A line joining the points of highest elevation of water ina series of vertical open

pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure is referred to as
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT

Question: Can we use ordinary structural strength steel for prestress concrete?
Answer: No, because the low prestress that those rods can develop will quickly be
lost due to shrinkage and creep in concrete.

Question: Are there other ways of prestressing other than pulling the rod's end
apart?
Answer:Electrically preheating the wire stands and allowing them to cool to produce
the prestress have been attempted. Use of expansive concrete has been attempted
also. But the two above methods have been used so far on experimental basis only.

Question: Is it necessary for the structural designer to specify the manner of

prestressing
Answer: If he desire, yes. However, it is unnecessary in as much as different
systems, steel elements,jacks, fitting differ only in minor detail.
The designer however must have some knowledge of the details of system availably in
his locality to accommodate selected cross-sectional dimensions.

Question: What is the normally specified strength of concrete used for prestress
members?
Answer: 5000 to 6000 psi ordinary concrete is used for prestressed construction.
High strength concrete is desired because a) it reduces prestress loss, b) it means
development of higher bond strength, c) development of higher bearing capacity to
reduce the size of anchorage fittings which are usually more expensive.

Question: Can we use ordinary structural bars for prestressing

Answer: No.Prestress can easily be lost due to shrinkage and temperature; thus
rendering the prestress useless.

The material deforms considerably even with a slight increase in stress - yielding
A yield strength of yield point of a material is defined in engineering and
materials in science as the stress at which a material begins to deform
plastically. Prior to the yield point, the material will deform elasticaly and will
return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed

The material regains its original dimensions when the load is removed - elasticity
Elasticity is the way a material initially responds when it is subjected to
stresses. Elasticity refers to the material's ability to deform in a non-permanent
way, meaning that when the stress load is removed from the material it will recover
its original form

The material deforms in the plastic range without breaking - Ductility

Ductility is a measure of a metal's ability to withstand tensile stress - any force
that pulls the two ends of a material away from each other... The term 'ductile'
literally means that a metal substance is capable of being stretched out into a
thin wire, and it does not become weaker or become brittle in the process.

Fluid particles move in a straight line along a smooth pipe. The factor that causes
coeff. of friction. viscous shear

The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of

the liquid. This principle of mechanics is attributed to a) Bernoulli b) Archimedes
c) Pascal d) Boyles...Ans. C. Pascal
Pascal Law: is a principle in fuild mechanics that states that a pressure change
occuring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the
fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.
Waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest exceed the
velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs
when the wave velocity L is less that 7 times the wave height. a) intermediate
water waves b) breaking waves c) shallow water waves d) significant waves Ans...B
Breaking wave is a wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some
process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be
transformed into turbulent kinetic energy

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is often used as a measure of the quality of

strength of a soil that underlies a pavement, for determining the thickness of the
pavement, its base, and other layers.

Culverts - a closed conduit for the passage of surface drainage under a highway, a
railroad, a canal, or other embankment.

Uniform channel- constant cross section

Uniform flow - grade, or slope, of the water surface is the same as that of the
channel. Depth of flow is constant throughout.
Steady flow - depth at any locations remains constant with time

Energy Grade Line (Total-head line) - a longitudinal profile of the elevation of

the specific energy head

Hydraulic Grade Line - longitudinal profile of the water surface

Aquifers - groundwater formations capable of furnishing an economical water supply.

Aquicludes - formations from which extractions cannot be made economically

Apsis - extreme point in the orbit of an object

Peri (near)
Ap/apo (far)

Bridge of Asses (Pons Asinorum) - states that in isosceles triangles, the angles at
the base equal one another, and, if the equal straight lines are produced further,
then the angles under the base equal one another.

Thale's Theorem (namesd after Thales of Miletus) states that if A, B, and C are
points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle, then the angle
ABC is a right angle.

CAD (computer-aided design)

Theorem - statement proven based on axioms, other theorems, and some set of logical
connectives.
Axiom - statement that is assumed to be true without any proof
Axiom/Postulate - is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or
starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
Theory - subject to be proven before it is considered to be true or false

Accelerated Cost Recovery System - depreciation method recently instituted by the

Internal Revenue Service. Its main features are that salvage value is not relevant
and that the useful life of the asset is limited to 3,5,10 or 15 years.

