LQ Mississauga
Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8)

Topics
1 Parts of Speech 9 ‫َه ْم َز ُة ال َو ْصلِ َو َه ْم َز ُة ال َق ْط ِع‬ 17 The Relative Pronoun (‫ل‬
ُ ‫ال َم ْو ُصو‬ ‫) ِالا ْس ُم‬
2 Arabic Alphabets 10 Preposition (‫ج ٍّر‬ َ ‫رف‬ ُ ‫ & ) َح‬Genitive case (
   ) 18 The Past Tense Verb (‫اضي‬ ِ ‫)ال ِف ْع ُل ال َم‬
Detached Pronoun (
   ) ٌ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص‬
3 Arabic Vowel Signs 11
    19 Attached Pronoun (‫ل‬

4 Indefinite vs. Definite 12   

         20 ‫َخ َب ٌر ُم َق َّد ٌم َو ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َؤخَّ ٌر‬
5 This (‫ ) َه َذا‬vs. That ( َ‫) َذلِك‬ 13 Gender Introduction 21 Plural (‫ج ْم ٌع‬
َ)
6 Solar vs. Lunar Letters 14 Substitute (‫ل‬
ٌ ‫) َب َد‬ 22 Numbers (‫) َٔا ْعدَا ٌد‬

7 Noun Endings 15 ٌ ‫) َظ ْر‬

Adverb (‫ف‬ 23 ِ ‫الص ْر‬
The Diptote (‫ف‬ َّ ‫)ال َم ْم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬
8 Nominal Sentence Intro 16 Adjective (‫ت‬
ٌ ‫)نَ ْع‬ 24 َ ‫) َٔانْ َوا ُع‬
Types of predicate (‫الخ َب ِر‬

1
 Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Nov. 23, 2012 1 Zahid Naeem Consolidated Part 1 thru 5 as one set

Dec. 17, 2012 2 Zahid Naeem Added some more pages for past tense verb
Feb. 2, 2013 3 Zahid Naeem Modified some pages for plurals
Mar. 21, 2013 4 Zahid Naeem Added some pages for irrational plurals

Apr. 25, 2013 5 Zahid Naeem Added some pages for diptotes

Nov. 3, 2013 6 Zahid Naeem Modified the slide for types of khabar

Sep. 10, 2014 7 Zahid Naeem Minor fixes for typos (‫)مذكر‬

Mar. 24, 2015 8 Zahid Naeem Fixed a number of typos

There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ‫اللَّ ِه‬ ِ‫ِفي َس ِبيل‬
Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to lqmississauga@gmail.com

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 2

 Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic

English has eight parts of speech

1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes
place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)
5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
8. Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)

Arabic has only three parts of speech

1. Noun ‫اِ ْس ٌم‬
2. Verb ‫فِ ْع ٌل‬
3. Particle ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫َح ْر‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 3

 Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic

English Arabic
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective Noun ‫اِ ْس ٌم‬
Adverb
Interjection
Verb Verb ‫ِف ْع ٌل‬
Conjunction
Particle ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫َح ْر‬
Preposition

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 4

 Arabic Alphabets

Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet

28 Consonants (have speech sound)

Alif - serves two purposes

ٌ ‫ِك َت‬
Elongates a consonant, e.g. ‫اب‬

ٌ ‫َٔا‬
Act as a bearer of ‫( َه ْم َز ٌة‬hamza), e.g. ‫ب‬

‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

‫ء‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 5

 Arabic Vowel Signs

Name Sign Sound Example

Dammah (‫ض َّم ٌة‬
َ ) ‫ــُـ‬ “u”
ٌ ‫ُم َه ْن ِد‬
‫س‬
Arabic has 3 short
vowels Fathah (‫ح ٌة‬
َ ‫) َف ْت‬ ‫ـ َــ‬ “a” ‫س‬ٌ ‫ُم َه ْن ِد‬
Kasrah (‫َس َر ٌة‬
ْ ‫)ك‬ ‫ــِـ‬ “i” ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ُم َه ْن ِد‬
Long Vowel Sound Example
Long vowels are ‫ و‬to elongate Dammah (‫) َض َّم ٌة‬ “û” ‫َم ْف ُتـو ٌح‬
formed by adding the
associated letters to ‫ ا‬to elongate Fathah (‫) َف ْت َح ٌة‬ “â” ‫َبـا ٌب‬
the short vowels
‫ ي‬to elongate Kasrah (‫)ك َْس َر ٌة‬ “î” ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫َق ِمي‬
Absence of a vowel Name Sign Example
sign is denoted by
ُ ‫) ُس‬
Sukûn (‫كو ٌن‬
ٌ ‫) ُس ُكو‬
Sukûn (‫ن‬ ‫ـ ْــ‬ ‫َم ْك ُسو ٌر‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 6

 Indefinite & Definite

ِ ‫ )ن‬or definite (‫) َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬

Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (‫َك َر ٌة‬

An indefinite noun is indicated by ‫ َت ْنوِي ٌن‬, which doubles the vowel sign at the end
of the word, e.g.

ٌ ‫ِك َت‬
A book – ‫اب‬

A chair - ‫كُ ْر ِس ٌّي‬

A Definite noun is indicated by ‫ َالْـ‬prefixed to the noun. This also results in
eliminating the ‫ َت ْنوِي ٌن‬at the end of the word, e.g.

ُ ‫َالْ ِك َت‬
The book - ‫اب‬

The chair - ‫ك ْر ِس ُّي‬
ُ ْ‫َال‬
ٌ ‫ َا ْل ِك َت‬will be incorrect

‫ َالْـ‬and ‫ َت ْنوِي ٌن‬cannot coexist. So ‫اب‬

Please note many proper nouns, e.g. ‫ َخالِ ٌد‬,‫ح َّم ٌد‬ َ ‫ ُم‬end with ‫ َت ْنوِي ٌن‬, but they are still
definite

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 7

 This (‫ ) َه َذا‬vs. That ( َ‫) َذلِك‬

Demonstrative pronoun ( ‫)اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِٕاشَ ا َر ِة‬

ِ ‫اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِٕاشَ ا َر ِة لِ ْل َقر‬

‫ َه َذا‬: ‫ِيب‬

َ‫ َذلِك‬: ‫اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِٕاشَ ا َر ِة لِ ْل َب ِعي ِد‬ That is a door (‫اب‬
ٌ ‫َب‬ َ‫) َذلِك‬

Like all pronouns, these are definite

These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to
masculine nouns

They have feminine counterparts – will learn later

‫ َه َذا‬and َ‫ َذلِك‬are pronounced as ‫ َها َذا‬and َ‫ َذالِك‬respectively,
but are written without the alif

This is a book (‫اب‬

ٌ ‫ت‬
َ ِ
‫ك‬ ‫) َه َذا‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 8
 ‫َما‬
What ( ) vs. Who ( ‫) َم ْن‬

‫َما‬ ‫َم ْن‬

Meaning “What” “Who”
Usage Used for irrational things Used for rational beings
(‫) َغ ْي ُر َعا ِق ٍل‬, e.g. non-living (‫) َعا ِق ٌل‬. These include Allah
things, animals, plants (‫بحانَ ُه َو َت َعالَى‬
َ ‫) ُس‬, humans beings,
etc. jinns, and angels.
Example What is this? (‫) َما َه َذا‬ Who is this? (‫َه َذا‬ ‫) َم ْن‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 9

 Particle of Interrogation and Answer

This is a house (‫ت‬

ٌ ‫َب ْي‬ ‫) َه َذا‬

Is this a house? (‫ت؟‬ ٌ ‫) َٔا َه َذا َب ْي‬

Prefixing ‫ َٔا‬to a statement turns it into a question

Used in this context ‫ َٔا‬is called ‫الا ْس ِت ْف َها ِم‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫( َح ْر‬particle of interrogation)

‫ لا‬means “no”

‫ نَ َع ْم‬means “yes”

‫ لا‬and ‫ نَ َع ْم‬are called ‫اب‬ ِ ‫الج َو‬
َ ‫وف‬ ُ ‫( ُح ُر‬particles of answer)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 10

 Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)

28 Consonant Letters
14 14
This distinction is only for pronunciation of
words starting with these letters when
prefixed with ‫( الـ‬the definite article)

Solar Letters Lunar Letters

‫وف الشَّ ْم ِس َّي ُة‬
ُ ‫الح ُر‬
ُ ‫وف ال َق َم ِر َّي ُة‬
ُ ‫الح ُر‬
ُ
‫س‬
ُ ‫الشَّ ْم‬ ‫ال َق َم ُر‬
‫ ش‬is an example of a solar letter ‫ ق‬is an example of a lunar letter
The letter ‫ ل‬IS NOT pronounced. The correct The letter ‫ ل‬IS pronounced. The
pronunciation is ash-shamsu, not al-shamsu pronunciation is al-qamaru
The assimilation of ‫ ل‬is indicated by the
No shaddah is necessary on the lunar letter
shaddah on the solar letter
Articulation of solar letters involves the tip Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar
of the tongue, e.g., ‫ ر‬,‫ ن‬,‫ ش‬,‫ س‬,‫ت‬ letters, e.g., ‫ و‬,‫ ك‬,‫ م‬,‫ ق‬,‫ب‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 11

 ‫)‪Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2‬‬

‫س‬
‫الشَّ ْم ُ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫اج ُر‬ ‫ت ال َّت ِ‬ ‫ال َف ُم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الا َٔ ُب‬ ‫ٔا‬
‫الص ْد ُر‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ث الثَّ ْو ُب‬ ‫ال َق َم ُر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫اب‬ ‫َالب ُ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ف‬‫الض ْي ُ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫د الدِّيكُ‬ ‫ال َك ْل ُب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫الج َّن ُة‬
‫َ‬ ‫ج‬
‫ال َّطالِ ُب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ذ ال َّذ َه ُب‬ ‫ال َم ُاء‬ ‫م‬ ‫الح َما ُر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ال َّظ ْه ُر‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ر ال َّر ُج ُل‬ ‫ال َولَ ُد‬ ‫و‬ ‫الخ ْب ُز‬
‫ُ‬ ‫خ‬
‫اللَّ ْح ُم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ز ال َّز ْه َر ُة‬ ‫اله َو ُاء‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ال َع ْي ُن‬ ‫ع‬
‫ال َّن ْج ُم‬ ‫ن‬ ‫الس َمكُ‬ ‫س َّ‬ ‫َالي ُد‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال َغد َُاء‬ ‫غ‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

 Noun Endings

In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence

ٌ ‫)إِ ْع َر‬
These are called noun cases or case-endings (‫اب‬

English Arabic Ending Function in a Examples

Name Name Vowel sentence
Sign
Nominative ‫َم ْرفُو ٌع‬ Dammah Subject ‫ با ٌب‬,‫ مح ّم ٌد‬,‫ كتا ٌب‬,‫الكتا ُب‬
Accusative ‫وب‬
ٌ ‫َم ْن ُص‬ Fathah Object of a verb ً‫ بابا‬,‫ مح ّمدًا‬,ً‫ كتابا‬,‫الكتا َب‬
Genitive ‫َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ Kasrah Possessor of a thing, or ‫ با ٍب‬,‫ مح ّم ٍد‬,‫ كتا ٍب‬,‫الكتا ِب‬
comes after a
preposition or an
adverb

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 13

 ِ
The Nominal Sentence (‫الا ْس ِم َّي ُة‬ ‫)الْ ُج ْم َل ُة‬

A sentence that starts with a noun

Has a subject (ٌ ‫ ) ُم ْب َت َد ٔا‬and a predicate (‫) َخ َب ٌر‬

ٌ ‫) َم ْرفُو‬
Both the subject and the predicate are always nominative (‫ع‬

The subject is mostly definite (‫) َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬

ِ َ‫)ن‬
The predicate is mostly indefinite (‫ك َر ٌة‬

ُ ‫َالْ ِك َت‬
‫اب َج ِدي ٌد‬
‫
َخ َب ٌر‬ ٌ ٔ‫
ُم ْب َت َدا‬
‫
َم ْرفُو ٌع‬ ‫َالْ َق َل ُم َم ْك ُسو ٌر‬ ‫
َم ْرفُو ٌع‬
‫
ن َِك َر ٌة‬ ‫
َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬
‫َه َذا َب ْي ٌت‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 14

