Efficient Prediction of Dynamic Responses of
Mooring and FPSO-Tanker with Offloading System*
* Note: Sub-titles are not captured in Xplore and should not be used
1st Ruly Irawan
dept. name of organization (of Aff.) dept. name of organization (of Aff.)
name of organization (of Aff.) name of organization (of Aff.)
City, Country
email address
4th M. A. Alyacouby
dept. name of organization (of Aff.)
name of organization (of Aff.)
City, Country
email address
Abstract—This paper presents an alternative approach to
predict static and dynamic responses of FPSO-Tanker with
offloading model using Neural Network Model. The integrated
Neural Network workflow was applied to a complex dynamic
interaction of FPSO for the prediction of its responses during
offloading. A fit-for-purpose program was developed to evaluate
the three-dimensional static equilibrium of floating structure
such as FPSO, considering the attached mooring systems. To
demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of an Artificial
Neural Network procedure developed for the prediction of the
responses of moored FPSO. Floating Structure analysis divide
into two parts, first is to calculate the hydrodynamic coefficient,
and the second part, is calculate the response in time domain
history. Database is used to record the hydrodynamic coefficients
such as damping, added mass, as well as other parameters such
as mooring stiffness, mooring configurations, mooring angles,
mooring types, hawsers stiffness, viscous damping coefficient,
etc. A Neural Network Method has capability to predict the
solution in time domain problems and can be combined with
Genetic Algorithm to do the optimization. When using artificial
neural networks methods for the analysis of floating structures,
the computational effort associated with time-domain response
simulation may be reduced drastically compared to classic
solution strategies. Study has been conducted and result show
that ANN method has a good accuracy.
Index Terms—Artificial Neural Network; Genetic Algorithm;
FPSO-Tanker; dynamic responses; offshore structure; stability
I. I NTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
The deep-sea oil exploration is increasing as the demand
for the fuel is increasing day by day. Floating Production
Storage and Offloading (FPSO) facilities are found to be very
effective for production, storage and offloading of oil and gas
in such higher depth oil fields. There is a significant demand
Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this.
2nd M.S. Liew 3rd Montasir Osman A.
dept. name of organization (of Aff.)
name of organization (of Aff.)
City, Country City, Country
email address email address
in solving the sea keeping problem of FPSO mooring system
during production operation. The vessels are connected to each
other by a polyester cable called hawser during the offloading
operation which limits the relative movement of the vessel.
Design of an offloading procedure requires determination of a
system that is safe as well as stable which does not experience
large motions. The design variables that are pertinent to the
offloading procedure are relative vessel headings, to minimize
the effects of yaw instability, should fishtailing occur, hawser
tension, to avoid failure of the connections, hawser azimuth,
or direction to avoid collision during periods of transient
weather and as the relative draft of the vessels increase and
decrease distance between the vessels, to avoid collision, and
tug or thruster force, as the net magnitude and direction of
the stabilizing forces affect the other design variables and
ultimately determine if maintaining equilibrium of the system
is feasible with the use of tugs. Forces on the FPSO include the
environmental loads, hawser force, and the mooring reactions.
Forces on the tanker include the environmental loads, hawser
force, and tug force. Hence the effect of these parameters on
the dynamic response and hydrodynamic interactions of the
FPSO-mooring system is intended to be studied by the use of
simply mooring configuration to incorporate high nonlinearity
of the complex system. The design of each phase needs to be
done carefully and well planned as the safety of structure is
very important in this case. If decisions are taken based on
effects in only one part of the life cycle, it may do more harm
than good. Hence a thorough life cycle assessment of the FPSO
- mooring system is required to have a safe and successful
oil production and transportation. The methodology consists
of Simulation of dynamic responses of FPSO- Shuttle tanker
system and mooring line tension using physical model testing,
numerical and software simulations, Validation of numerical
and software simulation, analysis of FPSO- Shuttle tanker
system. The expected outcome includes Dynamic response and
hydrodynamic interactions of FPSO- shuttle tanker system for
the Malaysian and Australian deep waters, Effect of truncated
mooring lines on dynamic response of FPSO - Shuttle tanker
system. This will bring in huge benefits to UTP as consultant
for most of the FPSOs in the Region. In this paper presents an
alternative approach to predict static and dynamic responses
of FPSO-Tanker with offloading model using Neural Network
Model. The integrated Neural Network workflow was applied
to a complex dynamic interaction of FPSO-Tanker for the
prediction of its responses in specific area, Malaysia, South
East Asia.
B. Problem Statement
The FPSO - Shuttle tanker system is connected to each
other by a polyester cable called hawser during the offloading
operation which limits the relative movement of the vessel.
There are two configurations for the offloading system namely
tandem offloading and side by side offloading. Side-by-side
offloading is preferable if the relative motions of the vessels
are properly accounted for. Design of an offloading procedure
requires determination of a system that is safe as well as stable
which does not experience large motions. Safety requires
sufficient clearance between the vessels and other necessary
elements such as mooring lines and risers. Safety also requires
structural integrity of the hawser line and the connections of
the hawser to the vessel bulkheads. The equilibrium of the
