MIS Chapter 7

Management Information Systems
Chapter 7
Information systems development
Prof. Tagelsir Mohamed

tagelsir@hotmail.com
Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,
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Organizational change carries risks and
rewards

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How Are Business Processes, IS,
and Applications Developed?
• A business process consists of one or more activities
each of which includes many tasks.
• The activities in a business process often involve
information systems.
• Developing software nearly always involves the data
component, and it often involves the specification and
characteristics of hardware (e.g., mobile devices).
• Consequently, we define the term application to mean
a combination of hardware, software, and data
components that accomplishes a set of requirements.

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How Are Business Processes, IS,
and Applications Developed?
• A single business process relates to one or
more information systems.
• Some process activities require just manual
tasks.
• It is possible for none of the activities to use
an IS, in which case the entire business
process is manual.

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The relationship of business processes
and information systems
• The relationship of business processes and
information systems is many-to-many.
• One business process can potentially use
many IS, and a single IS can support
potentially many business processes.

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Which Development Processes Are
Used for Which?
• Business process management is a technique
used to create new business processes and to
manage changes to existing processes.
• The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a
process that can be used to develop both
information systems and applications.
• Scrum is generic enough that it can be used for
the development (and adaptation) of business
processes, information systems, and applications.
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What Are the Activities of Business
Process Management?
• BPM Process
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Process Management?
• BPM Monitoring Activity
– Monitoring for Performance by its Objectives
– Monitoring for Changes in the Process
Environment

Process Management?
• BPM Modeling Activity
• BPM Create Components Activity
– Create new IS components based on new process
• BPM Implement Process Activity
– Make process change operational

How Do Organizations Use Business
Process Management (BPM)?

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Process Management?
• BPM Process
– Continuous Improvement Process (CIP)

BPM symbols

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As-is sales order process

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Alternative system building approaches: System
development life cycle
• SDLC
– Define the system
– Determine requirements
– Create components
– Implement the system
– Maintain the system (assess process results)

What Are the Activities of the Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Development
Process?

Process?
• Define the system

Process?
• Determine requirements

Process?
• Create components

Process?
• Implement the system

Process?
• System conversion
– Pilot installation
– Phased installation
– Parallel installation
– Plunge installation

Process?
• Maintain the system

Process?
• SDLC

Problems of the SDLC?
• SDLC Problems
– Assumes requirements don’t change
– Risky for businesses

Prototyping
• Consists of building an experimental system
rapidly and inexpensively for end users to
evaluate. By interacting with the prototype,
users can get a better idea of their
information requirements.
• The process of building a preliminary design,
trying it out, refining it, and trying again has
been called an iterative process of systems
development.

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End user development
• Where information systems can be developed
by end users with little or no formal assistance
from technical specialists using some tools
and languages.
• The 4th generation tools and languages used
by users to create reports or develop software
applications enhance professional
programmers’ productivity.

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Application software packages and
outsourcing
• If a software package can fulfill most of an
organization’s requirements, the company does
not have to write its own software.
• If an organization has unique requirements that
the package does not address, many packages
include capabilities for customization.
• Customization features allow a software package
to be modified to meet an organization’s unique
requirements without destroying the integrity of
the packaged software.
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outsourcing
• The package evaluation process often is based on
a Request for Proposal (RFP).
• Instead of tailoring the systems design
pacifications directly to user requirements,
requirements can be molded to conform to the
features of the package.
• If the organization’s requirements conflict with
the way the package works and the package
cannot be customized, the organization will have
to modify its procedures.
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outsourcing
• An Information system can be can outsourced
to an external organization that specializes in
providing these services.
• Domestic: inside the country..
• In the case of offshore outsourcing, the
decision tends to be much more cost-driven.

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Rapid application Development
• Object-oriented software tools, reusable
software, prototyping, and fourth generation
language tools are helping systems builders
create working systems much more rapidly.
• It describes creating workable systems in a
very short period of time.

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Rapid application Development
• RAD can include the use of visual
programming and other tools for building
graphical user interfaces, iterative prototyping
of key system elements, the automation of
program code generation, and close teamwork
among end users and information systems
specialists.

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Joint application design (JAD)
• Used to accelerate the generation of
information requirements and to develop the
initial systems design.
• JAD brings end users and information systems
specialists together in an interactive session to
discuss the system’s design.

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Agile development
• Focuses on breaking a large project into a series
of small subprojects that are completed in short
periods of time using iteration and continuous
feedback.
• Each mini- project is worked on by a team as if it
were a complete project, including planning,
requirements analysis, design, coding, testing,
and documentation.
• Improvement or addition of new functionality
takes place within the next iteration as
developers clarify requirements.
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Object oriented development
• Object-oriented development uses the object as
the basic unit of systems analysis and design.
• An object combines data and the specific
processes that operate on those data.
• Data encapsulated in an object can be accessed
and modified only by the operations, or methods,
associated with that object.
• Instead of passing data to procedures, programs
send a message for an object to perform an
operation that is already embedded in it.
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Object oriented development
• Object-oriented modeling is based on the
concepts of class and inheritance.
• Objects belonging to a certain class, or general
categories of similar objects, have the features of
that class.
• Classes of objects in turn inherit all the structure
and behaviors of a more general class and then
add variables and behaviors unique to each
object.

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Classes and inheritance

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Component-Based Development, Web
Services, and Cloud-Based
Development
• Groups of objects can be assembled into
software components for common functions,
such as a graphical user interface or online
ordering capability, and these components can
be combined to create large-scale business
applications.
• This approach to software development is
called component-based development.

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Component-Based Development, Web
Services, and Cloud-Based
Development
• In addition to supporting internal and external
integration of systems, Web services provide
nonproprietary tools for building new
information system applications or enhancing
existing systems.

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Management Information Systems

Prof. Tagelsir Mohamed

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

12-8 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12-9 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12-10 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

12-12 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

12-16 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12-17 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Define the system

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12-20 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Implement the system

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• Maintain the system

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12-25 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

Copyright © 2018 Prof, Tagelsir Mohamed,

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