 ْ ‫الْ َو‬
The Joining Hamza (‫ص ِل‬ ‫) َه ْم َز ُة‬

The ‫ ا‬in ‫( الـ‬the definite article) is called ِ‫َه ْم َز ُة الْ َو ْصل‬

If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced
ُ ‫( َالْ َب ْي‬the house) is pronounced al-baitu and ‫( َوالْ َب ْي ُت‬and the house) is pronounced

E.g., ‫ت‬
as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu

ِ‫ َه ْم َز ُة الْ َو ْصل‬also appears in words without the ‫ال‬, e.g., ‫َو ْص ٌل‬

‫( اِ ْس ٌم‬name) – ‫بِ ْس ِم اللَّ ِه‬ (Joining, uniting,
attaching)

‫( اِ ْب ٌن‬son) – ‫ِع ْي َسى ا ْب ُن َم ْر َي َم‬

To signify ‫ ا‬as ِ‫ َه ْم َز ُة الْ َو ْصل‬, look for one of the following three conditions:

A symbol on alif, as

Without any or ‫ ء‬symbol on alif

Completely omitted in writing, e.g., ‫اللَّ ِه‬ ‫بِ ْس ِم‬

Both ‫ ا‬and ‫ ل‬in ‫ الـ‬are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and
is preceded with another word

E.g., ‫ َوال َّن ْج ُم‬is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 15

 ‫َه ْم َز ُة الْ َق ْط ِع‬

As opposed to ِ‫صل‬ ْ ‫َه ْم َز ُة الْ َو‬ , ‫ َه ْم َز ُة الْ َق ْط ِع‬is always pronounced, regardless of its
position in the sentence

‫ َه ْم َز ُة الْ َق ْط ِع‬is usually written with a ‫ ء‬symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:

‫أ‬

‫إ‬

Examples:

‫( َٔا َح ٌد‬one) – ‫قُ ْل ُه َو اللَّ ُه َٔا َح ٌد‬ ‫َق ْط ٌع‬
(Cutting,

‫( إِ ْذ‬when) – ... َ‫َوإِ ْذ َقا َل َر ُّبك‬ Discontinuing,
Separating)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 16

 ‫الْ َق ْ‬
‫ط ِع( ‪Examples from Quran‬‬ ‫وف الشَّ ْم ِس َّي ُة َوال َق َم ِر َّي ُة‪َ ,‬ه ْم َز ُة الْ َو ْص ِل‪َ ,‬ه ْم َز ُة‬
‫الح ُر ُ‬
‫) ُ‬
‫الشَّ ْم ِس َّيـ ُة( ‪Find solar letters‬‬ ‫وف‬ ‫وف ال َق َم ِر َّيـ ُة( ‪ُ ), lunar letters‬‬
‫الح ُر ُ‬ ‫الح ُر ُ‬
‫‪ُ ) and instances‬‬
‫‪َ in Surat ul-Fâtiha‬ه ْم َز ُة الْ َق ْط ِع ‪َ and‬ه ْم َز ُة الْ َو ْ‬
‫ص ِل ‪of‬‬

‫ين۝ ٱل َّر ْح َ ٰم ِن ٱل َّر ِحي ِم۝ َمالِ ِك َي ْو ِم ٱلد ِ‬

‫ِّين۝‬ ‫َٱلْ َح ْم ُد لِلَّ ِه َر ِّب ٱلْ َعالَ ِم َ‬

‫اط ٱلْ ُم ْس َت ِقي َم۝ ِص َر َ‬

‫اط‬ ‫إِ َّيا َك نَ ْع ُب ُد َوإِ َّيا َك ن َْس َت ِعي ُن۝ ٱِ ْه ِدنَا ٱ ِّ‬
‫لص َر َ‬

‫وب َع َل ْي ِهم َو َلا ٱ َّ‬

‫لضالِّ َ‬
‫ين۝‬ ‫ٱلَّ ِذ َ‬
‫ين َٔانْ َع ْم َت َع َل ْي ِه ْم َغ ْي ِر ٱلْ َم ْغ ُض ِ‬

‫‪Solar letter‬‬ ‫‪Lunar letter‬‬ ‫َه ْم َز ُة الْ َو ْصلِ‬ ‫َه ْم َز ُة الْ َق ْط ِع‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬

 Preposition (‫َج ٍّر‬ ‫ف‬
ُ ‫ & ) َح ْر‬Genitive Case (‫) َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬

Literal meaning of ‫َج ٍّر‬

‫ف‬
ُ ‫ َح ْر‬is “a particle of pulling”
‫الْ َب ْي ُت‬

Examples of preposition (‫ف َج ٍّر‬
ُ ‫) َح ْر‬:

In – ‫ِفي‬ ‫ ُت‬got pulled to ‫ ِت‬because
of the preceding ‫فِي‬

On – ‫َع َلى‬

From – ‫ِم ْن‬
‫ِفي الْ َب ْي ِت‬

To – ‫إِلَى‬
‫اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ‫ف َج ٍّر‬
ُ ‫َح ْر‬

When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to
be in genitive case (‫) َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
Same as
ُ ‫الْ َب ْي‬, In the house – ‫الْ َب ْي ِت‬

The house - ‫ت‬ ‫ِفي‬
‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
ٌ ‫ َب ْي‬, In a house – ‫َب ْي ٍت‬

A house - ‫ت‬ ‫ِفي‬

‫ ِفي الْ َب ْي ِت‬is a ‫( ِش ْب ُه الْ ُج ْم َل ِة‬phrase) – It looks like a
sentence but is not one

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 18

 More Prepositions and Examples from the Qur’ân

(59:21) Had We sent down this

Quran on a mountain …
... ٍ‫ لَ ْو َٔان َزلْ َنا َهـٰ َذا الْ ُق ْر ٓا َن َع َلى َج َبل‬On ‫َع َلى‬
(96:2) He created man from a
clot
ٍ‫نسا َن ِم ْن َع َلق‬ َ ‫ َخ َل َق ا ْل ِٕا‬From ‫ِم ْن‬
(26:50) we shall but return to
our Lord
‫ إِنَّا إِلَى َر ِّبـــ َنا ُمن َق ِل ُبو َن‬To ‫إِلَى‬
‫ إِنَّا َٔان َزلْ َنا ُه ِفي لَ ْي َل ِة الْ َق ْد ِر‬In ‫ِفي‬
(97:1) We have indeed revealed
this (Message) in the Night of
Power

‫اب الْ َج ِحي ِم‬

(2:119) And thou will not be
asked about the owners of hell- ِ ‫ َو َلا تُ ْسأَ ُل َع ْن َٔا ْص َح‬About,
concerning
‫َع ْن‬
fire

ِ ‫ات َو َما ِفي ا ْلا َٔ ْر‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫لِــ‬

(2:284) To Allah belongs
whatever is in the heavens and ‫ض‬ ِ ‫الس ٰم َو‬
َّ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬َ ‫ه‬ ‫ـ‬َّ ‫ل‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ Belongs to,
for
whatever is in the earth.
(2:153) O ye who believe! seek
help with patient perseverance َ ‫ َيا َٔا ُّي َها الَّ ِذ‬With, by,
َّ ‫ين ٓا َم ُنوا ْاس َت ِعي ُنوا بِـ‬
‫الص ْب ِر‬
‫بِــ‬
and prayer; for Allah is with
those who patiently persevere. َّ ‫الصلَا ِة ۚ إِ َّن اللَّـ َه َم َع‬
َ ‫الصابِر‬
‫ِين‬ َّ ‫ َو‬at, in
Notice the noun after the ‫َج ٍّر‬ ‫رف‬
ُ ‫ َح‬is ‫جرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫ َم‬, i.e. it has a ‫َسر ٌة‬
َ ‫ ك‬at the end
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 19
 Nominal Sentence with ‫ج ُرو ٌر‬
ْ ‫َم‬ ‫َجا ٌّر َو‬

Muhammad is in the mosque

the mosque in Muhammad

‫ال َم ْس ِج ِد‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫ُم َح َّم ٌد‬
‫اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ‫ف َج ٍّر‬ُ ‫َح ْر‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬
‫ َخ َب ٌر‬،‫الج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬

It is on a table

a table on It
‫َم ْك َت ٍب‬ ‫َع َلى‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ‫ف َج ٍّر‬ُ ‫َح ْر‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬
‫ َخ َب ٌر‬،‫الج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 20

 ِ ‫ُم ْنف‬
Detached Pronoun (‫َص ٌل‬ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر‬
Singular He, It ‫ُه َو‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Masculine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬
‫ُه ْم‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
‫َغائِ ٌب‬
Plural They
3rd
‫ِه َي‬
Person
Singular She, It ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Feminine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural They ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
Singular You ‫َٔانْ َت‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Masculine “Dual” You (2) ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬
Plural You (>2) ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
2nd person ‫ُم َخا َط ٌب‬
Singular You ‫َٔانْ ِت‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Feminine “Dual” You (2) ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural You (>2) ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
Singular I ‫َٔانَا‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
1st person Masc. & Fem. ‫ُم َت َكلِّ ٌم ُم َذكَّ ٌر َو ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural We ‫ن َْح ُن‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 21
 ِ ‫ُم ْنف‬
Detached Pronoun (‫َص ٌل‬ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر‬

Are never attached with any other word ‫ُه َو‬

Are always ‫( َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬definite) ‫ُه َما‬
ٌ ‫( َم ْرفُو‬nominative case), even though most of

Are ‫ع‬
‫ُه ْم‬
them do not have a ‫ض َّم ٌة‬
َ (dammah) ending ‫ِه َي‬

Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not
‫ُه َما‬
change ‫ُه َّن‬

Fixed nouns in Arabic are called ‫َم ْبنِ ٌّي‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
‫َٔانَا‬
‫ن َْح ُن‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 22
 ِ ‫)ال ِف ْع ُل ال َم‬
The Past Tense Verb (‫اضي‬

Verb = Action = ‫ِف ْع ٌل‬

Doer = Subject = ‫َفا ِع ٌل‬

Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense (‫ض‬

ٍ ‫) َما‬

The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he (‫) ُه َو‬
ِ ‫ ) َف‬is hidden (‫ ) ُم ْس َت ِت ٌر‬within the base form of

The doer of the action (‫اع ٌل‬
the verb (‫) ِف ْع ٌل‬. Notice the hidden “he” in ‫َخ َر َج‬

(He left) ‫َخ َر َج‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 23

 ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ – ُم َض‬Possessed & Possessor

Used to convey a “possession” relationship between two nouns
َ ‫( ِٕالا‬Al-Idaafatu)

Also referred to as ‫ضا َف ُة‬

English uses “of” or “ ’s ” for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal’s
book

Made up of two parts:

Possessed (or possession) – ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Possessor – ‫ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Possessor - ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ٍ ‫بِل‬
‫َال‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ Possessed - ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Is always ‫( َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬genitive (of) Bilal book
Can take any case ending,
case) as the need be
Bilal’s book

Can take ‫( َت ْنوِي ٌن‬tanwîn) or
Never takes ‫( َت ْنوِي ٌن‬tanwîn)
or ‫( الـ‬the definite article)
‫( الـ‬the definite article) ِ ‫الْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت ُب‬

Can be ‫َـك َـر ٌة‬ ِ ‫( ن‬indefinite) or ِ ‫ن‬

Is ‫( َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬definite) or ‫َـك َـر ٌة‬
(of) the teacher table
‫( َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬definite) (indefinite) based on
The teacher’s table ‫اف إِلَي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 24

 Examples of Valid ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
Different case endings for ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫َم ْرفُو ٌع‬
ِ ‫الْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت ُب‬
Definite vs. indefinite ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ (of) the teacher table
The teacher’s table

َّ ِٕ‫ ا‬is
Noun after ‫ن‬
‫َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬ ‫وب‬
ٌ ‫َم ْن ُص‬ always ‫وب‬
ٌ ‫َم ْن ُص‬
‫ال َّطالِ ِب‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫الْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت َب‬ ‫إِ َّن‬
(of) the student book (of) the teacher table Verily
The student’s book Verily the teacher’s table

‫ن َِك َر ٌة‬ ‫َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬

‫َطالِ ٍب‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫الْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت ِب‬ ‫َع َلى‬
(of) a student book (of) the teacher table on
A student’s book On the teacher’s table

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 25

 ‫‪Incorrect vs. Correct‬‬ ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
‫اف َو ُم َض ٌ‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬

‫اف
‬
‫َت ْنوِي ٌن ‪ُ cannot have‬م َض ٌ‬ ‫بِل ٍ‬
‫َال‬ ‫ِك َت ٌ‬
‫اب‬

‫اف
‬
‫ال ‪ُ cannot have‬م َض ٌ‬ ‫بِل ٍ‬
‫َال‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِ‬
‫الك َت ُ‬

‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه
‬
‫َم ْرفُو ٌع ‪ُ cannot be‬م َض ٌ‬ ‫بِلَا ٌل‬ ‫ِك َت ُ‬
‫اب‬

‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه
‬
‫وب ‪ُ cannot be‬م َض ٌ‬
‫َم ْن ُص ٌ‬ ‫بِلَا ًل‬ ‫ِك َت ُ‬
‫اب‬

‫بِل ٍ‬
‫َال‬ ‫ِك َت ُ‬
‫اب‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬

 More on ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Even though ‫ َم ْن‬is ‫ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬

‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬, it does not have ‫ك َْس َر ٌة‬ Whose book?
(kasrah) ending, because it is ‫( َم ْبنِ ٌّي‬indeclinable). (of) who book
ُ ‫ِك َت‬
Other similar examples:
‫َم ْن‬ ‫اب‬

‫( َق َل ُم َم ْن‬Whose pen?)

