
Pagnoux C, Guillevin L. How can patient care be improved beyond medical treatment? Best Pract
Res Clin Rheumatol 2005a;19:337–44.
Pagnoux C, Guillevin L. Peripheral neuropathy in systemic vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol

2005b;17:41–8.
Pagnoux C, Cohen P, Guillevin L. et al. Vasculitides secondary to infections. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2006;24:S71–81.
Pagnoux C, Hogan SL, Chin H, et al. Predictors of treatment resistance and relapse in
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis: Comparison of two
independent cohorts. Arthritis Rheum 2008a;58:2908–18.
Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Cohen P, et al. Presentation and outcome of gastrointestinal involvement in

systemic necrotizing vasculitides: analysis of 62 patients with polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic
polyangiitis, wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, or rheumatoid arthritis-associated
vasculitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005;84:115–28.
*Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA, et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA
associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2008b;359:2790–803.
*Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with
polyarteritis nodosa: A systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and
2005 and entered into the French vasculitis study group database. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:616–
26.
Pagnoux C, Stubbe M, Lifermann F, et al. Wegener's granulomatosis strictly and persistently

localized to one organ is rare: assessment of 16 patients from the French Vasculitis Study Group
database. J Rheumatol 2011;38:475–8.
Pendergraft WF 3rd, Preston GA, Shah RR, et al. Autoimmunity is triggered by cPR-3(105-201), a
protein complementary to human autoantigen proteinase-3. Nat Med 2004;10:72–9.
Peng X, Ramström S, Kurz T, et al. The neutrophil serine protease PR3 induces shape change of
platelets via the Rho/Rho kinase and Ca(2+) signaling pathways. Thromb Res 2014;134:418–25.
*Pfister H, Ollert M, Fröhlich LF, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies against the murine
homolog of proteinase 3 (Wegener autoantigen) are pathogenic in vivo. Blood 2004;104:1411–8.
Primo VC, Marusic S, Franklin CC, et al. Anti-PR3 immune responses induce segmental and
necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;159:327–37.
Prince AM, Trepo C. Role of immune complexes involving SH antigen in pathogenesis of chronic
active hepatitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Lancet 1971;1:1309–12.
Puéchal X, Guillevin L. Therapeutic immunomodulation in systemic vasculitis: taking stock. Joint

Bone Spine 2013;80:374–9.
Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U, et al. An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients

with Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum
2000;43:1021–32. Erratum in: Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2379.
122

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Ribi C, Cohen P, Pagnoux C, et al. Treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome without poor-prognosis
factors: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study of seventy-two patients. Arthritis
Rheum 2008;58:586–594.
Ribi C, Cohen P, Pagnoux C, et al. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis
without poor-prognosis factors: A prospective randomized study of one hundred twenty-four
patients. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:1186–97.
Robson J, Doll H, Suppiah R, et al. Damage in ANCA-associated vasculitides: long-term data from
the European Vasculitis Study group (EUVAS) therapeutic trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203927.
Roth AJ, Brown MC, Smith RN, et al. Anti-LAMP-2 antibodies are not prevalent in patients with
antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:545–555.
Roufosse F. L4. Eosinophils: how they contribute to endothelial damage and dysfunction. Presse
Med 2013;42:503–7.
Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Sene D, et al. Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin

compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood
2010;116: 326–34;quiz 504–5.
Saadoun D, Terrier B, Semoun O, et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis

Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63:427–35.
Sable-Fourtassou R, Cohen P, Mahr A, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and the Churg-
Strauss syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:632–8.
Saito H, Tsurikisawa N, Tsuburai T, et al. Cytokine production profile of CD4+ T cells from patients
with active Churg-Strauss syndrome tends towards Th17. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009;149:61–5.
Savage CO, Winearls CG, Evans DJ, et al. Microscopic polyarteritis: presentation, pathology and
prognosis. Q J Med 1985;56:467–83.
Schreiber A, Xiao H, Jennette JC, et al. C5a receptor mediates neutrophil activation and ANCA-
induced glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:289–98.
Serra A, Cameron JS, Turner DR, et al. Vasculitis affecting the kidney: presentation,
histopathology and long-term outcome. Q J Med 1984;53:181–207.
Seror R, Pagnoux C, Ruivard M, et al. Treatment strategies and outcome of induction-refractory

Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis: analysis of 32 patients with first-line
induction-refractory disease in the WEGENT trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:2125–30.
Silva F, Seo P, Schroeder DR, et al. Solid malignancies among patients with Wegener's
granulomatosis treated with etanercept: Long-term follow-up of a multicenter longitudinal cohort.
Silva F, Specks U, Sethi S, et al. Successful pregnancy and delivery of a healthy newborn despite
transplacental transfer of antimyeloperoxidase antibodies from a mother with microscopic
polyangiitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54:542–5.
Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2926–35.
123

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Solans R, Bosch JA, Pérez-Bocanegra C, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term
follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40:763–71.
Stassen PM, Derks RP, Kallenberg CG, Stegeman CA. Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-
associated vasculitis–incidence and risk factors. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:530–534.
Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG. Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (co-
trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med
1996;335:16–20.
Stone JH; Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research Group. Limited versus severe
Wegener's granulomatosis: baseline data on patients in the Wegener's granulomatosis etanercept
Stone JH, Hoffman GS, Merkel PA, et al. A disease-specific activity index for Wegener's
granulomatosis: modification of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score. International Network for
the Study of the Systemic Vasculitides (INSSYS). Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:912–920.
*Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated
vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363:221–32.
Terrier B, Bièche I, Maisonobe T, et al. Interleukin-25: a cytokine linking eosinophils and adaptive
immunity in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Blood 2010;116:4523–31.
Terrier B, Pagnoux C, Karras A, et al. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis: follow up at 39 months. ACR/ARPH
2013; Abstract 2783.
Thiel J, Hassler F, Salzer U, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory or relapsing eosinophilic
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:R133.
*Tomasson G, Grayson PC, Mahr AD, et al. Value of ANCA measurements during remission to
predict a relapse of ANCA-associated vasculitis – a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2012;5:100–9.
Trepo C, Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa and extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection: the
case against autoimmune intervention in pathogenesis. J Autoimmun 2001;16:269–74.
Trepo C, Thivolet J. Hepatitis associated antigen and periarteritis nodosa (PAN). Vox Sang
1970;19:410–1.
Vaglio A, Buzio C, Zwerina J. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): state

of the art. Allergy 2013;68:261–73.
van der Woude FJ. Anticytoplasmic antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet 1985;2:48.
Vega Gutierrez J, Rodriguez Prieto MA, Garcia Ruiz JM. Successful treatment of childhood
cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with infliximab. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:570–1.
Wada T, Hara A, Arimura Y, et al. Research group of intractable vasculitis, Ministry of Health,
Labor, and Welfare of Japan. Risk factors associated with relapse in Japanese patients with
microscopic polyangiitis. J Rheumatol 2012;39:545–51.
Walsh M, Faurschou M, Berden A, et al. Long-term follow-up of cyclophosphamide compared with

azathioprine for initial maintenance therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
124
2014;pii: CJN.00100114. [Epub ahead of print].
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Walsh M, Flossmann O, Berden A, et al. European Vasculitis Study Group. Risk factors for
relapse of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:542–
8
Walsh M, Catapano F, Szpirt W, et al. Plasma exchange for renal vasculitis and idiopathic rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57:566–74.
Walsh M, Merkel PA, Mahr A, et al. Effects of duration of glucocorticoid therapy on relapse rate in
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a metaanalysis. Arthritis Care Res
(Hoboken) 2010;62:1166–73.
Watts RA, Lane SE, Scott DG, et al. Epidemiology of vasculitis in Europe. Ann Rheum Dis
2001;60:1156–1157.
Watts RA, Mooney J, Mukhtyar C, et al. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) and
microscopic polyangiitis show different pattern of occurence. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:84.
Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group. Etanercept plus standard
therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:351–61.
Xiao H, Ciavatta D, Aylor DL, et al. Genetically determined severity of anti-myeloperoxidase

glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 2013;182:1219–26.
Xiao H, Heeringa P, Liu Z, et al. The role of neutrophils in the induction of glomerulonephritis by
anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. Am J Pathol 2005;167:39–45.
*Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for

myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2002;110:955–63.
Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, et al. How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy
findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med 1994; 120;987–92.
Amoli MM, Shelley E, Mattey DL, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms in
isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 2002;29;502–4.
Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J, Garcia-Porrua C, et al. Audiovestibular manifestations in giant cell

arteritis: a prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:13–26.
Andersson R, Malmvall BE, Bengtsson BA. Acute phase reactants in the initial phase of giant cell
arteritis. Acta Med Scand 1986;220:365–7.
Arida A, Kyprianou M, Kanakis M, Sfikakis PP. The diagnostic value of ultrasonography-derived

edema of the temporal artery wall in giant cell arteritis: a second meta-analysis. BMC
Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:44.
Aschwanden M, Kesten F, Stern M, et al. Vascular involvement in patients with giant cell arteritis
determined by duplex sonography of 2x11 arterial regions. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1356–9.
Baerlecken NT, Linnemann A, Gross WL, et al. Association of ferritin autoantibodies with giant cell
arteritis/Polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:943–7.
125

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bahlas S, Ramos-Remus C, Davis P. Clinical outcome of 149 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica
and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 1998;25:99–104.
Bajocchi G, Zamorani G, Cavazza A, et al. Giant-cell arteritis of the female genital tract associated
with occult temporal arteritis and FDG-PET evidence of large vessel vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2007;25:S36–S39.
Baldursson O, Steinsson K, Björnsson J, Lie JT. Giant cell arteritis in Iceland. An epidemiologic
and histopathologic analysis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:1007–12.
Bas-Lando M, Breuer GS, Berkun Y, et al. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a
25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007;25:S15–7.
Berger CT, Wolbers M, Meyer P, et al. High incidence of severe ischaemic complications in
patients with giant cell arteritis irrespective of platelet count and size, and platelet inhibition.
Besson FL, Parienti JJ, Bienvenu B, et al. Diagnostic performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose

positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J
Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:1764–72.
Bird HA, Esselinckx W, Dixon AS, et al. An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann
Rheum Dis 1979;38:434–9.
Bley TA, Reinhard M, Hauenstein C, et al. Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution
magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum
2008;58:2574–8.
Bley TA, Weiben O, Uhl M, et al. Assessment of the cranial involvement pattern of giant cell
arteritis with 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2005a;52;2470–7.
Bley TA, Wieben O, Uhl M, et al. High-resolution MRI in giant cell arteritis: imaging of the wall of
the superficial temporal artery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005b;184;283–7.
Blockmans D, De Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, et al. Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose

positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis
Rheum 2006;55:131–7.
Blockmans D, De Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, et al. Repetitive 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron

emission tomography in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study in 35 patients.
Boesen P, Sorensen SF. Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a
Danish county: a prospective investigation, 1982-1985. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:294–9.
Bossert M, Prati C, Balblanc JC, et al. Aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis: current data. Joint
Bone Spine 2011;78:246–51.
Both M, Ahmadi-Simab K, Reuter M, et al. MRI and FDG-PET in the assessment of inflammatory
aortic arch syndrome in complicated courses of giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1030–
3.
Breuer GS, Nesher G, Nesher R. Rate of discordant findings in bilateral temporal artery biopsy to
diagnose giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2009a;36:794–6.
126

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Breuer GS, Nesher R, Nesher G. Effect of biopsy length on the rate of positive temporal artery
biopsies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009b;27:S10–3.
Calamia KT, Hunder GG. Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) presenting as fever of
undetermined origin. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:1414–8.
Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the
evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up
study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;30:17–24.
Cantini F, Niccoli L, Salvarani C, et al. Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with
infliximab: report of four cases. Arthritis Rheum 2001a;44:2933–5.
Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, et al. Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia

rheumatica: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 2001b;28:1049–55.
Cantini F, Salvarani C, Niccoli L, et al. Fat suppression magnetic resonance imaging in shoulders
of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 2004;31:120–4.
Caporali R, Cimmino MA, Ferraccioli G, et al. Prednisone plus methotrexate for polymyalgia
rheumatica: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;l141:493–
500.
Caselli RJ, Daube JR, Hunder GG, Whisnant JP. Peripheral neuropathic syndromes in giant cell
(temporal) arteritis. Neurology 1988a;38:685–9.
Caselli RJ, Hunder GG, Whisnant JP. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal)
arteritis. Neurology 1988b;38:352–9.
Catanoso MG, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, et al. Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with
etanercept: an open pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1514–9.
Chuang TY, Hunder GG, Ilstrup DM, Kurland LT. Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic
and clinical study. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:672–80.
Cid MC, Font C, Oristrell J, et al. Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk
of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis.
Cimmino MA, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, et al. Pulse steroid treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin
Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:381–2.
Cutolo M, Cimmino MA, Sulli A. Polymyalgia rheumatica versus late-onset rheumatoid arthritis.
Dababneh A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, et al. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia
rheumatica can be differentiated by distinct patterns of HLA class II association. J Rheumatol
1998;25:2140–5.
Dasgupta B, Salvarani C, Schirmer M, et al. Developing classification criteria for polymyalgia

rheumatica: comparison of views from an expert panel and wider survey. J Rheumatol
2008;35:270–7.
*Dasgupta B, Cimmino MA, Maradit Kremers H, et al. 2012 provisional classification criteria for
polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/ American College of
127
Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2012a;71:484–92.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Dasgupta B, Cimmino MA, Maradit Kremers H, et al. 2012 provisional classification criteria for
polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/ American College of
Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2012b;64:943–54.
De Silva M, Hazleman BL. Azathioprine in giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-

blind study. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45:136–8.
Delecoeuillerie G, Joly P, Cohen DL, Paolaggi JB. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a
retrospective analysis of prognostic features and different corticosteroid regimens (11 year survey
of 210 patients). Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:733–9.
Duhaut P, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, et al. Giant cell arteritis and cardiovascular risk factors.
A multicentre, prospective case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1960–5.
Duhaut P, Bosshard S, Calvet A, et al. Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and viral
hypotheses: a multicentre, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a
Cellules Geantes. J Rheumatol 1999a;26:361–9.
Duhaut P, Pinède L, Bornet H, et al. Biopsy proven and biopsy negative temporal arteritis:
differences in clinical spectrum at the onset of the disease. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Artérite à
Cellules Géantes. Ann Rheum Dis 1999b;58;335–41.
Elling P, Olsson AT, Elling H. Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and
polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; association with epidemics of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Rheumatol 1996;23:112–9.
Franzen P, Sutinen S, von Knorring J. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a region of
Finland: an epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic study, 1984–1988. J Rheumatol 1992;19:273–6.
Gabriel SE, Espy M, Erdman DD, et al. The role of parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of giant cell
arteritis: a preliminary evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1255–8.
Garcia-Martinez A, Arguis P, Prieto-Gonzalez S, et al. Prospective long term follow-up of a cohort

of patients with giant cell arteritis screened for aortic structural damage (aneurysm or dilatation).
Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73(10):1826–32
García-Martínez A, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Arguis P, et al. Development of aortic

aneurysm/dilatation during the followup of patients with giant cell arteritis: a cross-sectional
screening of fifty-four prospectively followed patients. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:422–30.
*Germano G, Muratore F, Cimino L, et al. Is colour duplex sonography-guided temporal artery

biopsy useful in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis ? A randomised study. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2014;pii:keu241. [Epub ahead of print].
Ghinoi A, Zuccoli G, Nicolini A, et al. 1T magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell
arteritis: comparison with ultrasonography and physical examination of temporal arteries. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S76–80.
González LA, Santos OM, Montoya J, et al. Scalp necrosis in giant cell arteritis in an African-
Colombian patient. J Clin Rheumatol 2009;15:313–5.
González-Gay MA, Alonso MD, Agüero JJ, et al. Temporal arteritis in a northwestern area of
Spain: study of 57 biopsy proven patients. J Rheumatol 1992;19:277–80.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco R, Abraira V, et al. Giant cell arteritis in Lugo, Spain, is associated with
low long term mortality. J Rheumatol 1997a;24:2171–6. 128

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
González-Gay MA, Rodríguez-Valverde V, Blanco R, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica without
significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. A more benign syndrome. Arch Intern Med
1997b;157:317–20.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, et al. Permanent visual loss and

cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment. Arthritis
Rheum 1998a;41:1497–504.
González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, González-Rosón O. Facial pain and giant cell arteritis. J
Rheumatol 1998b;25:1242–3.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C. Carotid tenderness: an ominous sign of giant cell arteritis?
Scand J Rheumatol 1998c;27:154–6.
González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Brañas F. Carotid occlusion mimicking giant cell arteritis. J
Rheumatol 1998d;25:1247–8.
González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Vázquez-Caruncho M. Polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy

proven giant cell arteritis does not constitute a different subset but differs from isolated polymyalgia
rheumatica. J Rheumatol 1998e;25:1750–5.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Salvarani C, Hunder GG. Diagnostic approach in a patient

presenting with polymyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999a;17:276–8.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, García-Porrua C. Systemic vasculitis in adults in Northwestern Spain, 1988-

1997: Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999b;78:292–308.
González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Vázquez-Caruncho M, et al. The spectrum of polymyalgia

rheumatica in northwestern Spain: incidence and analysis of variables associated with relapse in a
10 year study. J Rheumatol 1999c;26:1326–32.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Salvarani C, et al. The spectrum of conditions mimicking

polymyalgia rheumatica in Northwestern Spain. J Rheumatol 2000a;27:2179–84.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J, et al. Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis.
Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000b;79:283–92.
González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Salvarani C, et al. Polymyalgia manifestations in different

conditions mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000c;18:755–9.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Rivas MJ, et al. Epidemiology of biopsy proven giant cell
arteritis in northwestern Spain: trend over an 18 year period. Ann Rheum Dis 2001a;60:367–71.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J, et al. Biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis: clinical
spectrum and predictive factors for positive temporal artery biopsy. Semin Arthritis Rheum
2001b;30:249–56.
González-Gay MA, Amoli MM, Garcia-Porrua C, Ollier WE. Genetic markers of disease
susceptibility and severity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Semin Arthritis Rheum
2003;33:38–48.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, et al. Interferon-gamma gene microsatellite

polymorphisms in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis and isolated polymyalgia
rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004a;22;S18–20.
129

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J. Fever in biopsy-proven giant cell
arteritis: clinical implications in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum 2004b;51:652–5.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J. Giant cell arteritis without
clinically evident vascular involvement in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum 2004c;51;274–7.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Piñeiro A, et al. Aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients
with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from northwestern Spain: a population-based study. Medicine
(Baltimore) 2004d;83:335–41.
Gonzalez-Gay MA. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: two different but often
overlapping conditions. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004e;33:289–93.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Piñeiro A, Gomez-Gigirey A, et al. Influence of traditional risk factors of

atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Medicine
(Baltimore) 2004f; 83:342–7.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Barros S, et al. Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time
of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005a;84:277–90.
Gonzalez-Gay MA. The diagnosis and management of patients with giant cell arteritis. J
Rheumatol 2005b;32:1186–8.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Barros S, Lopez-Diaz MJ, et al. Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical
presentation in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005c;84:269–76.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Martin J. Giant cell arteritis and
polymyalgia rheumatica: pathophysiology and management. Drugs Aging 2006;23;627–49.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Martinez-Lado L, et al. Cancer in biopsy-proven giant cell
arteritis. A population-based study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2007a;37:156–63.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Miranda-Filloy JA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, et al. Giant cell arteritis in northwestern
Spain: a 25-year epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007b;86:61–8.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Rueda B, Vilchez JR, et al. Contribution of MHC class I region to genetic
susceptibility for giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007c;46:431–4.
*Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Lopez-Diaz MJ, et al. Epidemiology of giant cell
arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 2009a; 61:1454–61.
*Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gomez-Acebo I, et al. Strokes at time of disease

diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore)
2009b;88:227–35.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Martinez-Dubois C, Agudo M, et al. Giant cell arteritis: epidemiology, diagnosis,
and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010a;12:436–42.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Agudo M, Martinez-Dubois C, et al. Medical management of polymyalgia

rheumatica. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010b;11:1077–87.
González-Juanatey C, González-Gay MA, Llorca J, et al. Rheumatic manifestations of infective

endocarditis in non-addicts. A 12-year study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001;80:9–19.
Gran JT, Myklebust G. The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the
130
county of Aust Agder, south Norway: a prospective study 1987–94. J Rheumatol 1997;24:1739–43.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Gran JT, Myklebust G, Wilsgaard T, Jacobsen BK. Survival in polymyalgia rheumatica and
temporal arteritis: a study of 398 cases and matched population controls. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2001;40:1238–42.
Hagihara K, Kawase I, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. Tocilizumab ameliorates clinical symptoms in

polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 2010;37:1075–6.
Haugeberg G, Paulsen PQ, Bie RB. Temporal arteritis in Vest Agder County in southern Norway:
incidence and clinical findings. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2624–7.
Hausch RC, Harrington T. Temporal arteritis and sensorineural hearing loss. Semin Arthritis
Rheum 1998;28:206–9.
Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J
Ophthalmol 1998;125:509–20.
Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B, Kardon RH. Visual improvement with corticosteroid therapy in giant cell
arteritis. Report of a large study and review of literature. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2002;80:355–67.
Healey LA. Long-term follow-up of polymyalgia rheumatica: Evidence for synovitis. Semin Arthritis
Rheum 1984;13:322–8.
Helweg-Larsen J, Tarp B, Obel N, Baslund B. No evidence of parvovirus B19, Chlamydia

pneumoniae or human herpes virus infection in temporal artery biopsies in patients with giant cell
arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:445–9.
Hernández-Rodríguez J, García-Martínez A, Casademont J, et al. A strong initial systemic

inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of
therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:29–35.
Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Cid MC, Lopez-Soto A, et al. Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica: a

systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1839–50.
Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, et al. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum
2002;46:1309–18.
Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Rendt-Zagar KE, et al . Infliximab-GCA Study Group. Infliximab for
maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomised trial. Ann
Intern Med 2007;146:621–30.
Hunder GG, Sheps SG, Allen GL, Joyce JW. Daily and alternate-day corticosteroid regimens in
treatment of giant cell arteritis: comparison in a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1975;82:613–8.
Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, et al.The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for
the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1122–8.
Jones JG, Hazleman BL. Prognosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis
1981;40:1–5.
Jover JA, Hernandez-Garcia C, Morado IC, et al. Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with
methotrexate and prednisone. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med
2001;134:106–14.
Karassa FB, Matsagas MI, Schmidt WA, Ioannidis JP. Meta-analysis: test performance of
131
ultrasonography for giant-cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:359–69.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kariv R, Sidi Y, Gur H. Systemic vasculitis presenting as a tumor-like lesion. Four case reports and
an analysis of 79 reported cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000;79:349–59.
Kermani TA, Schäfer VS, Crowson CS, et al. Cancer preceding giant cell arteritis: a case-control
study. Arthritis Rheum 2010a;62:1763–9.
Kermani TA, Schäfer VS, Crowson CS, et al. Malignancy risk in patients with giant cell arteritis: a
population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010b;62:149–54.
*Kermani TA, Warrington KJ. Polymyalgia rheumatic. Lancet 2013;381:63–72.
Kobayashi S, Yano T, Matsumoto Y, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of giant cell
(temporal) arteritis from a nationwide survey in 1998 in Japan: the first government-supported
nationwide survey. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49:594–8.
*Kötter I, Henes JC, Wagner AD, et al. Does glucocorticosteroid-resistant large vessel vasculitis
(giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis) exist and how can remission be achieved? A critical
review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:S114–S129.
Kreiner F, Galbo H. Effect of etanercept in polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomised controlled trial.

Arthrits Res Ther 2010;12:R176.
Kreiner F, Langberg H, Galbo H. Increased muscle interstitial levels of inflammatory cytokines in

polymyalgia rheumatic. Arthritis Rheum 2010;63:3768–75.
Kremers HM, Reinalda MS, Crowson CS, et al. Relapse in a population based cohort of patients
with polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 2005;32:65–73.
Kyle V, Hazleman BL. The clinical and laboratory course of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell
arteritis after the first two months of treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:847–50.
Larson TS, Hall S, Hepper NG, Hunder GG. Respiratory tract symptoms as a clue to giant cell
arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:594–7.
Lee CC, Su WW, Hunder GG. Dysarthria associated with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol
1999;26:931–2.
Lee MS, Smith SD, Galor A, Hoffman GS. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with
giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3306–9.
Lie JT, Failoni DD, Davis DC Jr. Temporal arteritis with giant cell aortitis, coronary arteritis, and
myocardial infarction. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;110;857–60.
Liozon E, Roblot P, Paire D, et al. Anticardiolipin antibody levels predict flares and relapses in
patients with giant-cell (temporal) arteritis. A longitudinal study of 58 biopsy-proven cases.
Liozon E, Ouattara B, Portal MF, et al. Head-and-neck swelling: an under-recognised feature of

giant cell arteritis. A report of 37 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006;24:S20–5.
Lopez-Diaz MJ, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, et al. Implication of the age in the clinical spectrum
of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008a;26:S16–22.
Lopez-Diaz MJ, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, et al. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is

associated with the development of visual complications in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Semin
132
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Lopez-Hoyos M, Ruiz de Alegria C, Blanco R, et al. Clinical utility of anti-CCP antibodies in the
differential diagnosis of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
Luzar MJ, Whisler RL, Hunder GG. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in
association with temporal arteritis. J Rheumatol 1982;9:957–60.
Macchioni P, Catanoso MG, Pipitone N, et al. Longitudinal examination with shoulder ultrasound of
patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1566–9.
Machado EB, Michet CJ, Ballard DJ, et al. Trends in incidence and clinical presentation of
temporal arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950–1985. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:745–9.
Machado EBV, Gabriel SE, Beard CM, et al. A population-based case-control study of temporal
arteritis: evidence for an association between temporal arteritis and degenerative vascular
disease? Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:836–41.
Mader TH, Werner RP, Chamberlain DG, Doornbos D. Giant cell arteritis in Alaska natives. Can J
Ophthalmol 2009;44:53–56.
Mahr A, Saba M, Kambouchner M, et al. Temporal artery biopsy for diagnosing giant cell arteritis:
the longer, the better? Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:826–8.
Mahr AD, Jover JA, Spiera RF, et al. Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an
individual patient data meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2789–97.
Ma-Krupa W, Kwan M, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Toll-like receptors in giant cell arteritis. Clin
Immunol 2005;115;38–46.
Manna R, Latteri M, Cristiano G, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and
polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40 cases. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:208–10.
Marí B, Monteagudo M, Bustamante E, et al. Analysis of temporal artery biopsies in an 18-year

period at a community hospital. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:533–6.
Martinez-Lado L, Calviño-Díaz C, Piñeiro A, et al. Relapses and recurrences in giant cell arteritis: a
population-based study of patients with biopsy-proven disease from northwestern Spain. Medicine
(Baltimore) 2011;90:186–93.
Martínez-Taboada VM, Rodríguez-Valverde V, Carreño L, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled

trial of etanercept in patients with giant cell arteritis and corticosteroid side effects. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:625–30.
Martínez-Valle F, Solans-Laqué R, Bosch-Gil J, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Aortic involvement in giant cell

arteritis. Autoimmun Rev 2010;9:521–4.
*Masson C. Therapeutic approach to giant cell arteritis. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79:219–27.
Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA, Hunder GG. Long-term survival of patients with giant cell
arteritis in the American College of Rheumatology giant cell arteritis classification criteria cohort.
Am J Med 1996; 100:193–6.
Mazlumzadeh M, Hunder GG, Easley KA, et al. Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction
therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised prospective
clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3310–8.
133

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*McAlinden C, Ioannidis P, Roberts S, Skiadaresi E. Giant cell arteritis. Lancet 2014;383:1182.
McCarty DJ, O'Duffy JD, Pearson L, Hunter JB. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with
pitting edema. RS3PE syndrome. JAMA 1985;254:2763–7.
Meliconi R, Pulsatelli L, Uguccioni M, et al. Leukocyte infi ltration in synovial tissue from the
shoulder of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Quantitative analysis and influence of
corticosteroid treatment. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:1199–207.
Meller J, Strutz F, Siefker U, et al. Early diagnosis and follow-up of aortitis with (18)F]FDG PET
and MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:730–6.
Mollan SP, Sharrack N, Burdon MA, Denniston AK. Aspirin as adjunctive treatment for giant cell
arteritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;8:CD0104535 [Epub ahead of print].
Moosig F, Czech N, Mehl C, et al. Correlation between 18-fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in

large vessels and serological markers of inflammation in polymyalgia rheumatica: a quantitative
PET study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:870–3.
Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of large
vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:318–323.
Myklebust G, Gran JT. Prednisolone maintenance dose in relation to starting dose in the treatment
of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. A prospective two-year study in 273 patients.
Nesher G, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M. Trends in the clinical presentation of temporal arteritis in

Israel: Reflection of increased physician awareness. Clin Rheumatol 1996;15:483–5.
Nesher G, Berkun Y, Mates M, et al. Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic
complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1332–7.
Nuenninghoff DM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, et al. Incidence and predictors of large-artery
complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant
cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3522–31.
Olivieri I, Garcia-Porrua C, Padula A, et al. Late onset undifferentiated spondyloarthritis presenting

with polymyalgia rheumatica features: description of seven cases. Rheumatol Int 2007;27:927–33.
Olopade CO, Sekosan M, Schraufnagel DE. Giant cell arteritis manifesting as chronic cough and
fever of unknown origin. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:1048–50.
Ozdag MF, Eroglu E, Ulas UH, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment reverse clinical features in
Hoffmann's syndrome due to hypothyroid myophaty: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg
2005;105:212–3.
Pamuk ON, Dönmez S, Karahan B, et al. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in
northwestern Turkey: Clinical features and epidemiological data. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2009;27:830–3.
Pego-Reigosa JM, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Hurtado-Hernandez Z, et al. Calcium pyrophosphate

deposition disease mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective followup study of predictive
factors for this condition in patients presenting with polymyalgia symptoms. Arthritis Rheum
2005;53:931–8.
134

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Pérez López J, Solans Laqué R, Bosch Gil JA, et al. Colour-duplex ultrasonography of the
temporal and ophthalmic arteries in the diagnosis and follow-up of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2009;27:S77–82.
Petursdottir V, Johansson H, Nordborg E, Nordborg C. The epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant

cell arteritis: special reference top cyclic fluctuations. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38:1208–12.
Pipitone N, Salvarani C. Improving therapeutic options for patients with giant cell arteritis. Curr
Opin Rheumatol 2008a;20:17–22.
Pipitone N, Versari A, Salvarani C. Role of imaging studies in the diagnosis and follow-up of large
vessel vasculitis: an update. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008b;47:403–8.
*Prieto-Gonzalez S, Depetris M, Garcia-martinez A, et al. Positron emission tomography

assessment of large vessel inflammation in patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven giant cell
arteritis: a prospective, case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1388–92.
Pryshchep O, Ma-Krupa W, Younge BR, et al. Vessel-specific Toll-like receptor profiles in human
medium and large arteries. Circulation 2008;118:1276–84.
Regan MJ, Wood BJ, Hsieh YH, et al. Temporal arteritis and Chlamydia pneumoniae: failure to
detect the organism by polymerase chain reaction in ninety cases and ninety controls. Arthritis
Rheum 2002;46:1056–60.
Regent A, Hean Ly K, Blet A, et al. Contribution of antiferritin antibodies to diagnosis of giant cell
arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1269–70.
Rodriguez-Pla A, Bosch-Gil JA, Echevarria-Mayo JE, et al. No detection of parvovirus B19 or

herpesvirus DNA in giant cell arteritis. J Clin Virol 2004;31:11–5.
Rodriguez-Valverde V, Sarabia JM, González-Gay MA, et al. Risk factors and predictive models of
giant cell arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Am J Med 1997; 102;331–6.
Rueda B, Lopez-Nevot MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, et al. A functional variant of vascular endothelial
growth factor is associated with severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol
2005;32:1737–41.
Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Zizzi F, et al. Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia

rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:351–6.
Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O´Fallon WM, Hunder GG. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted
County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med 1995a;123:192–4.
Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in
Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970-1991. Arthritis Rheum 1995b;38:369–73.
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Macchioni P, et al. Distal musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia

rheumatica: a prospective followup study. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1221–6.
Salvarani C, Casali B, Boiardi L, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in

polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis: association with disease risk and severity. J Rheumatol
2000;27:1215–21.
Salvarani C, Hunder GG. Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of
occurence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:140–5.
135

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N
Engl J Med 2002a;347:261–71.
Salvarani C, Farnetti E, Casali B, et al. Detection of parvovirus B19 DNA by polymerase chain
reaction in giant cell arteritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 2002b;46:3099–101.
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, et al. Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with

infliximab: a pilot study. J Rheumatol 2003;30:760–3.
Salvarani C, Crowson CS, O´Fallon WM, et al. Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell
arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over fifty-year period. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:264–8.
Salvarani C, Cimino L, Macchioni P, et al. Risk factors for visual loss in an Italian population-based
cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005a;53:293–7.
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, et al. Acute-phase reactants and the risk of relapse/recurrence in
polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective followup study. Arthritis Rheum 2005b;53:33–8.
Salvarani C, Giannini C, Miller DV, Hunder G. Giant cell arteritis: involvement of intracranial
arteries. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:985–9.
Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Manzini C, et al. Infliximab plus prednisone or placebo plus prednisone
for the initial treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomised trial. Ann Intern Med
2007;146:631–9.
Salvarani C, Barozzi L, Cantini F, et al. Cervical interspinous bursitis in active polymyalgia

rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 2008a;67:758–61.
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet
2008b;372:234–45.
Salvarani C, Della Bella C, Cimino L, et al. Risk factors for severe cranial ischaemic events in an
Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;
48:250–3.
Schaufelberger C, Bengtsson BA, Andersson R. Epidemiology and mortality in 220 patients with
polymyalgia rheumatica. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:261–4.
Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, et al. Colour duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of
temporal arteritis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1336–42.
Schmidt WA, Seifert A, Gromnica-Ihle E. Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to

increase the diagnostic yield in large vessel giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:96–
101.
Schmidt WA, Krause A, Schicke B, et al. Do temporal artery duplex ultrasound findings correlate
with ophthalmic complications in giant cell arteritis? Rheumatology (Oxford), 2009;48:383–5.
Seitz M, Reichenbach S, Bonel HM, et al. Rapid induction of remission in large vessel vasculitis by
IL-6 blockade. A case series. Swiss Med Wkly 2011;141:w13156.
Seror R, Baron G, Hachulla E, et al. Adalimumab for steroid sparing in patients with giant-cell
arteriti: results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;
doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203586.
136

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Smith CA, Fidler WJ, Pinals RS. The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis. Report of a ten-year study
in Shelby County, Tennessee. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1214–9.
Sonnenblick M, Nesher G, Friedlander Y, Rubinow A. Giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem: a 12-year

epidemiological study. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:938–41.
Spiera RF, Mitnick HJ, Kupersmith M, et al. A prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo
controlled trial of methotrexate in the treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol
2001;19:495–501.
Taylor-Gjevre R, Vo M, Shukla D, Resch L. Temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis. J
Rheumatol 2005;32:1279–82.
Udayakumar PD, Chandran AK, Crowson CS, et al. Cardiovascular risk and acute coronary
syndrome in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014;doi:.10.1002/acr.22416. [Epub
ahead of print].
Unizony S, Arias-Urdaneta L, Miloslavsky E, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of large vessel
vasculitis (giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis) and polymyalgia rheumatic. Arthritis Care Res
2012;64:1720–9.
Valstar MH, Terpstra WF, de Jong RS. Pericardial and pleural effusion in giant cell arteritis. Am J
Med 2003;114:708–9.
Van der Veen MJ, Dinant HJ, et al. Can methotrexate be used as a steroid sparing agent in the
treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis? Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:218–23.
Wagner AD, Wittkop U, Prahst A, et al. Dendritic cells co-localize with activated CD4+ T cells in
giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:185–92.
Watts RA, Scott DG. Classification and epidemiology of the vasculitides. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol
1997;11:191–217.
Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, et al. Tissue cytokine patterns in patients with polymyalgia
rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:484–91.
Weyand CM, Tetzlaff N, Bjornsson J, et al. Disease patterns and tissue cytokine profiles in giant
cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:19–26.
Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Arterial wall injury in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42;844–53.
Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Intern Med
2003;139:505–15.
Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Goronzy JJ. Immunopathways in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia
rheumatica. Autoimmun Rev 2004;3:46–53.
Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Pryshchep O, et al. Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. Ann
NY Acad Sci 2005;1062:195–208.
*Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. N Engl J Med
2014;371:50.
Yates M, Loke YK, Watts RA, MacGregor AJ. Prednisone combined with adjunctive
immunosuppression is not superior to prednisolone alone in terms of efficacy and safety in giant
137
cell arteritis: meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2014;33:227–36.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Chapter 29 References – no additional references
Acebes JC, Sanchez-Pernaute O, Diaz-Oca A, Herrero-Beaumont G. Ultrasonographic

assessment of Baker's cysts after intra-articular corticosteroid injection in knee osteoarthritis. J Clin
Ultrasound 2006;34:113–7.
Ala-Kokko L, Baldwin CT, Moskowitz RW, Prockop DJ. Single base mutation in the type II
procollagen gene (COL2A1) as a cause of primary osteoarthritis associated with a mild
chondrodysplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:6565–8.
Allen KD, Jordan JM, Renner JB, Kraus VB. Validity, factor structure, and clinical relevance of the
AUSCAN osteoarthritis hand index. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:551–6.
Allen KD, Renner JB, Devellis B, Helmick CG, Jordan JM. Osteoarthritis and sleep: the Johnston
county osteoarthritis project. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1102–7.
Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, et al. The American college of rheumatology criteria for the
classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1601–10.
Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, et al. The American college of rheumatology criteria for the
classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:505–14.
Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of
osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria
Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:1039–49.
Altman RD, Gold GE. Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis, revised.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:A1–56.
Altman RD, Fries JF, Bloch DA, et al. Radiographic assessment of progression in osteoarthritis.
Andriacchi TP. Dynamics of knee malalignment. Orthop Clin North Am 1994;25:395–403.
*Arden N, Nevitt MC. Osteoarthritis: epidemiology. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:3–25.
Attur M, Wang HY, Kraus VB, et al. Radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis is conditional on
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene variations. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:856–61.
Ayral X, Pickering EH, Woodworth TG, et al. Synovitis: a potential predictive factor of structural
progression of medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis -- results of a 1 year longitudinal arthroscopic
study in 422 patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:361–7.
Bagis S, Sahin G, Yapici Y, et al. The effect of hand osteoarthritis on grip and pinch strength and
hand function in postmenopausal women. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:420–4.
Baldwin CT, Cupples LA, Joost O, et al. Absence of linkage or association for osteoarthritis with
the vitamin D receptor/type II collagen locus: the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. J Rheumatol
2002;29:161–5.
138

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Barry ER, Corry GN, Rasmussen TP. Targeting DOT1L action and interactions in leukemia: the
role of DOT1L in transformation and development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010;14:405–18.
Bedson J, Croft PR. The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a
systematic search and summary of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008;9:116.
Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, et al. Validation study of WOMAC: a health status
instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug
therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1833–40.
Bellamy N, Campbell J, Haraoui B, et al. Clinimetric properties of the AUSCAN osteoarthritis hand
index: an evaluation of reliability, validity and responsiveness. Osteoarthritis Cartilage
2002;10:863–9.
Benito MJ, Veale DJ, FitzGerald O, et al. Synovial tissue inflammation in early and late
osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1263–7.
Bennell KL, Wrigley TV, Hunt MA, et al. Update on the role of muscle in the genesis and
management of knee osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2013;39:145–76.
Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!).

Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013;21:16–21.
Bergink AP, Uitterlinden AG, Van Leeuwen JP, et al. Vitamin D status, bone mineral density, and
the development of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Rheumatol
2009;15:230–7.
Bijsterbosch J, Visser W, Kroon HM, et al. Thumb base involvement in symptomatic hand
osteoarthritis is associated with more pain and functional disability. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:585–
7.
Bondeson J, Wainwright SD, Lauder S, et al. The role of synovial macrophages and macrophage-
produced cytokines in driving aggrecanases, matrix metalloproteinases, and other destructive and
inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R187.
Braga L, Renner JB, Schwartz TA, et al. Differences in radiographic features of knee osteoarthritis
in African-Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston county osteoarthritis project. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage 2009;17:1554–61.
Brandt KD, Radin EL, Dieppe PA, van de Putte L. Yet more evidence that osteoarthritis is not a
cartilage disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1261–4.
Buckwalter JA, Lane NE. Athletics and osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 1997;25:873–81.
Calvo E, Palacios I, Delgado E, et al. High-resolution MRI detects cartilage swelling at the early
stages of experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001;9:463–72.
Castaño Betancourt M, et al. Genome-wide association and functional studies identify the DOT1L
gene to be involved in cartilage thickness and hip osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2012;109:8218–23.
Cawston TE, Young DA. Proteinases involved in matrix turnover during cartilage and bone
breakdown. Cell Tissue Res 2010;339:221–35.
CDC. Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults--United States,
139
1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:120–5.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Chaisson CE, Gale DR, Gale E, et al. Detecting radiographic knee osteoarthritis: what combination
of views is optimal? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:1218–21.
Chapple CM, Nicholson H, Baxter GD, Abbott JH. Patient characteristics that predict progression
of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of prognostic studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2011;63:1115–25.
Charni-Ben TN, Garnero P. Monitoring cartilage turnover. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007;9:16–24.
Cibere J. Do we need radiographs to diagnose osteoarthritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2006;20:27–38.
Cimmino MA, Parodi M. Risk factors for osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34:29–34.
Coggon D, Croft P, Kellingray S, et al. Occupational physical activities and osteoarthritis of the
knee. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1443–9.
Conaghan P. Is MRI useful in osteoarthritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:57–68.
Conaghan PG, Felson D, Gold G, et al. MRI and non-cartilaginous structures in knee osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14:A87–A94.
Conrozier T, Merle-Vincent F, Mathieu P, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, biological and radiological

differences between atrophic and hypertrophic patterns of hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study.
Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004;22:403–8.
Constant F, Guillemin F, Herbeth B, et al. Measurement methods of drug consumption as a

secondary judgment criterion for clinical trials in chronic rheumatic diseases. Am J Epidemiol
1997;145:826–33.
Cooper C, Egger P, Coggon D, et al. Generalised osteoarthritis in women: pattern of joint

involvement and approaches to definition for epidemiological studies. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1938–
42.
Cooper C, Inskip H, Croft P, et al. Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury,
and physical activity. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:516–22.
Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon TE, et al. Risk factors for the incidence and progression of
radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:995–1000.
Croft P, Coggon D, Cruddas M, Cooper C. Osteoarthritis of the hip: an occupational disease in

farmers. BMJ 1992a;304:1269–72.
Croft P, Cooper C, Wickham C, Coggon D. Is the hip involved in generalised osteoarthritis? Br J

Rheumatol 1992b;31:325–8.
Cushnaghan J, Dieppe P. Study of 500 patients with limb joint osteoarthritis. I. Analysis by age,
sex, and distribution of symptomatic joint sites. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;50:8–13.
Daans M, Luyten FP, Lories RJ. GDF5 deficiency in mice is associated with instability-driven joint
damage, gait and subchondral bone changes. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:208–13.
Daigle SR, Olhava EJ, Therkelsen CA, et al. Selective killing of mixed lineage leukemia cells by a
potent small-molecule DOT1L inhibitor. Cancer Cell 2011;20:53–65.
140

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Davis AM, Perruccio AV, Canizares M, et al. The development of a short measure of physical
function for hip OA HOOS-Physical Function Shortform (HOOS-PS): an OARSI/OMERACT
initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:551–9.
Davis CR, Karl J, Granell R, et al. Can biochemical markers serve as surrogates for imaging in
knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:4038–47.
de Klerk BM, Schiphof D, Groeneveld FP, et al. No clear association between female hormonal
aspects and osteoarthritis of the hand, hip and knee: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2009a;48:1160–5.
de Klerk BM, Schiphof D, Groeneveld FP, et al. Limited evidence for a protective effect of
unopposed oestrogen therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2009b;48:104–12.
de Lange-Brokaar BJ, Ioan-Facsinay A, van Osch GJ, et al. Synovial inflammation, immune cells
and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:1484–99.
Dell’accio F, Vincent TL. Joint surface defects: clinical course and cellular response in
spontaneous and experimental lesions. Eur Cell Mater 2010;20:210–7.
Dequeker J, Mohan S, Finkelman RD, et al. Generalised osteoarthritis associated with increased
insulin-like growth factor types I and II and transforming growth factor beta in cortical bone from the
iliac crest. Possible mechanism of increased bone density and protection against osteoporosis.
Dequeker J, Aerssens J, Luyten FP. Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: clinical and research
evidence of inverse relationship. Aging Clin Exp Res 2003;15:426–39.
Deshpande AJ, Bradner J, Armstrong SA. Chromatin modifications as therapeutic targets in MLL-
rearranged leukemia. Trends Immunol 2012;33:563–70.
Diaz-Torne C, Schumacher HR, Yu X, et al. Absence of histologic evidence of synovitis in patients

with Gulf War veterans' illness with joint pain. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1316–23.
Dieppe PA, Cushnaghan J, Shepstone L. The Bristol 'OA500' study: progression of osteoarthritis
(OA) over 3 years and the relationship between clinical and radiographic changes at the knee joint.
Dillon CF, Rasch EK, Gu Q, Hirsch R. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the United States:
arthritis data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey 1991–94. J Rheumatol
2006;33:2271–9.
Doherty M, Courtney P, Doherty S, et al. Nonspherical femoral head shape (pistol grip deformity),
neck shaft angle, and risk of hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum
2008;58:3172–82.
*Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, et al. Radiological progression of hip osteoarthritis:

definition, risk factors and correlations with clinical status. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:356–62.
Dreiser RL, Maheu E, Guillou GB. Sensitivity to change of the functional index for hand
osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000;8:S25–28.
Duncan R, Peat G, Thomas E, et al. Incidence, progression and sequence of development of

radiographic knee osteoarthritis in a symptomatic population. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1944–8.
141

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Duncan RC, Hay EM, Saklatvala J, Croft PR. Prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis--it all
depends on your point of view. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:757–60.
Englund M, Lohmander LS. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis coexistent with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis

in a meniscectomy population. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1721–6.
Englund M, Lohmander LS. Risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis fifteen to twenty-two
years after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2811–9.
Englund M, Paradowski PT, Lohmander LS. Association of radiographic hand osteoarthritis with
radiographic knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:469–75.
Englund M, Roemer FW, Hayashi D, et al. Meniscus pathology, osteoarthritis and the treatment
controversy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012;8:412–9.
Escalante A, Espinosa-Morales R, del RI, et al. Recipients of hip replacement for arthritis are less
likely to be Hispanic, independent of access to health care and socioeconomic status. Arthritis
Rheum 2000;43:390–9.
Evangelou E, Chapman K, Meulenbelt I, et al. Large-scale analysis of association between GDF5

and FRZB variants and osteoarthritis of the hip, knee, and hand. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1710–
21.
Evangelou E, Kerkhof HJ, Styrkarsdottir U, et al. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association

studies identifies novel variants associated with osteoarthritis of the hip. Ann Rheum Dis 2013.
[Epub ahead of print]
Felson DT, Chaisson CE, Hill CL, et al. The association of bone marrow lesions with pain in knee
osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:541–9.
Felson DT, Goggins J, Niu J, et al. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis
is dependent on alignment. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3904–9.
Felson DT, Hannan MT, Naimark A, et al. Occupational physical demands, knee bending, and
knee osteoarthritis: results from the Framingham study. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1587–92.
Felson DT, McLaughlin S, Goggins J, et al. Bone marrow edema and its relation to progression of
knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:330–6.
Felson DT, Niu J, Clancy M, et al. Low levels of vitamin D and worsening of knee osteoarthritis:
results of two longitudinal studies. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:129–36.
Felson DT. Does excess weight cause osteoarthritis and, if so, why? Ann Rheum Dis
1996;55:668–70.
Fielden JM, Cumming JM, Horne JG, et al. Waiting for hip arthroplasty: economic costs and health
outcomes. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:990–7.
Fontana L, Neel S, Claise JM, et al. Osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint in women
and occupational risk factors: a case-control study. J Hand Surg Am 2007;32:459–6.
Fosang AJ, Little CB. Drug insight: aggrecanases as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis. Nat Clin
Pract Rheumatol 2008;4:420–7.
Fosang AJ, Rogerson FM. Identifying the human aggrecanase. Osteoarthritis Cartilage
142
2010;18:1109–16.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Garnero P. Osteoarthritis: biological markers for the future? Joint Bone Spine 2002;69:525–30.
Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, et al. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent
knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:321–8.
Gillquist J, Messner K. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the long-term incidence of
gonarthrosis. Sports Med 1999;27:143–56.
*Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol 2007;213:626–34.
Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of
osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1192:230–7.
Goldring MB, Otero M. Inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011;23:471–8.
Goldring MB, Tsuchimochi K, Ijiri K. The control of chondrogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2006;97:33–
44.
Goldring MB. The role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: lessons from
animal models. Connect Tissue Res 1999;40:1–11.
*Gossec L, Paternotte S, Maillefert JF, et al. The role of pain and functional impairment in the
decision to recommend total joint replacement in hip and knee osteoarthritis: an international
cross-sectional study of 1909 patients. Report of the OARSI-OMERACT task force on total joint
replacement. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011;19:147–54.
Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Salvat C, et al. Crucial role of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor
in matrix degradation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in chondrocytes: possible influence on
osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1399–409.
Grethen E, McClintock R, Gupta CE, et al. Vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism in obesity. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1320–6.
Halverson PB, Garancis JC, McCarty DJ. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of synovium
in Milwaukee shoulder syndrome – a basic calcium phosphate crystal arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis
1984;43:734–41.
Hannan MT, Felson DT, Pincus T. Analysis of the discordance between radiographic changes and
knee pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1513–7.
Harris WH. Aetiology of osteoarthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986;(213):20–33.
Hart DJ, Cronin C, Daniels M, et al. The relationship of bone density and fracture to incident and
progressive radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee: the Chingford study. Arthritis Rheum
2002;46:92–9.
Hashimoto K, Oreffo RO, Gibson MB, et al. DNA demethylation at specific CpG sites in the IL1B
promoter in response to inflammatory cytokines in human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum
2009;60:3303–13.
Hawker GA, Davis AM, French MR, et al. Development and preliminary psychometric testing of a
new OA pain measure--an OARSI/OMERACT initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:409–14.
Heidari B, Heidari P, Hajian-Tilaki K. Association between serum vitamin D deficiency and knee
osteoarthritis. Int Orthop 2011;35:1627–31.
143

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Heinegård D, Saxne T. The role of the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2011;7:50–6.
Henrotin Y, Pesesse L, Sanchez C. Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis physiopathology: state-of-

the art and perspectives. Biomed Mater Eng 2009;19:311–6.
*Hilal G, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, et al. Osteoblast-like cells from human subchondral
osteoarthritic bone demonstrate an altered phenotype in vitro: possible role in subchondral bone
Hirsch R, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW Jr, et al. Association of hand and knee osteoarthritis:
evidence for a polyarticular disease subset. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:25–9.
Hochberg MC, Lane NE, Pressman AR, et al. The association of radiographic changes of
osteoarthritis of the hand and hip in elderly women. J Rheumatol 1995;22:2291–4.
Honkonen SE. Degenerative arthritis after tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1995;9:273–7.
Hunter DJ, Schofield D, Callander E. The individual and socioeconomic impact of osteoarthritis.
Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014;10:437–41.
Hunter DJ. Insights from imaging on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Radiol
Clin North Am 2009;47:539–51.
Iagnocco A. Ultrasound in osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014;32:S48–52.
Ioan-Facsinay A, Kloppenburg M. An emerging player in knee osteoarthritis: the infrapatellar fat

pad. Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:225.
Ike RW, Arnold WJ. Arthroscopic lavage of osteoarthritic knees. J Bone Joint Surg Br
1992;74:788–9.
Iliopoulos D, Malizos KN, Tsezou A. Epigenetic regulation of leptin affects MMP-13 expression in
osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible molecular target for osteoarthritis therapeutic intervention.
Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1616–21.
Im GI, Kim MK. The relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab
2014;32:101–9.
Iorio R, Healy WL. Unicompartmental arthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85-A:1351–
64.
Jonsson H, Manolescu I, Stefansson SE, et al. The inheritance of hand osteoarthritis in Iceland.
Jonsson H, Valtysdottir ST, Kjartansson O, Brekkan A. Hypermobility associated with osteoarthritis

of the thumb base: a clinical and radiological subset of hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
1996;55:540–3.
Kalichman L, Kobyliansky E. Association between circulatory levels of vitamin D and radiographic

hand osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:253–7.
Kanoh T, Hasegawa Y, Masui T, et al. Interleukin-1beta gene polymorphism associated with

radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the knee. J Orthop Sci 2008;13:97–100.
144

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kaplan G, Haettich B. Rheumatological symptoms due to retinoids. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol
1991;5:77–97.
Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC, Lories RJ, et al. The coupling of bone and cartilage turnover in
osteoarthritis: opportunities for bone antiresorptives and anabolics as potential treatments? Ann
Rheum Dis 2014;73:336–48.
Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Osteo-arthrosis and disk degeneration in an urban population. Ann
Rheum Dis 1958;17:388–97.
Kellgren JH, Jeffrey M, Ball J. Atlas of standard radiographs. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
Publications, 1963.
Kelsey JL, Hochberg MC. Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Annu Rev Public
Health 1988;9:379–401.
Kerkhof HJ, Lories RJ, Meulenbelt I, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies an
osteoarthritis susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q22. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:499–510.
Kerkhof HJ, Meulenbelt I, Akune T, et al. Recommendations for standardization and phenotype
definitions in genetic studies of osteoarthritis: the TREAT-OA consortium. Osteoarthritis Cartilage
2011;19:254–64.
Kerrigan DC, Johansson JL, Bryant MG, et al. Moderate-heeled shoes and knee joint torques
relevant to the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
2005;86:871–5.
Kiss C, O'Neill TW, Mituszova M, et al. Prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in
Budapest, Hungary. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:1335–6.
Kloppenburg M, Kwok WY. Hand osteoarthritis--a heterogeneous disorder. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2011;8:22–31.
*Kraus VB. Do biochemical markers have a role in osteoarthritis diagnosis and treatment? Best
Kuettner KE, Goldberg VM, eds. Osteoarthritic disorders. Rosemont: American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1995: 247–60.
Kurz B, Lemke AK, Fay J, et al. Pathomechanisms of cartilage destruction by mechanical injury.
Ann Anat 2005;187:473–85.
Lachance L, Sowers MF, Jamadar D, Hochberg M. The natural history of emergent osteoarthritis of
the knee in women. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:849–54.
*Lago F, Dieguez C, Gómez-Reino J, Gualillo O. Adipokines as emerging mediators of immune

response and inflammation. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007;3:716–24.
Lajeunesse D, Hilal G, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Subchondral bone morphological and

biochemical alterations in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999;7:321–2.
Lane NE, Nevitt MC. Osteoarthritis, bone mass, and fractures: how are they related? Arthritis
Rheum 2002;46:1–4.
145

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Lane NE, Lin P, Christiansen L, et al. Association of mild acetabular dysplasia with an increased
risk of incident hip osteoarthritis in elderly white women: the study of osteoporotic fractures.
Lau EC, Cooper C, Lam D, et al. Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee in Hong
Kong Chinese: obesity, joint injury, and occupational activities. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:855–62.
*Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other
rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:26–35.
Ledingham J, Dawson S, Preston B, et al. Radiographic patterns and associations of osteoarthritis

of the hip. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:1111–6.
Lee YC, Nassikas NJ, Clauw DJ. The role of the central nervous system in the generation and
maintenance of chronic pain in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res
Ther 2011;13:211.
Lequesne M, Ray G. Rapid idiopathic destructive coxarthrosis. Prospective etiologic study of 27

cases. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1989;56:115–9.
Lequesne M. The false profile view of the hip: role, interest, economic considerations. Joint Bone
Spine 2002;69:109–13.
Lequesne MG, Mery C, Samson M, Gerard P. Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and
knee. Validation--value in comparison with other assessment tests. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl
1987;65:85–9.
Loeser RF, Yammani RR, Carlson CS, et al. Articular chondrocytes express the receptor for
advanced glycation end products: Potential role in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2376–
85.
Lories R. The balance of tissue repair and remodelling in chronic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2011;7:700–7.
Lories RJ, Luyten FP. The bone-cartilage unit in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011;7:43–9.
Lories RJ, Peeters J, Bakker A, et al. Articular cartilage and biomechanical properties of the long
bones in Frzb-knockout mice. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:4095–103.
Lories RJ, Peeters J, Szlufcik K, et al. Deletion of frizzled-related protein reduces voluntary running
exercise performance in mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:390–6.
Lories RJ, Corr M, Lane NE. To Wnt or not to Wnt: the bone and joint health dilemma. Nat Rev
Rheumatol 2013;9:328–39.
Loughlin J, Dowling B, Chapman K, et al. Functional variants within the secreted frizzled-related
protein 3 gene are associated with hip osteoarthritis in females. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2004;101:9757–62.
Loughlin J, Dowling B, Mustafa Z, Chapman K. Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster on

chromosome 2q13 with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1519–27.
Lowman EW. Osteoarthritis. J Am Med Assoc 1955;157:487–8.
Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P, Lories RJ. Wnt signaling and osteoarthritis. Bone 2009;44:522–7.
146

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Mahjoub M, Berenbaum F, Houard X. Why subchondral bone in osteoarthritis? The importance of
the cartilage bone interface in osteoarthritis. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:S841–6.
Mahmoudi T, Boj SF, Hatzis P, et al. The leukemia-associated Mllt10/Af10-Dot1l are Tcf4/β-
catenin coactivators essential for intestinal homeostasis. PLoS Biol 2010;8:e1000539.
Maillefert JF, Kloppenburg M, Fernandes L, et al. Multi-language translation and cross-cultural

adaptation of the OARSI/OMERACT measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain
(ICOAP). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1293–6.
Malfait AM, Schnitzer TJ. Towards a mechanism-based approach to pain management in

osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:654–64.
March L, Cross M, Tribe K, et al. Cost of joint replacement surgery for osteoarthritis: the patients'
perspective. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1006–14.
Martel-Pelletier J, Alaaeddine N, Pelletier JP. Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of
osteoarthritis. Front Biosci 1999;4:D694–703.
Masuhara K, Nakai T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Significant increases in serum and plasma

concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 in patients with rapidly destructive
osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2625–31.
McAlindon T, Dieppe P. Osteoarthritis: definitions and criteria. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:531–2.
McAlindon TE, Felson DT, Zhang Y, et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D
to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham study. Ann
Intern Med 1996b;125:353–9.
McAlindon TE, Jacques P, Zhang Y, et al. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the
development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1996a;39:648–56.
McKinley TO, Borrelli J Jr, D'Lima DD, et al. Basic science of intra-articular fractures and
posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Trauma 2010;24:567–70.
Menashe L, Hirko K, Losina E, et al. The diagnostic performance of MRI in osteoarthritis: a

systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:13–21.
Meulenbelt I, Bos SD, Kloppenburg M, et al. Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants with innate cytokine
production profiles and osteoarthritis in subjects from the genetics, osteoarthritis and progression
study. arthritis rheum 2010;62:1119–26.
Meulenbelt I, Min JL, Bos S, et al. Identification of DIO2 as a new susceptibility locus for
symptomatic osteoarthritis. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17:1867–75.
Meulenbelt I, Seymour AB, Nieuwland M, et al. Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster with
radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1179–86.
Miyamoto Y, Mabuchi A, Shi D, et al. A functional polymorphism in the 5' UTR of GDF5 is
associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Nat Genet 2007;39:529–33.
Moxley G, Han J, Stern AG, Riley BP. Potential influence of IL1B haplotype and IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN
extended haplotype on hand osteoarthritis risk. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:1106–12.
Moxley G, Meulenbelt I, Chapman K, et al. Interleukin-1 region meta-analysis with osteoarthritis

147
phenotypes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010;18:200–7.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Myers SL, Brandt KD, Ehlich JW, et al. Synovial inflammation in patients with early osteoarthritis of
the knee. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1662–9.
Nakajima M, Takahashi A, Kou I, et al. New sequence variants in HLA class II/III region associated
with susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis identified by genome-wide association study. PLoS One
2010;5:e9723.
Nevitt MC, Lane NE, Scott JC, et al. Radiographic osteoarthritis of the hip and bone mineral
density. The study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:907–16.
Nevitt MC, Xu L, Zhang Y, et al. Very low prevalence of hip osteoarthritis among Chinese elderly in
Beijing, China, compared with whites in the United States: the Beijing osteoarthritis study. Arthritis
Rheum 2002;46:1773–9.
Nilsdotter AK, Lohmander LS, Klassbo M, Roos EM. Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score
(HOOS)--validity and responsiveness in total hip replacement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord
2003;4:10.
Ogdie A, Li J, Dai L, et al. Identification of broadly discriminatory tissue biomarkers of synovitis with
binary and multicategory receiver operating characteristic analysis. Biomarkers 2010;15:183–90.
Ohta S, Imai K, Yamashita K, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin) in human

osteoarthritic cartilage. Lab Invest 1998;78:79–87.
Oiestad BE, Holm I, Aune AK, et al. Knee function and prevalence of knee osteoarthritis after
anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective study with 10 to 15 years of follow-up. Am
J Sports Med 2010;38:2201–10.
Okada Y, Shinmei M, Tanaka O, et al. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) in

osteoarthritic cartilage and synovium. Lab Invest 1992;66:680–90.
Oliveria SA, Felson DT, Reed JI, et al. Incidence of symptomatic hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis
among patients in a health maintenance organisation. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1134–41.
Ornetti P, Brandt K, Hellio-Le Graverand MP, et al. OARSI-OMERACT definition of relevant

radiological progression in hip/knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:856–63.
*Peat G, Croft P, Hay E. Clinical assessment of the osteoarthritis patient. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2001;15:527–44.
Perruccio AV, Stefan LL, Canizares M, et al. The development of a short measure of physical
function for knee OA KOOS-Physical Function Shortform (KOOS-PS) - an OARSI/OMERACT
initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:542–50.
Pessis E, Drape JL, Ravaud P, et al. Assessment of progression in knee osteoarthritis: results of a
1 year study comparing arthroscopy and MRI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003;11:361–9.
Pessler F, Dai L, Diaz-Torne C, et al. The synovitis of “non-inflammatory” orthopaedic

arthropathies: a quantitative histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:1184–7.
Peterfy CG. Scratching the surface: articular cartilage disorders in the knee. Magn Reson Imaging
Clin N Am 2000;8:409–30.
148

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Pham T, van der Heijde D, Altman RD, et al. OMERACT-OARSI initiative: osteoarthritis research
society international set of responder criteria for osteoarthritis clinical trials revisited. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage 2004;12:389–99.
Pottie P, Presle N, Terlain B, et al. Obesity and osteoarthritis: more complex than predicted! Ann
Rheum Dis 2006;65:1403–5.
Punzi L, Ramonda R, Sfriso P. Erosive osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2004;18:739–58.
Quatman CE, Hettrich CM, Schmitt LC, Spindler KP. The clinical utility and diagnostic performance
of magnetic resonance imaging for identification of early and advanced knee osteoarthritis: a
systematic review. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:1557–68.
Raynauld JP. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003;15:647–50.
Reynard LN, Loughlin J. Insights from human genetic studies into the pathways involved in
osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:573-83.
Roach HI, Aigner T. DNA methylation in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: a new molecular target.
Roach HI, Yamada N, Cheung KS, et al. Association between the abnormal expression of matrix-
degrading enzymes by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and demethylation of specific CpG sites
in the promoter regions. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3110–24.
Roddy E, Doherty M. Changing life-styles and osteoarthritis: what is the evidence? Best Pract Res
Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Calaza M, Evangelou E, et al. Assessment of osteoarthritis candidate

genes in a meta-analysis of nine genome-wide association studies. Arthritis Rheumatol
2014;66:940–9.
Roemer FW, Eckstein F, Hayashi D, Guermazi A. The role of imaging in osteoarthritis. Best Pract
Roos EM, Lohmander LS. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS): from joint
injury to osteoarthritis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003;1:64.
Roos EM, Brandsson S, Karlsson J. Validation of the foot and ankle outcome score for ankle
ligament reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 2001;22:788–94.
Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, et al. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)--
development of a self-administered outcome measure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998b;28:88–
96.
Roos H, Lauren M, Adalberth T, et al. Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy: prevalence of

radiographic changes after twenty-one years, compared with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum
1998a;41:687–93.
Rosenberg ZS, Shankman S, Steiner GC, et al. Rapid destructive osteoarthritis: clinical,
radiographic, and pathologic features. Radiology 1992;182:213–6.
Rytter S, Egund N, Jensen LK, Bonde JP. Occupational kneeling and radiographic tibiofemoral and
149
patellofemoral osteoarthritis. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009;4:19.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Sanna S, Jackson AU, Nagaraja R, et al. Common variants in the GDF5-UQCC region are
associated with variation in human height. Nat Genet 2008;40:198–203.
Scanzello CR, Umoh E, Pessler F, et al. Local cytokine profiles in knee osteoarthritis: elevated
synovial fluid interleukin-15 differentiates early from end-stage disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage
2009;17:1040–8.
Schaffler A, Ehling A, Neumann E, et al. Adipocytokines in synovial fluid. JAMA 2003;290:1709–

10.
Schneider EM, Du W, Fiedler J, et al. The (-765 G-->C) promoter variant of the COX-2/PTGS2
gene is associated with a lower risk for end-stage hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:1458–60.
Seki T, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi J, et al. Association of serum carotenoids, retinol, and

tocopherols with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: possible risk factors in rural Japanese
inhabitants. J Orthop Sci 2010;15:477–84.
*Sellam J, Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of

osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:625–35.
Sellam J, Berenbaum F. Is osteoarthritis a metabolic disease? Joint Bone Spine 2013;80:568–73.
Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, et al. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and
functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA 2001;286:188–95.
Slemenda C, Brandt KD, Heilman DK, et al. Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee.
Ann Intern Med 1997;127:97–104.
Smith AJ, Keen LJ, Billingham MJ, et al. Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the
IL1R1-IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis. Genes Immun
2004;5:451–60.
Smith MD, Triantafillou S, Parker A, et al. Synovial membrane inflammation and cytokine
production in patients with early osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1997;24:365–71.
Solovieva S, Vehmas T, Riihimaki H, et al. Hand use and patterns of joint involvement in
osteoarthritis. A comparison of female dentists and teachers. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2005;44:521–8.
Solovieva S, Vehmas T, Riihimaki H, et al. Finger osteoarthritis and differences in dental work
tasks. J Dent Res 2006;85:344–8.
Sovio U, Bennett AJ, Millwood IY, et al. Genetic determinants of height growth assessed
longitudinally from infancy to adulthood in the northern Finland birth cohort 1966. PLoS Genet
2009;5:e1000409.
Sowers M, Lachance L, Jamadar D, et al. The associations of bone mineral density and bone
turnover markers with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in pre- and perimenopausal women.
Spector TD, Cicuttini F, Baker J, et al. Genetic influences on osteoarthritis in women: a twin study.
BMJ 1996;312:940–3.
Srikanth VK, Fryer JL, Zhai G, et al. A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and
150
severity of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:769–81.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Steel N, Melzer D, Gardener E, McWilliams B. Need for and receipt of hip and knee replacement--
a national population survey. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:1437–41.
Stewart A, Black A, Robins SP, Reid DM. Bone density and bone turnover in patients with
osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:622–6.
Storm EE, Kingsley DM. Joint patterning defects caused by single and double mutations in
members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family. Development 1996;122:3969–79.
Struewer J, Frangen TM, Ishaque B, et al. Knee function and prevalence of osteoarthritis after
isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone graft: long-term
follow-up. Int Orthop 2011;36:171–7.
Sturmer T, Brenner H, Brenner RE, Gunther KP. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
and patterns of osteoarthritis. The Ulm osteoarthritis study. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:169–71.
Styrkarsdottir U, Thorleifsson G, Helgadottir HT, et al. Severe osteoarthritis of the hand associates
with common variants within the ALDH1A2 gene and with rare variants at 1p31. Nat Genet
2014;46:498–502.
Tepper S, Hochberg MC. Factors associated with hip osteoarthritis: data from the First National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-I). Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1081–8.
Valdes AM, Spector TD. Genetic epidemiology of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol
2011;7:23–32.
*Valdes AM, Spector TD. The clinical relevance of genetic susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Best
Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24:3–14.
van der Kraan PM, Goumans MJ, Blaney Davidson E, ten Dijke P. Age-dependent alteration of
TGF-β signalling in osteoarthritis. Cell Tissue Res 2012;347:257–65.
van der Kraan PM, Blaney Davidson EN, van den Berg WB. Bone morphogenetic proteins and
articular cartilage: To serve and protect or a wolf in sheep clothing's? Osteoarthritis Cartilage
2010;18:735–41.
van Saase JL, van Romunde LK, Cats A, et al. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: zoetermeer survey.
Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations.
Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:271–80.
van Spil WE, DeGroot J, Lems WF, et al. Serum and urinary biochemical markers for knee and
hip-osteoarthritis: a systematic review applying the consensus BIPED criteria. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage 2010;18:605–12.
Verges J, Montell E, Tomas E, et al. Weather conditions can influence rheumatic diseases. Proc
West Pharmacol Soc 2004;47:134–6.
Volpin G, Dowd GS, Stein H, Bentley G. Degenerative arthritis after intra-articular fractures of the
knee. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990;72:634–8.
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289
diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010. Lancet 2012;380:2163–96.
Wendling D, Hafsaoui C, Laurain JM, et al. Dysphagia and hypervitaminosis A: cervical