SOYD, DBM - accelerated (heaviest depreciation in earlier years)

Sinking Fund - decelerated (heaviest depreciation in later years)
Straight-Line - neither accelerated nor decelerated.

Sinking-Fund Method - this method depreciates an asset as if the firm were to make
a series of equal annual deposits (a sinking fund) whose value at the end of the
asset's useful life just equaled the cost of replacing the asset.

Bond - is an economic instrument which has a face value guaranteed to be paid to

the bondholder by the issuing company when the instrument reaches maturity.

*** For normally-consolidated clay, it will not settle further under present
loading conditions.

states that the stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region -
Hookes Law

that in the deformation of axially-loaded members, the ratio of the lateral to the
longitudinal strain is constant - Poisson's Ratio

that within the elastic range, it is the constant of proportionality that defines
the linear relationship between stress and strain -Young's modulus

Which structural member has the ratio of its unsupported height to its least
lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used primarily to support axial load?
a) Pedestal b) Column c) Deep Beam d) Corbel Ans. Column

What do you call the retarding force acting opposite a body in motion?
a) Intertia b) Dynamic c) Static Friction d) Kinetic Friction

What is the term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to
the strain?
a) Elastic Limit b) Ultimate Stress c) Proportional Limit D) Tensile Stress
Answer: Proportional Limit

Materials which have the same composition at any point are described as:
a) Homogeneous b) Isotropic c) Plastic d) Orthotropic
Answer: Homogeneous

Which property of a material enables it to undergo large permanent strains before

failure
a) Proportional Limit b) Strain hardening c) Ductility d) Creep

Stressing high strength steel wires before concrete hardens

a) Post tensioning b) Creep c) Pre tensioning d) Relaxation
Answer: Pre tensioning

Stressing high strength steel after the concrete has been cast and has attained
sufficient strength
a) Post tensioning b) Creep c) Pre tensioning d) Relaxation
Answer: Post tensioning

Loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a
constant strain
a) Post tensioning b) Creep c) Pretensioning d) Relaxation
Answer: Relaxation

Which term refers to the ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic
range?
a) Resilience b) Stiffness c) Plasticity d) Toughness
Answer: Resilience

Which material has the same compression at any point?

a) Isotropic b) Plastic c) Homogeneous d) Orthoropic
Answer: Homogeneous

Which is the term which refers to the ability of a material to deform in the
plastic range without braking?
a) Stiffness b) Resilience c) Elongation d) Ductility
Answer: Ductility

What do you call the ability of a material to absorb energy in the platic range?
a) Elasticity b) Toughness c) Plasticity d) Stiffness
Answer: Toughness

Which term refers to the property of a material which makes it return to its
original dimension when the load is removed?
a) Plasticity b) Elasticity c) Permanent Set d) Compressibility
Answer: Elasticity

It is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied force
acts
a) shear wall b) center of mass c) eccentricity d) center of rigidity
answer: center of rigidity

It is the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass

a) deflection b) drift c) pitch d) eccentricity

long-term deflections - deformation

creep - deformation that occurs under a constant load over a period of time

shrinkage - is a volume change that is unrelated to load application, is closely

related to creep

Is the most commonly used type of weld in structural connections due to its overall
economy and its ease of fabrication - fillet weld

primarily used to connect structural members aligned in the same plane. It is more
costly, as it often requires extensive edge preparation and precise fabrication -
groove weld

Five basic type of joints:

butt, lap, tee, corner and edge

lap joint is the most common type becuase of ease of fitting (i.e., there is no
need for great precision in fabrication) and ease of joining (i.e., there is no
need for special preparation of edges being joined)

three general modes by which axially-loaded compression members can fail:

flexural buckling (Euler buckling) - primary type of buckling

local buckling - one or more parts of a member's cross section fail in a small
region, before the other modes of failure can occur (is a function of the width-
thickness ratios of the parts of the cross-section)