‫( ٱِ ْب ُن َم ْن‬Whose son?) ‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Mosque of Allah’s Prophet

Notice two sets of ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬. (of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque
ِ ‫ َر ُس‬is ‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬
‫ول‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬in ‫ول‬ِ ‫ َم ْس ِج ُد َر ُس‬and it ‫الل‚ ِه‬ ِ ‫َر ُس‬
‫ول‬ ‫َم ْس ِج ُد‬
ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬in ‫ول الل‚ ِه‬
is ‫اف‬ ِ ‫ َر ُس‬. ‫اف ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫اف‬ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 27

 Examples from Quran - ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

(110:1) When comes the help of Allah …
(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind
(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the
earth
ِ ‫ات َوا ْلا َٔ ْر‬
‫ض‬
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah
(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
(6:127) For them is the home of safety
(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O
Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise
of Allah is true
‫إِ َذا َج َاء ن َْص ُر الل‚ ِه‬
ِ ‫قُ ْل َٔا ُعو ُذ بِ َر ِّب ال َّنا‬
‫س‬
ِ ‫الس ٰم َو‬ َّ ‫َالل‚ ُه نُو ُر‬
‫َه ِذ ِه نَا َق ُة الل‚ ِه‬
‫ُم َح َّم ٌد َر ُس ْو ُل الل‚ ِه‬
َّ ‫لَ ُه ْم َدا ُر‬
‫السلا َ ِم‬
‫اص ِب ْر إِ َّن َو ْع َد اللَّ ِه َح ٌّق‬
ْ ‫َف‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 28

 Nominal Sentences with ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad
‫الل‚ ِه‬ ‫َر ُس ْو ُل‬ ‫ُم َح َّم ٌد‬
‫ َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬،‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬،‫لَ ْف ُظ الْ َجلَالَ ِة‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫َخ َب ٌر َو ُه َو ُم َض‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬

The student’s pen is broken

broken (of) the student pen
‫َم ْك ُسو ٌر‬ ‫ال َّطالِ ِب‬ ‫َق َل ُم‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ٌ ‫ُم ْب َت َد ٔا ٌ َو ُه َو ُم َض‬
‫اف‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 29

 Feminine: This (‫ ) َه ِذ ِه‬vs. That ( َ‫)تِ ْلك‬

‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬

That is a car (‫َس َّيا َر ٌة‬ َ‫)تِ ْلك‬
‫َه ِذ ِه‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ِ ‫اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِٕاشَ ا َر ِة لِ ْل َقر‬
‫ِيب‬
َ‫تِ ْلك‬ َ‫َذلِك‬ ‫اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِٕاشَ ا َر ِة لِ ْل َب ِعي ِد‬

‫ َه ِذ ِه‬is pronounced as ‫ َها ِذ ِه‬but is written without the alif

This is a watch (‫َسا َع ٌة‬ ‫) َه ِذ ِه‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 30
 How to make Feminine noun from Masculine noun
2 Putting a ‫( َف ْتح ٌة‬fathah) on the letter before ‫ة‬
َ
َ ‫ال َم ْر ُبو‬
1 Adding a ‫ط ُة‬ ‫ ال َّت ُاء‬at the end
‫ُم َد ِّر َســ ٌة‬ Female
teacher ‫س‬
ٌ ‫ُم َد ِّر‬
Teacher

‫ ال َّت ُاء ال َم ْر ُبو َط ُة‬: The closed ta : ‫ة‬

Usually nouns which refer to

‫َطالِ َـبـ ٌة‬ Female
student
‫َطالِ ٌب‬ Student

male humans (and animals)

and adjectives may be made
‫َوالِ َد ٌة‬ Mother ‫َوالِ ٌد‬ Father

feminine by this method

‫َغ َزالَ ٌة‬ Female
gazelle
‫َغ َزا ٌل‬ Gazelle

‫َك ِب َير ٌة‬ Big

(female)
‫َك ِبي ٌر‬ Big

Not all masculine nouns form a feminine counterpart in this way, e.g.

‫ُٔا ٌّم‬ Mother ‫َٔا ٌب‬ Father

‫ُٔاخْ ٌت‬ Sister ‫َٔا ٌخ‬ Brother

‫بِ ْن ٌت‬ Girl

‫َولَ ٌد‬ Boy

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 31

 Gender of Body Members

Double members are Single members are

usually feminine usually masculine

‫( َي ٌد‬hand) ‫س‬ ْ‫( َر ٔا‬head)

ٌ

‫( َع ْي ٌن‬eye) ٌ ‫( َٔا ْن‬nose)

‫ف‬
‫( ر ِْج ٌل‬leg) ‫( َف ٌم‬mouth)

‫( ُٔا ُذ ٌن‬ear) ‫( َو ْج ٌه‬face)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 32

 ‫‪Gender and Nominal Sentence‬‬

‫‪َ should be the same‬خ َب ٌر ‪ُ and‬م ْب َت َدأ ٌ ‪
Gender of‬‬

‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬ ‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬

‫ُم َح َّم ٌد َطالِ ٌب‬ ‫َف ِاط َم ُة َطالِ َب ٌة‬
‫اب َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫ال ِك َت ُ‬ ‫الس َّيا َر ُة َج ِدي َد ٌة‬ ‫َّ‬
‫َه َذا ِديكٌ‬ ‫اج ٌة‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه َد َج َ‬
‫اب‬ ‫َذلِكَ َب ٌ‬ ‫تِ ْلكَ نَا ِف َذ ٌة‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬

 Substitute - ‫َب َد ٌل‬

This is new The house is new

‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫يت‬ ُ ‫َالب‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬

This house is new

This house
(is) new The house This
‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫يت‬
ُ ‫َالب‬ ‫َه َذا‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫َب َد ٌل‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬

A definite noun (‫َمع ِر َف ٌة‬ ‫ )اِس ٌم‬following a demonstrative pronoun

(‫)اِس ُم ا ْل ِٕاشَ ا َر ِة‬, is called a substitute (‫) َب َد ٌل‬. There are other types of
substitutes, which we will learn later
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 34
 ٌ ‫َظ ْر‬
Adverb - ‫ف‬

‫ف‬ٌ ‫ َظ ْر‬is a noun that indicates the place or time

‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬, so the noun following it is ‫اف إِلَي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ َظ ْر‬acts like a ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

ٌ ‫ َظ ْر‬can never be a ٌ ٔ‫( ُم ْب َت َدا‬subject), even if the sentence starts with it
‫ف‬
ِ ‫الْ َم َك‬
Examples of Adverb of Place (‫ان‬ ُ ‫) َظ ْر‬
‫ف‬ ‫( ُه َنا‬here)
َ‫( َف ْوق‬over) ‫( ُه َنا َك‬there)
َ ‫( َخ ْل‬behind)
‫ف‬
‫( َٔا َما َم‬in front) ‫ين‬
َ ‫( َب‬between)
‫( َت ْح َت‬under) َ ُ‫( ق‬near)
‫رب‬
ِ ‫الْ َّز َم‬
Examples of Adverb of Time (‫ان‬ ُ ‫) َظ ْر‬
‫ف‬
ً ‫( لَيلا‬night) ً ‫( َص َب‬morning) ‫( ُظهر ًا‬noon)
‫اح‬ ‫( َم َس ًاء‬evening)
ِ ‫( َٔام‬yesterday)
‫س‬ ‫( َاليو َم‬today) ً‫( َغدا‬tomorrow)
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8)
 ٌ ‫َظ ْر‬
Examples from Quran - ‫ف‬

(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted

[others] from the way of Allah - We will increase
َ‫ين َكف َُروا َو َصدُّوا َعن َس ِبيلِ اللَّـ ِه ِز ْدنَا ُه ْم َع َذا ًبا َف ْوق‬ َ ‫الَّ ِذ‬
them in punishment over [their] punishment for
what corruption they were causing.
﴾٨٨:‫اب بِ َما كَانُوا ُي ْف ِسدُو َن ﴿النحل‬ ِ ‫الْ َع َذ‬
(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when
they swore allegiance to you under the tree and
‫ين إِ ْذ ُي َبايِ ُعونَكَ َت ْح َت الشَّ َج َر ِة‬ َ ‫لَّ َق ْد َر ِض َي اللَّـ ُه َعنِ الْ ُم ْؤ ِم ِن‬
He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He
sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded
‫الس ِكي َن َة َع َل ْي ِه ْم َو َٔاثَا َب ُه ْم َف ْت ًحا َقر ًِيبا‬ َّ ‫َف َع ِل َم َما ِفي قُلُوبِ ِه ْم َفأَن َز َل‬
them with a victory close by.
﴾١٨:‫﴿الفتح‬
(4:159) And there is none from the People of the
Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus
‫اب ٕاِ َّلا لَ ُي ْؤ ِم َن َّن بِ ِه َق ْب َل َم ْوتِ ِه ۖ َو َي ْو َم الْ ِق َيا َم ِة‬
ِ ‫َو ٕاِن ِّم ْن َٔا ْه ِل ا ْل ِك َت‬
before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection
he will be against them a witness.
﴾١٥٩:‫َي ُكو ُن َع َل ْي ِه ْم شَ ِهيدًا ﴿النساء‬
(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I
will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding],
‫﴾ إِ َّلا‬٢٣:‫َو َلا َتقُو َل َّن لِشَ ْي ٍء إِنِّي َفا ِع ٌل َ ٰذلِكَ َغدًا ﴿الكهف‬
"If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when
you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will
ِ‫يت َوقُ ْل َع َسى ٰ َٔان َي ْه ِد َين‬ َ ‫َٔان َيشَ َاء اللَّـ ُه ۚ َوا ْذكُر َّر َّبكَ إِ َذا ن َِس‬
guide me to what is nearer than this to right
conduct."
﴾٢٤:‫َر ِّبي لِا َٔ ْق َر َب ِم ْن َهـٰ َذا َرشَ دًا ﴿الكهف‬
(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His
angels and His books and His messengers,
‫كُ ٌّل ٓا َم َن بِاللَّـ ِه َو َملَائِ َك ِت ِه َوكُ ُت ِب ِه َو ُر ُس ِل ِه َلا نُ َف ِّر ُق َب ْي َن َٔا َح ٍد ِّمن‬
[saying], "We make no distinction between any of
His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we
‫ُّر ُس ِل ِه ۚ َو َقالُوا َس ِم ْع َنا َو َٔا َط ْع َنا ۖ ُغ ْف َرانَكَ َر َّب َنا َوإِلَ ْيكَ الْ َم ِص ُير‬
obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and
to You is the [final] destination."
﴾٢٨٥:‫﴿البقرة‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 36

 Adjective - ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫نَ ْع‬

A noun that describes or The noun being

qualifies another noun is described or qualified
called ‫ت‬ٌ ‫( نَ ْع‬adjective) is called ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬

A house A new house

‫يت‬
ٌ ‫َب‬ ‫يت َج ِدي ٌد‬ٌ ‫َب‬
‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬

‫ نَ ْع ٌت‬is also called ‫ِص َف ٌة‬ ‫وت‬

ٌ ‫ َمن ُع‬is also called ‫وف‬ ٌ ‫َم ْو ُص‬
Adjective = ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ِص َف ٌة = َن ْع‬ Noun Qualified = ‫وت‬ ٌ ‫وف = َمن ُع‬
ٌ ‫َم ْو ُص‬

In Arabic the ‫ت‬

ٌ ‫( نَ ْع‬adjective) comes after the ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫ َمن ُع‬.

In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8)

 Agreements between ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫ نَ ْع‬and ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬

‫ نَ ْع ٌت‬and ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫ َمن ُع‬should be in agreement in the following:
1 This is a small boy This is a small girl
Gender
‫َص ِغي ٌر‬ ‫َولَ ٌد‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ‫َص ِغ َير ٌة‬ ٌ ِ‫ب‬
‫نت‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه‬
‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬ ‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
2 The new teacher is in the class Bilal is a new teacher
Indefinite vs.
definite ِ‫الج ِدي ُد ِفي ال َفصل‬
َ ُ ‫س َج ِدي ٌد ال ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ٌ ‫ُم َد ِّر‬ ‫بِلَا ٌل‬
‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬ ‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
3 I am in a new house This is a new house
Case
‫َج ِدي ٍد‬ ٍ ‫ِفي َب‬
‫يت‬ ‫َٔانا‬ ‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫يت‬
ٌ ‫َب‬ ‫َه َذا‬
‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬ ‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
4 That is a new student Those are new students
Number
‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫َطالِ ٌب‬ َ‫َذلِك‬ ٌ ‫طُل‬
‫َّاب ُج ُد ٌد‬ َ‫ُٔاولَ ِئك‬
‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬ ‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8)
 ‫وت ‪Nominal Sentence with‬‬
‫َو َم ْن ُع ٌ‬ ‫نَ ْع ٌت‬
‫‪The sparrow is a small bird‬‬

‫َص ِغ ْي ٌر‬ ‫َطائِ ٌر‬ ‫ال ُع ْص ُف ْو ُر‬

‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫وت‬
‫َخ َب ٌر َو َمن ُع ٌ‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ‬

‫‪The broken chair is in the room‬‬

‫ال ُغ ْر َف ِة‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫ال َم ْك ُس ْو ُر‬ ‫ال ُك ْر ِس ُّي‬

‫اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ‫ف َج ٍّر‬
‫َح ْر ُ‬ ‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َد ٔا ٌ َو َمن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت‬
‫الج ْم َل ِة‪َ ،‬خ َب ٌر‬
‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‪ِ ،‬ش ْب ُه ُ‬
‫‪I am in the secondary school‬‬

‫الثَّانَ ِو َّي ِة‬ ‫ال َم ْد َر َس ِة‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬

‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر َو َم ْن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت‬ ‫ف َج ٍّر‬
‫َح ْر ُ‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ‬

‫الج ْم َل ِة‪َ ،‬خ َب ٌر‬

‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‪ِ ،‬ش ْب ُه ُ‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬
 References from Quran - ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫نَ ْع ٌت َو َم ْن ُع‬

(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to

you from Allah light and a luminous Book. ٌ ‫َق ْد َج َاءكُم ِّم َن اللَّـ ِه نُو ٌر َو ِك َت‬
﴾١٥:‫اب ُّم ِبي ٌن ﴿المائدة‬
(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess
excellent manners.
﴾٤:‫َوإِنَّكَ لَ َع َلى ٰ ُخلُقٍ َع ِظي ٍم ﴿القلم‬

(44:17) and an honourable Messenger

came to them.
﴾١٧:‫َو َج َاء ُه ْم َر ُسو ٌل َكرِي ٌم ﴿الدخان‬

(1:6) Guide us in the straight path. ﴾٦:‫اط الْ ُم ْس َت ِقي َم ﴿الفاتحة‬ ِّ ‫ا ْه ِدنَا‬
َ ‫الص َر‬

(45:10) And for them is a great torment. ﴾١٠:‫اب َع ِظي ٌم ﴿الجاثية‬

ٌ ‫َولَ ُه ْم َع َذ‬
(8:274) For them is forgiveness and
honourable provision.
﴾٧٤:‫لَّ ُهم َّم ْغ ِف َر ٌة َو ِر ْز ٌق َكرِي ٌم ﴿الأنفال‬
(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory
ٌ ‫ن َْص ٌر ِّم َن اللَّـ ِه َو َف ْت ٌح َقر‬
﴾١٣:‫ِيب ۗ◌ ﴿الصف‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 40

 Where is the ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫? َن ْع‬

The Arabic is an easy language

‫َس ْه َل ٌة‬ ‫لُ َغ ٌة‬ ‫ال َع َربِ َّي ُة‬
‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َخ َب ٌر َو َم ْن ُع‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬

The Arabic language is easy

‫َس ْه َل ٌة‬ ‫ال َع َربِ َّي ُة‬ ‫اللُّ َغ ُة‬

‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫َن ْع ٌت‬ ٌ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ َو َم ْن ُع‬
‫وت‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 41

 ‫‪َ or not‬ن ْع ٌت‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪This is a new book‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪This book is new‬‬

‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫ال ِك َت ُ‬

‫اب‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫اب‬‫ِك َت ٌ‬ ‫َه َذا‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫َب َد ٌل‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ‬ ‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ َخ َب ٌر َو َمن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت‬

‫‪This new book is heavy‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪The new book is heavy‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫َث ِق ْي ٌل‬ ‫الج ِدي ُد‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ‫َث ِق ْي ٌل‬ ‫الج ِدي ُد‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِ‬
‫الك َت ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫الك َت ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َد ٔا ٌ َب َد ٌل َو َمن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َد ٔا ٌ و َمن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت نَ ْع ٌت‬
‫‪Abbas is a merchant 6‬‬ ‫‪The book is new‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫اج ٌر‬ ‫َت ِ‬ ‫اس‬

‫َع َب ٌ‬ ‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫اب‬ ‫الك َت ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬

 The Relative Pronoun - ‫ِالا ْس ُم ال َم ْو ُصو ُل‬

‫ الَّ ِذي‬is called the relative pronoun (‫) ِالا ْس ُم ال َم ْو ُصو ُل‬

It is translated as:

“Who” – for all rational beings

“Which” – for all irrational beings and things

It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later
ِ ‫ال َم ْو ُص‬

It is always followed by a description, which is known as ‫ول‬ ‫ِص َل ُة‬

The man, who left the room, is a merchant

ِ ‫َت‬
‫اج ٌر‬ ‫ال ُغ ْر َف ِة‬ ‫ِم َن‬ ‫َخ َر َج‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬
ِ ‫ِص َل ُة ال َم ْو ُص‬
‫ول‬ ‫ِالا ْس ُم ال َم ْو ُصو ُل‬
The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher

ِ ‫لِل ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫ال َمك َت ِب‬ ‫َع َلى‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ‫اب‬ ِ
ُ ‫الك َت‬
ِ ‫ِص َل ُة ال َم ْو ُص‬
‫ول‬ ‫ِالا ْس ُم ال َم ْو ُصو ُل‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 43
 ‫َعت ‪ as‬الَّ ِذي‬
‫ن ٌ‬

‫‪The man is a merchant‬‬

‫اج ٌر‬ ‫َت ِ‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬

‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ‬

‫‪The tall man is a merchant‬‬

‫اج ٌر‬ ‫َت ِ‬ ‫ال َّطوِي ُل‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬

‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ َو َم ْن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت‬

‫‪The man, who left the room, is a merchant‬‬

‫اج ٌر‬ ‫َت ِ‬ ‫ال ُغ ْر َف ِة‬ ‫ِم َن‬ ‫َخ َر َج‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫ِص َل ُة ال َم ْو ُص ِ‬
‫ول‬ ‫ِالا ْس ُم ال َم ْو ُصو ُل َون ٌ‬
‫َعت‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدأ ٌ َو َم ْن ُع ٌ‬
‫وت‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬

 ِ ‫)ال ِف ْع ُل ال َم‬
The Past Tense Verb (‫اضي‬

Verb = Action = ‫ِف ْع ٌل‬

Doer = Subject = ‫َفا ِع ٌل‬

Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense (‫ض‬

ٍ ‫) َما‬

The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he (‫) ُه َو‬
ِ ‫ ) َف‬is hidden (‫ ) ُم ْس َت ِت ٌر‬within the base form of

The doer of the action (‫اع ٌل‬
the verb (‫) ِف ْع ٌل‬. Notice the hidden “he” in ‫َخ َر َج‬

(He left) ‫َخ َر َج‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 45

 Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The
remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.

To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on
the pattern of ‫ فعل‬as follows.

‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫فعل‬

‫َج‬ ‫َر‬ ‫َخ‬ (He left) ‫َخ َر َج‬
‫( ل َك ِل َم ٌة‬3 rd radical) ‫( ف َك ِل َم ٌة‬1
st radical)

‫( ع َك ِل َم ٌة‬2
nd radical)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 46

 Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

‫ل َك ِل َم ٌة‬ ‫ع َك ِل َم ٌة‬ ‫ف َك ِل َم ٌة‬ Meaning ‫ِف ْع ٌل‬

‫َب‬ ‫َه‬ ‫َذ‬ He went ‫َذ َه َب‬
‫س‬ َ ‫َل‬ ‫َج‬ He sat ‫س‬َ ‫َج َل‬
‫َر‬ ‫ص‬ َ ‫َن‬ He helped ‫ن ََص َر‬
‫َع‬ ‫ِم‬ ‫س‬ َ He heard ‫َس ِم َع‬
‫َم‬ ‫ُر‬ ‫َك‬ He became noble ‫ك َُر َم‬

In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:

‫ ف َك ِل َم ٌة‬and ‫ ل َك ِل َم ٌة‬always have a ‫َف ْت َح ٌة‬

‫ ع َك ِل َم ٌة‬can have a ‫ َض َّم ٌة‬, ‫ َف ْت َح ٌة‬, or ‫ك َْس َر ٌة‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 47

 Conjugation of Past Tense Verb

We’ve learnt before that the base form of the verb contains “he” or “it” (‫ ) ُه َو‬as the doer

ٌ ‫) َفا ِع‬, so ‫ َخ َر َج‬means “He left”. Within the base form, this ‫ َفا ِع ٌل‬is considered hidden (‫) ُمس َتتِ ٌر‬,
(‫ل‬
ٌ ‫َفا ِع‬
i.e., there is no letter in the verb, which explicitly represents the ‫ل‬

‫َخ َر َج‬ He/it ‫ُه َو‬

In order to say “They (2) left”, an alif is added at the end

Since this alif represents “They (2)”,

ٌ ‫َف ِاع‬
who did the action, it acts as the ‫ل‬ ‫َخ َر َجــاا‬ = ‫ ا‬+ ‫َخ َر َج‬ They (2) ‫ُه َما‬

ٌ ‫َف ِاع‬
In order to say “They (>2) left”, a waw is added at the end. This waw acts as the ‫ل‬

ُ ِ‫( َٔال‬alif of
This alif is called ‫ال ِو َقا َي ِة‬
‫ف‬
protection). It protects the ‫ و‬from
‫َخ َر ُجـ ْوا‬ = ‫ و‬+ ‫َخ َر َج‬ They (>2) ‫ُه ْم‬
being mistaken for the conjunction Notice the original ‫تح ٌة‬
‫و‬ َ ‫ َف‬changed to a ‫ َض َّم ٌة‬once waw
(and). It is written but not pronounced was added. This is done for phonetic convenience as
‫ َخ َر ُج ْوا‬is easier to pronounce than ‫َخ َر َج ْوا‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 48
 Conjugation of Past Tense Verb

In order to say “She left”, the base form of the verb is feminized by adding a ta of feminizing
ِ ِ‫) َت ُاء ال َّتأْن‬
(‫يث‬
ِ ِ‫ال َّتأْن‬
The ‫يث‬ ‫ َت ُاء‬is not a ‫ َف ِاع ٌل‬. Instead the
‫ َف ِاع ٌل‬is considered hidden (‫ ) َمس َت ِت ٌر‬in this ‫َخ َر َج ْت‬ = ‫ ْت‬+ ‫َخ َر َج‬ She/It (f) ‫ِه َي‬
form and is implied as “She/It (f)” (‫) ِهي‬
َ
In order to say “They (2, f) left”, an alif is added at the end of the feminized form

Since this alif represents “They (2)”,

ٌ ‫َف ِاع‬
who did the action, it acts as the ‫ل‬ ‫َخ َر َج َتــاا‬ = ‫ ا‬+ ‫َخ َر َج ْت‬ They (2,f) ‫ُه َما‬

In order to say “They (>2, f) left”, a ‫ن‬

َ is added to the end
Since this ‫ن‬
َ represents “They (>2,f)”,
ٌ ‫َف ِاع‬
who did the action, it acts as the ‫ل‬
‫َخ َر ْج َن‬ = ‫ َن‬+ ‫َخ َر َج‬ They (>2,f) ‫ُه َّن‬

َ ‫ َف‬on the 3rd radical changes to a ‫ ُس ُكو ٌن‬in this case.

