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1. a). List the Check list for energy audit in general. [4]
Ans Inputs: plant description , utility supply data, electricity, fuel & steam,
Energy consuming system information and score card responses. 2M
Ans Data logger is an electronic device that automatically records, scans and 2M
retrieves the data with high speed and greater efficiency during a test or
measurement, at any part of the plant with time.
Ans Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of
removing heat from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the 3M
comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both domestic and
commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve
a more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans or animals;
however, air conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with
heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power
amplifiers, and even to display and store artwork
Such probability assignments that reflect the state of belief of a person rather than
the objective evidence of a large number of trials are called personal or subjective 2M
probabilities.
PART- B
2 a). Explain the terms Energy Index and Cost Index along with their
significance. [8]
Cost Index :
Another parameter which is useful in monitoring and assessing
energy use of a facility is cost index. 2M
It is defined as the ratio of the cost of energy to the production
output.
Any changes in energy consumption which can be investigated and
remedied are indicated by comparison of cost indices. The trends
and fluctuations are clearly visible with such comparisons.
2 b). Discuss the Role of pie charts, Load profiles and Sankey
diagrams in Energy' Management with a suitable example of each
type. [8]
Ans
PIE CHART:
Energy usage is plotted on a circular chart where the quantity of a
particular type is represented as a segment of a circle.
The size of the segment being proportional to the energy 2M
consumption using a particular fuel relative to total fuel usage. The
energy units must be rationalised to the same units.
LOAD PROFILES :
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Load profile is an alternative method that is used for monitoring
energy consumption on a time dependent basis.
The usage of oil, coal, gas and electricity, considering all the
months are shown as cumulative monthly load profile.
The results illustrate seasonal variations. After a period of time,
energy consumption patterns emerge and it is possible to indicate at
a glance whether an area is exceeding its predicted energy use.
SANKEY DIAGRAM:
It represents all the primary energy flows into the factory. The
widths of the bands are directly proportional to energy 3M
production, utilization and losses.
Sankey diagrams are very difficult to construct since they involve
accurate measurements for all energy flows i.e., inputs,
throughputs, and outputs.
Considerable metering and instrumentation are needed in this
regard.
This construction or drawing of sankey diagram is an excellent
exercise in energy management.
V = 110V
Ans
I = 3.8 A
FLUX = 6200 Lumens
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Efficiency = 6200/(110*3.8) = 14.83 lumen/watt 4M
MSCP = 6200/4π = 493.38 C.P
4. a).
List the causes of Low Power factor. [8]
Ans Most of the motors used in industries are of induction type, which
have low lagging pf 2M
Lamps, discharge lamps operate at low lagging pf 2M
Transformer system work at low lagging pf 2M
Load on the system is varying which results in decreasing or low pf 2M
Ans 2M
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5. a).
Discuss the different processes by which heat is transferred
from a hot body to a cold body. [8]
Ans
Heat transfer takes place through walls, windows and roof in buildings
from higher temperature to lower temperature in three ways
1. Conduction
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2. Convection
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3. Radiation
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The ETS central furnace consists of a storage medium (usually called the
core) and controls, which detect when it is necessary to accumulate a
charge during the off-peak period. Elements within the storage core heat
ceramic bricks, crushed rock, or water to a predetermined temperature
level to provide the heating requirements for the entire on-peak period.
Room storage units are smaller versions of central ETS furnaces. They
come in a variety of sizes, from 2.0 to 7.2 kilowatts and supply the heating
for individual rooms. Larger rooms in the home may sometimes require
more than one storage heater.
Ans Depending on the type of house and on the number and lifestyles of the
occupants, hot water consumption may account for more than 20 per
cent of the total annual energy consumption in the home.
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Working operation
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7. a). Explain in detail about Return on Investment method (ROI). [8]
Ans
Measure of Worth:
Investment Rate of Return
Description:
An interest rate, ROI, is determined which yields a present
worth of zero. ROI implicitly assumes the reinvestment of recovered 4M
funds at ROI.
Calculation Approach:
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Decision Rule:
7 b). Explain the concept of profitability index for benefit cost ratio. [8]
Ans
Measure of Worth: Benefit cost ratio.
Description:
The ratio of the present worth of positive cash fl ows to the 4M
present worth of (the absolute value of) negative cash fl ows is formed
using i=MARR.
Calculation Approach:
Present value of cash inflow
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 = Present value of cash out flow 4M
Or