Torsional buckling

Ideal column - initially perfectly straight, isotropic, and free of residual

stresses

As the slenderness ratio increases, the buckling stress decreases

loads that are applied at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the member -
transverse loads

If an axial compressive load of substantial magnitude is also present with

transverse loads, the member is called .... beam-column

is a major beam that often provides supports for other beams - girder

is a main longitudinal beam, usually supporting bridge decks - stringer

is a transverse beam in bridge decks - floor beam

is a light beam that supports a floor - joist

is a beam spanning an opening (a door or a window), usually in masonry construction

- lintel

is a beam on the outside perimeter of a building that supports, among other loads,
the exterior wall - spandrel

is a beam that supports a roof and frames between or over supports, such as roof
trusses or rigid frames - purlin

is a light beam that supports only the lightweight exterior sides of a building, as
is typical in pre-engineered metal buildings - girt

most efficiennnt beam sections - doubly symmetrical shapes, such as W,S, and M
-they have excellent flexural strength and relatively good lateral strength for
their weight

have reasonably good flexural strength but poor lateral strength, and they require
horizontal bracing or some other lateral support - channels

steel bars used to transfer forces from one member to the other - dowels or dowel
bars

concrete strength is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio

tensile strength of concrete in flexure - modulus of rupture, fr

accuracy is a term which indicates the degree of conformity of a measurement to its

a) most probable value b) mean value C) TRUE VALUE d) standard error

Precision is a term which indicates the degree of conformity of

a) measured value to its true value
b) measured value to its mean value
c) measure value to its weighted mean value
D) REPEATED MEASUREMENTS OF THE SAME QUANTITY TO EACH OTHER

Theory of Probability is applied to

a) gross errors
b) random errors
C) SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
d) all of the above

Residual of a measured quantity is the

A) DIFFERENCE OF THE OBSERVED VALUE FROM ITS MOST PROBABLE VALUE
b) value obtained by adding the most probable value to its true value
c) remainder of the division of the true value by its most probable value
d) product of the most probable value and the observed value

The systematic errors

a) are always positive
b) are always negative
C) MAY BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
d) have the same sign as the gross errors

Variance of a quantity is an indicator of

A) PRECISION
b) accuracy
c) randomness
d) regular nature

A metallic tape is
a) a tape made of any metal
b) another name of a steel tape
c) another name of an invar tape
D) IS A TAPE OF WATER PROOF FABRIC INTO WHICH METAL WIRES ARE WOVEN

Spring balance in linear measurements is used

a) to know the weight of the tape
B) TO APPLY THE DESIRED PULL
c) to know the standard pull at the time of measurement
d) none of the above

Ranging in distance measurements is

a) another name of taping
B) A PROCESS OF ESTABLISHING INTERMEDIATE POINTS ON A LINE
c) putting the ranging rod on the hill top for reciprocal ranging
d) a process of determining the intersection of two straight lines

Reciprocal ranging is employed when

A) THE TWO ENDS OF A LINE ARE NOT INTERVISIBLE
b) one end of a line is inaccessible
c) both the ends are inaccessible
d) the ends of the line are not visible even from intermediate points

Stadia is a form of tacheometric measurements that relies on

a) fixed intercept
B) FIXED ANGLE INTERCEPT
c) varying angle intercept
d) none of the above

The tacheometric method of surveying is generally preferred for

a) providing primary control
b) larve scale survey
c) fixing points with highest precision
D) DIFFICULT TERRAIN

Electronic distance measurement instruments use

a) x-rays
b) sound waves
C) LIGHT WAVES
d) magnetic flux

Modern EDM instruments work on the principle of measuring

a) the reflected energy generated by electromagnetic waves
b) total time taken by electromagnetic wave in travelling the distance
c) the change in frequency of the electromagnetic waves
D) THE PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTED AND THE REFLECTED ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES

The range of infrared EDM instrument is generally limited to measuring the

distances
A) 2 TO 3 KM.
b) 20 to 30 km
c) 200 to 300 km
d) more than 300 km

Electromagnetic waves are unaffected by

a) air temperature
b) atmospheric pressure
c) vapor pressure
D) WIND SPEED

A datum surface in levelling is a

a) horizontal surface
b) vertical surface
C) LEVEL SURFACE
d) none of the above

Reduced level of a point is its height or depth above or below

a) the ground surface
B) THE ASSUMED DATUM
c) assumed horizontal surface
d) the line of collimation

The correction for the atmospheric refraction is equal to

a) + 1/7 OF THE CORRECTION FOR CURVATURE OF THE EARTH
b) 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth
c) + 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth
d) 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth

If the backsight reading at point A is greater than the fore sight reading at point
B, then
a) A is higher than B
b) B IS HIGHER THAN A
c) height of the instrument is required to know which point is higher
d) instrument position is required to know which point is higher

Sensitivity of a bubble tube depends on

a) the radius of curvature
b) the length of the vapour bubble
c) the smoothness of the inner surface of the bubble tube
D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

a dumpy level is preferred to determine the elevations of points

a) lying on hills
b) lying on a line
c) LYING IN MODERATELY FLAT TERRAIN
d) on a controur gradient

A theodolite can measure

a) difference in level
b) bearing of a line
c) zenith angle
D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

The error in the horizontal circle readings, is due to

a) the late axis bubble not being parallel to the line of collimation
b) the line of sight not being parallel to the telescope axis
C) THE LINE OF COLLIMATION NOT BEING PERPENDICULAR TO THE TRUNION AXIS
d) none of the above

The error in the horizontal circle readings due the line of collimation not being
perpendicular to the trunion axis is eliminated by
a)taking readings on the different parts of the horizontal circle
B) TAKING READINGS ON BOTH THE FACES
c) removing the parallax
d) transiting the telescope

Quadrantal bearing is always measured from

a) the north end of the magnetic meridian only
b) the south end of the magnetic meridian only
c) the north end or the south end of the magnetic meridian
D) EITHER THE NORTH END OR THE SOUTH END OF THE MAGNETIC MERIDIAN AS THE CASE MAY
BE

Transit rule of balancing a traverse is applied when

a) the linear and angular measurements are of same precision
b) the linear measurements are more precise than the angular measurements
C) THE ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS ARE MORE PRECISE THAN THE LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
d) the linear measurements are proportional to l and the angular measurements are
proportional to (1/l) where l is the length of the line

The error due to the non-verticality of the vertical axis of a theodolite

a) is eliminated in the method of repitition only
b) is eliminated in the method of reiteration only.
c) is eliminated in the methd of repitition as well as in reiteration
D) CANNOT BE ELIMINATED BY ANY METHOD

Control for survey can be provided by

a) Triangulation
b) Trilateration
c) Traversing
D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

In a braced quadrilateral, the position of unknown corner points can be determined

by
a) single route only
b) two alternative routes only
c) three alternative routes only
D) FOUR ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ONLY

Phase correction is required when the observations are made on

a) pole signals
B) CYLINDRICAL SIGNALS
c) pole and brush signals
d) beacons

The errors in horizontal angle measurements due to eccentricity of signal, is

eliminated completely by
a) the method of repitition
b) the method of reiteration
c) both the above method
D) NONE OF THE ABOVE

The problem of reduction to center is solved by

a) taking a long base line
b) removing the error due to phase
C) TAKING A SATELLITE STATION
d) taking well-conditioned triangles

A satellite station is a station

A) CLOSE TO THE MAIN TRIANGULATION STATION THAT CANNOT BE OCCUPIED FOR MAKING
OBSERVATIONS
b) also known as an intersected point
c) also known as a resected point
d) which falls on the circumference of the circle passing through three main
triangulation stations

The horizontal refraction is minimum between

A) 6 AM TO 9 AM
b) 10 am to 2 pm
c) 8 am to 12 noon
d) 2 pm to 4 pm

The vertical refraction is minimum between

a) 6 am to 9 am
B) 10 AM to 2 PM
c) 8 am to 12 noon
d) 2 pm to 4 pm

a grazing line of sight is that line which

a) joins two stations which are not intervisible
b) is at least 3 m aboe the intervening ground between two stations
C) TOUCHES THE INTERVENING GROUND BETWEEN TWO STATIONS
d) joins the signal at two stations kept on towers