Notice the ‫تح ٌة‬

For the complete conjugation of past tense verb for all 14 pronouns, please see the next page
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 49
 Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb
‫َفا ِع ٌل‬ Suffix
He left ‫َخ َر َج‬ ‫ُمس َت ِت ٌر‬ ‫ُه َو‬ He
They (2) left ْ‫َخ َر َجا‬ ‫ْا‬ ‫ْا‬ ‫ُه َما‬ They (2)
They (>2) left ‫َخ َر ُج ْوا‬ ‫ْو‬ ‫ْوا‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ They (>2)
She left ‫َخ َر َج ْت‬ ‫ُمس َت ِت ٌر‬ ‫ْت‬ ‫ِه َي‬ She
They (2) left ْ‫َخ َر َج َتا‬ ‫ْا‬ ْ‫َتا‬ ‫ُه َما‬ They (2)
They (>2,f) left ‫َخ َر ْج َن‬ ‫َن‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ They (>2,f)
You left ‫َخ َر ْج َت‬ ‫َت‬ ‫َت‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬ You
You (2) left ‫َخ َر ْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ You (2)
You (>2) left ‫َخ َر ْج ُت ْم‬ ‫تُ ْم‬ ‫تُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬ You (>2)
You left ‫َخ َر ْج ِت‬ ‫ِت‬ ‫ِت‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬ You
You (2) left ‫َخ َر ْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ You (2)
You (>2,f) left ‫َخ َر ْج ُت َّن‬ ‫تُ َّن‬ ‫تُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬ You (>2,f)
I left ‫َخ َر ْج ُت‬ ‫ُت‬ ‫ُت‬ ‫َٔانَا‬ I
We left ‫َخ َر ْج َنا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬ We
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 50
 ‫‪Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb Examples‬‬
‫َفا ِع ٌل‬ ‫‪Suffix‬‬
‫ك َُر َم‬ ‫َس ِم َع‬ ‫َذ َه َب‬ ‫َخ َر َج‬ ‫ُمس َت ِت ٌر‬ ‫ُه َو‬ ‫‪He‬‬
‫ك َُر َماْ‬ ‫َس ِم َعاْ‬ ‫َذ َه َباْ‬ ‫َخ َر َجاْ‬ ‫ْا‬ ‫ْا‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫)‪They (2‬‬
‫ك َُر ُم ْوا‬ ‫َس ِم ُع ْوا‬ ‫َذ َه ُب ْوا‬ ‫َخ َر ُج ْوا‬ ‫ْو‬ ‫ْوا‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫)‪They (>2‬‬
‫ك َُر َم ْت‬ ‫َس ِم َع ْت‬ ‫َذ َه َب ْت‬ ‫َخ َر َج ْت‬ ‫ُمس َت ِت ٌر‬ ‫ْت‬ ‫ِه َي‬ ‫‪She‬‬
‫ك َُر َم َتاْ‬ ‫َس ِم َع َتاْ‬ ‫َذ َه َب َتاْ‬ ‫َخ َر َج َتاْ‬ ‫ْا‬ ‫َتاْ‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫)‪They (2‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم َن‬ ‫َس ِم ْع َن‬ ‫َذ َه ْب َن‬ ‫َخ َر ْج َن‬ ‫َن‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫)‪They (>2‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم َت‬ ‫َس ِم ْع َت‬ ‫َذ َه ْب َت‬ ‫َخ َر ْج َت‬ ‫َت‬ ‫َت‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬ ‫‪You‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم ُت َما‬ ‫َس ِم ْع ُت َما‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ُت َما‬ ‫َخ َر ْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ ‫)‪You (2‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم ُت ْم‬ ‫َس ِم ْع ُت ْم‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ُت ْم‬ ‫َخ َر ْج ُت ْم‬ ‫تُ ْم‬ ‫تُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬ ‫)‪You (>2‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم ِت‬ ‫َس ِم ْع ِت‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ِت‬ ‫َخ َر ْج ِت‬ ‫ِت‬ ‫ِت‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬ ‫‪You‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم ُت َما‬ ‫َس ِم ْع ُت َما‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ُت َما‬ ‫َخ َر ْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ ‫)‪You (2‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم ُت َّن‬ ‫َس ِم ْع ُت َّن‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ُت َّن‬ ‫َخ َر ْج ُت َّن‬ ‫تُ َّن‬ ‫تُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬ ‫)‪You (>2‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم ُت‬ ‫َس ِم ْع ُت‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ُت‬ ‫َخ َر ْج ُت‬ ‫ُت‬ ‫ُت‬ ‫َٔانَا‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫ك َُر ْم َنا‬ ‫َس ِم ْع َنا‬ ‫َذ َه ْب َنا‬ ‫َخ َر ْج َنا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬ ‫‪We‬‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬
 ِ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬

Muhammad’s book. His book

‫ُم َح َّم ٍد‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ His book ‫ِك َتا ُب ُه‬
‫اف ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫ ُه‬+ ‫اب‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬ ‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
‫ ُه‬and ‫ َك‬are attached
‫) َض ِمي ٌر‬
Your book
ِ ‫ُم َّت‬
pronouns (‫ص ٌل‬
Your book َ‫ِك َتا ُبك‬
‫ َك‬+ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ ‫اف ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
‫اف ِٕالَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

ِ ‫ُم َّت‬
An attached pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر‬, when attached to a noun, is
always ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬and the noun it is attached to is ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

The attached pronoun in this case is always ‫َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 52

 ِ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬

From Muhammad From him

‫ُم َح َّم ٍد‬ ‫ِم ْن‬ Him From ‫ِم ْن ُه‬
‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ‫ُه‬ + ‫ِم ْن‬
‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
‫ف َج ٍّر اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫َح ْر‬
‫ ُه‬and ‫ ُه ْم‬are attached
‫) َض ِمي ٌر‬
From them
ِ ‫ُم َّت‬
pronouns (‫ص ٌل‬
Them From ‫ِم ْن ُه ْم‬
‫ ُه ْم‬+ ‫ِم ْن‬ ‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
‫ف َج ٍّر اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫َح ْر‬

ِ ‫ُم َّت‬
An attached pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر‬, when attached to a ‫ف َج ٍّر‬
ُ ‫َح ْر‬
(preposition), is always ‫اِ ْس ٌم َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 53

 ِ ‫ ) َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت‬vs. Detached Pronoun (‫َص ٌل‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬ ِ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر ُم ْنف‬
‫( َض ِمي ٌر ُمتَّ ِص ٌل‬Attached Pronoun) ‫َص ٌل‬ ِ ‫( َض ِمي ٌر ُم ْنف‬Detached Pronoun)
Singular He, It ‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Masculine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬
Plural They ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
‫َغائِ ٌب‬
3rd Person
Singular She, It ‫َها‬ ‫ه َي‬ ِ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Feminine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural They ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
Singular You ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Masculine “Dual” You (2) ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬
Plural You (>2) ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
‫ُم َخا َط ٌب‬
‫ِك‬
2nd person
Singular You ‫َٔانْ ِت‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
Feminine “Dual” You (2) ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural You (>2) ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
Singular I ‫ْي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬ ‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
1st person Masc. & Fem. ‫ُم َت َكلِّ ٌم ُم َذكَّ ٌر َو ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural We ‫نَا‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع ن َْح ُن‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 54
 ِ ‫ ) َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت‬vs. Detached Pronoun (‫َص ٌل‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬ ِ ‫) َض ِمي ٌر ُم ْنف‬

‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬ ِ ‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم ْنف‬

‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫َص ٌل‬

Always ‫( َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬definite) ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
Always ‫( َم ْع ِر َف ٌة‬definite)

Are ‫( َم ْب ِن ٌي‬fixed) ‫َها‬ ‫ِه َي‬
Are ‫( َم ْب ِن ٌي‬fixed)

Always ‫جرو ٌر‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ٌ ‫( َم ْرفُو‬nominative)

Always ‫ع‬
ُ ‫( َم‬genitive) or
‫وب‬
ٌ ‫نص‬
ُ ‫( َم‬accusative) ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬

Can be attached to a noun, ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
verb or a particle ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫ِك‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
َ ‫( َي ُاء الْ ُم َت‬ya-ul
This ‫ ي‬is called ‫كلِّ ِم‬
‫ْي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬
mutakallim) – Ya of the first
person ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 55
 ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه ‪َ ) as‬ض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬ ‫ُم َض ٌ‬
‫َس َّيا َر ٌة‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِك َت ٌ‬
‫ال َمر ُبو َ‬
‫ط ُة ‪The‬‬ ‫‪ changes‬ال َت ُاء‬ ‫َس َّيا َر ُت ُه‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُه‬ ‫‪His‬‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫وح ُة ‪to a‬‬
‫‪ when it‬ال َت ُاء ال َمف ُت َ‬ ‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُه َما‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُه َما‬ ‫)‪Their (2 mas.‬‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫‪is followed by an‬‬ ‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُه ْم‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُه ْم‬ ‫)‪Their (>2 mas.‬‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪attached pronoun.‬‬
‫َس َّيا َرتُ َها‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب َها‬ ‫‪Her‬‬ ‫َها‬ ‫ِه َي‬
‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُه َما‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُه َما‬ ‫)‪Their (2 fem‬‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُه َّن‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُه َّن‬ ‫)‪Their (>2 fem‬‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫َس َّيا َرتُكَ‬ ‫ِك َتا ُبكَ‬ ‫‪Your‬‬ ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
‫َس َّيا َر ُت ُك َما‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُك َما‬ ‫)‪Your (2 mas.‬‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫‪The last letter of the‬‬
‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُك ْم‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُك ْم‬ ‫)‪Your (>2 mas.‬‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫اف‬
‫َسر ٌة ‪ُ gets a‬م َض ٌ‬
‫‪ when‬ك َ‬ ‫َس َّيا َر ُت ِك‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ِك‬ ‫)‪Your (fem‬‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫ا ْل ُم َت َ‬
‫كلِّ ِم ‪attached to‬‬ ‫‪َ . A‬ي ُاء‬ ‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُك َما‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُك َما‬ ‫)‪Your (2 fem‬‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫‪َ on the last letter‬ض َّم ٌة‬ ‫َس َّيا َرتُ ُك َّن‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب ُك َّن‬ ‫)‪Your (>2 fem‬‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
‫‪would have made the‬‬ ‫َس َّيا َرتِ ْي‬ ‫ِك َتابِ ْي‬ ‫‪My‬‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬
‫‪pronunciation difficult.‬‬
‫َس َّيا َرتُ َنا‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب َنا‬ ‫‪Our‬‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬
 ‫‪َ ) with Special Nouns‬ض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬

‫َٔا ٌب‬ ‫َٔا ٌخ‬

‫‪ between‬و ‪Notice the extra‬‬
‫َٔا ُب ْو ُه‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ُه‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه ‪ُ and‬م َض ٌ‬
‫اف‬ ‫‪ُ . By same‬م َض ٌ‬
‫َٔا ُب ْو ُه َما‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫”‪token “Muhammad’s father‬‬
‫َٔا ُبو ُم َح َّم ٍد ‪will be‬‬ ‫َٔا ُب ْو ُه ْم‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪َٔ are 2 of the 5 special‬ا ٌب َو َٔا ٌخ‬ ‫َٔا ُب ْو َها‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو َها‬ ‫َها‬ ‫ِه َي‬
‫‪.‬و ‪nouns, which take this extra‬‬ ‫َٔا ُب ْو ُه َما‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫‪Will learn the other later.‬‬ ‫َٔا ُب ْو ُه َّن‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫َٔا ُب ْو َك‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو َك‬ ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
‫َٔا ُب ْوكُ َما‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْوكُ َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫َٔا ُب ْوكُ ْم‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْوكُ ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫َٔا ُب ْو ِك‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ِك‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫َٔا ُب ْوكُ َما‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْوكُ َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫‪ does not‬و ‪The rule for extra‬‬
‫‪apply when these nouns are‬‬
‫َٔا ُب ْو ُك َّن‬ ‫َٔا ُخ ْو ُك َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
‫َي ُاء ا ْل ُم َت َ‬
‫كلِّ ِم ‪followed by‬‬ ‫َٔابِ ْي‬ ‫َٔا ِخ ْي‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬
‫َٔا ُبو َنا‬ ‫َٔا ُخونَا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬
 ‫جرو ٌر ‪َ ) as‬ض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬ ‫اس ٌم َم ُ‬
‫ٕاِلَى ‪َٔ at the end of‬الِف‬
‫َم ْق ُ‬
‫صورة ‪The‬‬ ‫إِلَى‬ ‫َع ْن‬
‫‪ (ya) when it is‬ي ‪changes to a‬‬ ‫ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫َع ْن ُه‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫‪followed by an attached‬‬ ‫إِلَ ْي ِه َما‬ ‫َع ْن ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫‪pronoun.‬‬ ‫إِلَ ْي ِه ْم‬ ‫َع ْن ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪ُ to‬ه ‪Also notice the change from‬‬
‫إِلَ ْي َها‬ ‫َع ْن َها‬ ‫َها‬ ‫ِه َي‬
‫‪ِ for the attached pronoun.‬ه‬ ‫إِلَ ْي ِه َما‬ ‫َع ْن ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫َع َلى ‪Same is true for‬‬ ‫إِلَ ْي ِه َّن‬ ‫َع ْن ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫إِلَ ْيكَ‬ ‫َع ْنكَ‬ ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
‫إِلَ ْي ُك َما‬ ‫َع ْن ُك َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫إِلَ ْي ُك ْم‬ ‫َع ْن ُك ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫ٕاِلَ ْي ِك‬ ‫َع ْن ِك‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫إِلَ ْي ُك َما‬ ‫َع ْن ُك َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫إِلَي ‪ْ +‬ي = إِلَ َّي‬ ‫إِلَ ْي ُك َّن‬ ‫َع ْن ُك َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
‫إِلَ َّي‬ ‫َع ِّن ْي‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬
‫إِلَ ْي َنا‬ ‫َع َّنا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬
 ‫جرو ٌر ‪َ ) as‬ض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬ ‫اس ٌم َم ُ‬
‫لِ‬ ‫بِ‬
‫َف ْت َح ٌة ‪ gets a‬لِ ‪The preposition‬‬ ‫لَ ُه‬ ‫بِ ِه‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫‪when it is followed by an‬‬ ‫لَ ُه َما‬ ‫بِ ِه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫‪attached pronoun, with one‬‬ ‫لَ ُه ْم‬ ‫بِ ِه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪exception; see below.‬‬
‫لَ َها‬ ‫بِ َها‬ ‫َها‬ ‫ِه َي‬
‫لَ ُه َما‬ ‫بِ ِه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫لَ ُه َّن‬ ‫بِ ِه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫لَكَ‬ ‫بِكَ‬ ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
‫لَ ُك َما‬ ‫بِ ُك َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫لَ ُك ْم‬ ‫بِ ُك ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫لَ ِك‬ ‫بِ ِك‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫لَ ُك َما‬ ‫بِ ُك َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫َسر ٌة ‪ retains its‬لِ ‪The preposition‬‬
‫ك َ‬ ‫لَ ُك َّن‬ ‫بِ ُك َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
‫ال ُم َت َ‬
‫كلِّ ِم ‪when it is attached to‬‬ ‫َي ُاء‬ ‫لِ ْي‬ ‫بِ ْي‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬
‫لَ َنا‬ ‫بِ َنا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬
 ‫َص ٌل ‪َ vs.‬ض ِمي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل ‪Past Tense Verb Suffix vs.‬‬ ‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم ْنف ِ‬
‫‪Past Tense Verb Suffix‬‬ ‫َض ِمي ٌر ُمتَّ ِص ٌل‬ ‫َض ِمي ٌر ُم ْنف ِ‬
‫َص ٌل‬
‫ُه‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫ْا‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫ْوا‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫ْت‬ ‫َها‬ ‫ِه َي‬
‫َتاْ‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُه َما‬
‫َن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫َت‬ ‫َك‬ ‫َٔانْ َت‬
‫ُت َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫تُ ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت ْم‬
‫ِت‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫َٔانْ ِت‬
‫تُ َما‬ ‫كُ َما‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َما‬
‫تُ َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫َٔانْ ُت َّن‬
‫ُت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َٔانَا‬
‫نَا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ُن‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
 Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ‫َو ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َؤ َّخ ٌر‬ ‫) َخ َب ٌر ُم َق َّد ٌم‬
The man is in the house
ِ ‫َالب‬
‫يت‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬
‫ َخ َب ٌر‬،‫الج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬
A ‫الج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫( ِش ْب ُه‬phrase), e.g.
‫( َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬prepositional
phrase) or ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫( َظ ْر‬adverbial A man is in the house

phrase) can never be ٌ ٔ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬ ‫َر ُج ٌل‬ ‫يت‬ ِ ‫َالب‬ ‫ِفي‬
(subject), even though a ‫ُم ْب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َؤخَّ ٌر‬ ‫ َخ َب ٌر ُم َق َّد ٌم‬،‫الج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
sentence may begin with it.

A garden is in front of the masjid

‫َح ِدي َق ٌة‬ ‫سج ِد‬ ِ ‫ال َم‬ ‫َٔا َما َم‬
‫اف ِٕالَي ِه ُم ْب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َؤخَّ ٌر‬
ٌ ‫ َخ َب ٌر ُم َق َّد ٌم َم َض‬،‫الج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫ف‬
ٌ ‫َظ ْر‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 61

 Plural ( ‫) َج ْم ٌع‬
Plural ‫َج ْم ٌع‬
The singular
word stays
intact in the Sound Plural ‫َج ْم ٌع َسالِ ٌم‬ Broken Plural ِ ‫َج ْم ٌع َت‬
‫كسي ٌر‬
plural, e.g.
‫س‬ٌ ‫ ُم َد ِّر‬-> ‫ُم َد ِّر ُسو َن‬ The singular word is broken
to create the plural, e.g.
Sound Masculine Plural Sound Feminine Plural ‫ َطالِ ٌب‬-> ‫َّاب‬ ٌ ‫طُل‬
‫َج ْم ٌع ُم َذكَّ ٌر َسالِ ٌم‬ ‫َج ْم ٌع ُم َؤن ٌَّث َسالِ ٌم‬ ‫ َق َل ٌم‬-> ‫ َٔا ْقلَا ٌم‬.
Broken plurals have many
Has an ûna ( ‫ )و َن‬ending, Has an âtun (‫ات‬
ٌ ) ending, patterns, as explained later.
e.g. ‫ ُمس ِل ٌم‬-> ‫ُمس ِل ُمو َن‬ e.g. ‫ ُمس ِل َم ٌة‬-> ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫ُمس ِل َم‬

Some nouns have multiple plural forms, e.g., ‫ َٔا ٌخ‬has two plural forms
1) ‫ إِخْ َو ٌة‬and 2) ‫إِخْ َوا ُن‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 62
 ‫‪Patterns of Broken Plural‬‬

‫فُ ُع ْو ٌل‬ ‫فُ ُع ٌل‬

‫ن َْج ٌم‬ ‫ن ُُج ْو ٌم‬ ‫اب‬‫ٌ‬ ‫ت‬‫َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ك‬ ‫كُ ُت ٌب‬
‫شَ ْي ٌخ‬ ‫شُ ُي ْو ٌخ‬ ‫َر ُس ْو ٌل‬ ‫ُر ُس ٌل‬
‫ِف َعا ٌل‬ ‫فُ َّعا ٌل‬
‫َج َب ٌل‬ ‫ِج َبا ٌل‬ ‫َت ِ‬
‫اج ٌر‬ ‫تُ َّجا ٌر‬
‫َر ُج ٌل‬ ‫ِر َجا ٌل‬ ‫َطالِ ٌب‬ ‫اب‬‫ٌ‬ ‫َّ‬
‫ل‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ط‬
‫‪Key:‬‬ ‫فعل‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬
 ‫‪Patterns of Broken Plural‬‬

‫َٔا ْف َعا ٌل‬ ‫َاء‬

‫ل‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َٔا ْف ُ‬
‫ع‬
‫َولَ ٌد‬ ‫َٔا ْو َلا ٌد‬ ‫َص ِد ْي ٌق‬ ‫َٔا ْص ِد َق ُاء‬
‫َع ٌّم‬ ‫َٔا ْع َما ٌم‬ ‫َٔا ْطبِ َب ُاء َطبِ ْي ٌب‬ ‫َٔا ِط َّب ُاء‬
‫ِف ْع َل ٌة‬ ‫فُ َعل ُ‬
‫َاء‬
‫َٔا ٌخ‬ ‫إِخْ َو ٌة‬ ‫َز ِم ْي ٌل‬ ‫َاء‬
‫ُز َمل ُ‬
‫َفـ ًتى‬ ‫ِف ْت َي ٌة‬ ‫َف ِق ْي ٌر‬ ‫فُق ََر ُاء‬
‫‪We will learn more patterns later‬‬ ‫الص ْر ِ‬
‫ف( ‪Diptote‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫) َال َم ْم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬ ‫‪Key:‬‬ ‫فعل‬
‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
 Plural Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Singular
‫ َه ِذ ِه ُم َد ِّر َس ٌة‬This (f) ‫َه ِذ ِه‬ This ‫َه َذا‬ ٌ ‫َه َذا ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬
This is a female teacher This is a teacher

Plural
ٌ ‫َه ُؤ َلا ِء ُم َد ِّر َس‬
‫ات‬ These ‫َه ُؤ َلا ِء‬ ‫َه ُؤ َلا ِء ُم َد ِّر ُسو َن‬
These are female teachers These are teachers

Singular Singular
‫تِلكَ َطالِ َب ٌة‬
That is a female student
That (f) َ‫تِلك‬ That َ‫َذلِك‬ ‫َذلِكَ َطالِ ٌب‬
That is a student

Plural

ٌ ‫ُٔاول ٰ ِئكَ َطالِ َب‬

‫ات‬ Those َ‫ُٔاول ٰ ِئك‬ ٌ ‫ُٔاول ٰ ِئكَ طُـل‬
‫َّاب‬
Those are students
Those are female students

These plurals are for rational beings. For irrational things, we will learn the rules later, insha Allah
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 65
 ‫ نَ ْع ٌت‬for ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف َو ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

The new teacher’s book The teacher’s new book

‫الج ِدي ِد‬

َ ‫س‬
ِ ‫ال ُم َد ِّر‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ ‫الج ِدي ُد‬
َ ‫س‬ِ ‫ال ُم َد ِّر‬ ‫اب‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ٌ ‫اف ٕاِلَ ْي ِه َو َمن ُع‬
‫وت‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫نَ ْع ٌت‬ ‫اف ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُم َض‬ ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫اف َو َمن ُع‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬and ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬always come together, so the ‫ نَ ْع ٌت‬for either one of them
must come after ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

The case ending of the ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬or ‫اف ٕاِلَ ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ نَ ْع‬tells us if it is for ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬

Note the ‫اف‬ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬is definite if its ‫اف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬is definite, so its ‫ نَ ْع ٌت‬must also be

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 66

 Treatment of ‫ َعا ِق ٌل‬vs. ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬ ‫ َغ ْي ُر‬Plurals
Plural Singular

These are teachers This is a teacher

Both the subject and predicate are
plural ‫َه ُؤ َلا ِء ُم َد ِّر ُسو َن‬ ٌ ‫َه َذا ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َعا ِق ٌل‬
Plural Plural Singular Singular

