Equipment, Systems and Processes

Schlumberger Public
Mark E. Teel
Client-Relations Manager
SRC Schlumberger Rosharon Center
2 Initials
The Life of Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs
Seismic Exploration Development Formation Well Casing and
Exploration Drilling Drilling Evaluation Testing Cementing

Complete Monitor and Workover Stimulate Plug and

Manage Interventions Abandon

3 Initials
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 Oil and Gas Drilling Rigs

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 How deep is deep?

500 m
(1640 ft)
301 m
(988 ft)

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 Identifying Needs and Challenges

•So, How deep

are we going?

Deeper than
ever!

Empire
State
Building

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How deep are we going below the seafloor?

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How deep are we going below the seafloor?

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 Subsea – Intervention and Safety Systems
– Offshore fields are increasingly
developed “subsea” with
wellheads on the seafloor.
– Anchored rigs or dynamically
positioned drillships are used
for drilling, testing and well
completion activities.
– Safe well access, emergency
shut-in and disconnects are a
huge challenge.
– SRC develops technology to safely
shut-in, disconnect from and
reconnect to a subsea wellhead.
 Well
Completions

Wellbore Architecture

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 Packers
• ANCHOR production tubing inside cemented casing
• SEAL to isolate the tubing-casing annulus and act as a
pressure barrier between formation, or reservoir pressure,
and upper wellbore annulus or between multiple zones
• PROTECT upper steel casing from erosion, corrosion:
H2O, H2S, CO2

18, Completion Basics

15-May-12
 Multilateral Wells and Wellbore Junctions

Strength
Solids Exclusion
Hydraulic Pressure Isolation
Lateral access
Define technique, coiled tubing, wireline, rig
Size and type of tools for intervention
 What is a well completion?

• Equipment installed and procedures performed in oil or gas

wellbores to facilitate flowing from—production—or pumping
into—injection—subsurface formations after drilling, running
steel casing and cementing the primary casing or liner in place.

• Production tubing and other equipment components of a well

completion help transport hydrocarbons to surface in an
efficient cost-effective, controlled, measured, and safe manner.

20, Completion Basics

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 Well Completions
• Conveyance, or transport, into and out of …
• Data acquisition …
• Flow control and flow management …
• Communication and data transmission …
• SAFETY !

Completion installations can be:

temporary for well testing or
permanent for long-term production
— “life of a well, field, or reservoir”
Perforate

Oilwell Perforating

• Wireline conveyed
• TCP—
Tubing Conveyed
perforating

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Explosive Shaped-Charges

TCP Tubing-Conveyed Perforating

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Shaped Charge Animation (to 30 microseconds)
Shaped Charge Animation (to 140 microseconds)
28 Initials
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 Cased, Cemented and Perforated
• The most common type of well completion
• Selective production, stimulation and zonal isolation
• Pressure control and safety
• Multiple individual zones completed in a single wellbore

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 PERF Lab Testing Capabilities
PV-93 Test (2008) PV-94 Test#001 (2009)
 Well Classifications
• Wellbore and reservoir interaction
– Steel cased, cemented and perforated
– Openhole, or barefoot
– Standalone screens, gravel and frac packs
– Vertical, high-angle, and horizontal
• Flowing method
– Natural flow
– Artificial lift
• Number of completed zones
– Single
– Multiple
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Completions tubulars and equipment-plumbing

33, Completion Basics

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34 Initials
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 Well
Completions

Wellbore Architecture

35 Initials
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 Packers
• ANCHOR production tubing inside cemented casing
• SEAL to isolate the tubing-casing annulus and act as a
pressure barrier between formation, or reservoir pressure,
and the upper wellbore annulus or between multiple zones
• PROTECT upper steel casing from erosion, corrosion:
H2O, H2S, CO2
• Available in different types:
– Permanent
– Retrievable
Single, dual or triple string, multi-ported, sealbore

36, Completion Basics

15-May-12
X-Series Retrievable Production Packers

XHP

XMP
 Openhole Sandface Completions
• Advantages
– Maximizes area open to flow
– Decreases pressure drop, or pressure drawdown
– Minimizes formation damage from cementing,
perforating and completion fluids and operations
• Disadvantages
– Lack of pressure containment and selective control
– Possible borehole instability and risk of hole collapse

38, Completion Basics

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 Mechanical Screens and ICD Inflow Control Devices

39, Completion Basics

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Swellable Openhole Packers
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 Well
Completions

Sand-Control Completions and Pumping

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 Zones to be completed
• When more than one zone will be
producing at the same time
• When zones are prepared to produce
at different periods of time without
need of major intervention (workover)
• May need: dual, triple strings, sliding
sleeves, permanent control valves
• Remedial workovers difficult when
more than one tubing is used

43, Completion Basics

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 Sequential Production with a
Packer and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

44, Completion Basics

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 Sequential Production with a
Packer and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

45, Completion Basics

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 Commingled Production with a
Packer and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