FPSO - tanker system determines the safety and feasibility of
the offloading procedure. Design of each phase in the FPSO
- Shuttle tanker system needs to be done carefully and well
planned as the safety of structure is very important in this
case. Due to size limitations of wave basins worldwide it is
necessary to employ statically equivalent truncated mooring
and riser systems to test floating systems to be deployed in
deep and ultra-deep waters. The equivalent truncated mooring
system is designed iteratively, with a trial and error approach.
Obtaining an acceptable design for the mooring system using
a manual iterative approach is challenging and could take from
some days to some weeks of work. The main problem with
predicting the stability of side-by-side offloading of FPSO-
Shuttle Tanker system. The mooring line distribution system
give a lot of contribution to stability and response of FPSO-
Tanker system. Obtaining an acceptable method to predict the
stability of this system with respective to time and complexity
of the analysis. The most important factors on FPSO-Tanker
offloading system is the determination of maximum drift or
relative motion of both vessels as important as forces act on
the mooring lines. Related to this problem, three issues that
need to be resolved are as follows;
1) The prediction of responses of FPSO-Tanker System
with side by side offloading system is required to
determine the allowable clearance between two vessels
including offloading load.
2) Find a method that can be used to optimize the response
of the offshore structure such as FPSO-Tanker system
exposed to an environmental load without relying on
the computationally expensive time domain analysis,
especially for screening and design purpose.
3) Obtaining an acceptable model to predict the stability
and the safety of this system with respective to time
and complexity of the analysis.
C. Objective
The main objective of the research is to develop an in-
tegrated simulation model of side by side FPSO – Tanker
system that comprises the safety of offloading condition be-
tween FPSO and Tanker with minimize the collision during
offloading. This objective is to be achieved by the deliverable
simulation aspects as follows:
1) To develop a numerical framework for prediction of the
responses of FPSO during offloading system to Shuttle
Tanker.
2) To conduct parametric studies and develop optimization
tool to predict the configuration of mooring lines and
hawsers of FPSO - Shuttle tanker system during offload-
ing.
3) To validate the above simulation results using commer-
cial software, data from literature review and model test.
D. Scope of Research
The scope of research is described in particular based on
the limitations or applicability of several engineering aspects.
The main portions of the current research are laboratory work
and numerical simulation. Therefore, research is limited to the
following scopes;
1) The numerical simulation is performed by using com-
mercial computational offshore dynamics software of
ANSYS Aqwa v.18.
2) Laboratory experiment is conducted by using the off-
shore lab of Universiti Teknologi Petronas which has
dimension of 12 m length, 10 width, and height of 1.30
m.
3) The environment is limited to unidirectional waves and
steady currents in the experimental modeling.
4) The contributions of risers are not considered in the
numerical or experimental modeling.
5) Station keeping systems are limited to spread mooring
lines.
6) For the model tests, linear springs are used to represent
the restoring force for the prototype mooring system.
7) To investigate the effect of mooring line configuration,
and the effect of the hawsers line system on the FPSO-
Tanker.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Overview
This chapter describes the review of the literature and past
work related to the research on responses of floating structure
either experiment or modeling. The first review is on the
literatures of the fundamental theory of offshore structure. The
main topic of offshore structure on this thesis is floating struc-
ture responses as important as its parameters such as natural
frequencies, added mass, added damping coefficient, and en-
vironmental loads. Furthermore, literatures that provide latest
journals regarding Artificial Intelligent method to predicting
and optimizing the offshore structure such as mooring lines,
risers and floating responses. In term of modeling, several
previous laboratory experiments are reviewed to understand
the method used in the experiment as well as procedures and
results. Furthermore, the use of numerical method in the past
research is evaluated regarding the modeling preferences and
the run of simulation. Literatures on the basic calculation
of floating structure responses are assessed as preliminary
review prior to the observation of the literatures, which provide
extensively information related to experimental study on the
floating structure coupled motion with mooring lines. Finally,
the Artificial Intelligence methods as well as predicting and
optimizing process in the obtaining forces and responses
of floating structure and its interaction between vessels are
presented.
B. Dynamic Responses of FPSO
A comprehensive study for numerical simulations of a turret
moored FPSO in irregular waves with winds and currents. He
derived the equation of motions of such model in the time
domain using an uncoupled method and solved rigid body
and mooring line dynamics separately Wichers [1]. Compared
the coupled and uncoupled analysis for a moored FPSO in
harsh environments and suggested that the uncoupled analysis
results are efficient to be used in the early design phase of the
mooring system. There was relatively good agreement between
the uncoupled and coupled analysis values even though the
maximum values were different Heurtier et al [2]. Developed
a reliable method for predicting the extreme response for the
FPSO using both short term and long-term approach. This
method can be applied to do the structural analysis of both
newly built and converted FPSOs Zhao et al [3]. developed a
program in time domain for simulating the global motion of
a turret moored FPSO. They also conducted physical model
testing to study the vessel motion and mooring tension for non-