The plural of an irrational noun is These are books

‫َغ ُير‬
This is a book
treated like a feminine singular.
‫كُـ ُت ٌب‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه‬ ٌ ‫َه َذا ِك َت‬
‫اب‬
That is why the demonstrative
pronoun used in this example is Plural
(ir)
Feminine
Singular
Singular Singular ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬
feminine singular.
The treatment of a plural irrational
noun as feminine singular is regardless These are watches This is a watch
of the gender of the singular form. In
ٌ ‫َه ِذ ِه َسا َع‬
‫ات‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه َسا َع ٌة‬ ‫َغ ُير‬
ٌ ‫ ِك َت‬, the singular
the above example, ‫اب‬
form, is masculine but its plural form is
treated as a feminine singular. In the
Plural
(ir)
Feminine
Singular
Singular Singular ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬
next example, ‫ َسا َع ٌة‬is feminine, and its
plural form is also treated as feminine
Plural Plural of irrational noun = Feminine Singular
singular.
(ir)
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 67
 More Examples of ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬ ‫ َغ ْي ُر‬Plurals
Plural Singular

The teachers are new The teacher is new

‫ال ُم َد ِّر ُسو َن ُج ُد ٌد‬ ‫س َج ِدي ٌد‬

ُ ‫ال ُم َد ِّر‬ ‫َعا ِق ٌل‬
Plural Plural Singular Singular

The pens are new

‫َغ ُير‬
The pen is new

‫الا َٔ ْقلَا ُم َج ِدي َد ٌة‬ ‫ال َق َل ُم َج ِدي ٌد‬

Feminine
Singular
Plural
(ir)
Singular Singular ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬
The cars are new
‫َغ ُير‬
The car is new
‫ات َج ِدي َد ٌة‬
ُ ‫الس َّيا َر‬
َّ ‫الس َّيا َر ُة َج ِدي َد ٌة‬
َّ
Feminine Plural
(ir)
Singular Singular ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬
Singular

Plural
Plural of irrational noun = Feminine Singular
(ir)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 68

 Even More Examples of ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬ ‫ َغ ْي ُر‬Plurals
Plural Singular

Where are the new teachers? They are in the class. Where is the new teacher? He is in the class.

ِ‫الج ُد ُد؟ ُه ْم ِفي الف َْصل‬ َ ‫الج ِديدُ؟ ُه َو ِفي الف َْصلِ َٔا‬
ُ ‫ين ال ُم َد ِّر ُسو َن‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫َٔا‬
ُ ‫ين ال ُم َد ِّر‬ ‫َعا ِق ٌل‬
Plural Plural Plural Singular Singular Singular

Where are the new notebooks? They are on the desk.

‫َغ ُير‬
Where is the new notebook? It is on the desk.
‫الج ِدي َدةُ؟ ِه َي َع َلى ال َم ْك َت ِب‬
َ ‫ين ال َّد َفاتِ ُر‬
َ ‫َٔا‬ ‫الج ِديدُ؟ ُه َو َع َلى ال َم ْك َت ِب‬
َ ‫ين ال َّدفْ َت ُر‬
َ ‫َٔا‬
Feminine
Singular
Feminine
Singular
Plural
(ir)
Singular Singular Singular ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬
Where are the new watches? They are on the table.
‫َغ ُير‬
Where is the new watch? It is on the desk.
‫الج ِدي َدةُ؟ ِه َي َع َلى ال َم ْك َت ِب‬
َ ‫ات‬ُ ‫السا َع‬ َ ‫الج ِدي َدةُ؟ ِه َي َع َلى ال َم ْك َت ِب َٔا‬
َّ ‫ين‬ َ ‫السا َع ُة‬ َ ‫َٔا‬
َّ ‫ين‬
Feminine
Singular
Feminine
Singular
Plural
(ir)
Singular Singular Singular ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬

Plural Plural of irrational noun = Feminine Singular

(ir)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 69

 References from the Holy Qur’an for ‫َعا ِق ٍل‬ ‫ َغ ْي ُر‬Plurals

But give glad tidings to those who believe

and work righteousness, that their portion
‫ٱلصـٰ ِل َحـٰ ِت َٔا َّن لَ ُه ْم َج َّنـٰ ۢ ٍت َت ْجرِى‬ َ ‫َو َبشِّ ِر ٱلَّ ِذ‬
َّ ‫ين َءا َم ُنو ۟ا َو َع ِملُو ۟ا‬
is Gardens, beneath which rivers flow ﴾٢٥:‫ ﴿البقرة‬... ‫ِمن َت ْح ِت َها ٱ ْلأَنْ َهـٰ ُر‬
(2:25)
… Those are Limits (set by) Allah:
Approach not nigh thereto … (2:187)
﴾١٨٧:‫ ﴿البقرة‬... ‫ تِ ْلكَ ُحدُو ُد اللَّـ ِه َفلَا َت ْق َر ُبو َها‬...

… And enter houses from their doors …

(2:189)
َ ‫ َو ٔاْ ُتوا الْ ُب ُي‬...
﴾١٨٩:‫ ﴿البقرة‬... ‫وت ِم ْن َٔا ْب َوابِ َها‬

Alif, Lam, Ra. These are the verses of the ِ ‫ات ا ْل ِك َت‬
﴾١:‫اب الْ ُم ِبينِ ﴿يوسف‬ ُ ‫الر ۚ تِ ْلكَ ٓا َي‬
clear Book. (12:1)

Behold! he said to his father and his

people, "What are these images, to which
‫ٕاِ ْذ َقا َل لِأَبِي ِه َو َق ْو ِم ِه َما َهـٰ ِذ ِه ال َّت َماثِي ُل الَّ ِتي َٔان ُت ْم لَ َها َعا ِكفُو َن‬
ye are (so assiduously) devoted?” (21:52) ﴾٥٢:‫﴿الأنبياء‬
And these examples We present to the
people that perhaps they will give
﴾٢١:‫س لَ َعلَّ ُه ْم َي َت َف َّك ُرو َن ﴿الحشر‬ ِ ‫َوتِ ْلكَ ا ْلا َٔ ْم َثا ُل نَضْ ِر ُب َها لِل َّنا‬
thought. (59:21)

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 70

 Numbers - ‫َٔاعدَا ٌد‬

‫َو ِاح ٌد‬ ١

Numbers (‫ َٔاعدَا ٌد‬singular: ‫ ) َع َد ٌد‬in Arabic
are fully declinable nouns ‫ٱِ ْث َن ِان‬ ٢

The noun being counted with a number ‫َثلَا َث ٌة‬ ٣
is called ‫َمعدُو ٌد‬
‫َٔا ْر َب َع ٌة‬ ٤

The rules for the ‫ َع َد ٌد‬and the ‫َمعدُو ٌد‬
change after every few numbers ‫َخ ْم َس ٌة‬ ٥
‫ِس َّت ٌة‬ ٦
‫َس ْب َع ٌة‬ ٧
‫َث َمانِ َي ٌة‬ ٨
‫تِ ْس َع ٌة‬ ٩
‫َعشَ َر ٌة‬ ١٠

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 71

 ‫‪Rules for Numbers 1 to 10‬‬

‫‪Numbers 1 - 2‬‬
‫‪
Both 1 and 2 follow the noun as‬‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر َمعدُو ٌد‬ ‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث َمعدُو ٌد‬
‫َمعدُو ٌد ‪َ and the‬ع َد ٌد ‪adjective, so the‬‬
‫َٔا ٌخ َو ِاح ٌد‬ ‫ُٔاخْ ٌت َو ِاح َد ٌة‬
‫‪follow all the rules of‬‬ ‫وت‬
‫َعت َو َمن ُع ٌ‬
‫‪.‬ن ٌ‬
‫َٔا َخ َو ِان اِ ْث َن ِان‬ ‫ُٔاخْ َت ِان اِ ْث َن َت ِان‬
‫‪Numbers 3 - 10‬‬ ‫َثلَا َث ُة ٕاِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫َاث َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬ ‫َثل ُ‬
‫( ‪
Number‬‬ ‫) َع َد ٌد‬ ‫َٔا ْر َب َع ُة إِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫َٔا ْر َب ُع َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬
‫َمعدُو ٌد ‪• Comes before the‬‬ ‫َخ ْم َس ُة ٕاِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬‫س َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬ ‫َخ ْم ُ‬
‫اف ‪• Is‬‬
‫)ال ‪ُ (hence no tanwin or‬م َض ٌ‬ ‫ِس َّت ُة إِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ِس ُّت َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬
‫) َمعدُو ٌد ( ‪
Noun being counted‬‬
‫َس ْب َع ُة إِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫َس ْب ُع َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬
‫ٕاِلَي ِه ‪• Is‬‬
‫اف‬
‫جرو ٌر ‪ُ (hence‬م َض ٌ‬
‫) َم ُ‬ ‫َث َمانِ َي ُة ٕاِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫َث َمانِ ْي َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬
‫َجم ٌع ‪• Is‬‬
‫تِ ْس َع ُة إِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫تِ ْس ُع َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬
‫‪َ is‬معدُو ٌد ‪َ and‬ع َد ٌد ‪
The gender of‬‬
‫َعشَ َر ُة إِخْ َو ٍة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫َع ْش ُر َٔا َخ َو ٍ‬
‫‪opposite‬‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬

 ‫‪Case Endings for Singular, Dual and Sound Plural‬‬

‫ُم َؤن ٌَّث‬ ‫ُم َذكَّ ٌر‬

‫جرو ٌر‬
‫َم ُ‬ ‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬
‫َم ُ‬ ‫َمرفُو ٌع‬ ‫جرو ٌر‬
‫َم ُ‬ ‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬ ‫َم ُ‬ ‫َمرفُو ٌع‬
‫صب( ) َعلَا َم ُة َ‬
‫الج ِّر(‬ ‫) َعلَا َم ُة َالر ِفع( ) َعلَا َم ُة ال َن ِ‬ ‫صب( ) َعلَا َم ُة َ‬
‫الج ِّر(‬ ‫) َعلَا َم ُة َالر ِفع( ) َعلَا َم ُة ال َن ِ‬
‫ُمس ِل َم ٍة‬ ‫ُمس ِل َم ًة‬ ‫ُمس ِل َم ٌة‬ ‫ُمس ِل ٍم‬ ‫ُمس ِلماً‬ ‫ُمس ِل ٌم‬
‫ُم ْف َر ٌد‬
‫)ال َك َ‬
‫سر ُة(‬ ‫َتح ُة(‬
‫)الف َ‬ ‫الض َّم ُة(‬
‫) َّ‬ ‫)ال َك َ‬
‫سر ُة(‬ ‫َتح ُة(‬
‫)الف َ‬ ‫الض َّم ُة(‬
‫) َّ‬
‫ُمس ِل َم َتينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِل َم َتينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِل َم َتا ِن‬ ‫ُمس ِل َمينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِل َمينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِل َما ِن‬
‫ُم َث َّنى‬
‫) َالي ُاء(‬ ‫) َالي ُاء(‬ ‫) َٔالِ ٌ‬
‫ف(‬ ‫) َالي ُاء (‬ ‫) َالي ُاء(‬ ‫) َٔالِ ٌ‬
‫ف(‬
‫ُمس ِل َم ٍ‬
‫ات‬ ‫ُمس ِل َم ٍ‬
‫ات‬ ‫ُمس ِل َم ٌ‬
‫ات‬ ‫ُمس ِل ِمي َن‬ ‫ُمس ِل ِمي َن‬ ‫ُمس ِل ُمو َن‬ ‫َجم ٌع‬
‫)ال َك َ‬
‫سر ُة(‬ ‫)ال َك َ‬
‫سر ُة(‬ ‫الض َّم ُة(‬
‫) َّ‬ ‫) َالي ُاء(‬ ‫) َالي ُاء(‬ ‫)ال َو ْاو(‬ ‫َسالِ ٌم‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬

 ‫)‪“My Class” - Grammatical Analysis (Book 1, Ch. 21‬‬

‫‪doors‬‬ ‫‪three‬‬ ‫‪it has‬‬ ‫‪big‬‬ ‫‪school‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪the masjid‬‬ ‫‪from‬‬ ‫‪near‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪my school‬‬ ‫‪this‬‬