A circular curve is most suited for connecting

A) TWO STRAIGHTS IN HORIZONTAL PLANE ONLY
b) two straights in vertical plane only
c) two straights, one in horizontal and the second in vertical plane
d) two straights in horizontal or vertical plane

A compound curve consists of

a) two circular arcs of the same radius only
b) two circular arcs of different radii only
c) two circular arcs of different radii with their centers of curvature on the same
side of the common tangent only
D) TWO OR MORE CIRCULAR ARCS OF DIFFERENT RADII WITH THEIR CENTERS OF CURVATURE ON
THE SAME SIDE OF THE COMMON TANGENT

A reverse curve consists of

a) two circular arcs of different radii with their centers of curvature on the same
side of the common tangent only
b) two circular arcs of the same radius with their centers of curvature on the same
side of the common tangent only
c) two circular arcs of different radii with their centers of curvature on the
opposite side of the common tangent only
d) TWO CIRCULAR ARCS OF SAME OR DIFFERENT RADII WITH THEIR CENTERS OF CURVATURE ON
THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE COMMON TANGENT

A transition curve is a special type of curve which satisfies the condition that
a) at the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the
transition curve and circular curve should be 90 deg.
B) AT THE JUNCTION WITH THE CIRCULAR CURVE, THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TANGENTS TO THE
TRANSITION CURVE AND CIRCULAR CURVE SHOULD BE ZERO
c) its curvature at its end should be infinity
d) its curvature at its end should be infitity

The most widely used transition curve for small deviation angles for simplicity in
setting out is
A) CUBIC PARABOLA
b) cubic spiral
c) lemniscate curve
d) hyperbola

A parabola is used for

a) summit curves alone
b) sag curves alone
C) BOTH SUMMIT AND SAG CURVES
d) none of the above

A parabola is preferred for vertical curves because it has the following property:
a) the slope is constant throughout
b) THE RATE OF CHANGE OF SLOPE IS CONSTANT THROUGHOUT
c the rate of change of radial acceleration is constant throughout
d) None of the above

The shortest distance between the point of commencement and the point of tangency
of a circular curve is known as
A) LONG CHORD
b) normal chord
c) sub-chord
d) half-chord

The lengths of long chord and tangent of a circular curve are equal for the
deflection angle of
a) 30 deg
b) 60 deg
c) 90 deg
D) 120 DEG

For an ideal transition curve, the relation between the radius r and the distance l
measured from the beginning of the transition curve, is expressed as
a) l is directly proportional to r
b) l is directly proportional to the square of r
c) l IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO r
d) l is inversely proportional to the square of r

To avoid inconveniece to passengers on highways, the recommended value of the

centrifugal ratio is
a) 1 b) 1/2 *C) 1/4 d) 1/8

If area calculated by end - areas rule and prismoidal rule are Ae and Ap
respectively, then (Ae-Ap)
A) IS ALWAYS POSITIVE
b) is always negative
c) may be positive or negative
d) is equal to zero

Prismoidal correction is required to correct the volume calculated

a) using contours
b) using spot heights
c) for a curved section
D) END-AREAS RULE

Free-haul distance is
a) the length of a balancing line
b) the distance between two balancing lines
c) the distance between two successive points where the mass-haul diagram
intersects the line of zero ordinate
D) THE DISTANCE UP TO WHICH CARTING OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL IS DONE WITHOUT EXTRA
PAYMENT

A mass-haul diagram indicates cutting if the curve

A) RISES b) falls c) becomes horizontal d) none of the above

Maximum ordinate on a mass-haul diagram occurs

A) AT THE END OF A CUT
b) at the end of an embankment
c) where cut and fill are balanced
d) none of the above

A minimum ordinate on a mass-haul diagram occurs

a) at the end of a cut
B) AT THE END OF AN EMBANKMENT
c) where cut and fill are balanced
d) none of the above