151
hyperostosis. Joint Bone Spine 2009;76:409–11.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
WHO. World health report 2002. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. http://www.whoint/whr
(Geneva WHO 2002).
Wilder FV, Hall BJ, Barrett JP. Osteoarthritis pain and weather. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2003;42:955–8.
Wright AA, Cook C, Abbott JH. Variables associated with the progression of hip osteoarthritis: a
systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:925–36.
Yusuf E, Kortekaas MC, Watt I, et al. Do knee abnormalities visualised on MRI explain knee pain in
knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:60–7.
Zeggini, Panoutsopoulou K, Southam L, et al.; arcOGEN Consortium1; arcOGEN Collaborators,

Identification of new susceptibility loci for osteoarthritis (arcOGEN): a genome-wide association
study. Lancet 2012; 380:815–23.
*Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis
of hand osteoarthritis: report of a task force of ESCISIT. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:8–17.
*Zhang W, Doherty M, Peat G, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis
of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:483–9.
Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Chaisson CE, et al. Bone mineral density and risk of incident and
progressive radiographic knee osteoarthritis in women: the Framingham study. J Rheumatol
2000;27:1032–7.
Zhang Y, Xu L, Nevitt MC, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis between the
elderly Chinese population in Beijing and whites in the United States: The Beijing osteoarthritis
Zhang Y, Xu L, Nevitt MC, et al. Lower prevalence of hand osteoarthritis among Chinese subjects
in Beijing compared with white subjects in the United States: the Beijing osteoarthritis study.
Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S, Khadrawe T. Methotrexate in the treatment of symptomatic knee

osteoarthritis: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; doi:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204856. [Epub ahead of print]
Brouwer RW, Jakma T, Verhagen A, et al. Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the
knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;1(1).
Brouwer R, Van Raaij T, Verhaar J, et al. Brace treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee: a
prospective randomized multi-centre trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14:777–83.
Chevalier X, Conrozier T, Richette P. Desperately looking for the right target in osteoarthritis: the
anti-IL-1 strategy. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:124.
Conaghan PG, Dickson J, Bolten W, et al. A multicentre, randomized, placebo- and active-
controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel (IDEA-
033) with ketoprofen-free vehicle (TDT 064) and oral celecoxib for knee pain associated with
osteoarthritis. Rheumatology 2013;52:1303–12. 152

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Courtney P, Doherty M. Joint aspiration and injection. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2005;19:345–69.
Doherty M, Dieppe P. The “placebo” response in osteoarthritis and its implications for clinical
practice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1255–62.
Dziedzic KS, Hill JC, Porcheret M, Croft PR. New models for primary care are needed for
osteoarthritis. Phys Ther 2009;89:1371–8.
Dziedzic K, Nicholls E, Hill S, et al. Self-management approaches for osteoarthritis in the hand: a
2x2 factorial randomised trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;0:1–11. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-
203938
Dziedzic KS, Healey EL, Porcheret M, et al. Implementing the NICE osteoarthritis guidelines: a
mixed methods study and cluster randomised trial of a model osteoarthritis consultation in primary
care - the Management of OsteoArthritis In Consultations (MOSAICS) study protocol. Implement
Sci 2014;9:95.
Edwards JJ, Khanna M, Jordan KP, et al. Quality indicators for the primary care of osteoarthritis: a
systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;0:1–9.
Edwards JJ, Jordan KP, Peat G, et al. Quality of care for osteoarthritis: the effect of a point-of-care
consultation recording template. Rheumatology 2014; pii: keu411.
Evans JM, McMahon, AD, McGilchrist MM, et al. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and
admission to hospital for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation: a record linkage case-
control study. BMJ 1995;311:22–6.
*Fernandes L, Hagen KB, Bijlsma JW, et al. EULAR recommendations for the non-
pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1125–
35.
Finney A, Porcheret M, Grime J, et al. Defining the content of an opportunistic osteoarthritis

consultation with primary health care professionals: a Delphi consensus study. Arthritis Care Res
2013;65:962–8.
Grime J, Dudley B. Developing written information on osteoarthritis for patients: facilitating user
involvement by exposure to qualitative research. Health Expect 2014;17:164–73.
Hinz B, Brune K. Paracetamol and cyclooxygenase inhibition: is there a cause for concern? Ann
Rheum Dis 2012;71:20–5.
Hirsch G, Kitas G, Klocke R. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection in osteoarthritis of the knee and
hip: factors predicting pain relief – a systematic review [In: Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism.
Elsevier]. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013;42:451–73.
*Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, et al. American college of rheumatology 2012
recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of
the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res 2012;64:465–74.
Huskisson EC, Berry H, Gishen P, et al. Effects of antiinflammatory drugs on the progression of
osteoarthritis of the knee. LINK Study Group. Longitudinal Investigation of Nonsteroidal
Antiinflammatory Drugs in Knee Osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1941–46.
153

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Jones A, Silva PG, Silva AC, et al. Impact of cane use on pain, function, general health and energy
expenditure during gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial. Ann
Rheum Dis 2012;71:172–9.
Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, et al. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence based
approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the Standing
Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum
Dis 2003;62:1145–55.
Kingsbury SR, Tharmanathan P, Adamson J, et al. Hydroxychloroquine effectiveness in reducing

symptoms of hand osteoarthritis (HERO): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials
2013;14:64. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-64
Lawrence M, Olesen F. Indicators of quality in health care. Eur J Gen Pract 1997;3 : 103 – 8 .
Leeb BF, Schweitzer H, Montag K, et al. A metaanalysis of chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of
osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27:205–11.
*McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical
management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014;22:363–88.
Morden A, Jinks C, Nio Ong B. Lay models of self-management: how do people manage knee
osteoarthritis in context? Chronic Illn 2011;7:185–200.
*NICE. Osteoarthritis: care and management in adults. Clinical Guideline CG177. National clinical
guideline centre. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk
*NICE. Osteoarthritis: care and management in adults. Clinical Guideline CG177. National clinical
guideline centre. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2014a.
http://www.nice.org.uk
NICE. Interventional procedure overview of platelet-rich plasma injections for osteoarthritis of the
knee [IPG491]. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2014b. http://www.nice.org.uk
Oppong R, Jowett S, Nicholls E, et al. Joint protection and hand exercises for hand osteoarthritis:
an economic evaluation comparing methods for the analysis of factorial trials. Rheumatology
2014;pii:keu389. [Epub ahead of print]
Østerås N, Garratt A, Grotle M, et al. Patient-reported quality of care for osteoarthritis:

development and testing of the osteoarthritis quality indicator questionnaire. Arthritis Care Res
2013;65:1043–51.
Paskins Z, Sanders T, Hassell AB. Comparison of patient experiences of the osteoarthritis

consultation with GP attitudes and beliefs to OA: a narrative review. BMC Fam Pract 2014;15:46.
Pendleton A, Arden A, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of knee
osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies
Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:936–44.
Porcheret M, Jordan K, Jinks C, Croft P, Primary Care Rheumatology Society. Primary care
treatment of knee pain – a survey in older adults. Rheumatology 2007a;46:1694–700.
Porcheret M, Jordan K, Croft P, Primary Care Rheumatology Society. Treatment of knee pain in
older adults in primary care: development of an evidence-based model of care. Rheumatology
2007b;46:638–48.
154

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Porcheret M, Grime J, Main C, Dziedzic K. Developing a model osteoarthritis consultation: a Delphi
consensus exercise. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013;14:25.
Porcheret M, Main C, Croft P, et al. Development of a behaviour change intervention: a case study
on the practical application of theory. Implement Sci 2014;9:42.
Pulsatelli L, Addimanda O, Brusi V, et al. New findings in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: therapeutic

implications. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013;4: 23–43.
Rintelen B, Neumann K, Leeb BF. A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies with diacerein in
the treatment of osteoarthritis. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1899–1906.
Roddy E, Thomas MJ, Marshall M, et al. The population prevalence of symptomatic radiographic
foot osteoarthritis in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional findings from the clinical
assessment study of the foot. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203804
Sackett DL. EBM: how to practise and teach EBM. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, 2000.
http://www.cebm.net
Sampalis JS, Brownell LA. A randomised, double blind, placebo and active comparator controlled
pilot study of UP446, a novel dual pathway inhibitor anti-inflammatory agent of botanical origin.
Nutr J 2013;11:21.
Uthman OA, van der Windt DA, Jordan JL, et al. Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic
review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;347:f5555.
Verbruggen G, Wittoek R, Vander Cruyssen B, Elewaut D. Tumour necrosis factor blockade for the
treatment of erosive osteoarthritis of the interphalangeal finger joints: a double blind, randomised
trial on structure modification. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:891–8.
*Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the
management of hip osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for
International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:669–81.
*Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the
management of hand osteoarthritis: report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for
International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2007a;66:377–88.
*Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and
knee osteoarthritis, part I: critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review
of current research evidence. Osteoarthr Cartil 2007b;15:981–1000.
Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and
knee osteoarthritis, part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthr Cartil
2008;16:137–62.
Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz R, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and
knee osteoarthritis: part III: Changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of
research published through January 2009. Osteoarthr Cartil 2010;18:476–99.
155

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Bliuc D, Nguyen ND, Milch VE, et al. Mortality risk associated with low-trauma osteoporotic
fracture and subsequent fracture in men and women. JAMA 2009;30:513–21.
*Bours SP, van Geel TA, Geusens PP, et al. Contributors to secondary osteoporosis and metabolic
bone diseases in patients presenting with a clinical fracture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2011;96:1360–7.
Boyle WJ, Simonet WS. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 2003;423:337–42.
*Briot K, Legrand E, Pouchain D, et al. Accuracy of patient-reported height loss and risk factors for
height loss among postmenopausal women. CMAJ 2010;182:558–62.
European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) Group. Incidence of vertebral fracture in

Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res
2002;17:716–24.
Genant HK, Van Kuijk C, Nevitt M. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semi-quantitative
technique. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:1137–48.
*Kanis JA, Hans D, Cooper C, et al. Interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice. Osteoporos
Int 2011;22:2395–411.
*Krishnan V, Bryant HU, MacDougald AO. Regulation of bone mass by Wnt signalling. J Clin Invest
2006;116:1202–9.
*NIH. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy.
Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285:785–95.
*Rachner TD, Khosla S, Hofbauer LC. Osteoporosis: now and the future. Lancet 2011;377:1276–
87.
*Roux C, Fechtenbaum J, Kolta S, et al. Prospective assessment of thoracic kyphosis in

postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2010;25:362–8.
*Roux C, Wyman A, Hooven FH, et al. Burden of non-hip, non-vertebral fractures on quality of life
in postmenopausal women: the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in women (GLOW).
Osteoporos Int 2012;23:2863–71.
*Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality–the material and structural basis of bone strength and
fragility. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2250–61.
Shoback D. Update in osteoporosis and metabolic bone disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2007;92:747–53.
*Svedbom A, Hernlund E, Ivergard M, et al. Osteoporosis in the European union: a compendium of

country-specific reports. Arch Osteoporos 2013;8:137.
*Van Geel TA, Van Helden S, Geusens PP, et al. Clinical subsequent fractures cluster in time after
first fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:99–102.
Van Staa TP, Denni son EM, Leufkens HE, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales.
Bone 2001;29:517–22.
*World Health Organization. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for
postmenopausal osteoporosis. World Health Organization Technical Report Series no. 843.
156
Geneva: WHO, 1994.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Zebaze RM, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Bohte A, et al. Intracortical remodelling and porosity in the distal
radius and post-mortem femurs of women: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2010;375:1729–36.
*Adami S, Giannini S, Bianchi G, et al. Vitamin D status and response to treatment in post-
menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2009;20:239–44.
Baron R, Kneissel M. WNT signalling in bone homeostasis and disease: from human mutations to
treatments. Nat Med 2013;19:179–92.
Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and

breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2006;355:125–37.
Benhamou CL, Souberbielle JC, Cortet B, et al.; for the Group of Research and Information on
Osteoporosis (GRIO). Vitamin D in adults: GRIO guidelines. Presse Med 2011;40:673–82.
*Black DM, Arden NK, Palermo L, et al. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and
new vertebral fractures but not wrist fractures. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:821–8.
Black DM, Bilezikian JP, Ensrud KE, et al. One year alendronate after one year of parathyroid
hormone (1–84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:555–65.
Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, et al; PaTH Study Investigators. The effects of parathyroid
hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med
2003;349:1207–15.
Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, et al. The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of
osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner
Res 2012;27:243–54.
Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, et al. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture
with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized
controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1415–23.
Boonen S, Orwoll ES, Wenderoth D, et al. Once-weekly risedronate in men with osteoporosis:
results of a 2-year, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study. J Bone Miner Res
2009;24:719–25.
Boonen S, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, et al. Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with
osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2012;367(18):1714–23.
Briot K, Cortet B, Thomas T, et al. 2012 update of French guidelines for the pharmacological
treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2012;79:304–13.
Brown JP, Prince RL, Deal C, et al. Comparison of the effect of denosumab and alendronate on
bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with
low bone mass: a randomized, blinded, phase 3 trial. J Bone Miner Res 2009;14:1–34.
Brown EM. The calcium-sensing receptor: physiology, pathophysiology and CaR based
therapeutics. Subcell Biochem 2007;45:139–67.
157

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Brown JP, Roux C, Törring O, et al. Discontinuation of denosumab and associated fracture
incidence: analysis from the Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6
Months (FREEDOM) trial. J Bone Miner Res 2013;28:746–52.
Cartsos VM, Zhu S, Zavras AI. Bisphosphonate use and the risk of adverse jaw outcomes: a
medical claims study of 714,217 people. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139:23–30.
Cooper C, Reginster JY, Cortet B, et al. Long-term treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal

women: a review from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis
and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). Curr Med Res
Opin 2012;28:475–91.
Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al.; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of
fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:756–65.
Cummings SR, Ensrud K, Delmas PD, et al.; PEARL Study Investigators. Lasofoxifene in
postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2010;25;362:686–96.
Diez-Perez A, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, et al.; IOF CSA Inadequate Responders Working Group.
Treatment failure in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:2769–74.
Eriksen EF, Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, et al. Antifracture efficacy and reduction of mortality in
relation to timing of the first dose of zoledronic acid after hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res
2009;24:1308–13.
Finkelstein JS, Hayes A, Hunzelman JL, Wyland JJ, et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone,
alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1216–26.
*Geusens PP, Roux CH, Reid DM, et al. Drug Insight: choosing a drug treatment strategy for
women with osteoporosis. An evidence-based clinical perspective. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol
2008;4:240–8.
Hodsman AB, Bauer DC, Dempster DW, et al. Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the
treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use. Endocr
Rev 2005;26:688–703.
*Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81.
Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(7):CD000333.
Kanis JA, Glüer CC, for the Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis
Foundation. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry.
*Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to
BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:989–95.
*Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, et al.; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society
for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the Committee
of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for
the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int
2013;24:23–57.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV. Guidance for the adjustment of FRAX according
to the dose of glucocorticoids. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:809–16. 158

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kearns AE, Khosla S, Kostenuik PJ. Receptor activator of nuclear factor {kappa}b ligand and
osteoprotegerin regulation of bone remodelling in health and disease. Endocr Rev 2008;29:155–
92.
Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task

force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:1479–
91.
Lekamwasam S, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, et al; Joint IOF-ECTS GIO Guidelines Working Group. A
framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced
osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:2257–76.
Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, McClung MR, et al.; AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group. Two-year
treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women
with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:1832–41.
*Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a
fracture. JAMA 2001;285:320–3.
Lips P, Bouillon R, van Schoor NM, Vanderschueren D, et al. Reducing fracture risk with calcium
and vitamin D. Clin Endocrinol 2010;73:277–85.
Lips P, van Schoor NM, de Jongh RT. Diet, sun, and lifestyle as determinants of vitamin D status.
Ann NY Acad Sci 2014;1317:92–8.
Liu H, Paige NM, Goldzweig CL, et al. Screening for osteoporosis in men: a systematic review for
an American College of Physicians guideline. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:685–701.
Martin AC. Osteoporosis in men: a review of endogenous sex hormones and testosterone
replacement therapy. J Pharm Pract 2011;24:307–15.
McClung MR, Grauer A, Boonen S, et al. Romosozumab in postmenopausal women with low bone
mineral density. N Engl J Med 2014;370:412–20.
McColm J, Hu L, Womack T, et al. Single- and multiple-dose randomized studies of blosozumab, a

monoclonal antibody against sclerostin, in healthy postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res
2014;29:935–43.
McLellan AR, Wolowacz SE, Zimovetz EA, et al. Fracture liaison services for the evaluation and
management of patients with osteoporotic fracture: a cost-effectiveness evaluation based on data
collected over 8 years of service provision. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2083–98.
Miller PD, Bolognese MA, Lewiecki EM, et al, Amg Bone Loss Study Group. Effect of denosumab
on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term
continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial.
Bone 2008;43:222–9.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. 2014 Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of

Osteoporosis. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2014.
Neyens JC, van Haastregt JC, Dijcks BP, et al. Effectiveness and implementation aspects of
interventions for preventing falls in elderly people in long-term care facilities: a systematic review of
RCTs. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011;12:410–25.
Nieves JW, Lindsay R. Calcium and fracture risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1579–80.
159

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and
care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ
2007;334:82.
Orwoll E, Ettinger M, Weiss S. Alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in men. N Engl J Med
2000;343:604–10.
Orwoll ES, Miller PD, Adachi JD. Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly i.v. Infusion of zoledronic
acid 5 mg versus a once-weekly 70-mg oral alendronate in the treatment of male osteoporosis: a
randomized, multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res 2010;25:2239–
50.
Orwoll ES, Scheele WH, Paul S. The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1–34)]
therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:9–17.
Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in
elderly people: systematic review. BMJ 2006;332:571–4.
Reid IR, Black DM, Eastell R, et al.; HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial and HORIZON Recurrent
Fracture Trial Steering Committees. Reduction in the risk of clinical fractures after a single dose of
zoledronic Acid 5 milligrams. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:557–63.
Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP. Dietary protein and bone health. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:527–31.
Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Boonen S, et al. Adverse reactions and drug-drug interactions in the
management of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2011;89:91–104.
*Rizzoli R, Boonen S, Brandi ML, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal

women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and
Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Curr Med Res Opin 2013;29:305–
13.
Rizzoli R, Adachi JD, Cooper C, et al. Management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Calcif

Tissue Int 2012b;91:225–43.
Rizzoli R, Body JJ, DeCensi A, et al.; European Society for Clinical and Economical aspects of
Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Guidance for the prevention of bone loss and fractures
in postmenopausal women treated with aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer: an ESCEO position
paper. Osteoporos Int 2012a;23:2567–76.
Rizzoli R, Adachi JD, Cooper C, et al. Management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Calcif

Tissue Int 2012b;91:225–43.
*Rizzoli R, Branco J, Brandi ML, et al. Management of osteoporosis of the oldest old. Osteoporos
Int 2014;25:2507–29.
Rizzoli R, Biver E. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: who to treat with what agent? Nat Rev
Rheumatol 2014 Nov 11. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.188
Rodan GA, Reszka AA. Bisphosphonate mechanism of action. Curr Mol Med 2002;2:571–7.
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in
healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized
controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288:321–33.
160

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP, et al. Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for
treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-
blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:3346–55.
*Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures:
second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone
Miner Res 2014;29:1–23.
Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A. Calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;1.
Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Genant HK, et al. Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new
vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year,
randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:1923–34.
Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N, et al. Denosumab HALT Prostate Cancer Study Group.
Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med
2009;361:745–55.
Tang B, Eslick GD, Nowson C, et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D
supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in older people: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;
370:657–66.
*WHO. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal
osteoporosis. Technical report series 843. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.
Aapro M, Abrahamsson PA, Body JJ, et al. Guidance on the use of bisphosphonates in solid
tumours: recommendations of an international expert panel. Ann Oncol 2008;19:420–32.
Alcalay M, Azais I, Brigeon B, et al. Strategy for identifying primary malignancies with inaugural
bone metastases. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1995;62:632–42.
Bendre MS, Gaddy-Kurten D, Mon-Foote T, et al. Expression of interleukin 8 and not parathyroid
hormone-related protein by human breast cancer cells correlates with bone metastasis in vivo.
Cancer Res 2002;62:5571–9.
Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in
patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med
1996;334:488–93.
Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al. Long-term pamidronate treatment of advanced

multiple myeloma patients reduces skeletal events. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. J Clin Oncol
1998;16:593–602.
Body JJ, Facon T, Coleman RE, et al. A study of the biological receptor activator of nuclear factor-
kappaB ligand inhibitor, denosumab, in patients with multiple myeloma or bone metastases from
breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1221–8.
Brown JM, Corey E, Lee ZD, et al. Osteoprotegerin and rank ligand expression in prostate cancer.
Urology 2001;57:611–16.
161

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Chow E, Harris K, Fan G, et al. Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases: a systematic
review. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1423–36.
*Clines GA, Guise TA. Hypercalcaemia of malignancy and basic research on mechanisms
responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic metastasis to bone. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005;12:549–
83.
Clines GA, Guise TA. Molecular mechanisms and treatment of bone metastasis. Expert Rev Mol
Med 2008;10:e7.
Coleman RE. Skeletal complications of malignancy. Cancer 1997;80:1588–94.
Coleman RE. Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies.
Cancer Treat Rev 2001;27:165–76.
*Coleman RE. Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin
Cancer Res 2006;12:6243s–49s.
Coleman RE. Risks and benefits of bisphosphonates. Br J Cancer 2008;98:1736–40.
*Coleman R, Gnant M, Morgan G, Clezardin P. Effects of bone-targeted agents on cancer

progression and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:1059–67.
Ell B, Mercatali L, Ibrahim T, et al. Tumor-induced osteoclast miRNA changes as regulators and
biomarkers of osteolytic bone metastasis. Cancer Cell 2013;24:542–56.
Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone
metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study.
Lancet 2011;377:813–22.
Fizazi K, Lipton A, Mariette X, et al. Randomized phase II trial of denosumab in patients with bone
metastases from prostate cancer, breast cancer, or other neoplasms after intravenous
bisphosphonates. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1564–71.
Fonti R, Salvatore B, Quarantelli M, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc-MIBI, and MRI in evaluation of
patients with multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med 2008;49:195–200.
*Giuliani N, Rizzoli V, Roodman GD. Multiple myeloma bone disease: pathophysiology of

osteoblast inhibition. Blood 2006;108:3992–6.
*Hadji P, Aapro M, Costa L, Gnant M. Antiresorptive treatment options and bone health in cancer
patients-safety profiles and clinical considerations. Cancer Treat Rev 2012;38:815–24.
Henry DH, Costa L, Goldwasser F, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus
zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding
breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1125–32.
Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Lipton A, et al. Long-term prevention of skeletal complications of
metastatic breast cancer with pamidronate. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin
Oncol 1998;16:2038–44.
Hwang S, Panicek DM. Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in oncology, Part 1. Skeletal
Radiol 2007a;36:913–20.
Hwang S, Panicek DM. Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in oncology, Part 2. Skeletal
162
Radiol 2007b;36:1017–27.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Katagiri H, Takahashi M, Inagaki J, et al. Determining the site of the primary cancer in patients with
skeletal metastasis of unknown origin: a retrospective study. Cancer 1999;86:533–7.
Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple
myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:21–33.
Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma. Blood 2008;111:2962–72.
Kyle RA, Yee GC, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 clinical
practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol
2007;25:2464–72.
Lee Y, Schwarz E, Davies M, et al. Differences in the cytokine profiles associated with prostate
cancer cell induced osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions in bone. J Orthop Res 2003;21:62–72.
Lipton A, Steger GG, Figueroa J, et al. Randomized active-controlled phase II study of denosumab
efficacy and safety in patients with breast cancer-related bone metastases. J Clin Oncol
2007;25:4431–7.
*Ludwig JA, Weinstein JN. Biomarkers in cancer staging, prognosis and treatment selection. Nat
Rev Cancer 2005;5:845–56.
Oyajobi BO, Garrett IR, Gupta A, et al. Stimulation of new bone formation by the proteasome
inhibitor, bortezomib: implications for myeloma bone disease. Br J Haematol 2007;139:434–8.
*Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management.
Am J Hematol 2011;86:57–65.
Rajkumar SV, Buadi F. Multiple myeloma: new staging systems for diagnosis, prognosis and
response evaluation. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2007;20:665–80.
Rajkumar SV, Lacy MQ, Kyle RA. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and
smoldering multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2007;21:255–65.
Rosen LS, Gordon D, Kaminski M, et al. Zoledronic acid versus pamidronate in the treatment of
skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer or osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma: a
phase III, double-blind, comparative trial. Cancer J 2001;7:377–87.
Rosen LS, Gordon D, Tchekmedyian S, et al. Zoledronic acid versus placebo in the treatment of
skeletal metastases in patients with lung cancer and other solid tumors: a phase III, double-blind,
randomized trial–the Zoledronic Acid Lung Cancer and Other Solid Tumors Study Group. J Clin
Oncol 2003;21:3150–7.
Roux S, Bergot C, Fermand JP, et al. Evaluation of bone mineral density and fat-lean distribution in
patients with multiple myeloma in sustained remission. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:231–6.
*Roux S, Mariette X. Hematological malignancies and the bone (myeloma excluded). Joint Bone
Spine 2000;67:264–71.
*Roux S, Mariette X. The high rate of bone resorption in multiple myeloma is due to RANK
(receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB) and RANK Ligand expression. Leuk Lymphoma
2004;45:1111–8.
Russell RG. Bisphosphonates: from bench to bedside. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1068:367–401.
163

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in
patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1458–
68.
Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, et al. Long-term efficacy of zoledronic acid for the prevention of
skeletal complications in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Natl
Cancer Inst 2004;96:879–82.
Saini S, Majid S, Yamamura S, et al. Regulatory role of mir-203 in prostate cancer progression and
metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:5287–98.
Seve P, Billotey C, Broussolle C, et al. The role of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron

emission tomography in disseminated carcinoma of unknown primary site. Cancer 2007;109:292–
9.
*Stewart AF. Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer. N Engl J Med
2005;352:373–9.
Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment
of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J
Clin Oncol 2010;28:5132–9.
Theriault RL, Lipton A, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Pamidronate reduces skeletal morbidity in women
with advanced breast cancer and lytic bone lesions: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Protocol 18 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:846–54.
Tubiana-Hulin M, De Maulmont C, Guinebretière J. Stratégie de prise en charge des métastases

osseuses révélatrices. Rev Rhum Ed Fr 2008;75:332–38.
Von Metzler I, Krebbel H, Hecht M, et al. Bortezomib inhibits human osteoclastogenesis. Leukemia
2007;21:2025–34.
Waning DL, Mohammad KS, Guise TA. Cancer-associated osteoclast differentiation takes a good
look in the miR(NA)ror. Cancer Cell 2013;24:407–9.
Weilbaecher KN, Guise TA, Mccauley LK. Cancer to bone: a fatal attraction. Nat Rev Cancer
2011;11:411–25.
Yaccoby S, Ling W, Zhan F, et al. Antibody-based inhibition of DKK1 suppresses tumor-induced

bone resorption and multiple myeloma growth in vivo. Blood 2007;109:2106–11.
Albagha OM, Visconti MR, Alonso N, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at
CSF1, OPTN and TNFRSF11A as genetic risk factors for Paget's disease of bone. Nat Genet
2010;42:520–4.
Alem AM, Sherrard DJ, Gillen DL, et al. Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-
stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2000;58:396–9.
Balemans W, Van Wesenbeeck L, Van Hul W. A clinical and molecular overview of the human
osteopetroses. Calcif Tissue Int 2005;77:263–74.
164

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bastin S, Bird H, Gamble G, Cundy T. Paget's disease of bone–becoming a rarity? Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2009;48:1232–5.
Block GA, Bone HG, Fang L, Lee E, Padhi D. A single-dose study of denosumab in patients with
various degrees of renal impairment. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27:1471–9.
Boyce BF, Fell GS, Elder HY, et al. Hypercalcaemic osteomalacia due to aluminium toxicity.
Lancet 1982;2:1009–13.
Boyce BF, Smith L, Fogelman I, et al. Focal osteomalacia due to low-dose diphosphonate therapy
in Paget's disease. Lancet 1984;1:821–4.
Boyce BF, Adamson BB, Gallacher SJ, et al. Mineralisation defects after pamidronate for Paget's
disease. Lancet 1994;343:1231–2.
Devogelaer JP, Geusens P, Daci E, et al. Remission over 3 years in patients with Paget disease of
bone treated with a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg zoledronic acid. Calcif Tissue Int
2014;94:311–18.
Houssiau FA, N'Zeusseu Toukap A, Depresseux G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-detected

avascular osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: lack of correlation with antiphospholipid
antibodies. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:448–53.
Installé J, Nzeusseu A, Bol A, et al. (18)F-fluoride PET for monitoring therapeutic response in
Paget's disease of bone. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1650–8.
Isakova T. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and adverse clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease.
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012;21:334–40.
Isakova T. Comparison of mineral metabolites as risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in CKD.
Semin Nephrol 2013;33:106–17.
Kanaan N, Claes K, Devogelaer JP, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23 and parathyroid hormone are
associated with post-transplant bone mineral density loss. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1887–92.
*Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical
practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney
Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 2009;(113):S1–130.
*Langston AL, Ralston SH. Management of Paget's disease of bone. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2004;43:955–9.
Langston AL, Campbell MK, Fraser WD, et al. Clinical determinants of quality of life in Paget's
disease of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2007;80:1–9.
Langston AL, Campbell MK, Fraser WD, et al.; PRISM Trial Group. Randomized trial of intensive
bisphosphonate treatment versus symptomatic management in Paget's disease of bone. J Bone
Miner Res 2010;25:20–31.
Layfield R, Hocking LJ. SQSTM1 and Paget's disease of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;75:347–57.
Mankin HJ. Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis). N Engl J Med 1992;326:1473–9.
Michou L, Brown JP. Genetics of bone diseases: Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, osteopetrosis,
and osteogenesis imperfecta. Joint Bone Spine 2011;78:252–8.
165

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Miller PD. Treatment of metabolic bone disease in patients with chronic renal disease: a
perspective for rheumatologists. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2005;7:53–60.
Nuzzo V, Ferrara T, Zuccoli A, et al. Infiltrating giant cell tumor in a case of Paget's disease of
bone. Arch Osteoporos 2009;4:91–4.
Quarles LD. Skeletal secretion of FGF-23 regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. Nat Rev
Endocrinol 2012;8:276–86.
*Ralston SH, Langston AL, Reid IR. Pathogenesis and management of Paget's disease of bone.
Lancet 2008;372:155–63.
Rebel A, Malkani K, Basle M, et al. Ultrastructural characteristics of osteoclasts in Paget's disease.

Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1974;41:767–71.
Reid IR, Miller P, Lyles K, et al. Comparison of a single infusion of zoledronate with risedronate for
Paget's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:898–908.
Rendina D, Mossetti G, Soscia E, et al. Giant cell tumor and Paget's disease of bone in one family:
geographic clustering. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004;(421):218–24.
Shimada T, Mizutani S, Muto T, et al. Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor
of tumor-induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6500–5.
Steinberg ME, Hayken GD, Steinberg DR. A quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis. J
Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77:34–41.
Urena P, Hruby M, Ferreira A, Ang KS, de Vernejoul MC. Plasma total versus bone alkaline
phosphatase as markers of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol
1996;7:506–12.
van Staa TP, Selby P, Leufkens HG, et al. Incidence and natural history of Paget's disease of bone
in England and Wales. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:465–71.
Velan GJ, Currier BL, Clarke BL, Yaszemski MJ. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
in vitamin D-resistant rickets: case report and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)
2001;26:590–3.
Wermers RA, Tiegs RD, Atkinson EJ, Achenbach SJ, Melton LJ 3rd. Morbidity and mortality
associated with Paget's disease of bone: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res
2008;23:819–25.
Aebi M. The adult scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2005;14:925–48.
Albert HB, Hauge E, Manniche C. Centralization in patients with sciatica: are pain responses to
repeated movement and positioning associated with outcome or types of disc lesions? Eur Spine J
2012;21:630–6.
Albert HB, Lambert P, Rollason J, et al. Does nuclear tissue infected with bacteria following disc
herniations lead to Modic changes in the adjacent vertebrae? Eur Spine J 2013a;22:690–6.
166

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Albert HB, Sorensen JS, Christensen BS, et al. Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low
back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical
controlled trial of efficacy. Eur Spine J 2013b;22:697–707.
Altaf F, Gibson A, Dannawi Z, Noordeen H. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BMJ 2013;346:f2508.
Ammendolia C, Stuber K, de Bruin LK, et al. Nonoperative treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with
neurogenic claudication: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:E609–16.
Ammendolia C, Stuber K, Tomkins-Lane C, et al. What interventions improve walking ability in

neurogenic claudication with lumbar spinal stenosis? A systematic review. Eur Spine J
2014;23:1282–301.
Apeldoorn AT, Bosmans JE, Ostelo RW, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a classification-based system
for sub-acute and chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J 2012a;21:1290–300.
Apeldoorn AT, Ostelo RW, van Helvoirt H, et al. A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness
of a classification-based system for subacute and chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)
2012b;37:1347–56.
Axén I, Leboeuf-Yde C. Trajectories of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2013;27:601–12.
Bakland G, Alsing R, Singh K, Nossent JC. Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society

criteria for axial spondyloarthritis in chronic back pain patients with a high prevalence of HLA-B27.
*Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet
2012;379:482–91.
Baron R, Freynhagen R, Tölle TR, et al.; A0081007 Investigators. The efficacy and safety of
pregabalin in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with chronic lumbosacral radiculopathy.
Pain 2010;150:420–7.
*Barrey C, Roussouly P, Perrin G, Le Huec JC. Sagittal balance disorders in severe degenerative
spine. Can we identify the compensatory mechanisms? Eur Spine J 2011;20:S626–33.
*Battié MC, Videman T, Kaprio J, et al. The Twin Spine Study: contributions to a changing view of
disc degeneration. Spine J 2009;9:47–59.
Beutler WJ, Fredrickson BE, Murtland A, et al. The natural history of spondylolysis and
spondylolisthesis: 45-year follow-up evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:1027–35;
discussion 1035.
Billis E, McCarthy CJ, Roberts C, et al. Sub-grouping patients with non-specific low back pain
based on cluster analysis of discriminatory clinical items. J Rehabil Med 2013;45:177–85.
Borenstein D. Mechanical low back pain–a rheumatologist's view. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:643–
53.
Boulay C, Tardieu C, Hecquet J, et al. Sagittal alignment of spine and pelvis regulated by pelvic
incidence: standard values and prediction of lordosis. Eur Spine J 2006;15:415–22.
Burgos-Vargas R, Braun J. Inflammatory back pain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2012;38:487–99.
167

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bydon M, De la Garza-Ramos R, Macki M, et al. Lumbar fusion versus non-operative management
for treatment of discogenic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials. J Spinal Disord Tech 2014;27:297–304.
Carragee E, Alamin T, Cheng I, et al. Are first-time episodes of serious LBP associated with new
MRI findings? Spine J 2006;6:624–35.
Coggon D, Ntani G, Palmer KT, et al. Disabling musculoskeletal pain in working populations: is it
the job, the person, or the culture? Pain 2013;154:856–63.
Cohen SP, Raja, SN. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint
pain. Anesthesiology 2007;106: 591–614.
Corbière M, Zaniboni S, Coutu MF, et al. Evaluation of the fear-avoidance model with health care
workers experiencing acute/subacute pain. Pain 2011;152:2543–8.
Driscoll T, Jacklyn G, Orchard J, et al. The global burden of occupationally related low back pain:
estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:975–81.
Everett CR, Patel RK. A systematic literature review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:S130–4.
Fairbank J, Gwilym SE, France JC, et al. The role of classification of chronic low back pain. Spine
(Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:S19–42.
Ferreira ML, Machado G, Latimer J, et al. Factors defining care-seeking in low back pain–a meta-
analysis of population based surveys. Eur J Pain 2010;14:747.e1–7.
*Genevay S, Atlas SJ. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010;24:253–65.
Genevay S, Finckh A, Payer M, et al. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periradicular
fat tissue in patients with radiculopathy from herniated disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:2041–
6.
Gerszten PC, Smuck M, Rathmell JP, et al.; SPINE Study Group. Plasma disc decompression
compared with fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal epidural steroid injections for symptomatic
contained lumbar disc herniation: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Neurosurg Spine
2010;12:357–71.
Graves JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Jarvik JG, Franklin GM. Early imaging for acute low back pain: one-
year health and disability outcomes among Washington State workers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)
2012;37:1617–27.
Graves JM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Jarvik JG, Franklin GM. Health care utilization and costs associated
with adherence to clinical practice guidelines for early magnetic resonance imaging among workers
with acute occupational low back pain. Health Serv Res 2014;49:645–65.
*Grubb SA, Lipscomb HJ, Coonrad RW. Degenerative adult onset scoliosis. Spine 1988;13:241–
45.
Hall H. Effective spine triage: patterns of pain. Ochsner J 2014;14:88–95.
Hamilton L, Macgregor A, Warmington V, Pinch E, Gaffney K. The prevalence of inflammatory

back pain in a UK primary care population. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:161–4.
168

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet
joint as the source of low back pain. Eur Spine J 2007;16:1539–50.
Hartvigsen J, Natvig B, Ferreira M. Is it all about a pain in the back? Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2013;27:613–23.
Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, et al. Comparison of stratified primary care management for low
back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet
2011;378:1560–71.
*Holm S, Indahl A, Solomonow M. Sensorimotor control of the spine. J Electromyogr Kinesiol

2002;12:219–234.
Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global
Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:968–74.
Hresko MT. Clinical practice. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. N Engl J Med 2013;368:834–41.
Indahl A, Haldorsen EH, Holm S, et al. Five-year follow-up study of a controlled clinical trial using
light mobilization and an informative approach to low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)
1998;23:2625–30.
Jacobs WC, van Tulder M, Arts M, et al. Surgery versus conservative management of sciatica due
to a lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review. Eur Spine J 2011;20:513–22.
Kääpä E, Luoma K, Pitkäniemi J, Kerttula L, Grönblad M. Corelation of size and type of Modic
types 1 and 2 lesions with clinical symptoms. Spine 2012;37:134–9.
Keller A, Boyle E, Skog TA, Cassidy JD, Bautz-Holter E. Are Modic changes prognostic for
recovery in a cohort of patients with non-specific low back pain? Eur Spine J 2012;21:418–24.
Konstantinou K, Dunn KM. Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:2464–72.
Kotwal S, Pumberger M, Hughes A, Girardi F. Degenerative scoliosis: a review. HSS J

2011;7:257–64.
*Kreiner DS, Hwang SW, Easa JE, et al.; North American Spine Society. An evidence-based
clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy.
Spine J 2014;14:180–91.
Labelle H, Mac-Thiong JM, Roussouly P. Spino-pelvic sagittal balance of spondylolisthesis: a

review and classification. Eur Spine J 2011;20:641–6.
*Laerum E, Indahl A, Skouen JS. What is "the good back-consultation"? A combined qualitative
and quantitative study of chronic low back pain patients' interaction with and perceptions of
consultations with specialists. J Rehabil Med 2006;38:255–62.
Leboeuf-Yde C, Lemeunier N, Wedderkopp N, Kjaer P. Evidence-based classification of low back

pain in the general population: one-year data collected with SMS Track. Chiropr Man Therap
2013;21:30.
Lewis RA, Williams NH, Sutton AJ, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness of management
strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses. Spine J 2013.
169

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Luijsterburg PA, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, et al. Physical therapy plus general practitioners' care
versus general practitioners' care alone for sciatica: a randomised clinical trial with a 12-month
follow-up. Eur Spine J 2008;17:509–17.
Main CJ, Sullivan MJ, Watson PJ. Pain management: practical applications of the biopsychosocial
perspective in clinical and occupational settings. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, 2008.
Makurthou A, Oei L, El Saddy S, et al. Scheuermann disease: evaluation of radiological criteria

and population prevalence. Spine 2013;38:1690–4.
Malik KM, Cohen SP, Walega DR, Benzon HT. Diagnostic criteria and treatment of discogenic
pain: a systematic review of recent clinical literature. Spine J 2013;13:1675–89.
Manchikanti L, Singh V. Review of chronic low back pain of facet joint origin. Pain Physician
2002;5:83–101.
Mannion AF, Elfering A, Staerkle R, et al. Outcome assessment in low back pain: how low can you
go? Eur Spine J 2005;14:1014–26.
*Mannion AF, Brox JI, Fairbank JC. Comparison of spinal fusion and nonoperative treatment in
patients with chronic low back pain: long-term follow-up of three randomized controlled trials. Spine
J 2013;13:1438–48.
Mata S, Fortin PR, Fitzcharles MA, et al. A controlled study of diffuse idiopathic skeletal
hyperostosis. Clinical features and functional status. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:104–17.
McCarthy CJ, Roberts C, Gittins M, Oldham JA. A process of subgroup identification in non-
specific low back pain using a standard clinical examination and cluster analysis. Physiother Res
Int 2012;17:92–100.
Overdevest GM, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Jacobs WC, et al.; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention
Prognostic Study Group. Recovery of motor deficit accompanying sciatica-subgroup analysis of a
randomized controlled trial. Spine J 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
Pampati S, Cash KA, Manchikanti L. Accuracy of diagnostic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks: a 2-
year follow-up of 152 patients diagnosed with controlled diagnostic blocks. Pain Physician
2009;12:855–66.
Panjabi M, Abumi K, Duranceau J, Oxland T. Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces. A
biomechanical model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989;14:194–200.
Parr JJ, Borsa PA, Fillingim RB, et al. Pain-related fear and catastrophizing predict pain intensity
and disability independently using an induced muscle injury model. J Pain 2012;13:370–8.
Peul WC, van Houwelingen HC, van den Hout WB, et al.; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention
Prognostic Study Group. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J
Med 2007;356:2245–56.
Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of
sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012;157:865–77.
Radcliff K, Kepler C, Hilibrand A, et al. Epidural steroid injections are associated with less
improvement in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a subgroup analysis of the Spine Patient
Outcomes Research Trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:279–91.
170

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Rainville J, Smeets RJ, Bendix T, et al. Fear-avoidance beliefs and pain avoidance in low back
pain–translating research into clinical practice. Spine J 2011;11:895–903.
*Reeves NP, Narendra KS, Cholewicki J. Spine stability: the six blind men and the elephant. Clin
Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007;22:266–74.
Resnick D, Niwayama, G. Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse

idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Radiology 1976;119:559–68.
Rivinoja AE, Paananen MV, Taimela SP, et al. Sports, smoking, and overweight during
adolescence as predictors of sciatica in adulthood: a 28-year follow-up study of a birth cohort. Am
J Epidemiol 2011;173:890–7.
*Roussel NA, Nijs J, Meeus M, et al. Central sensitization and altered central pain processing in
chronic low back pain: fact or myth? Clin J Pain 2013;29:625–38.
Roussouly P, Gollogly S, Berthonnaud E, Dimnet J. Classification of the normal variation in the

sagittal alignment of the human spine and pelvis in the standing position. Spine 2005;30:346–53.
Ruetsch C, Tkacz J, Kardel PG, et al. Trajectories of health care service utilization and differences
in patient characteristics among adults with specific chronic pain: analysis of health plan member
claims. J Pain Res 2013;6:137–49.
Sepucha KR, Feibelmann S, Abdu WA, et al. Psychometric evaluation of a decision quality
instrument for treatment of lumbar herniated disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:1609–16.
Smart KM, Blake C, Staines A, Thacker M, Doody C. Mechanisms-based classifications of

musculoskeletal pain: part 1 of 3: symptoms and signs of central sensitisation in patients with low
back (± leg) pain. Man Ther 2012a;17:336–44.

musculoskeletal pain: part 2 of 3: symptoms and signs of peripheral neuropathic pain in patients
with low back (± leg) pain. Man Ther 2012b;17:345–51.

musculoskeletal pain: part 3 of 3: symptoms and signs of nociceptive pain in patients with low back
(± leg) pain. Man Ther 2012c;17:352–7.
Smith MW, Ith A, Carragee EJ, et al. Does the presence of the fibronectin-aggrecan complex
predict outcomes from lumbar discectomy for disc herniation? Spine J 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
Solmaz D, Akar S, Soysal O, et al. Performance of different criteria sets for inflammatory back pain
in patients with axial spondyloarthritis with and without radiographic sacroiliitis. Clin Rheumatol
2014;33:1475–9.
Sorensen PH, Bendix T, Manniche C, et al. An educational approach based on a non-injury model
compared with individual symptom-based physical training in chronic LBP. A pragmatic,
randomised trial with a one-year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:212.
Sponseller PD, Akbarnia BA, Lenke LG, Wollowick AL. Pediatric spinal deformity: what every
orthopaedic surgeon needs to know. Instr Course Lect 2012;61:481–97.
Stafford MA, Peng P, Hill DA. Sciatica: a review of history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the
role of epidural steroid injection in management. Br J Anesthesiol 2007;99:461–72.
171

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Steffens D, Hancock MJ, Maher CG, et al. Does magnetic resonance imaging predict future low
back pain? A systematic review. Eur J Pain 2014;18:755–65.
Takatalo J, Karppinen J, Niinimäki J, et al. Association of modic changes, Schmorl's nodes,

spondylolytic defects, high-intensity zone lesions, disc herniations, and radial tears with low back
symptom severity among young Finnish adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:1231–9.
Taylor JB, Goode AP, George SZ, Cook CE. Incidence and risk factors for first-time incident low
back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
Utsinger PD, Resnick, D, Shapiro, R. Diffuse skeletal abnormalities in Forestier disease. Arch
Intern Med 1976;136:763–8.
Valat JP, Genevay S, Marty M, Rozenberg S, Koes B. Sciatica. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2010;24:241–52.
van der Windt DA, Simons E, Riphagen II, et al. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due
to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD007431.
van Kleef M, Vanelderen P, Cohen SP, et al. Pain originating from the lumbar facet joints. Pain
Pract 2010;10:459–69.
van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, et al.; COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for the
Management of Acute Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the
management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J 2006;15:S169–91.
*van Tulder M, Peul W, Koes B. Sciatica: what the rheumatologist needs to know. Nat Rev
Rheumatol 2010;6:139–45.
Vasseljen O, Woodhouse A, Bjørngaard JH, Leivseth L. Natural course of acute neck and low back
pain in the general population: the HUNT study. Pain 2013;154:1237–44.
Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low
back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995;62:363–72.
*Waddell G. 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-
back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1987;12:632–44.
Wang P, Zhang J, Liao W, et al. Content comparison of questionnaires and scales used in low
back pain based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health: a systematic
review. Disabil Rehabil 2012;34:1167–77.
Watters WC 3rd, Baisden J, Gilbert TJ, et al.; North American Spine Society. Degenerative lumbar
spinal stenosis: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of
degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J 2008;8:305–10.
Webster BS, Choi Y, Bauer AZ, Cifuentes M, Pransky G. The cascade of medical services and
associated longitudinal costs due to non-adherent MRI for low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)
2014. [Epub ahead of print]
Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al.; SPORT Investigators. Surgical versus nonsurgical
therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008a;358:794–810.
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Lancet 2008b;371:1527–37.
172

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Wright JG, Dobbs MB. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic
scoliosis. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1512–21.
Weisman MH. Inflammatory back pain: the United States perspective. Rheum Dis Clin North Am
2012;38:501–12.
Wertli MM, Eugster R, Held U, et al. Catastrophizing-a prognostic factor for outcome in patients
with low back pain: a systematic review. Spine J 2014a;14:2639–57.
Wertli MM, Rasmussen-Barr E, Held U, Weiser S, Bachmann LM, Brunner F. Fear-avoidance

beliefs-a moderator of treatment efficacy in patients with low back pain: a systematic review. Spine
J 2014b;14:2658–78.
Wideman TH, Sullivan MJ. Differential predictors of the long-term levels of pain intensity, work
disability, healthcare use, and medication use in a sample of workers' compensation claimants.
Pain 2011;152:376–83.
Widerström B, Olofsson N, Arvidsson I, Harms-Ringdahl K, Larsson UE. Inter-examiner reliability

of a proposed decision-making treatment based classification system for low back pain patients.
Man Ther 2012;17:164–71.
Abate M, Schiavone C, Salini V. The use of hyaluronic acid after tendon surgery and in
tendinopathies. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:783632.
*Bruyn GAW, Moller I, Klauser A, Martinoli C. Soft tissue pathology: regional pain syndromes,
nerves and ligaments. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:vii22–5.
Burbank KM, Stevenson HJ, Czarnecki GR, et al. Chronic shoulder pain: Part II. Treatment. Am
Fam Physician 2008;77:493–7.
Cowan J, Lozano-Calderón S, Ring D. Quality of prospective controlled randomized trials. Analysis

of trials of treatment for lateral epicondylitis as an example. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:1693–9.
Cummings M, Baldry P. Regional myofascial pain: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res
*da Silva JAP, Woolf AD. Rheumatology in practice. Springer, 2010.
Daley EL, Bajaj S, Bisson LJ, Cole BJ. Improving injection accuracy of the elbow, knee, and
shoulder: does injection site and imaging make a difference? A systematic review. Am J Sports
Med 2011;39:656–62.
Dean BJF, Gwilym SE, Carr AJ. Why does my shoulder hurt? Br J Sports Med 2013;47:1095–104.
Dragoo JL, Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Nead KT. Platelet-rich plasma as a treatment for patellar
tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2014;42:610–18.
Gaujoux-Viala C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Efficacy and safety of steroid injections for shoulder and
elbow tendonitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1843–9.
Green S, Buchbinder R, Barnsley L, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for

treating lateral elbow pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD003686. 173

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic
criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Pain 1999;83:211–19.
Hattrup SJ, Johnson KA. A review of ruptures of the Achilles tendon. Foot Ankle 1985;6:34–8.
Hoksrud A, Öhberg L, Alfredson H, Bahr R. Color Doppler ultrasound findings in patellar

tendinopathy (jumper’s knee). Am J Sports Med 2008;36:1813–20.
Hoksrud AF, Bahr R. Injectable agents derived from or targeting vascularity: has clinical
acceptance in managing tendon disorders superseded scientific evidence?. J Musculoskelet
Neuronal Interact 2011;11:174–84.
Johnson M, Martinson M. Efficacy of electrical nerve stimulation for chronic musculoskeletal pain.
A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Pain 2007;130:157–65.
Killian ML, Cavinatto L, Galatz LM, Thomopoulos S. Recent advances in shoulder research.
Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:214.
*Klauser AS, Martinoli C, Tagliafico A, et al. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome. Semin
Musculoskelet Radiol 2013;17:43–8.
Lasbleiz S, Quintero N, Ea K, et al. Diagnostic value of clinical tests for degenerative rotator cuff
disease in medical practice. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2014;57:228–43.
Lequesne M, Mathieu P, Vuillemin-Bodahi V, Bard H, Djian P. Gluteal tendinopathy in refractory

greater trochanter pain syndrome: diagnostic value of two clinical tests. Arthritis Rheum
2008;59:241–6.
Mazières B, Rouanet S, Guillon Y, et al. Topical ketoprofen patch in the treatment of tendinitis: a
randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1563–70.
Micu MC, Alcalde M, Saenz J, et al. Impact of musculoskeletal ultrasound in an outpatient

rheumatology clinic. Arthritis Care Res 2013;65:615–21.
*Naredo E, Aguado P, De Miguel E, et al. Painful shoulder: comparison of physical examination

and ultrasonographic findings. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:132–6.
Naredo E, Cabero F, Beneyto P, et al. A randomized comparative study of short term response to
blind injection versus sonographic-guided injection of local corticosteroids in patients with painful
shoulder. J Rheumatol 2004;31:308–14.
Ottenheijm RP, Jansen MJ, Staal JB, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic ultrasound in patients with
suspected subacromial disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
2010;91:1616–25.
Ottenheijm RPG, van’t Klooster IGM, Starmans LMM, et al. Ultrasound-diagnosed disorders in
shoulder patients in daily general practice: a retrospective observational study. BMC Fam Pract
2014;15:115.
Peters-Veluthamaningal C, Winters JC, Groenier KH, Jong BM. Corticosteroid injections effective
for trigger finger in adults in general practice: a double-blinded randomised placebo controlled trial.
Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1262–6.
Petrella RJ, Cogliano A, Decaria J, Mohamed N, Lee R. Management of Tennis Elbow with sodium
hyaluronate periarticular injections. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2010;2:4.
174

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Pfirrmann Ch, Chung C, Theumann N, et al. Greater trochanter of the hip: attachment of the
abductor mechanism and a complex of three bursae-MR imaging and MR bursography in
asymptomatic volunteers. Radiology 2001;221:469–77.
Radunovic G, Vlad V, Micu MC, et al. Ultrasound assessment of the elbow. Med Ultrason
2012;14:141–6.
Rees JD, Wilson AM, Wolman RL. Current concepts in the management of tendon disorders.
Sage W, Pickup L, Smith TO, Denton ERE, Toms AP. The clinical and functional outcomes of
ultrasoundguided vs landmark-guided injections for adults with shoulder pathology—a systematic
review and metaanalysis. Rheumatology 2013;52:743–51.
*Sawaizumi T, Nanno M, Ito H. De Quervain's disease: efficacy of intra-sheath triamcinolone

injection. Int Orthop 2007;31:265–8.
Segal NA, Felson DT, Torner JC, et al. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome: epidemiology and
associated factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:988–92.
Slawsky K, Mc Innis M, Goss TF, Lee DW. The clinical economics of ultrasound-guided
procedures. Technical report. Wauwatosa, WI: General Electric, 2011.
Speed CA. Therapeutic ultrasound in soft tissue lesions. Rheumatology 2001;40:1331–6.
Speed C. Shoulder pain. Clin Evid 2005;14:1543–60.
Speed CA. Systematic review of shockwave therapies in soft tissue conditions: focusing on the
evidence. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:1538–42.
*Tagliafico A, Russo G, Boccakini S, et al. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures around the

shoulder. Radiol Med 2014;119:318–26.
Van der Sande R, Rinkel WD, Gebremariam L, et al. Subacromial impingement syndrome:
effectiveness of pharmaceutical interventions-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid,
or other injections: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013;94:961–76.
Van der Worp MP, van der Horst N, de Wijer A, Backx FJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Iliotibial
band syndrome in runners: a systematic review. Sports Med 2012;42:969–92.
Recommended reading
Brievik H, Shipley M, eds. Pain: best practice & research compendium. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Publishers, 2007.
Harden RN, Bruehl S, Stanton-Hicks M, et al. Proposed new diagnostic criteria for complex
regional pain syndrome. Pain Med 2007;8:326–31.
Hazleman BL, Riley J, Speed CA, eds. Soft tissue rheumatology. Oxford: Oxford Universty Press,
2004.
Speed CA, Hunter D, eds. Regional musculoskeletal conditions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2007;21.
175

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Wakefield RJ, DÁgostino MA, eds. Essential applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in
rheumatology I. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2010:339–42.
Wood Jones F. The principles of anatomy as seen in the hand. Structure and function as seen in
the foot. Birmingham: The Classics of Surgery Library, 1986.
Ablin J, Fitzcharles MA, Buskila D, et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: recommendations of

recent evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines with special emphasis on complementary and
alternative therapies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013a;2013:485272.
Ablin JN, Häuser W, Buskila D. Spa treatment (balneotherapy) for fibromyalgia-a qualitative-
narrative review and a historical perspective. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
2013b;2013:638050.
Adamowicz JL, Caikauskaite I, Friedberg F. Defining recovery in chronic fatigue syndrome: a

critical review. Qual Life Res 2014;23:2407–16.
Annemans L, Wessely S, Spaepen E, et al. Health economic consequences related to the

diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:895–902.
Arnold LM, Crofford LJ, Martin SA, et al. The effect of anxiety and depression on improvements in
pain in a randomized, controlled trial of pregabalin for treatment of fibromyalgia. Pain Med
2007;8:633–8.
Atzeni F, Cazzola M, Benucci M, et al. Chronic widespread pain in the spectrum of rheumatological
diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011;25:165–71.
Bates DW, Buchwald D, Lee J, et al. A comparison of case definitions of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:S11–15.
Berger A, Dukes E, Martin S, Edelsberg J, Oster G. Characteristics and healthcare costs of

patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:1498–508.
Bernardy K, Klose P, Busch AJ, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapies for fibromyalgia. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2013;9:CD009796.
Branco JC, Saraiva F, Matucci Cerinic M, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome: a European

epidemiological survey. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:547.
Brown MM, Jason LA. Functioning in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome: increased
impairment with co-occurring multiple chemical sensitivity and fibromyalgia. Dyn Med 2007;6:9.
Buskila D, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P. Etiology of fibromyalgia: the possible role of infection and
vaccination. Autoimmune Rev 2008;8:41–3.
Caro XJ, Winter EF. Evidence of abnormal epidermal nerve fiber density in fibromyalgia: clinical
and immunologic implications. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:1945–54.
Carville SF, Arendt-Nielsen S, Bliddal H, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the
management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:536–41.
176

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Cassisi G, Ceccherelli F, Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P. Complementary and alternative medicine in
fibromyalgia: a practical clinical debate of agreements and contrasts. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2013;31:S134–52.
Castelli L, Tesio V, Colonna F, et al. Alexithymia and psychological distress in fibromyalgia:

prevalence and relation with quality of life. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:70–7.
Cazzola M, Sarzi Puttini P, Stisi S, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome: definition and diagnostic aspects.
Reumatismo 2008;60:3–14.
Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA 2014;311:1547–55.
Cook DB, Lange G, Ciccone DS, et al. Functional imaging of pain in patients with primary
fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2004;31:364–78.
Dailey DL, Keffala VJ, Sluka KA. Cognitive and physical fatigue tasks enhance pain, cognitive
fatigue and physical fatigue in people with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014. [Epub
ahead of print]
Devanur LD, Kerr JR. Chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Virol 2006;37:139–50.
Don Goldenberg M, Michael Mayskiy M, Christopher Mossey M. A randomized, double-blind

crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum
1996;39:1852–9.
Froriep R. On the therapeutic application of electro-magnetism in the treatment of rheumatic and

paralytic affections. Translated by RM Lawrance. London: Henry Renshaw, 1850.
*Giesecke T, Williams DA, Harris RE, et al. Subgrouping of fibromyalgia patients on the basis of
pressure-pain thresholds and psychological factors. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2916–22.
Gilson SF, Cramer EP, DePoy E. Redefining abuse of women with disabilities: a paradox of
limitation and expansion. Affilia 2001;16:220–35.
Goesling J, Clauw DJ, Hassett AL. Pain and depression: an integrative review of neurobiological
and psychological factors. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013;15:421.
Gowers WR. Lumbago: its lessons and analogues. Br Med J 1904;1:117–21.
*Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of
augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1333–43.
Gupta A, Silman AJ, Ray D, et al. The role of psychosocial factors in predicting the onset of chronic
widespread pain: results from a prospective population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2007;46:666–71.
Hadler NM, Ehrlich GE. Fibromyalgia and the conundrum of disability determination. J Occup
Environ Med 2003;45:1030–33.
Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ, et al. Decreased central mu-opioid receptor availability in
fibromyalgia. J Neurosci 2007;27:10000–6.
Häuser W, Walitt B, Fitzcharles MA, Sommer C. Review of pharmacological therapies in

fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2014;16:201.
177

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Häuser W, Wolfe F, Tölle T, Uçeyler N, Sommer C. The role of antidepressants in the
management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs
2012;26:297–307.
Hauser W, Bernardy K, Arnold B, et al. Efficacy of multicomponent treatment in fibromyalgia

syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:216–
24.
Hauser W, Klose P, Langhorst J, et al. Efficacy of different types of aerobic exercise in fibromyalgia
syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arthritis Res
Ther 2010;12:R79.
Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P. Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental,

and somatoform disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:6024–30.
Hench PK. Nonarticular rheumatism, 22nd rheumatism review: review of the American and English
literature for the years 1973 and 1974. Arthritis Rheum 1976;19(Suppl):1081–9.
Holman A, Myers R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole, a

dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medications. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:2495–505.
*Hughes G, Martinez C, Myon E, et al. The impact of a diagnosis of fibromyalgia on health care
resource use by primary care patients in the UK: an observational study based on clinical practice.
Kellgren JH. Observations on referred pain arising from muscle. Clin Sci 1938;3:175–90.
Lautenbacher S, Rollman G. Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain

1997;13:189–96.
Lewis T. Suggestions related to the study of somatic pain. Br Med J 1938;1:321–5.
Lowe JC, Garrison RL, Reichman AJ, et al. Triiodothyronine (T3) treatment of euthyroid
fibromyalgia. A small-n replication of a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Clin Bull
Myofascial Ther 1997;2:77–88.
McLean SA, Williams DA, Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia after motor vehicle collision: evidence and
implications. Traffic Inj Prev 2005;6:97–104.
Mogil JS. Animal models of pain: progress and challenges. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:283–94.
Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-REM sleep

disturbance in patients with “fibrositis syndrome” and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med
1975;37:341–51.
Mountz JM, Bradley LA, Modell JG, et al. Fibromyalgia in women: abnormalities of regional
cerebral blood flow in the thalamus and the caudate nucleus are associated with low pain threshold
levels. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:926–38.
Neumann L, Buskila D. Epidemiology of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003;7:362–8.
Nishishinya B, Urrútia G, Walitt B, et al. Amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic

review of its efficacy. Rheumatology 2008;47:1741–6.
178

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Perrot S, Bouhassira D, Fermanian J. Cercle d'etude de la douleur en rhumatologie. Development
and validation of the fibromyalgia rapid screening tool (FiRST). Pain 2010;150:250–6.
Perrot S, Vicaut E, Servant D, Ravaud P. Prevalence of fibromyalgia in France: a multi-step study

research combining national screening and clinical confirmation: the DEFI study (determination of
epidemiology of fibromyalgia). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011;12:224.
Phillips K, Claw DJ. Central pain mechanisms in the rheumatic diseases: future directions. Arthritis
Rheum 2013;65:291–302.
Picavet HS, Hoeymans N. Health related quality of life in multiple musculoskeletal diseases: SF-36
and EQ-5D in the DMC3 study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:723–9.
Rehm SE, Koroschetz J, Gockel U, et al. A cross-sectional survey of 3035 patients with
fibromyalgia: subgroups of patients with typical comorbidities and sensory symptom profiles.
Salaffi F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Girolimetti R, et al. Development and validation of the self-administered

fibromyalgia assessment status: a disease-specific composite measure for evaluating treatment
effect. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R125.
Smythe HA, Moldofsky H. Two contributions to understanding of the “Fibrositis” syndrome. Bull
Rheum Dis 1977;28:928–31.
Vergne Salle P, Dufauret-Lombard C, Bonnet C, et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-

controlled trial of dolasetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist, in patients with
fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain 2011;15:509–14.
White KP, NielsonWR, Harth M, et al. Does the label “fibromyalgia” alter service utilization? A
prospective, within-group comparison in a community cohort of adults with chronic widespread
pain. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:260–5.
White KP, Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London fibromyalgia epidemiology study: the
prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Ontario. J Rheumatol 1999;26:1570–6.
*Wolfe F. Fibromyalgianess. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:715–16.
*Wolfe F. How to use the new American College of Rheumatology fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria
[letter]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63:1073–4.
*Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, et al. Health status and disease severity in fibromyalgia: results
of a six-center longitudinal study. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1571–9.
Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. Fibromyalgia criteria and severity scales for clinical and
epidemiological studies: a modification of the ACR preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia. J
Rheumatol 2011;38:1113–22.
*Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary
diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res
2010;62:600–10.
*Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, et al. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the
general population. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:19–28.
Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for
179
the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:160–72.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Agarwal S, Cunningham-Rundles C. Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency. Curr

Allergy Asthma Rep 2009;9:347–52.
Akirav EM, Ruddle NH, Herold KC. The role of AIRE in human autoimmune disease. Nat Rev
Endocrinol 2011;7:25–33.
Al Mutairi M, Al-Mousa H, Alsaud B, et al. Grave aortic aneurysmal dilatation in DOCK8 deficiency.
Mod Rheumatol 2014;24:690–3.
Albert MH, Bittner TC, Nonoyama S, et al. X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT) due to WAS
mutations: clinical characteristics, long-term outcome, and treatment options. Blood
2010;115:3231–8.
Al-Zahrani D, Raddadi A, Massaad M, et al. Successful interferon-alpha 2b therapy for unremitting

warts in a patient with DOCK8 deficiency. Clin Immunol 2014;153:104–8.
Bassiri H, Janice Yeo WC, Rothman J, Koretzky GA, Nichols KE. X-linked lymphoproliferative
disease (XLP): a model of impaired anti-viral, anti-tumor and humoral immune responses. Immunol
Res 2008;42:145–59.
Bates CA, Ellison MC, Lynch DA, et al. Granulomatous-lymphocytic lung disease shortens survival
in common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:415–21.
Bohn G, Welte K, Klein C. Severe congenital neutropenia: new genes explain an old disease. Curr
Bose R, Nandagopal K. Genetic and biochemical consequences of adenosine deaminase

deficiency in humans. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2013;50:345–56.
Bruton OC. Agammaglobulinemia. Pediatrics 1952;9:722–28.
*Buchbinder D, Nugent DJ, Fillipovich AH. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: diagnosis, current

management, and emerging treatments. Appl Clin Genet 2014;7:55–66.
Bustamante J, Picard C, Fieschi C, et al. A novel X-linked recessive form of Mendelian

susceptibility to mycobaterial disease. J Med Genet 2007;44:e65.
Cannons JL, Tangye SG, Schwartzberg PL. SLAM family receptors and SAP adaptors in immunity.
Carlsson G, Fasth A, Berglöf E, et al. Incidence of severe congenital neutropenia in Sweden and
risk of evolution to myelodysplastic syndrome/leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2012;158:363–9.
Chun HH, Gatti RA. Ataxia-telangiectasia, an evolving phenotype. DNA Repair (Amst)
2004;3:1187–96.
Conley ME. Genetics of hypogammaglobulinemia: what do we really know? Curr Opin Immunol
2009;21:466–71.
Day N, Tangsinmankong N, Ochs H, et al. Interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-4)

deficiency associated with bacterial infections and failure to sustain antibody responses. J Pediatr
2004;144:524–6. 180

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
de Beaucoudrey L, Samarina A, Bustamante J, et al. Revisiting human IL-12Rβ1 deficiency: a
survey of 141 patients from 30 countries. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010;89:381–402.
Devriendt K, Fryns JP, Mortier G, van Thienen MN, Keymolen K. The annual incidence of
DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome. J Med Genet 1998;35:789–90.
Eastwood D, Gilmour KC, Nistala K, et al. Prevalence of SAP gene defects in male patients
diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2004;137:584–8.
Eibel H, Salzer U, Warnatz K. Common variable immunodeficiency at the end of a prospering

decade: towards novel gene defects and beyond. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;10:526–33.
Elloumi HZ, Holland SM. Diagnostic assays for chronic granulomatous disease and other
neutrophil disorders. Methods Mol Biol 2007;412:505–23.
Engelhardt KR, McGhee S, Winkler S, et al. Large deletions and point mutations involving the
dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) in the autosomal-recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:1289–302.e4.
Filipe-Santos O, Bustamante J, Chapgier A, et al. Inborn errors of IL-12/23- and IFN-gamma-

mediated immunity: molecular, cellular, and clinical features. Semin Immunol 2006;18:347–61.
Filipovich AH, Zhang K, Snow AL, Marsh RA. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndromes: brothers or
distant cousins? Blood 2010;116:3398–408.
*Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo, M. Gene therapy for primary adaptive immune

deficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:1356–9.
Frank MM. Complement disorders and hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol
2010;125:S262–71.
Gadola SD, Moins-Teisserenc HT, Trowsdale J, Gross WL, Cerundolo V. TAP deficiency
syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2000;121:173–8.
Gambineri E, Perroni L, Passerini L, et al. Clinical and molecular profile of a new series of patients
with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome: inconsistent
correlation between forkhead box protein 3 expression and disease severity. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 2008;122:1105–12.e1.
Gaspar HB, Aiuti A, Porta F, et al. How I treat ADA deficiency. Blood 2009;114:3524–32.
Gennery AR, Khawaja K, Veys P, et al. Treatment of CD40 ligand deficiency by hematopoietic
stem cell transplantation: a survey of the European experience, 1993–2002. Blood
2004;103:1152–7.
Gholam C, Grigoriadou S, Gilmour KC, Gaspar HB. Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis:

advances in the genetic basis, diagnosis and management. Clin Exp Immunol 2011;163:271–83.
Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, et al. A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with
susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1727–35.
Grewal IS, Flavell RA. CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity. Annu Rev Immunol
1998;16:111–35.
Grimbacher B, Hutloff A, Schlesier M, et al. Homozygous loss of ICOS is associated with adult-
181
onset common variable immunodeficiency. Nat Immunol 2003;4:261–8.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Günaydin NC, Chou J, Karaca NE, et al. A novel disease-causing CD40L mutation reduces
expression of CD40 ligand, but preserves CD40 binding capacity. Clin Immunol 2014;153:288–91.
Hanna S. New host defense mechanisms against Candida species clarify the basis of clinical
phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:1433–7.
Hassan A, Booth C, Brightwell A, et al. Inborn Errors Working Party of the European Group for
Blood and Marrow Transplantation and European Society for Immunodeficiency. Outcome of
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined
immunodeficiency. Blood 2012;120:3615–24.
Henter JI, Horne A, Aricó M, et al. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:124–31.
Hiramoto T, Ebihara Y, Mizoguchi Y, et al. Wnt3a stimulates maturation of impaired neutrophils

developed from severe congenital neutropenia patient-derived pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 2013;110:3023–8.
Holland SM. Chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010;38:3–10.
Imai K, Slupphaug G, Lee WI, et al. Human uracil-DNA glycosylase deficiency associated with
profoundly impaired immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Nat Immunol 2003;4:1023–8.
*International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee on Primary Immunodeficiencies,

Notarangelo LD, Fischer A, et al. Primary immunodeficiencies: 2009 update. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 2009;124:1161–78.
Janssen E, Tsitsikov E, Al-Herz W, et al. Flow cytometry biomarkers distinguish DOCK8 deficiency
from severe atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol 2014;150:220–4.
Jung J, Bohn G, Allroth A, et al. Identification of a homozygous deletion in the AP3B1 gene
causing Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, type 2. Blood 2006;108:362–9.
Kaplan J, De Domenico I, Ward DM. Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Curr Opin Hematol 2008;15:22–
9.
*Kelesidis T, Yang O. Good's syndrome remains a mystery after 55 years: a systematic review of
the scientific evidence. Clin Immunol 2010;135:347–63.
*Klein C, Grudzien M, Appaswamy G, et al. HAX1 deficiency causes autosomal recessive severe
congenital neutropenia (Kostmann disease). Nat Genet 2007;39:86–92.
Kracker S, Gardès P, Durandy, A. Inherited defects of immunoglobulin class switch recombination.

Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;685:166–74.
Kuijpers TW, Bende RJ, Baars PA, et al. CD20 deficiency in humans results in impaired T cell-
independent antibody responses. J Clin Invest 2010;120:214–22.
Land MH, Garcia-Lloret MI, Borzy MS, et al. Long-term results of bone marrow transplantation in
complete DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:908–15.
Latour S. Natural killer T cells and X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Curr Opin Allergy Clin
Immunol 2007;7:510–14.
Lavin MF. Ataxia-telangiectasia: from a rare disorder to a paradigm for cell signalling and cancer.
182
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008;9:759–69.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Lederman HM, Winkelstein JA. X-linked agammaglobulinemia: an analysis of 96 patients. Medicine
(Baltimore) 1985;64:145–56.
Lee YN, Frugoni F, Dobbs K, et al. A systematic analysis of recombination activity and genotype-
phenotype correlation in human recombination-activating gene 1 deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol
2014;133:1099–108.
Liu L, Okada S, Kong XF, et al. Gain-of-function human STAT1 mutations impair IL-17 immunity
and underlie chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Exp Med 2011;208:1635–48.
Lucas M, Lee M, Lortan J, et al. Infection outcomes in patients with common variable
immunodeficiency disorders: relationship to immunoglobulin therapy over 22 years. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 2010;125:1354–60.e4.
*MacGinnitie AJ, Geha R. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: genetic lesions and clinical
consequences. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002;2:361–7.
Maglione PJ, Overbey JR, Radigan L, Bagiella E, Cunningham-Rundles C. Pulmonary radiologic

findings in common variable immunodeficiency: clinical and immunological correlations. Ann
Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113:454–9.
Markert ML, Devlin BH, Alexieff MJ, et al. Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly
enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants. Blood
2007;109:4539–47.
Mazza C, Buzi F, Ortolani F, et al. Clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic delay of autoimmune
polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome. Clin Immunol 2011;139:6–11.
McDonald-McGinn DM, Sullivan KE. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge

syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;90:1–18.
Moratto D, Giliani S, Bonfim C, et al. Long-term outcome and lineage-specific chimerism in 194
patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome treated by hematopoietic cell transplantation in the period
1980-2009: an international collaborative study. Blood 2011;118:1675–84.
Mukherjee S, Thrasher AJ. Therapy for PIDs: progress, pitfalls and prospects. Gene
2013;525:174–81.
Nakano-Yokomizo T, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Nakahashi-Oda C, et al. The immunoreceptor adapter

protein DAP12 suppresses B lymphocyte-driven adaptive immune responses. J Exp Med
2011;208:1661–71.
Neven B, Magerus-Chatinet A, Florkin B, et al. A survey of 90 patients with autoimmune

lymphoproliferative syndrome related to TNFRSF6 mutation. Blood 2011;118:4798–807.
Ng WF, von Delwig A, Carmichael AJ, et al. Impaired TH17 responses in patients with chronic
mucocutaneous candidiasis with and without autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-
ectodermal dystrophy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:1006–15.e4.
Notarangelo LD, Gambineri E, Badolato R. Immunodeficiencies with autoimmune consequences.

Adv Immunol 2006;89:321–70.
Notarangelo LD, Lanzi G, Toniati P, Giliani S. Immunodeficiencies due to defects class-switch

recombination. Immunol Res 2007;38:68–77.
183

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Notarangelo LD, Miao CH, Ochs HD. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Curr Opin Hematol 2008;15:30–
6.
Obermayer-Straub P, Clemente MG, Meloni A, et al. Hepatic autoantigens in patients with

autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. Gastroenterology
2001;121:668–77.
Ochs HD, Thrasher AJ. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:725–38;
quiz 739.
Ochs HD, Gambineri E, Torgerson TR. IPEX, FOXP3 and regulatory T-cells: a model for
autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2007;38:112–21.
Oeckinghaus A, Hayden MS, Ghosh S. Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways. Nat Immunol
2011;12:695–708.
O'Gorman CS, Shulman R, Lara-Corrales I, et al. A child with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy

candidiasis and ectodermal dysplasia treated with immunosuppression: a case report. J Med Case
Rep 2013;7:44.
Ozsahin H, Arredondo-Vega FX, Santisteban I, et al. Adenosine deaminase deficiency in adults.

Blood 1997;89:2849–55.
Pachlopnik Schmid J, Moshous D, Boddaert N, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in

Griscelli syndrome type 2: a single-center report on 10 patients. Blood 2009;114:211–18.
Perheentupa J. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. J Clin

Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2843–50.
Péron S, Metin A, Gardès P, et al. Human PMS2 deficiency is associated with impaired
immunoglobulin class switch recombination. J Exp Med 2008;205:2465–72.
Picard C, Casanova JL, Puel A. Infectious diseases in patients with IRAK-4, MyD88, NEMO, or
IκBα deficiency. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:490–7.
Price S, Shaw PA, Seitz A, et al. Natural history of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
associated with FAS gene mutations. Blood 2014;123:1989–99.
Puel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with

inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science 2011;332:65–8.
Quinti I, Soresina A, Guerra A, et al. Effectiveness of immunoglobulin replacement therapy on

clinical outcome in patients with primary antibody deficiencies: results from a multicenter
prospective cohort study. J Clin Immunol 2011;31:315–22.
Quinti I, Soresina A, Spadaro G, et al. Long-term follow-up and outcome of a large cohort of
patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2007;27:308–16.
Ram S, Lewis LA, Rice PA. Infections of people with complement deficiencies and patients who
have undergone splenectomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:740–80.
Ramirez-Alejo N, Santos-Argumedo L. Innate defects of the IL-12/IFN-γ axis in susceptibility to

infections by mycobacteria and salmonella. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014;34:307–17.
Rao VK, Oliveira JB. How I treat autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Blood
184
2011;118:5741–51.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Rensing-Ehl A, Warnatz K, Fuchs S, et al. Clinical and immunological overlap between
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol
2010;137:357–65.
*Revy P, Muto T, Levy Y, et al. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the
autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Cell 2000;102:565–75.
Rezaei N, Moazzami K, Aghamohammadi A, Klein C. Neutropenia and primary immunodeficiency

diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2009;28:335–66.
*Rezaei N, Notarangelo L, Aghamohammadi A. Primary immunodeficiency diseases. New York:

Springer Verlag, 2008.
Rohr J, Beutel K, Maul-Pavicic A, et al. Atypical familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due

to mutations in UNC13D and STXBP2 overlaps with primary immunodeficiency diseases.
Haematologica 2010;95:2080–7.
*Roos D, de Boer M. Molecular diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Exp Immunol
2014;175:139–49.
Ryan AK, Goodship JA, Wilson DI, et al. Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial
chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study. J Med Genet 1997;34:798–804.
Salzer U, Chapel HM, Webster AD, et al. Mutations in TNFRSF13B encoding TACI are associated
with common variable immunodeficiency in humans. Nat Genet 2005;37:820–8.
Schuetz C, Neven B, Dvorak CC, et al. SCID patients with ARTEMIS vs RAG deficiencies following
HCT: increased risk of late toxicity in ARTEMIS-deficient SCID. Blood 2014;123:281–9.
Slade C, Bosco J, Unglik G, et al. Deficiency in complement factor B. N Engl J Med

2013;369:1667–9.
Söderbergh A, Myhre AG, Ekwall O, et al. Prevalence and clinical associations of 10 defined
autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2004;89:557–62.
Somech R, Etzioni A. A call to include severe combined immunodeficiency in newborn screening

program. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2014;5:e0001.
Sullivan KE, Mullen CA, Blaese RM, Winkelstein JA. A multiinstitutional survey of the Wiskott-
Aldrich syndrome. J Pediatr 1994;125:876–85.
Tsuda M, Torgerson TR, Selmi C, et al. The spectrum of autoantibodies in IPEX syndrome is broad
and includes anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 2010;35:265–8.
van den Berg JM, van Koppen E, Ahlin A, et al. Chronic granulomatous disease: the European
experience. PLoS One 2009;4:e5234.
van Zelm MC, Reisli I, van der Burg M, et al. An antibody-deficiency syndrome due to mutations in
the CD19 gene. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1901–12.
van Zelm MC, Smet J, Adams B, et al. CD81 gene defect in humans disrupts CD19 complex
formation and leads to antibody deficiency. J Clin Invest 2010;120:1265–74.
185

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Varon R, Seemanova E, Chrzanowska K, et al. Clinical ascertainment of Nijmegen breakage
syndrome (NBS) and prevalence of the major mutation, 657del5, in three Slav populations. Eur J
Hum Genet 2000;8:900–2.
Vecchiarelli A, Retini C, Pietrella D, Monari C, Kozel TR. T lymphocyte and monocyte interaction
by CD40/CD40 ligand facilitates a lymphoproliferative response and killing of Cryptococcus
neoformans in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:1385–93.
Villa A, Notarangelo LD, Roifman CM. Omenn syndrome: inflammation in leaky severe combined
immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;122:1082–6.
Warnatz K, Salzer U, Rizzi M, et al. B-cell activating factor receptor deficiency is associated with
an adult-onset antibody deficiency syndrome in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2009;106:13945–50.
Warnatz K, Denz A, Dräger R, et al. Severe deficiency of switched memory B cells (CD27(+)IgM(-
)IgD(-)) in subgroups of patients with common variable immunodeficiency: a new approach to
classify a heterogeneous disease. Blood 2002;99:1544–51.
Westbroek W, Lambert J, De Schepper S, et al. Rab27b is up-regulated in human Griscelli

syndrome type II melanocytes and linked to the actin cytoskeleton via exon F-Myosin Va
transcripts. Pigment Cell Res 2004;17:498–505.
Westerberg LS, Meelu P, Baptista M, et al. Activating WASP mutations associated with X-linked
neutropenia result in enhanced actin polymerization, altered cytoskeletal responses, and genomic
instability in lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2010;207:1145–52.
Winkelstein JA, Marino MC, Lederman HM, et al. X-linked agammaglobulinemia: report on a
United States registry of 201 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006;85:193–202.
*Woellner C, Gertz EM, Schäffer AA, et al. Mutations in STAT3 and diagnostic guidelines for
hyper-IgE syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:424–32.e8.
*Xiao X, Miao Q, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Ma X. Common variable immunodeficiency and

autoimmunity - an inconvenient truth. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:858–64.
Yong PFK, Thaventhiran JED, Grimbacher B. “A rose is a rose is a rose,” but CVID is Not CVID
common variable immune deficiency (CVID), what do we know in 2011? Adv Immunol
2011;111:47–107.
Zeidler C, Germeshausen M, Klein C, Welte K. Clinical implications of ELA2-, HAX1-, and G-CSF-
receptor (CSF3R) mutations in severe congenital neutropenia. Br J Haematol 2009;144:459–67.
Zhang Q, Davis JC, Lamborn IT, et al. Combined immunodeficiency associated with DOCK8
mutations. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2046–55.
Zhao M, Kanegane H, Kobayashi C, et al. Early and rapid detection of X-linked lymphoproliferative
syndrome with SH2D1A mutations by flow cytometry. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2011;80:8–13.
Chapter 40 References – all references available in Textbook
186

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Adebajo AO. The pattern of osteoarthritis in West Africa. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;1:20–2.
Alidria-Ezati I. The association between pyomyositis and HIV infection at the New Mulago Hospital.
Proc Assoc Surg East Africa 1991;14:91–4.
Almeida A, Roberts I. Bone involvement in sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2005;129:482–90.
Arguedas A, Mohs E. Prevention of rheumatic fever in Costa Rica. J Pediatr 1992;121:569–72.
Atkin SL, El-Ghobarey A, Kamel M, et al. Clinical and laboratory studies of arthritis in Leprosy. Br
Med J 1989;298:1423–5.
Atkin SL, Kamel M, El-Hady AM. Schistosomiasis and inflammatory polyarthritis: a clinical
radiological and laboratory study of 96 patients infected with S mansoni with particular reference to
the diarthrodial joint. Q J Med 1986;59:479–87.
Atkin SL, Welbury RR, Stanfield E, et al. Clinical and laboratory studies of inflammatory
polyarthritis in patients with leprosy in Papua New Guinea. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;4:688–90.
Belec L, Di Constanza B, Georges AJ, Gherardi R. HIV infection in African patients with tropical
pyomyositis. AIDS 1991;5:234.
Bennet M, Coninx R. The mystery of the wooden leg: vitamin C deficiency in East African prisons.
Trop Doct 2005;35:81–4.
Carapetis JF. Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. N Engl J Med 2007;357:439–41.
*Charrel RN, de Lamballerie X, Raoult D. Chikungunya outbreaks–the globalization of vectorborne

diseases. N Engl J Med 2007;356:769–71.
*Chipeta J, Njobvu P, Wa-Somwe S, et al. Clinical patterns of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Zambia.
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013;11:33.
Colmenero JD, Jiménez-Mejías ME, Sánchez-Lora FJ, et al. Pyogenic, tuberculous, and brucellar
vertebral osteomyelitis: a descriptive and comparative study of 219 cases. Ann Rheum Dis
1997;56:709–15.
*Darmawan J, Rasker JJ, Nuralim H. The effect of control and self-medication of chronic gout in a
developing country. Outcome after 10 years. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2437–43.
Das GC, Sen SB. Chylous arthritis. Br Med J 1968;2:27–39.
Das LK, Pani SP, Vinod SK. Locomotor disability in bancroftian filarial lymphoedema patients. J
Commun Dis 2008;40:13–19.
Daskalakis D. Syphilis: continuing public health and diagnostic challenges 2. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep
2008;5:72–7.
Develoux M, Ndiaye B, Dieng MT. Mycetomas in Africa. Sante 1995;5:211–17.
Dibba B, Prentice A, Laskey MA, et al. An investigation of ethnic differences in bone mineral, hip
axis length, calcium metabolism and bone turnover between West African and Caucasian adults
living in the United Kingdom. Ann Hum Biol 1999;26:229–42.
Eichner ER. Sickle cell considerations in athletes. Clin Sports Med 2011;30:537–49. 187

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Fegan D, Glennon MJ, Thami Y, Pakoa G. Resurgence of yaws in Tanna, Vanuatu: time for a new
approach? Trop Doct 2010;40:68–9.
Gibbon VE, Harington JS, Penny CB, Fredlund V. Mseleni joint disease: a potential model of
epigenetic chondrodysplasia. Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:399–404.
Gibson T, Ahsan Q, Hussein K. Arthritis in leprosy. Br J Rheum 1994;33:963–6.
Gompels MM, Todd J, Peters BS, et al. Disseminated strongyloidiasis in AIDS: uncommon but
important. AIDS 1991;5:329–32.
Greenwood BM, Herrick EM, Voller A. Can parasitic infections suppress autoimmune disease?
Proc R Soc Med 1970;63:19–20.
Haimanot RT, Fekadu A, Bushra B. Endemic fluorosis in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Trop Geogr Med
1987;39:209–17.
Haroon N, Agarwal V, Aggarval A, et al. Arthritis as presenting manifestation of pure neuritic

leprosy–a rheumatologists dilemma. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:653–6.
*Hodkinson B, Musenge E, Ally M, et al. Response to traditional disease–modifying anti rheumatic

drugs in indigent South Africans with early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheum 2012;31:613–19.
*Jarvis HG, Heslop P, Kisima J, et al. Prevalence and aetiology of juvenile skeletal fluorosis in the
south-west of the Hai district, Tanzania–a community-based prevalence and case-control study.
Trop Med Int Health 2013;18:222–9.
Karthikeyan G, Mayosi BM. Is primary prevention of rheumatic fever the missing link in the control
of rheumatic heart disease in Africa? Circulation 2009;120:709–13.
Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W, Louthrenoo W. Acute rheumatic fever in adults: case report together
with an analysis of 25 patients with acute rheumatic fever. Rheumatol Int 2009;29:1041–5.
Lagier JC, Raoult D. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with bacterial
infections. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:341–50.
Leibert E, Schluger NW, Bonk S, Rom WN. Spinal tuberculosis in patients with human
immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical presentation, therapy and outcome. Tuber Lung Dis
1996;77:329–34.
Lekpa FK, Ndongo S, Tiendrebeogo J, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis in Senegal: a comparison

between patients coming from rural and urban areas, in an urban tertiary health care center in
Senegal. Clin Rheumatol 2012;31:1617–20.
Louthrenoo W. Musculoskeletal manifestations of HIV infection in Thailand: an analysis of 100

cases. J Clin Rheumatol 1997;3:258–68.
Loulergue P, Bastides F, Baudouin V, et al. Literature review and case histories of Histoplasma
capsulatum var. duboisii infections in HIV-infected patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1647–5.
Louthrenoo W, Thamprasert K, Sirisanthana T. Osteoarticular penicilliosis marneffei. A report of

eight cases and review of the literature. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:1145–50.
Louthrenoo W. Rheumatic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr Opin

Rheumatol 2008;20:92–9.
188

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Maita PK, Ray A, Bandyopadhyay S. Epidemiological aspects of mycetoma from a retrospective
study of 264 cases in West Bengal. Trop Med Int Health 2002;7:788–92.
Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet 2012;379:953–
64.
Mascarello M, Gobbi F, Angheben A, et al. Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among

HIV-positive immigrants attending two Italian hospitals, from 2000 to 2009. Ann Trop Med Parasitol
2011;105:617–23.
Mathew T, Aroor S, Devasia AJ, et al. Temporal arteritis: a case series from south India and an
update of the Indian scenario. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2012;15:27–30.
McGill PE. Geographically specific infections and arthritis including rheumatic syndromes
associated with certain fungi and parasites, Brucellar species and Mycobacterium Leprae. Best
Mijiyawa M. Gout in patients attending the rheumatology unit of Lomé Hospital. Br J Rheumatol
1995;34:843–6.
Mitjà O, Hays R, Lelngei F, et al. Challenges in recognition and diagnosis of yaws in children in
Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011;85:113–16.
*Mody GM, Cardiel MH. Challenges in the management of rheumatoid arthritis in developing
countries. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008;22:621–41.
Mody GM, Patel N, Budhoo A, Dubula T. Concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV:
case series and literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014;44:186–94.
*Mody GM. AFLAR and SARAA 2013 Congress–a watershed event for rheumatology in Africa.
Mody GM. Rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disorders: subSaharan Africa. Baillieres Clin
Rheumatol 1995;9:31–44.
*Muirden KD. Community oriented program for the control of rheumatic diseases: studies of
rheumatic diseases in the developing world. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:153–6.
Njobvu PD, McGill P. Human immunodeficiency virus related reactive arthritis in Zambia. J
Rheumatol 2005;32:1299–304.
Njobvu PD, McGill P. Psoriatic arthritis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zambia. J
Rheumatol 2000;27:1699–702.
*Njobvu PD, McGill P, Kerr H, et al. Spondyloarthropathy and human immunodeficiency virus
infection in Zambia. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1553–8.
*Ouédraogo DD, Singbo J, Diallo O, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis in Burkina Faso: clinical and
serological profiles. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:1617–21.
Ouédraogo DD, Zaboonré JD, Ouédraogo RP, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly in
rheumatology practice in Burkina Faso. African J Rheumatol 2014;2:70–4.
Paz JA, Silva CA, Marques-Dias MJ. Randomised double blind study with prednisolone in
Sydenhams chorea. Pediatr Neurol 2006;34:264–9.
189

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Prasad S, Misra R, Aggarwal A, et al. Leprosy revealed in a rheumatology clinic: a case series. Int
J Rheum Dis 2012;16:129–33.
Reusken CB, Bakker J, Reimerink JH, et al. Underdiagnosis of chikungunya virus infections in
symptomatic Dutch travelers returning from the Indian ocean area. J Travel Med 2013;20:44–6.
*Rezza G, Nicolletti SA, Angelini R, et al. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a
temperate zone. Lancet 2007;370:1840–6.
*Salvi S, Chopra A. Leprosy in a rheumatology setting: a challenging mimic to expose. Clin

Rheumatol 2013;32:1557–63.
Stein CM, Davis P. Arthritis associated with HIV infection in Zimbabwe. J Rheumatol 1996;23:506–
11.
*Tarr G, Makda M, Musenge E, et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on disease
activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study in South Africans. J Rheumatol 2014;41:1645–
9.
Teotia M, Teotia SP, Singh KP. Endemic chronic fluoride toxicity and dietary calcium deficiency
interaction syndromes of metabolic bone disease and deformities in India: year 2000. Indian J
Pediatr 1998;65:371–81.
*Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Isichei CO, et al. Prevention of nutritional rickets in Nigerian children
with dietary calcium supplementation. Bone 2012;50:1074–80.
Tikly M, Bellingan A, Lincoln D, Russell A. Risk factors for gout: a hospital-based study in urban
black South Africans. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1998;65:225–31.
*Tikly M, Njobvu P, McGill P. Spondyloarthritis in sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Rheumatol Rep

2014;16:421–7.
Tuli SM. Historical aspects of Pott's disease (spinal tuberculosis) management. Eur Spine J
2013;22:529–38.
Valerio L, Roure S, Fernández-Rivas G, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis, the hidden worm.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 70 cases diagnosed in the North Metropolitan Area
of Barcelona, Spain, 2003-12. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013;107:465–70.
Whitty CJ. Milroy Lecture: eradication of disease: hype, hope and reality. Clin Med 2014;14:419–
21.
*Dammacco F, Tucci FA, Lauletta G, et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha, ribavirin, and rituximab
combined therapy of hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term study. Blood
2010;116:343–53.
*De Vita S, Quartuccio L, Isola M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of rituximab for the treatment
of severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:843–53
*Ferri C, Antonelli A, Mascia MT, et al. HCV-related autoimmune and neoplastic disorders: the
HCV sindrome. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:S13–21.
190

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Ferri C, Cacoub P, Mazzaro C, et al. Treatment with rituximab in patients with mixed
cryoglobulinemia syndrome: Results of multicentre cohort study and review of the literature.
Autoimmun Rev 2011;11:48–55.
*Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: demographic, clinical, and

serologic features and survival in 231 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004;33:355–74.
*Ferri C, Zignego AL, Pileri SA. Cryoglobulins. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:4–13.
*Ferri C. Mixed cryoglobulinemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008;3:25.
Landau DA, Saadoun D, Halfon P, et al. Relapse of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed

cryoglobulinemia vasculitis in patients with sustained viral response. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:604–
11.
Mazzaro C, Zorat F, Caizzi M, et al. Treatment with peg-interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin of hepatitis
C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia: a pilot study. J Hepatol 2005;42:632–8.
Saadoun D, Pineton de Chambrun M, Hermine O, et al. Using rituximab plus fludarabine and
cyclophosphamide as a treatment for refractory mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with
lymphoma. Arthritis Care Res 2012;65:643–7.
*Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Sene D, et al. Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin

compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood
2010;116:326–34.
Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Thibault V, et al. Peg-IFNalpha/ribavirin/protease inhibitor

combination in hepatitis C virus associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: results at week 24.
Ann Rheum Dis 2013;73:831–7.
Saadoun D, Resche-Rigon M, Thibault V, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C
virus–associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: a long-term followup study. Arthritis Rheum
2006;54:3696–706.
*Saadoun D, Rosenzwajg M, Joly F, et al. Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in

HCV-induced vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2067–77.
Sansonno D, Tucci FA, Montrone M, et al. B-cell depletion in the treatment of mixed
cryoglobulinemia. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:S116–21.
Sneller MC, Hu Z, Langford CA. A randomized controlled trial of rituximab following failure of
antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum
2012;64:835–42.
Chapter 43 References – all references available in Textbook
Abe A, Ishikawa H, Murasawa A, et al. Disease activity and the course of elbow joint deterioration
over 10 years in the patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:867–72.
Akkoc Y, Karatepe AG, Akar S, et al. A Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease
Activity Index: reliability and validity. Rheumatol Int 2005;25:280–4. 191

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Aktan S, Ilknur T, Akin C, et al. Interobserver reliability of the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index. Clin
Exp Dermatol 2007;32:141–4.
*Aletaha D, Ward MM, Machold KP. Remission and active disease in rheumatoid arthritis: defining
criteria for disease activity states. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2625–36.
Aletaha D, Landewe R, Karonitsch T, et al. Reporting disease activity in clinical trials of patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: EULAR/ACR collaborative recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:1360–4.
Aletaha D, Machold KP, Nell VP, et al. The perception of rheumatoid arthritis core set measures by
rheumatologists: results of a survey. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:1133–9.
Aletaha D, Nell VP, Stamm T, et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity
indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res Ther
2005;7:R796–806.
Aletaha D, Smolen J, Ward MM. Measuring function in rheumatoid arthritis: identifying reversible
and irreversible components. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2784–92.
Aletaha D, Smolen J. The Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) and the Clinical Disease Activity
Index (CDAI): a review of their usefulness and validity in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2005;23(suppl):S100–8.
Aletaha D, Smolen JS. Remission of rheumatoid arthritis: should we care about definitions? Clin
Exp Rheumatol 2006;24(suppl):S45–51.
Aletaha D. Pooled indices to measure rheumatoid arthritis activity: a good reflection of the
physician's mind? Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:102.
Amor B, Dougados M, Mijiyawa M. Criteres de classification des spondylarthropathies [in French].

Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1990;57:85–9.
Anderson J, Sayles H, Curtis JR, et al. Converting Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire
(HAQ), Multidimensional HAQ, and HAQII scores into original HAQ scores using models
developed with a large cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2010;62:1481–8.
Anderson JJ, Baron G, van der Heijde D, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis assessment group
preliminary definition of short-term improvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum
2001;44:1876–86.
Antoni C, Krueger GG, de Vlam K, et al. Infliximab improves signs and symptoms of psoriatic
arthritis: results of the IMPACT 2 trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1150–7.
Arya V, Malaviyab AN, Raja RR. CDAI (Clinical Disease Activity Index) in rheumatoid arthritis: cut-
off values for classification into different grades of disease activity. Indian J Rheumatol 2007;2:91–
4.
Ashcroft DM, Wan Po AL, Williams HC, et al. Clinical measures of disease severity and outcome in
psoriasis: a critical appraisal of their quality. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:185–91.
Athale N, Sturley A, Skoczen S, et al. A web-compatible instrument for measuring self-reported

disease activity in arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:223–8.
192

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Atzeni F, Antivalle M, Pallavicini FB, et al. Predicting response to anti-TNF treatment in rheumatoid
arthritis patients. Autoimmun Rev 2009;8:431–7.
Augustin M, Ogilvie A. Methods of outcomes measurement in nail psoriasis. Dermatology

2010;221(suppl):23–8.
Averns HL, Oxtoby J, Taylor HG, et al. Smoking and outcome in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J
Rheumatol 1996;25:138–42.
Baker PR, Groh JD, Kraag GR, et al. Impact of patient with patient interaction on perceived
rheumatoid arthritis overall disease status. Scand J Rheumatol 1996;25:207–12.
Balint PV, Kane D, Wilson H, et al. Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in
spondyloarthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:905–10.
Balsa A, Carmona L, Gonzalez-Alvaro I, et al. Value of Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and
DAS28–3 compared to American College of Rheumatology-defined remission in rheumatoid
arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:40–6.
Balsa A, de Miguel E, Castillo C, et al. Superiority of SDAI over DAS-28 in assessment of

remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients using power Doppler ultrasonography as a gold standard.
Barton JL. Systematic review and metaanalysis of patient self-report versus trained assessor joint
counts in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2635–41.
Belza BL, Henke CJ, Yelin EH, et al. Correlates of fatigue in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis.
Nurs Res 1993;42:93–9.
Bennett P, Burch T. Population studies of the rheumatic diseases. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1968:456–7.
Berglin E, Lorentzon R, Nordmark L, et al. Predictors of radiological progression and changes in

hand bone density in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:268–75.
Berth-Jones J, Thompson J, Papp K. A study examining inter-rater and intrarater reliability of a

novel instrument for assessment of psoriasis: the Copenhagen Psoriasis Severity Index. Br J
Dermatol 2008;159:407–12.
Blackmore MG, Gladman DD, Husted J, et al. Measuring health status in psoriatic arthritis: the
Health Assessment Questionnaire and its modification. J Rheumatol 1995;22:886–93.
Bodur H, Ataman S, Rezvani A, et al. Quality of life and related variables in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis. Qual Life Res 2011;20:543–9.
Bonisch A, Ehlebracht-Konig I. The BASDAI-D—an instrument to defining disease status in

ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases [in German]. Z Rheumatol 2003;62:251–63.
Boonen A, de Vet H, van der Heijde D, et al. Work status and its determinants among patients with
ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature review. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1056–62.
Brandt J, Listing J, Sieper J, et al. Development and preselection of criteria for short term
improvement after anti-TNF alpha treatment in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis
2004;63:1438–44.
193

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, et al. Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the
anti–tumor necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1346–52.
Brandt J, Khariouzov A, Listing J, et al. Six-month results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

of etanercept treatment in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum
2003;48:1667–75.
Brandt J, Westhoff G, Rudwaleit M, et al. Adaption and validation of the Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) for use in Germany [in German]. Z Rheumatol
2003;62:264–73.
Braun J, Davis J, Dougados M, et al. First update of the international ASAS consensus statement
for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis
2006;65:316–20.
Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a
randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet 2002;359:1187–93.
Braun J, Pham T, Sieper J, et al. International ASAS consensus statement for the use of anti-
tumour necrosis factor agents in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis
2003;62:817–24.
Buskila D, Langevitz P, Gladman DD, et al. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are more tender than
those with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1115–9.
Calin A, Jones SD, Garrett SL, et al. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. Br J Rheumatol
1995;34:793–4.
Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, et al. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis.
JAMA 1977;237:2613–4.
Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, et al. A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing
spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. J Rheumatol
1994;21:2281–5.
Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, Kennedy LG, O'Hea J, Mallorie P, et al. A new approach to
defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Functional Index. J Rheumatol 1994;21:2281–5.
Calin A, Nakache JP, Gueguen A, et al. Defining disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis: is a
combination of variables (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) an appropriate
instrument? Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38:878–82.
Callahan LF, Smith WJ, Pincus T. Self-report questionnaires in five rheumatic diseases:
comparisons of health status constructs and associations with formal education level. Arthritis Care
Res 1989;2:122–31.
Calvo FA, Calvo A, Berrocal A, et al. Self-administered joint counts in rheumatoid arthritis:
comparison with standard joint counts. J Rheumatol 1999;26:536–9.
Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, et al. Frequency and duration of clinical remission in patients with
peripheral psoriatic arthritis requiring second-line drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:872–6.
Cardiel MH, Londono JD, Gutierrez E, et al. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of
the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease
194

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) in a Spanish speaking
population with spondyloarthropathies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:451–8.
Carlin CS, Feldman SR, Krueger JG, et al. A 50% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity
Index (PASI 50) is a clinically significant endpoint in the assessment of psoriasis. J Am Acad
Dermatol 2004;50:859–66.
Cassell SE, Bieber JD, Rich P, et al. The modified nail psoriasis severity index: validation of an
instrument to assess psoriatic nail involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol
2007;34:123–9.
Castrejon I, Silva-Fernandez L, Bombardier C, et al. Clinical composite measures of disease

activity for diagnosis and followup of undifferentiated peripheral inflammatory arthritis: a systematic
review. J Rheumatol Suppl 2011;87:48–53.
Cauli A, Gladman DD, Mathieu A, et al. Patient global assessment in psoriatic arthritis: a
multicenter GRAPPA and OMERACT study. J Rheumatol 2011;38:898–903.
Cella D, Lai JS, Chang CH, et al. Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general
United States population. Cancer 2002;94:528–38.
Cella D. Manual of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) measurement
system. Evanston (IL):Center on Outcomes, Research, and Education, Evanston Northwestern
Healthcare and Northwestern University; 1997.
Chandran V, Bhella S, Schentag C, et al. Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-fatigue

scale is valid in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:936–9.
Chandran V, Gottlieb A, Cook RJ, et al. International multicenter psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
reliability trial for the assessment of skin, joints, nails, and dactylitis. Arthritis Rheum
2009;61:1235–42.
Choy EH, Khoshaba B, Cooper D, et al. Development and validation of a patient-based disease
activity score in rheumatoid arthritis that can be used in clinical trials and routine practice. Arthritis
Rheum 2008;59:192–9.
Claudepierre P, Sibilia J, Goupille P, et al. Evaluation of a French version of the Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Disease Activity Index in patients with spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol
1997;24:1954–8.
Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Mejias E, et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of
psoriatic arthritis: a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Arthritis Rheum
1996;39:2013–20.
*Coates LC, Fransen J, Helliwell PS. Defining minimal disease activity in psoriatic arthritis: a
proposed objective target for treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:48–53.
Coates LC, Cook R, Lee KA, et al. Frequency, predictors, and prognosis of sustained minimal
disease activity in an observational psoriatic arthritis cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2010;62:970–6.
Coates LC, Helliwell PS. Disease measurement: enthesitis, skin, nails, spine and dactylitis. Best
Coates LC, Helliwell PS. Validation of minimal disease activity criteria for psoriatic arthritis using
interventional trial data. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:965–9. 195

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Cohen JD, Cunin P, Farrenq V, et al. Estimation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease
Activity Index cutoff for perceived symptom relief in patients with spondyloarthropathies. J
Rheumatol 2006;33:79–81.
Creemers MC, Franssen MJ, van’t Hof MA, et al. Assessment of outcome in ankylosing spondylitis:
an extended radiographic scoring system. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:127–9.
Daltroy LH, Larson MG, Roberts NW, et al. A modification of the Health Assessment Questionnaire
for the spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol 1990;17:946–50.
Davis JC Jr, van der Heijde D, Braun J, et al. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor
(etanercept) for treating ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum
2003;48:3230–6.
Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group
preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1218–27.
Dougados M, Behier JM, Jolchine I, et al. Efficacy of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2-specific

inhibitor, in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a six-week controlled study with comparison
against placebo and against a conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Arthritis Rheum
2001;44:180–5.
Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, et al. Evaluation of a functional index and an articular
index in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1988;15:302–7.
Dougados M, Jousse-Joulin S, Mistretta F, et al. Evaluation of several ultrasonography scoring

systems for synovitis and comparison to clinical examination: results from a prospective
multicentre study of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:828–33.
Dougados M, Luo MP, Maksymowych WP, et al, for the Atlas Study Group. Evaluation of the
patient acceptable symptom state as an outcome measure in patients with ankylosing spondylitis:
data from a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:553–60.
Doward LC, McKenna SP, Meads DM, et al. Translation and validation of non-English versions of
the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQOL) questionnaire. Health Qual Life Outcomes
2007;5:7.
Doward LC, Spoorenberg A, Cook SA, et al. Development of the ASQoL: a quality of life
instrument specific to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:20–6.
Doward LC, Spoorenberg A, Cook SA, et al. Development of the ASQoL: a quality of life
instrument specific to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:20–6.
Drossaers-Bakker KW, de Buck M, van Zeben D, et al. Long-term course and outcome of
functional capacity in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of disease activity and radiologic damage over
time. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1854–60.
Duruoz T, Doward LC, Cerrahoglu L, et al. Translation and validation of the Turkish version of the
ankylosing spondylitis quality of life (ASQoL) Questionnaire [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67(suppl II):623.
Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment
outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 2008;9:105–21.
Eberl G, Studnicka-Benke A, Hitzelhammer H, et al. Development of a disease activity index for

the assessment of reactive arthritis (DAREA). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:148–55. 196