‫َثلَا َث ُة َٔاب َو ٍ‬
‫اب‬ ‫لَ َها‬ ‫ِه َي َمد َر َس ٌة َك ِب َير ٌة‬ ‫ِه َي َقر َِيب ٌة ِم َن ال َم ِ‬
‫سج ِد‬ ‫َه ِذ ِه َمد َر َس ِتي‬

‫جرو ٌر‪،‬‬ ‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ُ‬ ‫َعت‬

‫ن ٌ‬ ‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ‬ ‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬ ‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ‬
‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َؤخَّ ٌر‬ ‫جرو ٌر‬
‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ُ‬
‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬ ‫الجم َل ِة‪،‬‬ ‫ِشب ُه ُ‬ ‫إِلَي ِه‬
‫َو ُه َو‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر َو ُه َو‬
‫إِلَيهِ‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر ُم َق َّد ٌم‬
‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬

‫‪spacious‬‬ ‫‪class‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪our class‬‬ ‫‪this‬‬ ‫‪many‬‬ ‫‪classes‬‬ ‫‪the school‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪now‬‬ ‫‪open‬‬ ‫‪it’s doors‬‬

‫َو ُه َو َفص ٌل َو ِاس ٌع‬ ‫َه َذا َفصلُ َنا‬ ‫ِفي ال َمد َر َس ِة فُ ُصو ٌل َك ِث َير ٌة‬ ‫وح ٌة َالا ٓ َن‬
‫َٔاب َوا ُب َها َمف ُت َ‬
‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬ ‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ‬ ‫َعت‬
‫ن ٌ‬ ‫َظ ٌ‬
‫رف‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َض ٌ‬
‫َعت‬
‫ن ٌ‬ ‫جرو ٌر ‪،‬‬ ‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ُ‬
‫إِلَي ِه‬ ‫ُمب َت َد ٔا ٌ ُم َؤخَّ ٌر‬ ‫و ُهو إِلَي ِه‬
‫َخ َب ٌر َو ُه َو‬ ‫الجم َل ِة‪،‬‬ ‫ِشب ُه ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫رف‬
‫َح ُ‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬
‫اف‬
‫ُم َض ٌ‬ ‫َخ َب ٌر ُم َق َّد ٌم‬
‫َع ٍ‬
‫طف‬

‫)‪LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬

 ِ ‫الص‬
The Diptote – ‫رف‬ َّ ‫َال َمم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬
ِ ‫الص‬
Diptote – ‫رف‬ َّ ‫ال َمم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬ Triptote

‫اِس ُم ال ُم ِدي ِر إِ َبرا ِهي ُم‬ ِ ‫اِس ُم ال ُم َد ِّر‬

‫س ُم َح َّم ٌد‬
The principal’s name is Ibrahim The teacher’s name is Muhammad

1 No tanwîn Tanwîn

‫َذ َه ْب ُت إِلَى إِ َبرا ِهي َم‬ ‫َذ َه ْب ُت ٕاِلَى ُم َح َّم ٍد‬
I went to Ibrahim I went to Muhammad

2 Majrûr case is represented with fathah Majrûr case is represented with kasrah

Nouns which meet these two conditions are

called Diptotes. E.g., ‫برا ِهي ُم‬
َ ِ‫ ٕا‬is a diptote.

There are exceptions to this rule, which we will learn later, ‫اللَّ ُه‬ ‫إِ ْن شَ َاء‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 75
 ِ ‫الص‬
The Diptote – ‫رف‬ َّ ‫َال َمم ُنو ُع ِم َن‬
Following groups of nouns are diptotes
# Group Examples
1 Feminine proper nouns ‫ َج َه ُّن ُم‬،‫ َم َّك ُة‬،‫يج ُة‬ َ ‫ َخ ِد‬،‫َزي َن ُب‬
2 Masculine proper nouns ending with ta marbûtah ( ) ‫ة‬ ‫ َخ ِلي َف ُة‬،‫ ُٔا َسا َم ُة‬،‫ َط ْل َح ُة‬،ُ‫َح ْم َزة‬
3 Masculine proper nouns ending in ‫ا ُن‬ ‫ ُع ْث َما ُن‬،ُ‫ َم ْر َوان‬،ُ‫ َر َم َضان‬،ُ‫ُس ْف َيان‬
4 Adjectives on the pattern of ‫َف ْعلَا ُن‬ ‫ َع ْطشَ ا ُن‬،ُ‫ َغضْ َبان‬،ُ‫ َملآن‬،ُ‫ك َْسلَان‬
5 Masculine proper nouns on the pattern of ‫َٔا ْف َع ُل‬ ‫ َٔا ْص َغ ُر‬،‫ َٔانْ َو ُر‬،‫ َٔا ْك َب ُر‬،ُ‫َٔا ْح َمد‬
6 Adjectives on the pattern of ‫َٔا ْف َع ُل‬ ‫ َٔاخْ َض ُر‬،‫ َٔا ْس َو ُد‬،‫ض‬ ُ ‫ َٔا ْب َي‬،‫َٔا ْح َم ُر‬
7 Non-Arabic proper nouns ‫ َبا ِكس َتا ُن‬،‫ َب ْغدَا ُد‬،‫ ِولْ َي ُم‬،‫إِ ْب َرا ِهي ُم‬
8 Broken plurals on the following pattern:
a. ُ ‫َٔا ْف ِعل‬
‫َاء‬ ‫ َٔا ْولِ َي ُاء‬،‫ َٔا ْق ِو َي ُاء‬،‫ َٔا ْغنِ َي ُاء‬،‫َٔا ْص ِد َق ُاء‬
ُ ‫فُ َعل‬
b. ‫َاء‬ ‫ ُو َز َر ُاء‬،‫ فُق ََر ُاء‬،‫َاء‬ ُ ‫ُز َمل‬
c. ‫ل‬ُ ‫َمفَا ِع‬ ‫ َحدَائِ ُق‬،‫ َف َوا ِك ُه‬،‫ َم َكاتِ ُب‬،‫ِس‬ ُ ‫ َمدَار‬،ُ‫اجد‬ ِ ‫َم َس‬
d. ‫ل‬ ِ ‫َمف‬
ُ ‫َاعي‬ ِ ‫ َف َن‬،‫يح‬
‫اجي ُن‬ ُ ِ‫ َمفَات‬،‫َم َنا ِدي ُل‬
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 76
 ِ ‫الص‬
References from the Holy Qur’an for ‫رف‬ َّ ‫ال َم ْم ُنو ُع َم َن‬
And [mention] when Abraham was raising
the foundations of the House and [with him]
‫َوإِ ْذ َي ْر َف ُع إِ ْب َرا ِهي ُم الْ َق َوا ِع َد ِم َن الْ َب ْي ِت َوإِ ْس َما ِعي ُل َر َّب َنا َت َق َّب ْل‬
Ishmael, [saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] ﴾١٢٧:‫الس ِمي ُع الْ َع ِلي ُم ﴿البقرة‬ َّ ‫نت‬ َ ‫ِم َّنا ۖ إِنَّكَ َٔا‬
from us. Indeed You are the Hearing, the
Knowing. (2:127)

We said, 'O fire, be coolness and safety for

Abraham!' (21:69)
﴾٦٩:‫قُ ْل َنا َيا نَا ُر كُونِي َب ْر ًدا َو َسلَا ًما َع َلى ٰ ٕاِ ْب َرا ِهي َم ﴿الأنبياء‬

Said Pharaoh, "And what is the Lord of the

worlds?“ (26:23)
َ ‫َقا َل ِف ْر َع ْو ُن َو َما َر ُّب الْ َعالَ ِم‬
﴾٢٣:‫ين ﴿الشعراء‬

Go to Pharaoh. Indeed, he has transgressed."

(20:24)
﴾٢٤:‫ا ْذ َه ْب إِلَى ٰ ِف ْر َع ْو َن إِنَّ ُه َط َغى ٰ ﴿طه‬

This is Hell, which the criminals deny. (55:43)
And will drive the criminals to Hell in thirst
(19:86)
﴾٤٣:‫َهـٰ ِذ ِه َج َه َّن ُم الَّ ِتي ُي َك ِّذ ُب بِ َها الْ ُم ْج ِر ُمو َن ﴿الرحمن‬
َ ‫َون َُسو ُق الْ ُم ْجر ِِم‬
﴾٨٦:‫ين إِ َلى ٰ َج َه َّن َم ِو ْر ًدا ﴿مريم‬

LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8) 77

 َ ‫) َٔان َوا ُع‬
Types of Khabar (‫الخ َب ِر‬
A ‫ َخ َب ٌر‬can be one of the following:

1 2 3
One word ‫فر ٌد‬
َ ‫ُم‬ A phrase ‫ِشب ُه ُجم َل ٍة‬ A sentence ‫جم َل ٌة‬
ُ
1 2a 2b 3a 3b
‫ُم َفر ٌد‬ ‫ ِشب ُه ُجم َل ٍة‬،‫جرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫َجا ٌر َو َم‬ ‫ ِشب ُه ُجم َل ٍة‬،‫رف‬
ٌ ‫َظ‬ ‫ُجم َل ٌة ٱس ِم َّي ٌة‬ ‫ُجم َل ٌة ِف ْعلِـ َّيـ ٌة‬
One word Prepositional Phrase Adverbial Phrase Nominal Sentence Verbal Sentence
.‫اب َج ِدي ٌد‬ ِ
ُ ‫الك َت‬ .‫اب َعلَى ال َمك َت ِب‬ ِ
ُ ‫الك َت‬ .‫حت ال َمك َت ِب‬
َ ‫اب َت‬ ِ
ُ ‫الك َت‬ ٌ ِ‫َح ِام ٌد أَ ُخو ُه َطب‬
.‫يب‬ . ِ‫بِلَا ٌل َخ َر َج ِم َن الفَصل‬
.‫ُم َح َّم ٌد َطالِ ٌب‬ .‫ِٕالا َما ُم ِفي ال َم ْس ِج ِد‬ ِ ‫الس َّيا َر ُة َٔا َما َم َالب‬
.‫يت‬ َّ .‫َف ِاط َم ُة ِعن َد َها َس َّيا َر ٌة‬ .‫ا ِٓم َنـ ُة َذ َه َب ْت إِلَى ال َمد َر َس ِة‬

ُ ‫ال ُق ْر ٓا ُن ِك َت‬
.‫اب الل‚ ِه‬ .‫الح ْم ُد لِل‚ ِه‬
َ .‫س ِعن َد ال ُم ِدي ِر‬
ُ ‫ال ُم َد ِّر‬ .‫ َز ْي َن ُب لَ َها ِط ْف ٌل َص ِغي ٌر‬.‫رس ِّي‬ َ َ‫َح ِام ٌد َجل‬
ِ ‫س علَى ال ُك‬

‫ َخ َب ٌر‬is always ‫َمرفُو ٌع‬

‫ َخ َب ٌر‬can be indefinite
or definite, but
mostly it is indefinite.
LQ Mississauga – Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 8)
A ‫( ِشب ُه ُجم َل ٍة‬phrase) is either ‫جرو ٌر‬ ُ ‫( َجا ٌر َو َم‬prepositional phrase) or ‫رف‬ ٌ ‫( َظ‬adverbial phrase)

In a nominal sentence, a ‫جم َل ٍة‬ ُ ‫ ِشب ُه‬will always be a ‫ َخ َب ٌر‬, even though the sentence may begin with it.
For example: 1) .‫ل‬ ِ ‫فِي َالب‬
ٌ ‫يت َر ُج‬ 2) .‫ح ِدي َق ٌة‬
َ ‫يت‬ِ ‫َٔا َما َم َالب‬

The term ‫جم َل ٍة‬ ُ ‫ ِشب ُه‬is applied only when it comes as a ‫ َخ َب ٌر‬in a nominal sentence.

If this kind of phrase comes in a verbal sentence, it is NOT called ‫جم َل ٍة‬
ُ ‫ ِشب ُه‬. It is only called ‫جرو ٌر‬ ٌ ‫ َظ‬.
ُ ‫ َجا ٌر َو َم‬or ‫رف‬
For example: 1) .‫سج ِد‬ِ ‫َذ َه َب بِلَا ٌل إِلَى ال َم‬ 2) .‫ج َر ِة‬
َ َّ‫حت الش‬ َ ‫س ال َولَ ُد َت‬َ ‫َج َل‬
78