parallel wind, wave, current and 100-year hurricane condition
in Gulf of Mexico Kim et al [4]. Problems encountered
during FPSO tandem offloading operations were investigated
by Wang et al [5]. Time domain simulation and analysis
of offloading system was performed using the multi-body
mooring software ARIANE 7.0. Hydrodynamic interactions
between the vessels were studied. Catipovic et al [6] has done
time domain analysis of FPSO using improved stiffness model
for mooring line. Improved model is used to evaluate dynamics
of FPSO moored using polyester mooring line with linearized
axial stiffness. Hydrodynamic loads and interactions of FPSO
were calculated using HYDROSTAR (2011).
C. Ship Motion Problem
Developed a theory and numerical tool for coupled dynamic
analysis of a deep-water floating platform with polyester
mooring lines. Large elongation and nonlinear stress- strain
relationships as typically observed in polyester mooring lines
are taken in to account while developing the nonlinear rod
theory model. The results from the nonlinear rod theory were
systematically compared with original rod theory Tahar et al
[7]. Compared Neumann-Kelvin and Double Body lineariza-
tion, the two classes of linearization theories used in ship
motion problem to find hydrodynamic coefficients, response
and load. His studies concluded that the Neumann- Kelvin
computation better represented the ship motion problem when
the Froude number is high and for slender bodies while Double
Body Linearization technique is better for low Froude number
and wide displacement ships Kim et al [8]. Calculated the
added resistance of ship using direct integration method (near
field approach) and momentum conservation method (far field
approach) and concluded that depending on ship speed and
hull form an appropriate method has to be applied Kim et al
[9].
D. Multi Body Interaction
The hydrodynamic interactions and mechanical coupling
effects of two large vessels operating side by side, connected
by elastic lines were investigated by Koo et al [10] using a
time domain dynamic analysis program and model testing.
Three different methods were used for the analysis: Combined
full matrix method (CMM), Iterative separated matrix method
(SMM) and Non- Hydrodynamic interaction method (NHI).
They concluded that there may be large discrepancy between
CMM and other two methods. SMM is better than NHI but
may still significantly over predict or under predict the actual
values. The cross-coupling terms in CMM has significant
effect and that is the best method to obtain an accurate result.
The motion response of adjacent multiple floating bodies
was studied using Rankine Panel Method by Kim et al [11].
The time domain approach used allowed the coupling with
nonlinear external loads. They showed that, in the multiple
body problem, the 3-D effect is important in predicting the
frequencies of the resonant free - surface flows between multi-
ple bodies. Fully nonlinear hydrodynamic interaction between
two 3D floating structures in close proximity is studied using
the quasi arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element method,
based on the fully nonlinear potential theory by Yan et al [12].
The results demonstrate that the 2nd order force components
maybe at a similar level as the 1st order component at the
frequency near resonant frequency and under such conditions,
fully nonlinear model must be employed to estimate the forces
under conditions near resonance. Lee at al studied the dynamic
behavior of FPSO - shuttle tanker system in current, wind and
waves [13]. The static and dynamic stability of the FPSO-
shuttle tanker system is analyzed based on using the linearized
equations of motion in surge, sway and yaw modes. It is
found that the FPSO - shuttle tanker system shows a quite
different stability from those of the FPSO and the shuttle
tanker. Vessel motions in waves usually considered as a linier
system that response linearly to wave excitation. In the time
domain calculation, impulsive response function method based
on frequency-domain results is used in dealing with radiation The hydrodynamic coefficients as added mass µij , radiation
forces, and solution of vessel motions in the frequency domain damping λij and wave forces in the frequency domain are
is required. The linear incident wave potential can be written computed using panel program HydroStar developed by Bu-
in a general form as: reau Veritas (2010). Wave diffraction forces and radiation
ζa g kz forces in the time domain can be obtained using IRF method.
φI (x, y, z, t) = e sin (k(x cos β + y sin β) − ωt − σ) According to Newton’s law, motion equation can be expressed
ω
(1) as:
Where where ζa , ω, β and, σ are the wave amplitude, fre-
ξ¨i
 F
Mij + µF F
µF L
 F
quency, wave number, heading angle and phase shift, respec- ij (∞) ij (∞)
=
tively. The potential in the flow field can be regarded as the FL
µij (∞ Mij + µij (∞) ξ¨iL
L LL

superposition of incident wave potential, radiation potentials

and diffraction potential.  F
Mij + µF F
µF L

ij (∞) ij (∞)
(11)
φ = φI + φF L
Ri + φRi + φD (2) µF L
ij (∞
L
Mij + µLL
ij (∞)

Where φI is the incident wave potential φF L

Ri and φRi , are
Z ∞
respectively the radiation potential corresponding to the 6° f (x)e−iωx dx ,
motions of FLNG and LNG carrier; φI is the diffraction −∞

potential. In the flow field, the potential φ satisfies the Laplace

equation: α, β, γ, Γ, π, Π, φ, ϕ, µ, Φ, ξ, ζ
∇2 φ = 0 (3)
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δn
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= ξiF nF
i (10) “cm3 ”, not “cc”.)
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R EFERENCES
[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
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[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
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[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
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[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
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[7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: Univer-
sity Science, 1989.

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