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Eder L, Chandran V, Shen H, et al. Is ASDAS better than BASDAI as a measure of disease activity
in axial psoriatic arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:2160–4.
Egsmose C, Lund B, Borg G, et al. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis benefit from early 2nd line
therapy: 5 year followup of a prospective double blind placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol
1995;22:2208–13.
El Miedany Y, Youssef S, Mehanna A, et al. Defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis:

validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Arabic Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index
(BASFI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and the Bath
Ankylosing Spondylitis Global score (BASG). Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:605–12.
Englbrecht M, Wang Y, Ronneberger M, et al. Measuring joint involvement in polyarticular psoriatic

arthritis: an introduction of alternatives. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:977–83.
Eyres S, Tennant A, Kay L, et al. Measuring disability in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of Bath
Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index with revised Leeds Disability Questionnaire. J Rheumatol
2002;29:979–86.
Feldman SR, Fleischer AB Jr, Reboussin DM, et al. The self-administered Psoriasis Area and
Severity Index is valid and reliable. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:183–6
*Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M. American College of Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of
improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:27–35.
Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, et al, for the Committee on Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid
Arthritis Clinical Trials. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary core set of disease
activity measures for rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:729–40.
Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary core
set of disease activity measures for rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum
1993;36:729–40.
against Rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials. Ann
Rheum Dis 2011;70:404–13.
Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Willisch A, Pertega-Diaz S, et al. Evaluation of ankylosing spondylitis spinal

mobility measurements in the assessment of spinal involvement in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis
Rheum 2009;61:386–92.
Ferraccioli G, Bartoli E, Salaffi F, et al. The Chronic Arthritis Systemic Index: a nomogram to
assess the activity and severity of chronic arthritis [letter]. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1180–1.
Ferraccioli GF, Salaffi F, Troise-Rioda W, et al. The Chronic Arthritis Systemic Index (CASI). Clin
Exp Rheumatol 1994;12:241–7.
Figueroa F, Braun-Moscovici Y, Khanna D, et al. Patient self-administered joint tenderness counts

in rheumatoid arthritis are reliable and responsive to changes in disease activity. J Rheumatol
2007;34:54–6.
Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): a simple practical measure for routine
clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:210–6.
FitzGerald O, Helliwell P, Mumtaz A, et al. Application of composite disease activity scores in

psoriatic arthritis to the PRESTA dataset [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(suppl):S214. 197

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Fitzpatrick R, Newman S, Lamb R, et al. A comparison of measures of health status in rheumatoid
arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1989;28:201–6.
Fransen J, Stucki G, van Riel PL. Rheumatoid arthritis measures: Disease Activity Score (DAS),
Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology
(RADAR), and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI). Arthritis Rheum
2003;49(suppl):S214–24.
Fransen J, Antoni C, Mease PJ, et al. Performance of response criteria for assessing peripheral
arthritis in patients with psoriatic arthritis: analysis of data from randomised controlled trials of two
tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1373–8.
Fransen J, Forster A, Uebelhart D, et al. Reliability and responsiveness of the RADAI, a self-
assessed rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis
2001;60(suppl):345.
Fransen J, Hauselmann H, Michel BA, et al. Responsiveness of the self-assessed Rheumatoid

Arthritis Disease Activity Index to a flare of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:53–60.
Fransen J, Langenegger T, Michel BA, et al. Feasibility and validity of the RADAI, a self-
administered rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:321–7.
Fransen J, Stucki G, van Riel PL. Rheumatoid arthritis measures: Disease Activity Score (DAS),
Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology
(RADAR), and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI). Arthritis Rheum
2003;49(suppl):S214–24.
Fransen J, Uebelhart D, Stucki G, et al. The ICIDH-2 as a framework for the assessment of
functioning and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:225–31.
Fransen J, van Riel PL. DAS remission cut points. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006;24(suppl):S29–32.
Fransen J, van Riel PL. The Disease Activity Score and the EULAR response criteria. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2005;23(suppl):S93–9.
Fredriksson T, Pettersson U. Severe psoriasis: oral therapy with a new retinoid. Dermatologica
1978;157:238–44.
Fries JF, Spitz P, Kraines RG, et al. Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
1980;23:137–45.
Fuchs HA, Pincus T. Reduced joint counts in controlled clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis.
Furst DE, Keystone EC, Braun J, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the
treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2010. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(suppl):i2–36.
Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, et al. A new approach to defining disease status in
ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol
1994;21:2286–91.
Gisondi P, Tinazzi I, El-Dalati G, et al. Lower limb enthesopathy in patients with psoriasis without
clinical signs of arthropathy: a hospital-based case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:26–30.
Gladman D, Inman R, Cook RJ, et al. International spondyloarthritis interobserver reliability

exercise: the INSPIRE study. I. Assessment of spinal measures. J Rheumatol 2007;34:1733–9.198
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Gladman DD, Mease PJ, Strand V, et al. Consensus on a core set of domains for psoriatic
arthritis. J Rheumatol 2007;34:1167–70.
Gladman DD, Chandran V. Observational cohort studies: lessons learnt from the University of
Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Program. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:25–31.
Gladman DD, Helliwell P, Mease PJ, et al. Assessment of patients with psoriatic arthritis: a review
of currently available measures [review]. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:24–35.
Gladman DD, Inman RD, Cook RJ, et al. International spondyloarthritis interobserver reliability
exercise: the INSPIRE study. II. Assessment of peripheral joints, enthesitis, and dactylitis. J
Rheumatol 2007;34:1740–5.
Gladman DD, Mease PJ, Strand V, et al. Consensus on a core set of domains for psoriatic arthritis.
J Rheumatol 2007;34:1167–70.
Gladman DD, Psaradellis F, Illouz O, et al. Evaluation of response using the psoriatic arthritis joint
activity index scoring tool in patients treated with adalimumab: post hoc analysis of the ACCLAIM
study [abstract]. J Rheumatol 2009;38:2571.
Gladman DD, Tom BD, Mease PJ, et al. Informing response criteria for psoriatic arthritis. I.
Discrimination models based on data from 3 anti-tumor necrosis factor randomized studies. J
Rheumatol 2010;37:1892–7.
Gladman DD, Tom BD, Mease PJ, et al. Informing response criteria for psoriatic arthritis (PsA). II.
Further considerations and a proposal: the PsA joint activity index. J Rheumatol 2010;37:2559–65.
Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Kerstens PJ, et al. DAS-driven therapy versus
routine care in patients with recent-onset active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:65–
9.
Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor
necrosis factor alpha. 2002;346:1349–56.
Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid
Hanly JG, Mosher D, Sutton E, et al. Self-assessment of disease activity by patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1531–8.
Harrington JT. The uses of disease activity scoring and the physician global assessment of
disease activity for managing rheumatoid arthritis in rheumatology practice. J Rheumatol
2009;36:925–9.
Haywood KL, Garratt AM, Dawes PT. Patient-assessed health in ankylosing spondylitis: a
structured review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:577–86.
Haywood KL, Garratt M, Jordan K, et al. Disease-specific, patient-assessed measures of health

outcome in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsiveness. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2002;41:1295–302.
Healy PJ, Helliwell PS. Measuring clinical enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis: assessment of existing
measures and development of an instrument specific to psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2008;59:686–91.
199

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Healy PJ, Helliwell PS. Measuring dactylitis in clinical trials: which is the best instrument to use? J
Rheumatol 2007;34:1302–6.
Healy PJ, Helliwell PS. Psoriatic arthritis quality of life instrument: an assessment of sensitivity and
response to change. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1359–61.
Heikkila S, Viitanen JV, Kautiainen H, et al. Does improved spinal mobility correlate with functional
changes in spondyloarthropathy after short-term physical therapy? J Rheumatol 2000;27:2942–4.
Heikkila S, Viitanen JV, Kautiainen H, et al. Functional long-term changes in patients with
spondylarthropathy. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21:119–22.
Helliwell PS, Firth J, Ibrahim GH, et al. Development of an assessment tool for dactylitis in patients
with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1745–50.
Hensor EM, Emery P, Bingham SJ, et al, for the YEAR Consortium. Discrepancies in categorizing
rheumatoid arthritis patients by DAS-28(ESR) and DAS-28(CRP): can they be reduced?
Hernandez-Cruz B, Cardiel MH. Intra-observer reliability of commonly used outcome measures in

rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16:459–62.
Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Spoorenberg A, van Tubergen A, et al. Assessment of enthesitis in

ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:127–32.
Hidding A, van der Linden S, Gielen X, et al. Continuation of group physical therapy is necessary in
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res 1994;7:90–6.
Hidding A, van der Linden S. Factors related to change in global health after group physical
therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 1995;14:347–51.
Husni ME, Mease PJ. Managing comorbid disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2010;12:281–7.
Husted J, Gladman DD, Farewell VT, et al. Validation of the revised and expanded version of the
Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales for patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol
1996;23:1015–9.
Husted J, Gladman DD, Long JA, et al. Relationship of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales to
changes in articular status and functional performance in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J
Rheumatol 1996;23:1932–7.
Husted JA, Gladman DD, Farewell VT, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire in
patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 1997;24:511–7.
Husted JA, Gladman DD, Long JA, et al. A modified version of the Health Assessment
Questionnaire (HAQ) for psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;13:439–43.
Husted JA, Tom BD, Farewell VT, et al. A longitudinal study of the effect of disease activity and
clinical damage on physical function over the course of psoriatic arthritis: does the effect change
over time? Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:840–9.
Inoue E, Yamanaka H, Hara M, et al. Comparison of Disease Activity Score (DAS)28-erythrocyte

sedimentation rate and DAS28 C-reactive protein threshold values. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:407–
9.
200

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Jauregui E, Conner-Spady B, Russell AS, et al. Clinimetric evaluation of the Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Metrology Index in a controlled trial of pamidronate therapy. J Rheumatol
2004;31:2422–8.
Jenkinson TR, Mallorie PA, Whitelock HC, et al. Defining spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis
(AS). The Bath AS Metrology Index. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1694–8.
Jenks K, Treharne GJ, Garcia J, et al. The ankylosing spondylitis quality of life questionnaire:
validation in a New Zealand cohort. Int J Rheum Dis 2010;13:361–6.
Jones SD, Porter J, Garrett SL, et al. A new scoring system for the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis
Metrology Index (BASMI). J Rheumatol 1995;22:1609.
Jones SD, Calin A, Steiner A. An update on the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity and
Functional Indices (BASDAI, BASFI): excellent Cronbach's alpha scores. J Rheumatol
1996;23:407.
Jones SD, Porter J, Garrett SL, et al. A new scoring system for the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis
Metrology Index (BASMI) [letter]. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1609.
Jones SD, Steiner A, Garrett SL, et al. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score
(BAS-G). Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:66–71.
Kane D. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of psoriatic arthritis. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2005;7:319–24.
Karatepe AG, Akkoc Y, Akar S, et al. The Turkish versions of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis and
Dougados Functional Indices: reliability and validity. Rheumatol Int 2005;25:612–8.
Kavanaugh A, McInnes I, Mease P, et al. Golimumab, a new human tumor necrosis factor α
antibody, administered every four weeks as a subcutaneous injection in psoriatic arthritis: twenty-
four–week efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum
2009;60:976–86.
Kawashiri SY, Kawakami A, Iwamoto N, et al. The power Doppler ultrasonography score from 24
synovial sites or 6 simplified synovial sites, including the metacarpophalangeal joints, reflects the
clinical disease activity and level of serum biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Kennedy LG, Edmunds L, Calin A. The natural history of ankylosing spondylitis. Does it burn out? J
Rheumatol 1993;20:688–92.
Khan NA, Yazici Y, Calvo-Alen J, et al. Reevaluation of the role of duration of morning stiffness in
the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis activity. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2435–42.
Kiltz U1, van der Heijde D, Boonen A, et al. Development of a health index in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis (ASAS HI): final result of a global initiative based on the ICF guided by
ASAS. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 Jan 7. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203967. [Epub ahead of print].
Kirwan JR, Newman S, Tugwell PS, et al. Patient perspective on outcomes in rheumatology: a
position paper for OMERACT 9. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2067–70.
Klinkhoff AV, Bellamy N, Bombardier C, et al. An experiment in reducing interobserver variability of

the examination for joint tenderness. J Rheumatol 1988;15:492–4.
201

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kosinski M, Zhao SZ, Dedhiya S, et al. Determining minimally important changes in generic and
disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaires in clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis.
Krishnan E, Sokka T, Hakkinen A, et al. Normative values for the Health Assessment
Questionnaire disability index: benchmarking disability in the general population. Arthritis Rheum
2004;50:953–60.
Krueger GG. New method being developed for assessing psoriasis. National Psoriasis Foundation
Forum 1999;5:4–5.
Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, et al. The Fatigue Severity Scale: application to patients with
multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol 1989;46:1121–3.
Kuhlow H, Fransen J, Ewert T, et al. Factors explaining limitations in activities and restrictions in
participation in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2010;46:169–77.
Kurwa HA, Finlay AY. Dermatology in-patient management greatly improves life quality. Br J
Dermatol 1995;133:575–8.
Kvien TK, Heiberg, Lie E, Kaufmann C, et al. A Norwegian DMARD register: prescriptions of
DMARDs and biological agents to patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2005;23(suppl 39):S188–94.
Kwok T, Pope JE. Minimally important difference for patient-reported outcomes in psoriatic arthritis:
Health Assessment Questionnaire and pain, fatigue, and global visual analog scales. J Rheumatol
2010;37:1024–8.
Landewe R, Dougados M, Mielants H, et al. Physical function in ankylosing spondylitis is

independently determined by both disease activity and radiographic damage of the spine. Ann
Rheum Dis 2009;68:863–7.
Landewe R, van der Heijde D, van der Linden S, et al. Twenty-eight-joint counts invalidate the
DAS28 remission definition owing to the omission of the lower extremity joints: a comparison with
the original DAS remission. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:637–41.
Landewe RB, Hermann KG, van der Heijde DM, et al. Scoring sacroiliac joints by magnetic
resonance imaging. A multiple-reader reliability experiment. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2050–5.
Langley RG, Ellis CN. Evaluating psoriasis with psoriasis area and severity index, psoriasis global
assessment, and lattice system physician's global assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:563–
9.
Lassere MN, van der Heijde D, Johnson KR, et al. Reliability of measures of disease activity and
disease damage in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for smallest detectable difference, minimal
clinically important difference, and analysis of treatment effects in randomized controlled trials. J
Rheumatol 2001;28:892–903.
Ledingham J, Deighton C, for the British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Guidelines and
Audit Working Group. Update on the British Society for Rheumatology guidelines for prescribing
TNFα blockers in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (update of previous guidelines of April 2001).
Leeb BF, Haindl PM, Maktari A, et al. Patient-centered rheumatoid arthritis disease activity
assessment by a modified RADAI. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1294–9.
202

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Leeb BF, Sautner J, Leeb BA, et al. Lack of agreement between patients and physicians
perspectives of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity changes. Scand J Rheumatol 2006;35:441–6.
Leeb BF, Sautner J, Mai HT, et al. A comparison of patient questionnaires and composite indexes
in routine care of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Joint Bone Spine 2009;76:658–64.
Leigh JP, Fries JF, Parikh N. Severity of disability and duration of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J
Rheumatol 1992;19:1906–11.
Leung YY, Tam LS, Kun EW, et al. Comparison of 4 functional indexes in psoriatic arthritis with
axial or peripheral disease subgroups using Rasch analyses. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1613–21.
Levy G, Cheetham C, Cheatwood A, et al. Validation of patient-reported joint counts in rheumatoid

arthritis and the role of training. J Rheumatol 2007;34:1261–5.
Lindsay K, Ibrahim G, Sokoll K, et al. The composite DAS score is impractical to use in daily
practice: evidence that physicians use the objective component of the DAS in decision making. J
Listing J, Strangfeld A, Rau R, et al. Clinical and functional remission: even though biologics are
superior to conventional DMARDs overall success rates remain low: results from RABBIT, the
German biologics register. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R66.
Long CC, Finlay AY, Averill RW. The rule of hand: 4 hand areas = 2 FTU = 1 g. Arch Dermatol
1992;128:1129–30.
Long CC, Finlay AY. The finger-tip unit: a new practical measure. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:444–
7.
Louden BA, Pearce DJ, Lang W, et al. A simplified psoriasis area severity index (SPASI) for rating
psoriasis severity in clinic patients. Dermatol Online J 2004;10:7.
Lovas K, Geher P, Whalley D, McKenna S, Meads D, Kalo Z. Hungarian adaptation of a disease-

specific quality-of-life questionnaire in patients with ankylosing spondylitis [in Hungarian]. Orv Hetil
2002;143:1893–7.
Lubrano E, Marchesoni A, Olivieri I, et al. Psoriatic Arthritis Spondylitis Radiology Index: a modified
index for radiologic assessment of axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol
2009;36:1006–11.
Lubrano E, Marchesoni A, Olivieri I, et al. The radiological assessment of axial involvement in

psoriatic arthritis: a validation study of the BASRI total and the modified SASSS scoring methods.
Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:977–80.
Lukas C, Braun J, van der Heijde D, et al. Scoring inflammatory activity of the spine by magnetic
resonance imaging in ankylosing spondylitis: a multireader experiment. J Rheumatol 2007;34:862–
70.
Lukas C, Landewé R, Sieper J, et al. Development of an ASAS-endorsed disease activity score

(ASDAS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:18–24.
Macedo A, Oakley S, Gullick N, et al. An examination of work instability, functional impairment, and
disease activity in employed patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2009;36:225–30.
Machado P, van der Heijde D. How to measure disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis? Curr
203
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Machado P, Landewe R, Braun J, et al. Both structural damage and inflammation of the spine
contribute to impairment of spinal mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69:1465–70.
*Machado P, Landewe R, Lie E, et al. Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS):
defining cut-off values for disease activity states and improvement scores. Ann Rheum Dis
2011;70:47–53.
*Machado P, van der Heijde D. How to measure disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis? Curr
Machado PM, Landewe RB, van der Heijde DM. Endorsement of definitions of disease activity
states and improvement scores for the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score: results from
OMERACT 10. J Rheumatol 2011;38:1502–6.
Machado P, Navarro-Compán V, Landewé R, et al. How to calculate the ASDAS if the

conventional CRP is below the limit of detection or if using high sensitivity CRP? - An analysis in
the DESIR cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014 Oct 20. doi:10.1002/art.38921. [Epub ahead of print]
Madsen OR, Rytter A, Hansen LB, et al. Reproducibility of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Indices
of disease activity (BASDAI), functional status (BASFI) and overall well-being (BAS-G) in anti-
tumour necrosis factor-treated spondyloarthropathy patients. Clin Rheumatol 2010;29:849–54.
Makinen H, Kautiainen H, Hannonen P, et al. A new disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis:
Mean Overall Index for Rheumatoid Arthritis (MOI-RA). J Rheumatol 2008;35:1522–7.
Maksymowych WP, Mallon C, Morrow S, et al. Development and validation of the Spondyloarthritis
Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) Enthesitis Index. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:948–53.
Maksymowych WP, Richardson R, Mallon C, et al. Evaluation and validation of the patient
acceptable symptom state (PASS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum
2007;57:133–9.
Mander M, Simpson JM, McLellan A, et al. Studies with an enthesis index as a method of clinical
assessment in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:197–202.
Martin M, Kosinski M, Bjorner JB, Ware JE Jr, et al. Item response theory methods can improve
the measurement of physical function by combining the modified health assessment questionnaire
and the SF-36 physical function scale. Qual Life Res 2007;16:647–60.
Maska L, Anderson J, Michaud K. Measures of functional status and quality of life in rheumatoid
arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63(suppl 11):S4–13.
McGonagle D, Lories RJ, Tan AL, et al. The concept of a “synovio-entheseal complex” and its
implications for understanding joint inflammation and damage in psoriatic arthritis and beyond.
McKenna SP, Doward LC, Whalley D, et al. Development of the PsAQoL: a quality of life
instrument specific to psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:162–9.
McQueen F, Lassere M, Bird P, et al. Developing a magnetic resonance imaging scoring system
for peripheral psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2007;34:859–61.
Mease P, Antoni C, Gladman DD, et al. Psoriatic arthritis assessment tools in clinical trials. Ann
Rheum Dis 2005;64(suppl):ii49–54.
204

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Mease P, Ganguly L, Wanke E, et al. How much improvement in functional status is considered
important by patients with active psoriatic arthritis: applying the Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid
Arthritis Clinical Trials (OMERACT) group guidelines [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis
2004;63(suppl):391.
arthritis: results of a six-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II
Mease P, van der Heijde D. Joint damage in psoriatic arthritis: how is it assessed and can it be
prevented? Int J Adv Rheumatol 2006;4:38–48.
Mease PJ, Antoni CE. Psoriatic arthritis treatment: biological response modifiers. Ann Rheum Dis
2005;64(suppl):ii78–82.
Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Ritchlin CT, et al, for the Adalimumab Effectiveness in Psoriatic Arthritis
Trial Study Group. Adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderately to severely active
psoriatic arthritis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:3279–89.
Mease PJ, Goffe BS, Metz J, et al. Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a
randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:385–90.
Mease PJ, Woolley JM, Bitman B, et al. Minimally important difference of Health Assessment
Questionnaire in psoriatic arthritis: relating thresholds of improvement in functional ability to
patient-rated importance and satisfaction. J Rheumatol 2011;38:2461–5.
*Mease PJ. Measures of psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(suppl 11):S64–85.
Mease PJ. Improving the routine management of rheumatoid arthritis: the value of tight control. J
Rheumatol 2010;37:1570–8.
Mease PJ. Psoriatic arthritis: pharmacotherapy update. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010;12:272–80.
Mease PJ. Psoriatic arthritis: update on pathophysiology, assessment and management. Ann
Rheum Dis 2011;70(suppl):i77–84.
Mendoza TR, Wang XS, Cleeland CS, et al. The rapid assessment of fatigue severity in cancer
patients: use of the brief fatigue inventory. Cancer 1999;85:1186–96.
Minnock P, Kirwan J, Veale D, et al. Fatigue is an independent outcome measure and is sensitive
to change in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010;28:401–4.
Moncur C. Ankylosing spondylitis measures. Arthritis Care Res 2003;49(suppl):S197–209.
Mumtaz A, Gallagher P, Kirby B, et al. Development of a preliminary composite disease activity

index in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;70:272–7.
Mumtaz A, Gallagher P, Kirby B, et al. Development of a preliminary composite disease activity

index in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;70:272–7.
Nell-Duxneuner VP, Stamm TA, Machold KP, et al. Evaluation of the appropriateness of composite
disease activity measures for assessment of psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:546–9.
Nichol MB, Margolies JE, Lippa E, et al. The application of multiple quality-of-life instruments in
205
individuals with mild-to-moderate psoriasis. Pharmacoeconomics 1996;10:644–53.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Nicolau G, Yogui MM, Vallochi TL, et al. Sources of discrepancy in patient and physician global
assessments of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1293–6.
*Østergaard M, Edmonds J, McQueen F. The EULAR-OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI

reference image atlas. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:i2–55.
*Østergaard M, McQueen F, Wiell C, et al. The OMERACT psoriatic arthritis magnetic resonance
imaging scoring system (PsAMRIS): definitions of key pathologies, suggested MRI sequences, and
preliminary scoring system for PsA hands. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1816–24.
Ostergaard M, Peterfy C, Conaghan P, et al. OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance

imaging studies: core set of MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions, and the OMERACT RA-
MRI scoring system [published erratum appears in J Rheumatol 2004;31:198]. J Rheumatol
2003;30:1385–6.
Ozcan E, Yilmaz O, Tutoglu A, et al. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Health
Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondyloarthropathies. Rheumatol Int [E-pub ahead of print].
Parekh K, Taylor WJ. The Patient Activity Scale-II is a generic indicator of active disease in
patients with rheumatic disorders. J Rheumatol 2010;37:1932–4.
Pavy S, Brophy S, Calin A. Establishment of the minimum clinically important difference for the
bath ankylosing spondylitis indices: a prospective study. J Rheumatol 2005;32:80–5.
Pedersen SJ, Sorensen IJ, Garnero P, et al. ASDAS, BASDAI and different treatment responses
and their relation to biomarkers of inflammation, cartilage and bone turnover in patients with axial
spondyloarthritis treated with TNFα inhibitors. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1375–81.
Pedersen SJ, Sorensen IJ, Hermann KG, et al. Responsiveness of the Ankylosing Spondylitis
Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) and clinical and MRI measures of disease activity in a 1-year
follow-up study of patients with axial spondyloarthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha
inhibitors. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1065–71.
Pham T, Landewe R, van der Linden S, et al. An international study on starting tumour necrosis
factor-blocking agents in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1620–5.
Pham T, van der Heijde DM, Pouchot J, et al. Development and validation of the French ASQoL
questionnaire. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010;28:379–85.
Pimentel-Santos FM, Santos H, Barcelos A, et al. Portuguese version of the Bath indices for
ankylosing spondylitis patients: a cross-cultural adaptation and validation. Ann Rheum Dis
2010;69(suppl 3):697.
Pinals RS, Masi AT, Larsen RA, and the Subcommittee for Criteria of Remission in Rheumatoid
Arthritis of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee.
Preliminary criteria for clinical remission in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:1308–15.
Pincus T, Bergman M, Sokka T, et al. Visual analog scales in formats other than a 10 centimeter
horizontal line to assess pain and other clinical data. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1550–8.
Pincus T, Bergman MJ, Yazici Y, et al. An index of only patient-reported outcome measures,
Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3), in two abatacept clinical trials: similar
results to Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and other RAPID indices that include physician-reported
measures. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:345–9.
206

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Pincus T, Callahan LF, Brooks RH, et al. Self-report questionnaire scores in rheumatoid arthritis
compared with traditional physical, radiographic, and laboratory measures. Ann Intern Med
1989;110:259–66.
Pincus T, Sokka T. Can a Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and

Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID) scores be informative in patients with all
rheumatic diseases? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:733–53.
Pincus T, Sokka T. Quantitative measures for assessing rheumatoid arthritis in clinical trials and
clinical care. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003;17:753–81.
Pincus T, Strand V, Koch G, et al. An index of the three core data set patient questionnaire
measures distinguishes efficacy of active treatment from that of placebo as effectively as the
American College of Rheumatology 20% response criteria (ACR20) or the Disease Activity Score
(DAS) in a rheumatoid arthritis clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:625–30.
Pincus T, Swearingen C, Wolfe F. Toward a multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire

(MDHAQ): assessment of advanced activities of daily living and psychological status in the patient-
friendly Health Assessment Questionnaire format. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2220–30.
Pincus T, Swearingen CJ, Bergman M, et al. RAPID3 (Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data
3), a rheumatoid arthritis index without formal joint counts for routine care: proposed severity
categories compared to disease activity score and clinical disease activity index categories. J
Rheumatol 2008;35:2136–47.
Pincus T, Swearingen CJ, Bergman MJ, et al. RAPID3 (Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data)
on an MDHAQ (Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire): agreement with DAS28
(Disease Activity Score) and CDAI (Clinical Disease Activity Index) activity categories, scored in
five versus more than ninety seconds. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:181–9.
Pincus T, Yazici Y, Bergman M, et al. A proposed continuous quality improvement approach to

assessment and management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis without formal joint counts,
based on quantitative Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID) scores on a
Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2007;21:789–804.
Pincus T, Yazici Y, Bergman M. A practical guide to scoring a Multi-Dimensional Health

Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID)
scores in 10–20 seconds for use in standard clinical care, without rulers, calculators, websites or
computers. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:755–87.
Pincus T. A Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) for all patients with
rheumatic diseases to complete at all visits in standard clinical care. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis
2007;65:150–60.
Prajs K, Flicinski J, Brzosko I, et al. Quality of life and activity of disease in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis [in Polish]. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2006;52(suppl):39–43.
*Prevoo ML, van’t Hof MA, Kuper, HH. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-
joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with
Prevoo ML, van Riel PL, van't Hof MA, et al. Validity and reliability of joint indices: a longitudinal
study in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:589–94.
207

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Prevoo ML, van't Hof MA, Kuper HH, et al. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-
eight-joint counts: development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with
Queiro R, Sarasqueta C, Belzunegui J, et al. Psoriatic spondyloarthropathy: a comparative study

between HLA-B27 positive and HLA-B27 negative disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002;31:413–8.
Radovits BJ, Fransen J, van Riel PL, et al. Influence of age and gender on the 28-joint Disease
Activity Score (DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1127–31.
Reeve BB, Hays RD, Bjorner JB, et al. Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related
quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information
System (PROMIS). Med Care 2007;45(suppl):S22–31.
Rich P, Scher RK. Nail psoriasis severity index: a useful tool for evaluation of nail psoriasis. J Am
Acad Dermatol 2003;49:206–12.
Rintelen B, Haindl PM, Maktari A, et al. SDAI/CDAI levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients are highly
dependent on patient's pain perception and gender. Scand J Rheumatol 2008;37:410–3.
Rintelen B, Haindl PM, Sautner J, et al. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index-5 in daily
use: proposal for disease activity categories. J Rheumatol 2009;36:918–24.
Rintelen B, Sautner J, Haindl P, et al. Comparison of three rheumatoid arthritis disease activity
scores in clinical routine. Scand J Rheumatol 2009;7:1–7.
Ritchlin CT, Kavanaugh A, Gladman DD, et al. Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis.
Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1387–94.
Rohekar G, Pope J. Test-retest reliability of patient global assessment and physician global
assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2178–82.
Rudwaleit M, Jurik A-G, Hermann K-GA, et al. Defining active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) for classification of axial spondyloarthritis – a consensual approach by the
ASAS/OMERACT MRI Group. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1520–7.
Rudwaleit M, Khan MA, Sieper J. The challenge of diagnosis and classification in early ankylosing
spondylitis: do we need new criteria? Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1000–8.
Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, et al. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: a

reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis
Rheum 2006;54:569–78.
Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Khan MA, et al. How to diagnose axial spondyloarthritis early. Ann
Rheum Dis 2004;63:535–43.
*Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. The development of Assessment of

SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II):
validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:777–83.
Ruof J, Sangha O, Stucki G. Comparative responsiveness of 3 functional indices in ankylosing

spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:1959–63.
Ruof J, Sangha O, Stucki G. Evaluation of a German version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis
Functional Index (BASFI) and Dougados Functional Index (D-FI). Z Rheumatol 1999;58:218–25.
208

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Saber TP, Ng CT, Renard G, et al. Remission in psoriatic arthritis: is it possible and how can it be
predicted? Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R94.
Salaffi F, Peroni M, Ferraccioli GF. Discriminating ability of composite indices for measuring
disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison of the Chronic Arthritis Systemic Index,
Disease Activity Score and Thompson's Articular Index. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:90–6.
Salaffi F, Stancati A, Silvestri A, et al. Validation of the Italian versions of the Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis [in Italian]. Reumatismo 2005;57:161–73.
Schentag C, Gladman D. Changes in fatigue in psoriatic arthritis: disease activity of fibromyalgia

[abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46(suppl):S424.
Schentag CT, Cichon J, MacKinnon A, et al. Validation and normative data for the 0–10 point scale
version of the fatigue severity scale (FSS) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(suppl):S177.
Schoels M, Aletaha D, Funovits J, et al. Application of the DAREA/DAPSA score for assessment of
disease activity in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1441–7.
Schoels M, Knevel R, Aletaha D, et al. Evidence for treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: results of
a systematic literature search. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:638–43.
Scott DL, Choy EH, Greeves A, et al. Standardising joint assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin
Rheumatol 1996;15:579–82.
Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2010;376:1094–108.
Scott J, Huskisson EC. Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales. Ann Rheum Dis 1979;38:560.
Scott PJ, Huskisson EC. Measurement of functional capacity with visual analogue scales.
Rheumatol Rehabil 1977;16:257–9.
Seror R, Tubach F, Baron G, et al. Measure of function in rheumatoid arthritis: individualized or

classical scales? Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:97–101.
Shaver TS, Anderson JD, Weidensaul DN, et al. The problem of rheumatoid arthritis disease
activity and remission in clinical practice. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1015–22.
Shinjo SK, Goncalves R, Kowalski S, et al. Brazilian-Portuguese version and applicability

questionnaire of the mobility index for ankylosing spondylitis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2007;62:139–44.
Shinjo SK, Goncalves R, Kowalski S, et al. Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Health Assessment
Questionnaire for Spondyloarthropathies (HAQ-S) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a
translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:1254–8.
*Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international

Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;68(suppl
II):ii1–44.
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients
with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis
International Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:784–8.
Smets EM, Garssen B, Bonke B, et al. The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) psychometric
209
qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J Psychosom Res 1995;39:315–25.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Bijlsma JW, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations
of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:631–7.
Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab and attainment of disease
remission in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of acute-phase reactants. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:43–
52.
Smolen JS, Aletaha D. What should be our treatment goal in rheumatoid arthritis today? Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2006;24(suppl):S7–13.
Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH, et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid
arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:244–57.
Smolen JS, Landewe R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann
Rheum Dis 2010;69:964–75.
Song IH, Carrasco-Fernandez J, Rudwaleit M, et al. The diagnostic value of scintigraphy in

assessing sacroiliitis in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature research. Ann Rheum Dis
2008;67:1535–40.
Soubrier M, Zerkak D, Gossec L, et al. Which variables best predict change in rheumatoid arthritis
therapy in daily clinical practice? J Rheumatol 2006;33:1243–6.
Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, de Klerk E, et al. A comparative study of the usefulness of the
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and the Dougados Functional Index in the
assessment of ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:961–5.
Stamm TA, Nell V, Mathis M, et al. Concepts important to patients with psoriatic arthritis are not
adequately covered by standard measures of functioning. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:487–94.
Stone MA, Pomeroy E, Keat A, et al. Assessment of the impact of flares in ankylosing spondylitis
disease activity using the Flare Illustration. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:1213–8.
Strand V, Cohen S, Crawford B, et al, for the Leflunomide Investigators Groups. Patient-reported
outcomes better discriminate active treatment from placebo in randomized controlled trials in
Stucki G, Liang MH, Stucki S, et al. A self-administered Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index
(RADAI) for epidemiologic research: psychometric properties and correlation with parameters of
disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:795–8.
Stucki G, Stucki S, Bruhlmann P, et al. Ceiling effects of the Health Assessment Questionnaire and
its modified version in some ambulatory rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis
1995;54:461–5.
Sturrock RD. Clinical utility of ultrasonography in spondyloarthropathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep

2009;11:317–20.
Taylor AL, Balakrishnan C, Calin A. Reference centile charts for measures of disease activity,
functional impairment, and metrology in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1119–25.
Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, et al, and the CASPAR Study Group. Classification criteria for
psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large international study. Arthritis Rheum
2006;54:2665–73.
210

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Taylor WJ, Harrison AA. Could the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)
be a valid measure of disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis? Arthritis Rheum
2004;51:311–5.
Taylor WJ, McPherson KM. Using Rasch analysis to compare the psychometric properties of the
Short Form 36 physical function score and the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index in
patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:723–9.
The EuroQol Group. EuroQol: a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life.
Health Policy 1990;16:199–208.
Thompson PW, Hart LE, Goldsmith CH, et al. Comparison of four articular indices for use in clinical
trials in rheumatoid arthritis: patient, order and observer variation. J Rheumatol 1991;18:661–5.
Tubach F, Pham T, Skomsvoll JF, et al. Stability of the patient acceptable symptomatic state over
time in outcome criteria in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:960–3.
Tzelepis GE, Kalliakosta G, Tzioufas AG, et al. Thoracoabdominal motion in ankylosing spondylitis:
association with standardised clinical measures and response to therapy. Ann Rheum Dis
2009;68:966–71.
Uhlig T, Kvien TK, Pincus T. Test-retest reliability of disease activity core set measures and indices
in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:972–5.
van Echteld I, Cieza A, Boonen A, et al. Identification of the most common problems by patients
with ankylosing spondylitis using the international classification of functioning, disability and health.
J Rheumatol 2006;33:2475–83.
van der Heijde D, Calin A, Dougados M, et al. Selection of instruments in the core set for DC-ART,
SMARD, physical therapy, and clinical record keeping in ankylosing spondylitis. Progress report of
the ASAS Working Group. Assessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:951–4.
van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Feldtkeller E. Proposal of a linear definition of the Bath Ankylosing
Rheum Dis 2008;67:489–93.
van der Heijde D, Baraf HS, Ramos-Remus C, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of etoricoxib in
ankylosing spondylitis: results of a fifty-two–week, randomized, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:1205–15.
van der Heijde D, Kivitz A, Schiff MH, et al, for the Atlas Study Group. Efficacy and safety of
adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-
blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2136–46.
van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Feldtkeller E. Proposal of a linear definition of the Bath Ankylosing
Rheum Dis 2008;67:489–93.
van der Heijde D, Lie E, Kvien TK, et al. ASDAS, a highly discriminatory ASAS-endorsed disease
activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1811–8.
van der Heijde D, Sharp J, Wassenberg S, et al. Psoriatic arthritis imaging: a review of scoring
methods. 2005;64(suppl):ii61–4.
211

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WP, et al. 2010 Update of the international ASAS
recommendations for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann
Rheum Dis 2011;70:905–8.
van der Heijde D. Quantification of radiological damage in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid

arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004;18:847–
60.
*van der Heijde DM, van’t Hof M, van Riel PL. Validity of single variables and indices to measure
disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1993;20:538–41.
van der Heijde DM, Revicki DA, Gooch KL, et al. Physical function, disease activity, and health-
related quality-of-life outcomes after 3 years of adalimumab treatment in patients with ankylosing
spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R124.
van der Heijde DM, van't Hof M, van Riel PL, et al. Validity of single variables and indices to
measure disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1993;20:538–41.
van der Heijde DM, van't Hof MA, van Riel PL, et al. Judging disease activity in clinical practice in
rheumatoid arthritis: first step in the development of a disease activity score. Ann Rheum Dis
1990;49:916–20.
spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:361–8.
van Gestel AM, Prevoo ML, van’t Hof MA. Development and validation of the European League
Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the preliminary
American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International League
Against Rheumatism Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:34–40.
van Gestel AM, Anderson JJ, van Riel PL, et al. ACR and EULAR improvement criteria have
comparable validity in rheumatoid arthritis trials. J Rheumatol 1999;26:705–11.
van Gestel AM, Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL. Validation of rheumatoid arthritis improvement criteria
that include simplified joint counts. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1845–50.
*van Gestel AM, Prevoo ML, van't Hof MA, et al. Development and validation of the European
League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with the
preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International
League Against Rheumatism criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:34–40.
van Riel P, Van Gestel A, Scott D. EULAR handbook of clinical assessment in rheumatoid arthritis.
Alpen an den Rijn (The Netherlands):Van Suiden Communications; 2000.
van Riel PL, Freundlich B, MacPeek D, et al. Patient-reported health outcomes in a trial of
etanercept monotherapy versus combination therapy with etanercept and methotrexate for
rheumatoid arthritis: the ADORE trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1104–10.
van Tubergen A, Debats I, Ryser L, et al. Use of a numerical rating scale as an answer modality in
ankylosing spondylitis–specific questionnaires. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:242–8.
van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, et al. Combined spa–exercise therapy is effective
in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:430–
8.
212

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Verhoeven AC, Boers M, van Der Linden S. Responsiveness of the core set, response criteria, and
utilities in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:966–74.
Viitanen JV, Heikkila S. Functional changes in patients with spondylarthropathy: a controlled trial of
the effects of short-term rehabilitation and 3-year follow-up. Rheumatol Int 2001;20:211–4.
Villaverde V, Balsa A, Cantalejo M, et al. Activity indices in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol

2000;27:2576–81.
Wagner E, Ammer K, Kolarz G, et al. Predicting factors for severity of rheumatoid arthritis: a
prospective multicenter cohort study of 172 patients over 3 years. Rheumatol Int 2007;27:1041–8.
Waldner A, Cronstedt H, Stenstrom CH. The Swedish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis
Disease Activity Index: reliability and validity. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1999;111:10–6.
Wanders A, Landewe R, Dougados M, et al. Association between radiographic damage of the

spine and spinal mobility for individual patients with ankylosing spondylitis: can assessment of
spinal mobility be a proxy for radiographic evaluation? Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:988–94.
Wanders AJ, Landewe RB, Spoorenberg A, et al. What is the most appropriate radiologic scoring
method for ankylosing spondylitis? A comparison of the available methods based on the Outcome
Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials filter. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2622–32.
Ward MM, Kuzis S. Validity and sensitivity to change of spondylitis-specific measures of functional
disability. J Rheumatol 1999;26:121–7.
Ward MM. Clinical measures in rheumatoid arthritis: which are most useful in assessing patients? J
Rheumatol 1994;21:17–27.
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual
framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473–83.
Webster K, Cella D, Yost K. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)
measurement system: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual Life Outcomes
2003;1:79.
Wei JC, Wong RH, Huang JH, et al. Evaluation of internal consistency and re-test reliability of Bath
ankylosing spondylitis indices in a large cohort of adult and juvenile spondylitis patients in Taiwan.
Wells G, Becker JC, Teng J, et al. Validation of the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and
European League Against Rheumatism response criteria based on C-reactive protein against
disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and comparison with the DAS28 based
on erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:954–60.
Wells GA, Boers M, Shea B, et al. Minimal disease activity for rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary
definition. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2016–24.
Wells GA, Tugwell P, Kraag GR, et al. Minimum important difference between patients with
rheumatoid arthritis: the patient's perspective. J Rheumatol 1993;20:557–60.
Welsing PM, van Gestel AM, Swinkels HL, et al. The relationship between disease activity, joint
destruction, and functional capacity over the course of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
2001;44:2009–17.
213

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Cathey MA. Clinical and health status measures over time: prognosis and
outcome assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1290–7.
Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Wilson K. The prevalence and meaning of fatigue in rheumatic disease. J
Rheumatol 1996;23:1407–17.
Wolfe F, Kleinheksel SM, Cathey MA, et al. The clinical value of the Stanford Health Assessment
Questionnaire Functional Disability Index in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol
1988;15:1480–8.
Wolfe F, Michaud K, Pincus T, et al. The Disease Activity Score is not suitable as the sole criterion
for initiation and evaluation of anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy in the clinic: discordance between
assessment measures and limitations in questionnaire use for regulatory purposes. Arthritis
Rheum 2005;52:3873–9.
Wolfe F, Michaud K, Pincus T. A composite disease activity scale for clinical practice,
observational studies, and clinical trials: the Patient Activity Scale (PAS/PAS-II). J Rheumatol
2005;32:2410–5.
Wolfe F, Michaud K, Pincus T. Development and validation of the Health Assessment

Questionnaire II: a revised version of the health assessment questionnaire. Arthritis Rheum
2004;50:3296–305.
Wolfe F, Rasker JJ, Boers M, et al. Minimal disease activity, remission, and the long-term
outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:935–42.
Wolfe F. Which HAQ is best? A comparison of the HAQ, MHAQ and RA-HAQ, a difficult 8 item
HAQ (DHAQ), and a rescored 20 item HAQ (HAQ20): analyses in 2,491 rheumatoid arthritis
patients following leflunomide initiation. J Rheumatol 2001;28:982–9.
Yazici Y, Bergman M, Pincus T. Time to score quantitative rheumatoid arthritis measures: 28-joint
count, Disease Activity Score, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Multidimensional HAQ
(MDHAQ), and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID) scores. J Rheumatol
2008;35:603–9.
Yazici Y, Erkan D, Peterson MG, et al. Morning stiffness: how common is it and does it correlate
with physician and patient global assessment of disease activity? [letter]. J Rheumatol
2001;28:1468–9.
Yellen SB, Cella DF, Webster K, et al. Measuring fatigue and other anemia-related symptoms with
the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) measurement system. J Pain Symptom
Manage 1997;13:63–74.
Zhao LK, Liao ZT, Li CH, et al. Evaluation of quality of life using ASQoL questionnaire in patients
with ankylosing spondylitis in a Chinese population. Rheumatol Int 2007;27:605–11.
Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the
management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:442–52.
Zochling J, Sieper J, van der Heijde D, et al. Development of a core set of domains for data
collection in cohorts of patients with ankylosing spondylitis receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-
alpha therapy. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1079–82.
214

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Abasolo L, Blanco M, Bachiller J, et al. A health system program to reduce work disability related
to musculoskeletal disorders. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:404–14.
Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American
Rheum 2010;62:2569–81.
Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of
osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria
Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:1039–49.
Anderson JJ, Felson DT. Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee in the first national
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I). Evidence for an association with overweight,
race, and physical demands of work. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:179–89.
Andersson GB. Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. Lancet 1999;354:581–5.
Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised
Badley EM, Ibanez D. Socioeconomic risk factors and musculoskeletal disability. J Rheumatol
1994;21:515–22.
Badley EM, Rasooly I, Webster GK. Relative importance of musculoskeletal disorders as a cause
of chronic health problems, disability, and health care utilization: findings from the 1990 Ontario
Health Survey. J Rheumatol 1994;21:505–14.
Bliuc D, Nguyen ND, Milch VE, et al. Mortality risk associated with low-trauma osteoporotic fracture
and subsequent fracture in men and women. JAMA 2009;301:513–21.
Brage S, Nygard JF, Tellnes G. The gender gap in musculoskeletal-related long-term sickness
absence in Norway. Scand J Soc Med 1998;26:34–43.
Bremner JM, Lawrence JS, Miall WE. Degenerative joint disease in a Jamaican rural population.
Ann Rheum Dis 1968;27:326–32.
Brooks PM. MJA Practice Essentials - Rheumatology. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing
Company Limited, 1997.
*Busija L, Bridgett L, Williams S, et al. Burden of musculoskeletal conditions: osteoarthritis. Best

*Carmona L, Cross M, Williams B, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2010;24:733–45.
Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, et al. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in
men and women: an observational study. Lancet 1999;353:878–82.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2005. With chartbook on trends
in the health of Americans. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus05.pdf. 2005.
Cooper C, Campion G, Melton LJ, III. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection.
Cooper C, Melton LJ, III. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1992;314:224–9.
215

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic
fractures. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1001–5.
Cooper C. The crippling consequences of fractures and their impact on quality of life. Am J Med
1997;103:12S–7S.
Coyte PC, Asche CV, Croxford R, et al. The economic cost of musculoskeletal disorders in
Canada. Arthritis Care Res 1998;11:315–25.
Croft P, Coggon D, Cruddas M, et al. Osteoarthritis of the hip: an occupational disease in farmers.
BMJ 1992;304:1269–72.
Crook J, Rideout E, Browne G. The prevalence of pain complaints in a general population. Pain
1984;18:299–314.
Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study
of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332:767–73.
Danielsson L, Lindberg H. Prevalence of coxarthrosis in an urban population during four decades.

Clin Orthop 1997;342:106–10.
Danielsson LG. Incidence and prognosis of coxarthrosis. Acta Orthop Scand 1964;66:1–114.
Darmawan J, Muirden KD, Valkenburg HA, et al. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in
Indonesia. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:537–40.
Davis MA, Neuhaus JM, Ettinger WH, et al. Body fat distribution and osteoarthritis. Am J Epidemiol
1990;132:701–7.
Del Puente A, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, et al. High incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis
in Pima Indians. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:1170–8.
Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, et al. Longitudinal radiologic evaluation of osteoarthritis of

the knee. J Rheumatol 1992;19:378–84.
Felsenberg D, Silman AJ, Lunt M, et al; for the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study Group.
Incidence of vertebral fractures in Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis
Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:716–24.
Felson DT. Does excess weight cause osteoarthritis and, if so, why? Ann Rheum Dis
1996;55:668–70.
Frymoyer JW. Back pain and sciatica. N Engl J Med 1988;318:291–300.
Hakala M, Nieminen P, Koivisto O. More evidence from a community based series of better
outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. Data on the effect of multidisciplinary care on the retention of
functional ability. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1432–7.
Hoaglund FT, Yau AC, Wong WL. Osteoarthritis of the hip and other joints in southern Chinese in
Hong Kong. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1973;55:545–57.
Hochberg MC, Chang RW, Dwosh I, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1991 revised
criteria for the classification of global functional status in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum
1992;35:498–502.
216
*Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, et al. Low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010;24:147–53.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Humphreys JH, Verstappen SM, Hyrich KL, et al. The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the UK:
comparisons using the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria and the 1987 ACR classification
criteria. Results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1315–20.
Ismail AA, Pye SR, Cockerill WC, et al. Incidence of limb fracture across Europe: results from the
European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Osteoporos Int 2002;13:565–71.
Jacobson L, Lindgren B. Vad kostar sjukdomarna? [What are the costs of illness?]. Stockholm:
Socialstyrelsen (National Board of Health and Welfare), 1996.
Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Mortality after osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int
2004;15:38–42.
Kallman DA, Wigley FM, Scott WW Jr, et al. The longitudinal course of hand osteoarthritis in a
male population. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1323–32.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, et al. International variations in hip fracture probabilities:
implications for risk assessment. J Bone Miner Res 2002a;17:1237–44.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fracture and the effect of risk
factors on screening strategies. Bone 2002b;30:251–8.
Kaukonen JP, Karaharju EO, Porras M, et al. Functional recovery after fractures of the distal
forearm. Analysis of radiographic and other factors affecting the outcome. Ann Chir Gynaecol
1988;77:27–31.
Kazis LE, Meenan RF, Anderson JJ. Pain in the rheumatic diseases. Investigation of a key health
status component. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1017–22.
Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Osteoarthritis and disk degeneration in an urban population. Ann
Rheum Dis 1958;17:388–97.
Kelsey JL. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Lawrence RC, Hochberg MC, Kelsey JL, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of selected arthritic and
musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. J Rheumatol 1989;16:427–41.
Linos A, Worthington JW, O'Fallon WM, et al. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in
Rochester, Minnesota: a study of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Am J Epidemiol
1980;111:87–98.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. Global burden of disease and risk factors. The World
Bank, Washington DC: Oxford University Press and the World Bank, 2006.
Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM, et al. Predictors of functional recovery one year
following hospital discharge for hip fracture: a prospective study. J Gerontol 1990;45:M101–7.
*Meerding WJ, Bonneux L, Polder JJ, et al. Demographic and epidemiological determinants of
healthcare costs in Netherlands: cost of illness study. BMJ 1998;317:111–5.
Melton LJ, III. Adverse outcomes of osteoporotic fractures in the general population. J Bone Miner
Res 2003;18:1139–41.
Melton LJ, III. Epidemiology of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ, III, eds. Osteoporosis: etiology,
diagnosis, and management, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1995:225–47.
217

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Murray CJL. Global health statistics: a compendium of incidence, prevalence and mortality
estimates for over 200 conditions (Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, Vol. 2). Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1996.
Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease. A comprehensive assessment of mortality
and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 (Global
Burden of Disease and Injury Series, Vol. 1). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Murray CJL. Global health statistics: a compendium of incidence, prevalence and mortality
estimates for over 200 conditions (Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, Vol. 2). Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1996.
*Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and
injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010. Lancet 2012;380:2197–223.
National Board on Health and Welfare. Yearbook of Health and Medical Care 2001. Sweden:
NBHW, 2001.
Oleksik A, Lips P, Dawson A, et al. Health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with low
BMD with or without prevalent vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:1384.
Oliveria SA, Felson DT, Reed JI, et al. Incidence of symptomatic hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis
among patients in a health maintenance organization. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1134–41.
Ollier WE, Harrison B, Symmons D. What is the natural history of rheumatoid arthritis? Best Pract
O'Neill TW, Cooper C, Finn JD, et al. Incidence of distal forearm fracture in British men and
women. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:555–8.
Petersson IF, Jacobsson LT. Osteoarthritis of the peripheral joints. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol
2002;16:741–60.
Reynolds DL, Chambers LW, Badley EM, et al. Physical disability among Canadians reporting
musculoskeletal diseases. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1020–30.
*Riera LS, Wilson N, Kamalaraj N, et al. Osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 2010;24:793–810.
Royal College of General Practitioners, Birmingham Research Unit (2006). Annual Prevalence
Report 2006.
Sernbo I, Johnell O. Consequences of a hip fracture: a prospective study over 1 year. Osteoporos
Int 1993;3:148–53.
Silman AJ, Hochberg MC. Epidemiology of the rheumatic diseases. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1993.
Solomon L, Beighton P, Lawrence JS. Rheumatic disorders in the South African negro. Part II.
Osteo-arthrosis. S Afr Med J 1975a;49:1737–40.
Solomon L, Robin G, Valkenburg HA. Rheumatoid arthritis in an urban South African negro
population. Ann Rheum Dis 1975b;34:128–35.
218

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Spector TD, Hart DJ, Leedham-Green M. The prevalence of knee and hand osteoarthritis (OA) in
the general population using different clinical criteria: the Chingford Study. Arthritis Rheum
1991;34:S171.
Spector TD, Hart DJ, Powell RJ. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid factor in
women: evidence for a secular decline. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:254–7.
Stansfeld SA, North FM, White I, et al. Work characteristics and psychiatric disorder in civil
servants in London. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995;49:48–53.
Symmons D, Harrison B. Early inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk arthritis register
with a review of the literature. I. Risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis and
Symmons D, Mathers C, Pfleger B. Global Burden of Osteoarthritis in the Year 2000. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2003a. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_osteoarthritis.pdf.
Symmons D, Mathers C, Pfleger B. The Global Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Year 2000.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003b.
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_rheumatoidarthritis.pdf.n.d.
Szubert Z, Sobala W, Zycinska Z. The effect of system restructuring on absenteeism due to

sickness in the work place. I. Sickness absenteeism during the period 1998–1994. Med Pr
1997;48:543–51.
Tellnes G, Svendsen KO, Bruusgaard D, et al. Incidence of sickness certification. Proposal for use
as a health status indicator. Scand J Prim Health Care 1989;7:111–7.
Tepper S, Hochberg MC. Factors associated with hip osteoarthritis: data from the First National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-I). Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1081–8.
Thompson PW, Taylor J, Dawson A. The annual incidence and seasonal variation of fractures of
the distal radius in men and women over 25 years in Dorset, UK. Injury 2004;35:462–6.
Uhlig T, Hagen KB, Kvien TK. Why do patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders consult their
primary care physicians? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002;14:104–8.
UK General Household Survey. National Insurance Administration. London: UKGHS, 1998.
Valkenburg HA. Clinical versus radiological osteoarthritis in the general population. In: Peyron JG,
ed. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Paris: Ciba-Geigy, 1980:53–8.
van Baar ME, Dekker J, Lemmens JA, et al. Pain and disability in patients with osteoarthritis of hip
or knee: the relationship with articular, kinesiological, and psychological characteristics. J
Rheumatol 1998;25:125–33.
van Saase JL, van Romunde LK, Cats A, et al. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey.
Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations.
Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:271–80.
van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales.
Bone 2001;29:517–22.
Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Conn DL, et al. The influence of HLA-DRB1 genes on disease severity in
rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:801–6.
219

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Woolf AD. Healthcare services for those with musculoskeletal conditions: a rheumatology service.
Recommendations of the European Union of Medical Specialists Section of
Rheumatology/European Board of Rheumatology 2006. Ann Rheum Dis 2007a;66:293–301.
Woolf AD. What healthcare services do people with musculoskeletal conditions need? The role of
rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis 2007b;66:281–2.
World Health Organization (WHO). Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for
postmenopausal osteoporosis: report of a World Health Organization Study Group. WHO
Technical Report Series No. 843. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.
World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report 2000: health systems: improving
performance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.
*World Health Organization (WHO). The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases at the Start of the
New Millennium. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. TRS 919. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
Organization, 2003. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_919.pdf.
*World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and

Health. WHO ICF Database 2010. http://www3.who.int/icf/icftemplate.cfm.
Yelin E, Callahan LF. The economic cost and social and psychological impact of musculoskeletal
conditions. National Arthritis Data Work Groups. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1351–62.
Altman DG, Bland JM. Statistics notes. Units of analysis. BMJ 1997;314:1874.
Baron G, Boutron I, Giraudeau B, et al. Violation of the intent-to-treat principle and rate of missing
data in superiority trials assessing structural outcomes in rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum
2005;52:1858–65.
Biau DJ, Tournoux C, Katsahian S, et al. Bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts versus hamstring
autografts for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: meta-analysis. BMJ 2006;332:995–1001.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of
clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;1:307–10.
Bolton S. Independence and statistical inference in clinical trial designs: a tutorial review. J Clin
Pharmacol 1998;38:408–12.
*Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. The STARD statement for reporting studies of
diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:W1–12.
*Boutron I, Estellat C, Guittet L, et al. Methods of blinding in reports of randomized controlled trials
assessing pharmacologic treatments: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2006;3:e425.
Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:155–9.
Cook RJ, Sackett DL. The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect.
BMJ 1995;310:452–4.
De Angelis C, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, et al. Clinical trial registration: a statement from the
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1250–1. 220

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Dixon AK. Evidence-based diagnostic radiology. Lancet 1997;350:509–12.
Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman D. Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context,
2nd edn. London: BMJ Books, 2000.
Farahani P, Levine M, Gaebel K, et al. Clinical data gap between phase III clinical trials (pre-
marketing) and phase IV (post-marketing) studies: evaluation of etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis.
Can J Clin Pharmacol 2005;12:e254–63.
Flahault A, Cadilhac M, Thomas G. Sample size calculation should be performed for design
accuracy in diagnostic test studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:859–62.
Fleiss J. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
Fleiss JL. Measuring agreement between two judges on the presence or absence of a trait.
Biometrics 1975;31:651–9.
Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann Intern
Med 1996;125:605–13.
Freemantle N, Calvert M, Wood J, et al. Composite outcomes in randomized trials: greater

precision but with greater uncertainty? JAMA 2003;289:2554–9.
Goehring C, Perrier A, Morabia A. Spectrum bias: a quantitative and graphical analysis of the
variability of medical diagnostic test performance. Stat Med 2004;23:125–35.
Gotzsche PC. Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Control Clin Trials 1989;10:31–56.
Greenhalgh T. Assessing the methodological quality of published papers. BMJ 1997;315:305–8.
*Guyatt GH, Rennie D. Users' guides to the medical literature. JAMA 1993;270:2096–7.
*Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article
about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine
Working Group. JAMA 1993;270:2598–601.
*Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article
about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my
patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994;271:59–63.
Heritier SR, Gebski VJ, Keech AC. Inclusion of patients in clinical trial analysis: the intention-to-
treat principle. Med J Aust 2003;179:438–40.
Hewitt CE, Torgerson DJ, Miles JN. Is there another way to take account of noncompliance in
randomized controlled trials? CMAJ 2006;175:347.
Higgins J, Green S, eds. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.6
[updated September 2006]. http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/hbook.htm (accessed 6
Oct 2006).
Hill CL, LaValley MP, Felson DT. Secular changes in the quality of published randomized clinical
trials in rheumatology. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:779–84.
Hollis S, Campbell F. What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised
221
controlled trials. BMJ 1999;319:670–4.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Hunt DL, McKibbon KA. Locating and appraising systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med
1997;126:532–8.
Ioannidis JP, Evans SJ, Gotzsche PC, et al. Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: an
extension of the CONSORT statement. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:781–8.
*Jadad AR, Cook DJ, Jones A, et al. Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-
analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals.
JAMA 1998;280:278–80.
*Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an
article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine
Working Group. JAMA 1994a;271:389–91.
*Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an
article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my
patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994b;271:703–7.
Keen HI, Pile K, Hill CL. The prevalence of underpowered randomized clinical trials in
rheumatology. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2083–8.
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic research: principles and quantitative
methods. Belmont: Lifetime Learning Publications, 1982.
Knottnerus JA, Muris JW. Assessment of the accuracy of diagnostic tests: the cross-sectional
study. J Clin Epidemiol 2003;56:1118–28.
Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, et al. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and

Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ 2001;322:1571.
Kunz R, Vist G, Oxman AD. Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):MR000012.
Kyriakidi M, Ioannidis JP. Design and quality considerations for randomized controlled trials in
Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, et al. Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests:
lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:135–40.
Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Schmid CH. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med
1997;127:820–6.
Laupacis A, Sackett DL, Roberts RS. An assessment of clinically useful measures of the
consequences of treatment. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1728–33.
Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O'Fallon WM, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with
transdermal estrogen. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1–9.
Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, et al. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of
intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses? Lancet 1998;352:609–13.
*Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman D. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for
improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. JAMA 2001;285:1987–91.
Montori VM, Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, et al. In the dark: the reporting of blinding status in
222
randomized controlled trials. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55:787–90.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Mulherin SA, Miller WC. Spectrum bias or spectrum effect? Subgroup variation in diagnostic test
evaluation. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:598–602.
Noseworthy JH, Ebers GC, Vandervoort MK, et al. The impact of blinding on the results of a
randomized, placebo-controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial. Neurology 1994;44:16–20.
Osiri M, Suarez-Almazor ME, Wells GA, et al. Number needed to treat (NNT): implication in
rheumatology clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:316–21.
*Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Users' guides to the medical literature. VI. How to use an
overview. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994;272:1367–71.
Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O'Fallon WM, et al. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in
postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990;322:802–9.
Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Simms RW, et al. A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:157–63.
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
Rothwell PM. External validity of randomised controlled trials: "to whom do the results of this trial
apply?" Lancet 2005a;365:82–93.
Rothwell PM. Treating individuals 2. Subgroup analysis in randomised controlled trials: importance,
indications, and interpretation. Lancet 2005b;365:176–86.
Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. Lancet 2002;359:696–
700.
Shekelle PG, Ortiz E, Rhodes S, et al. Validity of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
clinical practice guidelines: how quickly do guidelines become outdated? JAMA 2001;286:1461–7.
Shrout P, Fleiss J. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull
1979;86:420–8.
Torgerson DJ, Roberts C. Understanding controlled trials. Randomisation methods: concealment.

BMJ 1999;319:375–6.
Tramer MR, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, et al. Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-
analysis: a case study. BMJ 1997;315:635–40.
Tubach F, Ravaud P, Baron G, et al. Evaluation of clinically relevant changes in patient reported
outcomes in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the minimal clinically important improvement. Ann Rheum
Dis 2005a;64:29–33.
Tubach F, Wells GA, Ravaud P, Dougados M. Minimal clinically important difference, low disease
activity state, and patient acceptable symptom state: methodological issues. J Rheumatol
2005b;32:2025–9.
Tugwell P, Dennis DT, Weinstein A, et al. Laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme disease.
Ann Intern Med 1997;127:1109–23.
Tugwell P, Judd MG, Fries JF, et al. Powering our way to the elusive side effect: a composite
outcome 'basket' of predefined designated endpoints in each organ system should be included in
223
all controlled trials. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:785–90.
T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al. Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk
herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a randomized trial. JAMA
2006;296:2441–50.
Whitehead A. Meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality
assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res
Methodol 2003;3:25.
Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic
accuracy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:189–202.
Adams J, Hammond A, Burridge J, et al. Static orthoses in the prevention of hand dysfunction in
rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the literature. Musculoskeletal Care 2005;3:85–101.
Allaire SH, Li W, LaValley MP. Reduction of job loss in persons with rheumatic diseases receiving
vocational rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3212–8.
Brosseau L, Yonge KA, Welch V, et al. Thermotherapy for treatment of osteoarthritis. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2003:CD004522.
Brouwer RW, Jakma TS, Verhagen AP, et al. Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the
knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD004020.
*Cignac MAM, Jetha A, Bowring J, et al. Management of work disability in rheumatic conditions: a
review of non-pharmacologic interventions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26:369–86.
Cramp F, Hewlett S, Almeida C, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for fatigue in rheumatoid

arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;8:CD008322.
Dagfinrud H, Moe RH, Osterås N, et al. Exercise therapy for bone and muscle health: an overview
of systematic reviews. BMC Med 2012;10:167.
Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, van Riel PL, et al. Tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy in early
rheumatoid arthritis for patients at risk: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2002;100:141–53.
*Forestier R, André-Vert J, Guillez P, et al. Non-drug treatment (excluding surgery) in rheumatoid

arthritis: clinical practice guidelines. Joint Bone Spine 2009;76:691–8.
Hagen KB, Dagfinrud H, Moe RH, et al. Exercise therapy for bone and muscle health: an overview
of systematic reviews. BMC Med 2012;10;167.
Hammond A. Rehabilitation in musculoskeletal diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol

2008;22:435–49.
Hennessy K, Woodburn J, Steultjens MP. Custom foot orthoses for rheumatoid arthritis: a
systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:311–20.
Hennig T, Hæhre L, Hornburg VT, et al. Effect of home-based hand exercises in women with hand
osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [Epub ahead of print].
224

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Hernandez-Molina G, Reichenbach S, Zhang B, et al. Effect of therapeutic exercise for hip
osteoarthritis pain: results of a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1221–8.
Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012
recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of
the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012,64:465–74.
Hurkmans E, van der Giesen FJ, Vliet Vlieland TPM, et al. Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic
capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev 2009:CD006853.
*Iversen MD, Hammond A, Betteridge N. Self-management of rheumatic diseases: state of the art
and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:955–63.
Klokkerud M, Hagen KB, Kjeken I, et al; STAR-ETIC Collaboration. Development of a framework

identifying do mains and elements of importance for arthritis rehabilitation. J Rehab Med
2012;44:406–13.
Knittle K, De Gucht V, Maes S. Lifestyle- and behaviour-change interventions in musculoskeletal

conditions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26:293–304.
Knittle K, Maes S, de Gucht V. Psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: examining the
role of self-regulation with a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Minor M. Rest and exercise. In: Wegener S, Belza B, Gals E, eds. Clinical care in the rheumatic
diseases. Atlanta, Georgia: American College of Rheumatology, 1996.
*National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Osteoarthritis: national clinical guideline for
care and management in adults. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008.
*Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, et al . Physical activity and public health in older adults:
recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart
Association. Circulation 2007;116:1094–105.
Noaker JA. Enhancing functional ability: alternative techniques, assistive devices and
environmental modification. In: Wegener ST, Belza BL, Gall EP, eds. Clinical care in the rheumatic
diseases. Atlanta, Georgia: American College of Rheumatology, 1996.
O’Dwyer T, O’Shea F, Wilson F. Exercise therapy for spondylarthritis: a systematic review.