46, Completion Basics

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 Packers and Sliding Sleeves or Valves
and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

47, Completion Basics

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 Sliding Sleeves
• Provide communication tubing-annulus
• Used to circulate wells
• To produce selectively different zones
• Reduced internal diameters

48, Completion Basics

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Flow Management: Two Production Zones

– Dual producing zones, formations or reservoirs

– Drilling, well-construction and well-completions savings

49, Completion Basics

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Flow Management: Accelerated Production
and Optimal Reserve Recovery
Intelligent Completions – benefits and history

• Cumulative Oil Production and Flow Strategy Comparison

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Days
Sequentia Uncontrolled Controlled
l Commingled Commingled
Flow Management –
Permanent Downhole Flow-Control Valves
Oseberg

 B-38 is the 2nd well

drilled exclusively in
the Ness formation
Subsurface Safety
Valve  Ness target contribution
≈70,000 B/D–350,000 B/D
9-5/8 in. QUANTUM (field)
production packer

Completion string
Flow control valve
7 in. QUANTUM 1 per zone
isolation
packers
 Phase 1 – Prove the Value SPE 71677 & 107117
Case study : Multiple zones selective wells - Norway (2000 – 2001)

D epth
m TVD MSL 4 00 0 5000 6000

B -38 A , b o ret *
30 /9-B -39 T 3*

S H E T LA N D G P .


-25 0 0 B -38 B , p lan -25 00

Production was declining

B -38 A T 2 , b o re t*


D raup ne F m .
?

Schlumberger Confidential
H ea ther F m .

TD
B
38
AT
2 ?
In tra H e a th e r sa n d ,
p a rtly ce m e n te d
Require to produce
Tarb ert F m .
untapped reserves
Zone 1
B 3 8A T 2, p lan *
M id d le Ta rb e rt c o a l

-26 0 0
OW C GM UN1
UN1
TD
B
38
A
-26 00  Not “continuous”
reservoirs
T1
N ess F m . U N 2 co a l
T2
OWC GM
LN 35
LN35

T3
Zone 2 T5
To p L N 3 5 c o a l  Required long reach and
LN 2 T4

R a n./E tive F m highly deviated


LN 35

-27 0 0
O se berg F m
-27 00
O W C U N 1 /L N 3 5 G S
@ 2701.5 m T V D M S L Required to control gas
coning and water
L N 1 co al

G A M M A M A IN

D U N LIN G P .
L e g en d :
GAMM A SOU TH
Zone 3 breakthrough.
*th e w ells a re projected onto the cross-section
T A R G E TS : m TVDM SL m TVDR KB m M D
T1 2610 .0 2668 .0 56 16,5
T2 2617 .5 2675 .5 4000
58 36,8 50 00 6 00 0
K ilo m e te r
T3 2663 .8 2721 .8 61 80,0
0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 V e rtical disp lace m ent from O F C
T4 2670 .4 2728 .4 65 59,7
T5 2655 .9 2713 .9 67 81,8
Phase 1 – Prove the Value SPE 71677 & 107117
Case study : Multiple zones selective wells - Norway (2000 – 2001)

► Long reach & highly deviated Monobore wells

■ 9-5/8” Casing with 7” liner though reservoir
► 9-5/8” Production and 7” Isolation packers

Schlumberger Confidential
Production
► TRFC-HN remotely operated flow control valves
packer
■ Hydraulic control lines to surface
■ Intervention capability
► Pressure & temperature monitoring

9 5/8” Casing

3 ½” Flow Control 3 ½” Flow Control

Valve 7” Liner Valves
55 Initials
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 Expansion joints
• Allow thermal expansion and
contraction of tubing string
between fixed points
• Allows tubing disconnection and
reconnection of upper completion
with sealing
• Composed of a assembly with
elastomer seal and wiper rings,
depending on downhole conditions

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Pump-Out Plugs
• Base component of production tubing
string, many times for hydraulically
set packers
• Guide re-entry of intervention tools
into tubing once seat and ball are
expended
• Allow for easy liner top entry in high-
angle wells

58, Completion Basics

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 Reentry Guide
• Component in the production tubing
• Guide reentry of intervention tools
back into tubing
• Allow for easy liner top entry in
high-angle wells

60, Completion Basics

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 Landing Profile Nipples and Locks
• Allow landing and locking of multiple
accessories in the tubing string for:
– Flow control
– Plugging devices
– Many different profiles
– Basic types: No-go and selective

62, Completion Basics

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Completion Accessories-Chemical Injection
DCIN - Features

Schlumberger Private
• New generation of chemical injection mandrels
• One piece body (no welds)
• Limited leak paths
• Internal check system
• Proven supplier of check valves
• Checks can be tested to full working pressure installed in to the
mandrel
• Optional profile

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 Control-Line Clamps and Protectors
•Purpose
– Protect control line
– Support control line

•Features
– Location on tubing couplings
– Lightly grip control line
– Multiple line capability
– Upset for Large O.D. assemblies.
– Various types and sizes of lines.

