EEE 309 Communication Theory

Semester: July 2015

Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain

Associate Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd
Office: ECE 331, ECE Building
 Part 07

Digital Modulation / Digital

Bandpass Modulation

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 Digital Modulation
Digital bit stream is transmitted using analog carrier (bandpass channel) – Digital-to-
analog conversion

Various Forms:
A. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) / On-Off Keying (OOK): BASK, MASK
B. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): BFSK, MSK, MFSK
C. Phase Shift Keying (PSK): BPSK, MPSK, DPSK, QPSK, OQPSK
D. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) = ASK+PSK: MQAM

Can also be categorized as:

1. Binary modulation: BASK, BFSK, BPSK
2. M-ary modulation: MASK, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM
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BASK, BFSK, BPSK

Bit
sequence

BASK/
OOK

BPSK

BFSK

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 BASK / OOK (1)
Generation:

For OOK, A0 = 0
OOK

Detection:
- Both envelope detection and coherent detection (same as AM)

Envelope detector

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 BASK / OOK (2)

s(t)

s(t)

OOK

Amplitude Spectrum:

Advantage: Simplicity
Disadvantage: ASK is very susceptible to noise interference
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 BFSK (1)
Generation:

 AC cos2f1t , for 1
s t   
 AC cos2f 0t , for 0

Amplitude Spectrum:

Advantage: FSK is less susceptible to noise than ASK

Disadvantage: Bandwidth twice that of ASK
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 BFSK (2)
Detection:
- Both envelope detection and coherent detection

s(t)

Envelope (noncoherent) detection

s(t)

Coherent detection
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 BPSK (1)
Generation:
 AC cos2f C t , for 1
st   
 AC cos2f C t      AC cos2f C t , for 0

(Polar NRZ)

AC cos2f C t 

Amplitude Spectrum:

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 BPSK (2)
Detection:
- Only coherent detection

AC cos2f C t 

Advantage:
 Less susceptible to errors than ASK requiring the same bandwidth
 Less bandwidth requirement than that of FSK

Disadvantage:
More complex signal detection / recovery process than in ASK and FSK
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 DPSK (1)
(For this example: 0 means
transition: Logic network
performs XNOR operation)

Generation:

AC cos2f C t 

Detection by Envelope Detector:

Advantage: Envelope detection can be used

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 DPSK (2)

Q. Design a DPSK system (transmitter and receiver) assuming ‘1’ means transition
in phase.

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 QPSK: Principle (1)
Scheme 1: Bits Phase 01 11
 AC cos2f C t   / 4 , binary 11 11 π/4
 A cos2f t  3 / 4, binary 01
 C 01 3π/4
st   
C

 AC cos2f C t  5 / 4 , binary 00 00 5π/4

 AC cos2f C t  7 / 4 , binary10 00
10 7π/4 10
Constellation diagram

 QPSK uses phase shifts of 90o ⇒ 4 different signals, each

representing 2 bits
That is 2 bits are mapped onto one signal element (i.e., symbol)
Scheme 2: Bits Phase
 AC cos2f C t , binary 00 00 0
 A cos2f t   / 2 , binary 01
 C 01 π/2
st   
C

 AC cos2f C t   , binary10 10 π
 AC cos2f C t  3 / 2 , binary11
11 3π/2
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 QPSK : Principle

 In QPSK, every two

incoming bits are split up a1 t 
into two streams and each
stream generates own PSK cosc t 
signal by modulating own
carrier frequency
 Phase difference between
the two carriers is 90o (in a2 t 
quadrature) sin ct 
 The two PSK signals are
then added (or subtracted)
to produce one of 4 QPSK
signal elements 5π/4 7π/4 3π/4 π/4

For Scheme 1 14
 QPSK Transmitter
 In QPSK, every two incoming bits are split up into two streams and each stream generates
own PSK signal by modulating own carrier frequency
 Phase difference between the two carriers is 90o (in quadrature)
 The two PSK signals are then added to produce one of 4 signal elements, i.e., QPSK signal

AC cos2f C t 

AC sin 2f C t 
For Scheme 1
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QPSK Receiver: Coherent Detection

AC cos2f C t 

AC sin 2f C t 

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 QPSK
Advantage:
Higher data rate than in PSK (2 bits per symbol interval), while bandwidth occupancy
remains the same
• Drawback:
Higher rate PSK schemes are limited by the ability of equipment to distinguish small
differences in phase

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Noise in Communications (1)

Eb = Energy per bit

N0 = Noise spectral density

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 Noise in Communications (2)
Acceptable BER:
Vocoded speech: 10-2 - 10-3
Data transmission over wireless
channels: 10-5 - 10-6
Video transmission: 10-7 - 10-12
Financial data: 10-11

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Table of Q-function

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