Rheumatol Int 2014. [Epub ahead of print].
Palmer S, Domaille M, Cramp F, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as an adjunct to

education and exercise for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res
(Hoboken) 2014;66:387–94.
Pisters MF, Veenhof C, van Meeteren NL, et al. Long-term effectiveness of exercise therapy in
patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1245–
53.
Rao S, Riskowski JL, Hannan M. Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle: assessment
and treatment options. Best Pract Res Rheum 2012;26:345–68.
*Rauch A, Cieza A, Stucki G. How to apply the International Classification of Functioning, Disability
and Health (ICF) for rehabilitation management in clinical practice. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med
2008;44:329–42. 225

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Robinson V, Brosseau L, Casimiro L, et al. Thermotherapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD002826.
Spadaro A, De Luca T, Massimiani MP, et al. Occupational therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: short-
term prospective study in patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha drugs. Joint Bone Spine
2008;75:29–33.
Speed CA, Hunter D, eds. Regional musculoskeletal conditions. Best Pract Res Rheum
2007;21:367–87.
Stamm TA, Machold KP, Smolen JS, et al. Joint protection and home hand exercises improve
hand function in patients with hand osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum
2002;47:44–9.
Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, et al. Occupational therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane
Stucki G, Sangha O. Principles in rehabilitation. In: Klippel JJ, Dieppe PA, eds. Rheumatology ,
2nd edn. London: Mosby, 1998: 3.11.1–3.11.14.
Thyberg I, Dahlström Ö, Björk M, et al. Potential of the HAQ score as clinical indicator suggesting
comprehensive multidisciplinary assessments: the Swedish TIRA cohort 8 years after diagnosis of
RA. Clin Rheumatol 2012;31:775–83.
Tuntland H, Kjeken I, Nordheim LV, et al. Assistive technology for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane
*van den Berg R, Baraliakos X, Braun J, et al. First update of the current evidence for the
management of ankylosing spondylitis with non-pharmacological treatment and non-biologic drugs:
a systematic literature review for the ASAS/EULAR management recommendations in ankylosing
spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:1388–96.
van der Giesen FJ, van Lankveld WJ, Kremers-Selten C, et al. Effectiveness of two finger splints
for swan-neck deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis
Rheum 2009;61:1025–31.
*van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, et al. A systematic review on the effectiveness of
physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J
2011;20:19–39.
Veehof MM, Taal E, Heijnsdijk-Rouwenhorst LM, et al. Efficacy of wrist working splints in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1698–704.
Verhagen A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Lambeck J, et al. Balneotherapy for osteoarthritis. A Cochrane

review. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1118–23.
Verhagen AP, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Cardoso JR, et al. Balneotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD000518.
Verhagen AP, Cardoso JR, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA. Aquatic exercise & balneotherapy in
musculoskeletal conditions. Best Pract Res Rheum 2012;26:335–43.
Vliet Vlieland TPM, Li LC. Rehabilitation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis:
differences and similarities. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:S171–8.
226

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Warden SJ, Hinman RS, Watson MA Jr, et al. Patellar taping and bracing for the treatment of
chronic knee pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:73–83.
World Health Organization. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health -
ICF. Geneva: WHO, 2002.
*Ye L, Kalichman L, Spittle A, et al. Effects of rehabilitative interventions on pain, function and
physical impairments in people with hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Arthritis Res Ther
2011;13:R28.
Zijlstra TR, Heijnsdijk-Rouwenhorst L, Rasker JJ. Silver ring splints improve dexterity in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:947–51.
Allison MC, Howatson AG, Torrance CJ, et al. Gastrointestinal damage associated with the use of
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 1992:327:749–54.
Anderson GD, Hauser SD, McGarity KL, et al. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2
reverses inflammation and expression of COX-2 and interleukin 6 in rat adjuvant arthritis. J Clin
Invest 1996:97:2672–9.
Apkarian AV, Bushnell MC, Treede RD, et al. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and
regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain 2005:9:463–84.
Ballantyne JC, Mao J. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. N Engl J Med 2003:349:1943–53.
Brune K, Hinz B. Paracetamol, ibuprofen, or a combination of both drugs against knee pain: an
excellent new randomised clinical trial answers old questions and suggests new therapeutic
recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 2011:70:1521–2.
Brune K, Zeilhofer HU. Antipyretic analgesics: basic aspects. In: McMahon SM, Koltzenburg M,
eds. Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain, 5th edn. London: Elsevier, 2006:459–470.
Brune K, Hinz B, Otterness I. Aspirin and acetaminophen: should they be available over the
counter? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009:11:36–40.
Capone ML, Tacconelli S, Sciulli MG, et al. Human pharmacology of naproxen sodium. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007:322:453–60.
Charlot M, Grove EL, Hansen PR, et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of adverse
cardiovascular events in aspirin treated patients with first time myocardial infarction: nationwide
propensity score matched study. BMJ 2011:342:d2690.
Cook SP, McCleskey EW. Desensitization, recovery and Ca(2+)-dependent modulation of ATP-
gated P2X receptors in nociceptors. Neuropharmacology 1997:36:1303–8.
Desmeules JA, Cedraschi C, Rapiti E, et al. Neurophysiologic evidence for a central sensitization
in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2003:48:1420–9.
Dickens C, McGowan L, Clark-Carter D, et al. Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic

review of the literature with meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2002:64:52–60.
227

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Doherty M, Hawkey C, Goulder M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of ibuprofen, paracetamol or
a combination tablet of ibuprofen/paracetamol in community-derived people with knee pain. Ann
Rheum Dis 2011:70:1534–41.
Dudgeon D, Ranbertas RF, Rosenthal S. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire in chronic
cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993:8:191–5.
Erdogan F, Ergün H, Gökay NS, et al. The diffusion of nimesulide gel into synovial fluid: a
comparison between administration routes. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006:44:270–5.
Fink K, Meder W, Dooley DJ, et al. Inhibition of neuronal Ca(2+) influx by gabapentin and
subsequent reduction of neurotransmitter release from rat neocortical slices. Br J Pharmacol
2000:130:900–6.
Furst DE, Anderson W. Differential effects of diclofenac and aspirin on serum glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase elevations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum
1993:36:804–10.
Gallagher RM, Moore P, Chernoff I. The reliability of depression diagnosis in chronic low back
pain. A pilot study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995:17:399–413.
Garcia Rodriguez LA, Williams R, Derby LE, et al. Acute liver injury associated with nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs and the role of risk factors. Arch Intern Med 1994:154:311–16.
Goldstein JL, Eisen GM, Lewis B, et al. Video capsule endoscopy to prospectively assess small
bowel injury with celecoxib, naproxen plus omeprazole, and placebo. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
2005:3:133–41.
Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of
augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2002:46:1333–43.
Graham GG, Scott KF. Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther 2005:12:46–55.
*Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-
2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 2006:116:4–15.
Henriksen G, Willoch F. Imaging of opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Brain
2008:131:1171–96.
*Hess A, Axmann R, Rech J, et al. Blockade of TNF-alpha rapidly inhibits pain responses in the
central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011:108:3731–6.
Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2

inhibitor in man. Faseb J 2008:22:383–90.
Hori T, Oka T, Hosoi M, et al. Pain modulatory actions of cytokines and prostaglandin E2 in the
brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998:840:269–81.
Hunt SP, Mantyh PW. The molecular dynamics of pain control. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001:2:83–91.
International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on
usage. Recommended by the IASP Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain 1979:6:249.
Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, et al. EULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based
approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a Task Force of the Standing
228

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum
Dis 2003:62:1145–55.
Kalso E. Oxycodone. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005:29:S47–56.
*Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, et al. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of
randomised trials. BMJ 2006:332:1302–8.
Kelly GA, Blake C, Power CK, et al. The association between chronic low back pain and sleep: a
systematic review. Clin J Pain 2011:27:169–81.
Koch N, Stiefel F, de Jonge P, et al. Identification of case complexity and increased health care
utilization in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2001:45:216–21.
Kroenke K, Price RK. Symptoms in the community. Prevalence, classification, and psychiatric
comorbidity. Arch Intern Med 1993:153:2474–80.
Langman MJ, Weil J, Wainwright P, et al. Risks of bleeding peptic ulcer associated with individual
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994:343:1075–8.
Levine JD, Alessandri-Haber N. TRP channels: targets for the relief of pain. Biochim Biophys Acta
2007:1772:989–1003.
*Lin J, Zhang W, Jones A, et al. Efficacy of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the
treatment of osteoarthritis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2004:329:324.
Magni G, Caldieron C, Rigatti-Luchini S, et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive

symptoms in the general population. An analysis of the 1st National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey data. Pain 1990:43:299–307.
*Marinus J, Moseley GL, Birklein F, et al. Clinical features and pathophysiology of complex
regional pain syndrome. Lancet Neurol 2011:10:637–48.
Mason L, Moore RA, Edwards JE, et al. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain:
systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004:5:28.
McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a systematic review

of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. JAMA
2006:296:1633–44.
Melzack R, Katz J. Pain assessment in the adult patient. In: McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, eds.
Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain, 5th edn, vol. 1. London: Elsevier, 2006:291–304.
Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965:150:971–9.
Melzack R. From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain 1999;S6:S121–6.
Melzack R. Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends Neurosci 1990:13:88–92.
Mockenhaupt M, Kelly JP, Kaufman D, et al; SCAR Study Group. The risk of Stevens–Johnson
syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a
multinational perspective. J Rheumatol 2003:30:2234–40.
229

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Opree A, Kress M. Involvement of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1
beta, and IL-6 but not IL-8 in the development of heat hyperalgesia: effects on heat-evoked
calcitonin gene-related peptide release from rat skin. J Neurosci 2000:20:6289–93.
Rahme E, Nedjar H. Risks and benefits of COX-2 inhibitors vs non-selective NSAIDs: does their
cardiovascular risk exceed their gastrointestinal benefit? A retrospective cohort study.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007:46:435–8.
Rainsford KD, Kean WF, Ehrlich GE. Review of the pharmaceutical properties and clinical effects
of the topical NSAID formulation, diclofenac epolamine. Curr Med Res Opin 2008:24:2967–92.
Schafers M, Sorkin L. Effect of cytokines on neuronal excitability. Neurosci Lett 2008:437:188–93.
*Schaible HG, Del Rosso A, Matucci-Cerinic M. Neurogenic aspects of inflammation. Rheum Dis
Clin North Am 2005:31:77–101, ix.
Schaible HG, Ebersberger A, Natura G. Update on peripheral mechanisms of pain: beyond

prostaglandins and cytokines. Arthritis Res Ther 2011:13:210.
Schneider V, Lévesque LE, Zhang B, et al. Association of selective and conventional nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs with acute renal failure: a population-based, nested case-control analysis.
Am J Epidemiol 2006:164:881–9.
Scholz J, Woolf CJ. Can we conquer pain? Nat Neurosci 2002:5:1062–7.
Shortland P, Woolf CJ. Chronic peripheral nerve section results in a rearrangement of the central
axonal arborizations of axotomized A beta primary afferent neurons in the rat spinal cord. J Comp
Neurol 1993:330:65–82.
Stiefel FC, de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, et al. INTERMED – an assessment and classification system for
case complexity. Spine 1999:24:378–85.
Strom BL, Carson JL, Schinnar R, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and neutropenia.
Arch Intern Med 1993:153:2119–24.
Tracey I. Imaging pain. Br J Anaesth 2008:101:32–9.
Tracey KJ. Reflex control of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2009:9:418–28.
Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat
New Biol 1971:231:232–5.
Waddell G, Burton AK. Concepts of rehabilitation for the management of low back pain. Best Pract
Res Clin Rheumatol 2005:19:655–70.
Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, et al. A proton-gated cation channel involved in acid-

sensing. Nature 1997:386:173–7.
Ware JE, Davies-Avery A, Donald CA. Conceptualisation and measurement of health for adults in
the health insurance study. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corp, 1980.
Watson CPN, Chipman ML, Monks RC. Antidepressant analgesics: a systematic review and
comparative study. In: McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, eds. Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain, 5th
edn. London: Elselvier, 2006:481–97.
230

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Willis WD, Westlund KN. Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate
pain. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997:14:2–31.
*Wise TN, Fishbain DA, Holder-Perkins V. Painful physical symptoms in depression: a clinical
challenge. Pain Med 2007:8:S75–82.
*Woolf CJ. Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic
management. Ann Intern Med 2004:140:441–51.
*Zeilhofer HU, Brune K. Analgesic strategies beyond the inhibition of cyclooxygenases. Trends
Pharmacol Sci 2006:27:467–74.
Alten R, Doring G, Cutolo M, et al. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with

rheumatoid arthritis treated with nighttime-release prednisone. J Rheumatol 2010;37:2025–31.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk.
Pediatrics 2001;108:776–89.
American College of Rheumatology. Recommendations for use of selective and nonselective

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an American College of Rheumatology white paper. Arthritis
Rheum 2008;59:1058–73.
Au K, Reed G, Curtis JR, et al. Extended report: high disease activity is associated with an
increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:785–91.
Axelsen MB, Eshed I, Horslev-Petersen K, et al. A treat-to-target strategy with methotrexate and
intra-articular triamcinolone with or without adalimumab effectively reduces MRI synovitis, osteitis
and tenosynovitis and halts structural damage progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: results
from the OPERA randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print]
*Bakker MF, Jacobs JW, Welsing PM, et al. Low-dose prednisone inclusion in a methotrexate-
based, tight control strategy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med
2012;156:329–39.
Bareille P, Hardes K, Donald AC. Efficacy and safety of once-daily GW870086 a novel selective
glucocorticoid in mild-moderate asthmatics: a randomised, two-way crossover, controlled clinical
trial. J Asthma 2013;50:1077–82.
Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory diseases. Lancet

2009;373:1905–17.
Bautmans I, Van De Winkel N, Ackerman A, et al. Recovery of muscular performance after surgical
stress in elderly patients. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:3215–21.
Bijlsma JW, Jacobs JW. Glucocorticoid chronotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet

2008;371:183–4.
Blyth T, Hunter JA, Stirling A. Pain relief in the rheumatoid knee after steroid injection. A single-
blind comparison of hydrocortisone succinate, and triamcinolone acetonide or hexacetonide. Br J
Rheumatol 1994;33:461–3.
231

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Bultink IE, Baden M, Lems WF. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update on current
pharmacotherapy and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013;14:185–97.
Burska AN, Roget K, Blits M, et al. Gene expression analysis in RA: towards personalized
medicine. Pharmacogenomics J 2014;14:93–106.
Buttgereit F, Burmester GR, Straub RH, et al. Exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids in
rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:1–9.
*Buttgereit F, da Silva JA, Boers M, et al. Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages
and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology.
Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:718–22.
Buttgereit F, Doering G, Schaeffler A, et al. Efficacy of modified-release versus standard

prednisone to reduce duration of morning stiffness of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis (CAPRA-1):
a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008a;371:205–14.
*Buttgereit F, Straub RH, Wehling M, et al. Glucocorticoids in the treatment of rheumatic diseases:
an update on the mechanisms of action. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3408–17.
Buttgereit F, Zhou H, Seibel MJ. Arthritis and endogenous glucocorticoids: the emerging role of the
11beta-HSD enzymes. Ann Rheum Dis 2008b;67:1201–3.
Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Dal Forno I, et al. Osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: an

early, frequent, and not always symptomatic complication. Autoimmune Dis 2012;2012:725249.
Chakravarty K, Pharoah PD, Scott DG. A randomized controlled study of post-injection rest
following intra-articular steroid therapy for knee synovitis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:464–8.
Charmandari E, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet 2014;383:2152–67.
Chen CY, Tsai CY, Lee PC, et al. Long-term etanercept therapy favors weight gain and
ameliorates cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis patients: roles of gut hormones and leptin. Curr Pharm
Des 2013;19:1956–64.
Chen MJ, Lew HL, Hsu TC, et al. Ultrasound-guided shoulder injections in the treatment of
subacromial bursitis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85:31–5.
Choy EH, Kingsley GH, Khoshaba B, et al. A two year randomised controlled trial of intramuscular
depot steroids in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis who have shown an incomplete
response to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1288–93.
Compston J, Bowring C, Cooper A, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in

postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group
(NOGG) update 2013. Maturitas 2013;75:392–6.
Cooper MS, Stewart PM. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med
2003;348:727–34.
Coutinho AE, Chapman KE. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of

glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011;335:2–
13.
Criswell LA, Saag KG, Sems KM, et al. Moderate-term, low-dose corticosteroids for rheumatoid
arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000:CD001158.
232

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Cutolo M, Iaccarino L, Doria A, et al. Efficacy of the switch to modified-release prednisone in
rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with standard glucocorticoids. Clin Exp Rheumatol
2013;31:498–505.
da Silva JAP, Jacobs JWG, Kirwan JR, et al. Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in
rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:285–
93.
de Jong PH, Hazes JM, Han HK, et al. Randomised comparison of initial triple DMARD therapy
with methotrexate monotherapy in combination with low-dose glucocorticoid bridging therapy; 1-
year data of the tREACH trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1331–9.
*De Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Lems WF, et al. Alendronate or alfacalcidol in glucocorticoid-induced
osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:675–84.
*del Rincon I, Battafarano DF, Restrepo JF, et al. Glucocorticoid dose thresholds associated with
all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:264–72.
den Uyl D, van Raalte DH, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Metabolic effects of high-dose prednisolone
treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis: balance between diabetogenic effects and inflammation
reduction. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:639–46.
den Uyl D, ter Wee M, Boers M, et al. A non-inferiority trial of an attenuated combination strategy
('COBRA-light') compared to the original COBRA strategy: clinical results after 26 weeks. Ann
Rheum Dis 2014;73:1071–8.
Di Dalmazi G, Pagotto U, Pasquali R, et al. Glucocorticoids and type 2 diabetes: from physiology to
pathology. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:525093.
Dixon WG, Abrahamowicz M, Beauchamp ME, et al. Immediate and delayed impact of oral
glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a
nested case-control analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1128–33.
Dixon WG, Kezouh A, Bernatsky S, et al. The influence of systemic glucocorticoid therapy upon
the risk of non-serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control
study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011a;70:956–60.
Dixon WG, Suissa S, Hudson M. The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the
risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis
Res Ther 2011b;13:R139.
Dziurla R, Buttgereit F. Glucocorticoids in rheumatology. Z Rheumatol 2008;67:583–91; quiz 592.
Eustace JA, Brophy DP, Gibney RP, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of steroid placement with
clinical outcome in patients with shoulder symptoms. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:59–63.
Gaffney K, Ledingham J, Perry JD. Intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide in knee

osteoarthritis: factors influencing the clinical response. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:379–81.
Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hernandez-Diaz S. The risk of upper gastrointestinal complications

associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, acetaminophen, and
combinations of these agents. Arthritis Res 2001;3:98–101.
Garcia-Gomez C, Nolla JM, Valverde J, et al. High HDL-cholesterol in women with rheumatoid
arthritis on low-dose glucocorticoid therapy. Eur J Clin Invest 2008;38:686–92.
233

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Gray RG, Tenenbaum J, Gottlieb NL. Local corticosteroid injection treatment in rheumatic
disorders. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981;10:231–54.
Gurwitz JH, Bohn RL, Glynn RJ, et al. Glucocorticoids and the risk for initiation of hypoglycemic
therapy. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:97–101.
Hardy R, Rabbitt EH, Filer A, et al. Local and systemic glucocorticoid metabolism in inflammatory
arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1204–10.
Haugeberg G, Strand A, Kvien TK, et al. Reduced loss of hand bone density with prednisolone in
early rheumatoid arthritis: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med
2005;165:1293–7.
Hirsch G, Kitas G, Klocke R. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection in osteoarthritis of the knee and
hip: factors predicting pain relief–a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013;42:451–73.
Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the
management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis
2007;66:1560–7.
Hoes JN, Jacobs JWG, Buttgereit F, et al. Current view of glucocorticoid co-therapy with DMARDs
in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:693–702.
Hoes JN, van der Goes MC, van Raalte DH, et al. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and beta-
cell function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with or without low-to-medium dose
glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1887–94.
Huscher D, Thiele K, Gromnica-Ihle E, et al. Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side

effects. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1119–24.
Jacobs JW, Van Everdingen AA, Verstappen SM, et al. Followup radiographic data on patients
with rheumatoid arthritis who participated in a two-year trial of prednisone therapy or placebo.
Jacobs JWG, Bijlsma JWJ. Glucocorticoid therapy. In: Firestein CS, Budd RC, Harris ED, et al,
eds. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 863–81.
Jurgens MS, Jacobs JW, Geenen R, et al. Increase of body mass index in a tight controlled
methotrexate-based strategy with prednisone in early rheumatoid arthritis: side effect of the
prednisone or better control of disease activity? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65:88–93.
*Kaandorp CJ, Krijnen P, Moens HJ, et al. The outcome of bacterial arthritis: a prospective
community-based study. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:884–92.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Guidance for the adjustment of FRAX according to the dose
of glucocorticoids. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:809–16.
Keenan PA, Jacobson MW, Soleymani RM, et al. The effect on memory of chronic prednisone
treatment in patients with systemic disease. Neurology 1996;47:1396–402.
Khalife N, Glover V, Taanila A, et al. Prenatal glucocorticoid treatment and later mental health in
children and adolescents. PLoS One 2013;8:e81394.
*Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in
rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD006356.
234

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Kleiman A, Tuckermann JP. Glucocorticoid receptor action in beneficial and side effects of steroid
therapy: lessons from conditional knockout mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007;275:98–108.
Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE, et al. Drug use and five-year incidence of age-related cataracts: the
Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1670–4.
Landewé RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, et al. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early
rheumatoid arthritis: long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum
2002;46:347–56.
Lim HY, Muller N, Herold MJ, et al. Glucocorticoids exert opposing effects on macrophage function
dependent on their concentration. Immunology 2007;122:47–53.
Lipworth BJ. Therapeutic implications of non-genomic glucocorticoid activity. Lancet 2000;356:87–

9.
Listing J, Kekow J, Manger B, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of disease activity,
treatment with glucocorticoids, TNFα inhibitors and rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis 2013 Nov 29. [Epub
ahead of print]
McCarty DJ, Harman JG, Grassanovich JL, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid joint inflammation with
intrasynovial triamcinolone hexacetonide. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1631–5.
Naranjo A, Sokka T, Descalzo MA, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis: results from the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10:R30.
Oerlemans R, Vink J, Dijkmans BA, et al. Sulfasalazine sensitises human monocytic/macrophage

cells for glucocorticoids by upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor alpha and glucocorticoid induced
apoptosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1289–95.
Ost L, Wettrell G, Bjorkhem I, et al. Prednisolone excretion in human milk. J Pediatr

1985;106:1008–11.
Overman RA, Yeh JY, Deal CL. Prevalence of oral glucocorticoid usage in the United States: a
general population perspective. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65:294–8.
Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to

corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology
2000;62:385–92.
Peltoniemi OM, Kari MA, Lano A, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomised trial with repeated
antenatal betamethasone. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009;94:F402–6.
Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for
cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of
inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:325–31.
Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR et al. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:735–40.
Ristimaki A, Narko K, Hla T. Down-regulation of cytokine-induced cyclo-oxygenase-2 transcript

isoforms by dexamethasone: evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. Biochem J
1996;318:325–31.
235

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Ruyssen-Witrand A, Fautrel B, Saraux A, et al. Cardiovascular risk induced by low-dose
corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine 2011;78:23–
30.
Schakman O, Kalista S, Barbe C, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Int J

Biochem Cell Biol 2013;45:2163–72.
Schulte HM, Monig H, Benker G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of aldosterone in patients with Addison's
disease: effect of rifampicin treatment on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid metabolism. Clin
Endocrinol (Oxford) 1987;27:655–62.
Seror P, Pluvinage P, d'Andre FL, et al. Frequency of sepsis after local corticosteroid injection (an
inquiry on 1160000 injections in rheumatological private practice in France). Rheumatology
(Oxford) 1999;38:1272–4.
Shigemura T, Nakamura J, Kishida S, et al. Incidence of osteonecrosis associated with

corticosteroid therapy among different underlying diseases: prospective MRI study. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2011;50:2023–8.
Singh JA, Furst DE, Bharat A, et al. 2012 update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology
recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:625–39.
*Smolen JS, Landewe R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of
rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013
update. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:492–509.
Sokka T, Toloza S, Cutolo M, et al. Women, men, and rheumatoid arthritis: analyses of disease
activity, disease characteristics, and treatments in the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther
2009;11:R7.
Stewart PM, Tomlinson JW. Cortisol, 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and central
obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002;13:94–6.
Strandberg B. The frequency of myopathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with
triamcinolone. Acta Rheumatol Scand 1962;8:31–4.
Svenson KL, Pollare T, Lithell H, et al. Impaired glucose handling in active rheumatoid arthritis:
relationship to peripheral insulin resistance. Metabolism 1988;37:125–30.
Temprano KK, Bandlamudi R, Moore TL. Antirheumatic drugs in pregnancy and lactation. Semin
Ter Wee MM, den Uyl D, Boers M, et al. Intensive combination treatment regimens, including
prednisolone, are effective in treating patients with early rheumatoid arthritis regardless of
additional etanercept: 1-year results of the COBRA-light open-label, randomised, non-inferiority
trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 May 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Tripathi RC, Parapuram SK, Tripathi BJ, et al. Corticosteroids and glaucoma risk. Drugs Aging
1999;15:439–50.
Urban RC Jr, Cotlier E. Corticosteroid-induced cataracts. Surv Ophthalmol 1986;31:102–10.
van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. Patient and rheumatologist perspectives on
glucocorticoids: an exercise to improve the implementation of the European League Against
236

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in
rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2010a;69:1015–21.
van der Goes MC, Jacobs JWG, Boers M, et al. Monitoring adverse events of low-dose
glucocorticoids therapy: EULAR recommendations for clinical trials and daily practice. Ann Rheum
Dis 2010b;69:1913–9.
van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Jurgens MS, et al. Are changes in bone mineral density different
between groups of early rheumatoid arthritis patients treated according to a tight control strategy
with or without prednisone if osteoporosis prophylaxis is applied? Osteoporos Int 2013;24:1429–
36.
*van Staa TP, Laan RF, Barton IP, et al. Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral
fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3224–9.
*van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a
meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:777–87.
van Tuyl LH, Plass AM, Lems WF, et al. Discordant perspectives of rheumatologists and patients
on COBRA combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:1571–6.
Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Tuckermann J, et al. New insights into the anti-inflammatory

mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated
transactivation. Endocrinology 2013;154:993–1007.
Varis T, Backman JT, Kivisto KT et al. Diltiazem and mibefradil increase the plasma concentrations
and greatly enhance the adrenal-suppressant effect of oral methylprednisolone. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 2000a;67:215–21.
Varis T, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, et al. The cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor itraconazole markedly
increases the plasma concentrations of dexamethasone and enhances its adrenal-suppressant
effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000b;68:487–94.
Varis T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice can increase the plasma concentrations of oral
methylprednisolone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000c;56:489–93.
Wapner RJ, Sorokin Y, Mele L, et al. Long-term outcomes after repeat doses of antenatal
corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1190–8.
Warrington TP, Bostwick JM. Psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids. Mayo Clin Proc
2006;81:1361–7.
Wei L, MacDonald TM, Walker BR. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with
subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:764–70.
Weitoft T, Uddenfeldt P. Importance of synovial fluid aspiration when injecting intra-articular

corticosteroids. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:233–5.
Widdifield J, Bernatsky S, Paterson JM, et al. Serious infections in a population-based cohort of

86,039 seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65:353–61.
Yale SH, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc
1996;71:5–13.
237

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Yeh TF, Lin YJ, Lin HC, et al. Outcomes at school age after postnatal dexamethasone therapy for
lung disease of prematurity. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1304–13.
Zampeli E, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos K, et al. Predictors of new atherosclerotic carotid

plaque development in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther
2012;14:R44.
Zhao J, Dai YH, Xi QS, et al. A clinical study on insomnia in patients with cancer during
chemotherapy containing high-dose glucocorticoids. Pharmazie 2013;68:421–7.
*Aalbers CJ, Tak PP, Vervoordeldonk MJBM. Advancements in adeno-associated viral gene
therapy approaches: exploring a new horizon. F1000 Med Rep 2011;3:17.
Adriaansen J, Tas SW, Klarenbeek PL, et al. Enhanced gene transfer to arthritic joints using
adeno-associated virus type 5: implications for intra-articular gene therapy. Ann Rheum Dis
2005;64:1677–84.
*Adriaansen J, Vervoordeldonk MJBM, Tak PP. Gene therapy as a therapeutic approach for the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: innovative vectors and therapeutic genes. Rheumatology
2006;45:656–68.
Apparailly F, Khoury M, Vervoordeldonk MJ, et al. Adeno-associated virus pseudotype 5 vector

improves gene transfer in arthritic joints. Hum Gene Ther 2005;16:426–34.
Boutin S, Monteilhet V, Veron P, et al. Prevalence of serum IgG and neutralizing factors against
adeno-associated virus (AAV) types 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 in the healthy population: implications for
gene therapy using AAV vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2010;21:704–12.
Brantley ML, Chulay JD, Wang L, et al. Sustained transgene expression despite T lymphocyte
responses in a clinical trial of rAAV1-AAT gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:16363–
8.
Calcedo R, Vandenberghe LH, Gao G, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of neutralizing antibodies to

adeno-associated viruses. J Infect Dis 2009;199:381–90.
Calcedo R, Morizono H, Wang L, et al. Adeno-associated virus antibody profiles in newborns,

children, and adolescents. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18:1586–8.
DiGusto DL, Krishnan A, Li L, et al. RNA-based gene therapy for HIV with lentiviral vector-modified
CD34(+) cells in patients undergoing transplantation for AIDS-related lymphoma. Sci Transl Med
2010;2:36ra43.
*Evans CH, Ghivizzani SC, Robbins PD. Arthritis gene therapy’s first death. Arthr Res Ther
2008;10:110–19.
*Evans CH, Robbins PD, Ghivizzani SC, et al. Gene transfer to human joints: progress toward a
gene therapy of arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:8698–703.
Flotte TR, Trapnell BC, Humphries M, et al. Phase 2 clinical trial of a recombinant adeno-
associated viral vector expressing α1-antitrypsin: interim results. Hum Gene Ther 2011;22:1239–
47.
238

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
Gaudet D, Methot J, Dery S, et al. Efficacy and long-term safety of alipogene tiparvovec (AAV1-
LPLS447X) gene therapy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency: an open-label trial. Gene Ther
2013;20:361–9.
*Ghivizzani SC, Gouze E, Gouze JN, et al. Perspectives on the use of gene therapy for chronic
joint diseases. Curr Gene Ther 2008;8:273–86.
*Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol 2007;213:626–34.
Hasbrouck NC, High KA. AAV-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of hemophilia B: problems
and prospects. Gene Ther 2008;15:870–5.
Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a
first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med
2000;343:898–904.
*Kyttaris VC, Sfikakis PP, Juang YT, et al. Gene therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr
Gene Ther 2005;5:677–84.
Li C, Hirsch M, DiPrimio N, et al. Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-mediated elimination of target cells

transduced with engineered adeno-associated virus type 2 vector in vivo. J Virol 2009;83:6817–24.
Li C, Narkbunnam N, Samulski RJ, et al. Neutralizing antibodies against adeno-associated virus

examined prospectively in pediatric patients with hemophilia. Gene Therapy 2012;19:288–94.
Manno CS, Pierce GF, Arruda VR, et al. Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-
Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response. Nat Med 2006;12:342–7.
McCormack MP, Rabbitts TH. Activation of the T-cell oncogene LMO2 after gene therapy for X-
linked severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2004;350:913–22.
*Mease PJ, Hobbs K, Chalmers A, et al. Local delivery of a recombinant adeno-associated vector
containing a tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist gene in inflammatory arthritis: a phase 1 dose-
escalation safety and tolerability study. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1247–54.
Mease PJ, Wei N, Fudman EJ, et al. Safety, tolerability, and clinical outcomes after intraarticular
injection of a recombinant adeno-associated vector containing a tumor necrosis factor antagonist
gene: results of a phase 1/2 study. J Rheumatol 2010;37:692–703.
*Mingozzi F, Chen Y, Edmonson SC, et al. Prevalence and pharmacological modulation of humoral
immunity to AAV vectors in gene transfer to synovial tissue. Gene Ther 2013;20:417–24.
*Mingozzi F, High KA. Immune responses to AAV vectors: overcoming barriers to successful gene
therapy. Blood 2013;122:23–36.
Mueller C, Chulay JD, Trapnell BC, et al. Human Treg responses allow sustained recombinant
adeno-associated virus-mediated transgene expression. J Clin Invest 2013;123:5310–8.
*Nixon AJ, Goodrich LR, Scimeca MS, et al. Gene therapy in musculoskeletal repair. Ann NY Acad
Sci 2007;1117:310–27.
Pien GC, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Hui DJ, et al. Capsid antigen presentation flags human
hepatocytes for destruction after transduction by adeno-associated viral vectors. J Clin Invest
2009;119:1688–95.
239

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39
*Tak PP, Firestein GS. Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis. In: Winkler JD, ed. Apoptosis and
inflammation (Progress in inflammation research). Basel: Birkhäuser Publishing Ltd, 1999: 149–62.
*van de Loo FAJ, Smeets RL, Van den Berg WB. Gene therapy in animal models of rheumatoid
arthritis: are we ready for the patients? Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:183–96.
van Holten J, Pavelka K, Vencovsky J, et al. A multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo
controlled phase II study of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in the treatment of patients with active
rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:64–9.
*Vosters JLG, Baum BJ, Tak PP, et al. Developing a gene therapy for Sjögren’s syndrome. Future
Rheumatol 2006;1:433–40.
Wehling P, Reinecke J, Baltzer AW, et al. Clinical responses to gene therapy in joints of two
subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Gene Ther 2009;20:97–101.
240

T: +41 44 716 30 30 | F: +41 44 716 30 39

Eular References For Website 2015

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Eular References For Website 2015

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 2nd edition 2015 – all available References

Auffray C, Sieweke MH, Geissmann F. Blood monocytes: development, heterogeneity, and

Banchereau J, Pascual V, Palucka AK. Autoimmunity through cytokine-induced dendritic cell

Klareskog L, Rönnelid J, Lundberg K, et al. Immunity to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis.

Molina, H. Complement and immunity. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004;30:1–18.

Arvidson NG, Gudbjornsson B, Larsson A, et al. The timing of glucocorticoid administration in

Buttgereit F, Doering G, Schaeffler A, et al. Efficacy of modified-release versus standard

Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic

Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Labrie F. Intracrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991;78:C113–18.

Nast A. Cholinergic innervation of leukocytes [thesis]. Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,

*Rosas-Ballina M, Tracey KJ. Cholinergic control of inflammation. J Intern Med 2009;265:663–79.

*Schaible HG, Ebersberger A, Natura G. Update on peripheral mechanisms of pain: beyond

Schmidt M, Hartung R, Capellino S, et al. Estrone/17beta-estradiol conversion to, and tumor

Spath-Schwalbe E, Hansen K, Schmidt F, et al. Acute effects of recombinant human interleukin-6

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Tengstrand B, Carlstrom K, Fellander-Tsai L, et al. Abnormal levels of serum

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Duroux-Richard I, Jorgensen C, Apparailly, F. What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis?

Funck-Brentano T, Bouaziz W, Marty C, et al. Dkk1-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in bone

Hreggvidsdottir HS, Noordenbos T, Baeten DL. Inflammatory pathways in spondyloarthritis. Mol

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Maciejewska-Rodrigues H, Karouzakis E, Strietholt S, et al. Epigenetics and rheumatoid arthritis:

Maksymowych WP, Morency N, Conner-Spady B, et al. Suppression of inflammation and effects

Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on

Poonpet T, Honsawek S. Adipokines: biomarkers for osteoarthritis? World J Orthop 2014;5:319–

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

*Saito T, Fukai A, Mabuchi A, et al. Transcriptional regulation of endochondral ossification by HIF-

Uderhardt S, Diarra D, Katzenbeisser J, et al. Blockade of Dickkopf (DKK)-1 induces fusion of

Wanders A, Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce radiographic

Yang S, Kim J, Ryu JH, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha is a catabolic regulator of

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

International Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis Consortium (IGAS), et al. Identification of multiple

Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TWJ. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2010;376:1094–108.

Zilberman D. The human promoter methylome. Nat Genet 2007;39:442–3.

Alasaarela E, Suramo I, Tervonen O, et al. Evaluation of humeral head erosions in rheumatoid

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines. Guidelines

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Blockmans D, De CL, Vanderschueren S, et al. Repetitive 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Buchberger W. Radiologic imaging of the carpal tunnel. Eur J Radiol 1997;25:112–117.

Canoso JJ. Ultrasound imaging: a rheumatologist's dream. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2063–4.

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, et al. Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia

Carotti M, Salaffi F, Manganelli P, et al. Ultrasonography and colour Doppler sonography of

Chao J, Wu C, Sun B, et al. Inflammatory characteristics on ultrasound predict poorer longterm

Cicak N, Matasovic T, Bajraktarevic T. Ultrasonographic guidance of needle placement for

Conaghan PG. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography: improving our senses. Arthritis Rheum

D'Agostino MA, Breban M, Said-Nahal R, et al. Refractory inflammatory heel pain in

D'Agostino MA, Said-Nahal R, Hacquard-Bouder C, et al. Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in

de Miguel E, Muñoz-Fernández S, Castillo C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of enthesis ultrasound in

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Duer A, Østergaard M, Hørslev-Petersen K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and bone

Duer-Jensen A, Hørslev-Petersen K, Hetland ML, et al. Bone edema on magnetic resonance

Ellegaard K, Torp-Pedersen S, Terslev L, et al. Ultrasound colour Doppler measurements in a

Falsetti P, Frediani B, Fioravanti A, et al. Sonographic study of calcaneal entheses in erosive

EULAR Secretariat | Seestrasse 240 | 8802 Kilchberg | Switzerland

Frediani B, Filippou G, Falsetti P, et al. Diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal

Grassi W, Cervini C. Ultrasonography in rheumatology: an evolving technique. Ann Rheum Dis

Grassi W, Filippucci E, Farina A, et al. Sonographic imaging of tendons. Arthritis Rheum

Grassi W, Farina A, Filippucci E, Cervini C. Intralesional therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome: a