66, Completion Basics

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Flow Control: FIV Formation Isolation Valve

● Bi-directional ball valve to provide a

Safety Barrier during the well completion
program
● Rig time savings via remote actuation
● Improve and enhance reliability and
operability
Mechanical / Ball Module
New Mechanical
Next Generation FIV Section
New Ball Section
Actuation Module
Contingency Opening
n-Trigger Tool
S-Trigger
n-Trigger API Debris Testing
MFIV-II
Mechanical Ball

Shifting tool interface Barrier

Holds valve open/close - Rotates
open/close
 Same mechanical and ball sections as FIV-II
 Same shifting tools as FIV-II
 Extensions 3ft, 6ft or 9ft, same as for FIV-II
FIV-II

3 major sections to an isolation valve:

TripSaver Mechanical Ball

Remote Shifting tool Barrier

(interventionless) interface
opening feature - Rotates
Holds valve open/close
open/close
 Flow Control –
Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves
Primary purpose
– Emergency well-control device
– Prevent: (Piper Alpha)
personnel, environmental,
equipment, and reserve losses
Secondary purpose
– Downhole flow control
allow for wellhead maintenance
serve as a secondary barrier
 Safety Valve Construction

Power Source Power Source Closure Mechanism

[Opening Force] [Closing Force]

Hydraulic Piston Power Spring Flapper

Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)

 Standard Spring‐Type Design
Flapper Closure
Piston Bore Hydraulic Piston Flowtube

Production 
Tubing Pressure
Power Spring
Flow Tube and Flapper Closure Mechanisms
 Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves

• SCSSV Applications:
– Government/country regulations
– Offshore and onshore wells
– Environmentally sensitive wells
– H2S /C02 containing wells

74, Completion Basics

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 Monitor and
Intelligent Completions Manage

Reservoir Monitoring & Control….

Real time production optimization

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 Reservoir Energy—Pressure

Water drive Gas drive Solution-gas drive

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 Artificial Lift Technologies

77 Initials
Gas lift valves
5/15/2012
Electrical submersible pumps
 Natural Flow or Artificial Lift

• Natural flow: Enough reservoir

pressure to bring fluids to surface
• Artificial lift: Add energy to the fluid
– Electrically driven, mechanical
positive-displacement beam pumps
– ESP electric submersible pumps
– Gas lift (re-injecting produced gas)

78, Completion Basics

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 Side-Pocket Mandrels
• Annulus-tubing communication
device in an artificial-lift completion
• A valve is located to allow gas to

Schlumberger Public
enter the tubing to lift the oil
• More than one are installed in a well

79, Completion Basics

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 PRODUCED FLUID CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRESSURE (PSI)
0 1000 2000
INJECTION GAS
0

FL
OW
ING
1000

TU
BIN
GP
CASING PRESSURE WHEN
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

RE
Gas lift

SS
2000
valves

UR
EG
RA
DIE
3000

NT
DEPTH (FT TVD)
4000

5000
OPERATING GAS LIFT
VALVE

6000

SIBHP
7000

FBHP
Downhole ESP Electrical Submersible Pump

High Efficiency
Pump

Motor

Impeller
Diffuser

Intake
82 Initials
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 Completion Components
1

10

• Subsurface safety valves 11

12

13

14

• Packers
19

2 70m 10-3/4"
15

13Cr Csg. to 16
Shoe

3 18

• Sliding sleeves
20

Critical Dimension
21

4 22

23

24

• Expansion joints

Target Cut Zone

25

26

47

5 27

• Chemical-injection valves
28

29

30

• Flow-control valves
6
31

32

47

33

34

35

• Permanent monitoring gauges

7 36

37

8 38

• Side-pocket mandrels or ESP

39

40a

40b

• Landing profile nipples

41

10 45

42

43

• Wireline reentry guide

44

45

46

G04-0032a

• Formation Isolation Valve

17

11

12
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Stimulate

Stimulation, Pumping Services

Fracturing

Acidizing
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 Workover
Interventions
Assisting Production From
Pressure-Depleted Reservoirs

Fire Flood –In flooding

Water situ combustion
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Abandonment

P&A Plug and Abandon

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Four Life Stages of Reservoir Development

Stage
Stage
3 Stage
41 2
Development
Exploration
Late Life
Delineation

Achieving
Starting
Water Determine
production
full
to reduce
production
the risk
the
reservoir
Depleted pressure
Refine
Choose
reservoir
extent
the right
model
point
Intervention
ReservoirDetermine
monitoring
Locatereservoir
potential
Stimulation
Continue
reservoir
properties
reducing the
riskFlow assistance
Determine
reservoir
model

87 Initials Further
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reduce risk
88 Initials
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 Focus on Technology and the Reservoir Life Cycle

Exploration Appraisal Development Production

+
Cash Flow

0
_ Time

Reservoir Optimization
Traditional Development