Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
EARTHWORK
1. PART 1 - GENERAL
1.02 REFERENCES
ASTM D 4318 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM E 548 Standard Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating
Laboratory
1.03 SUBMITTALS
B. Excavations over 1.5 m in depth will be sheeted and shored. Submit drawings
and calculations for the design of the sheeting and shoring.
B. Noise and Dust Control: Utilize reasonable and necessary means to abate dust,
dirt rising, and undue noise. Perform necessary sprinkling and wetting of
construction site to prevent dust from spreading.
C. Existing Utilities
D. Use of Explosives
1. Barricade open excavations occurring as part of this work and post with
warning lights. Operate warning lights as recommended by the authorities
having jurisdiction.
2. Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from
damage caused by settlement, lateral movement, undermining, washout
and other hazards created by earthwork operations.
2. PART 2 - PRODUCTS
1. Suitable Materials
2. Unsuitable Materials
A. Excavated materials shall not be used for fill under structures and pavements,
unless indicated otherwise in Geotechnical Report. Follow the recommendations
of Report for Geo-Technical Studies. Excavated materials may be used for
general fill after removing oversize stones, unless indicated otherwise in
Geotechnical Report.
3. PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01 EXCAVATION
Shore and brace where sloping is not possible because of space restrictions or
stability of material excavated. Maintain sides and slopes of excavations in a
safe condition until completion of backfilling.
E. Shoring and Bracing: Designing, providing and maintaining the suitable shoring
and bracing system that will support the loads imposed shall be the Contractor's
responsibility. Proposed shoring and bracing system shall be subject to approval
of the Engineer. Provide materials for shoring and bracing in good serviceable
condition.
2. Establish requirements for trench shoring and bracing to comply with safe
operating procedures.
water and subsurface or ground water from flowing into excavations and
from flooding Project site and the surrounding area:
G. Material Storage: Stockpile suitable excavated material until required for backfill
or fill. Locate and retain soil materials away from edge of excavations. Dispose
off excess soil material and waste materials.
2. In excavating for footings and foundations, take care not to disturb bottom
of excavation. Trim bottoms to required lines and grades to leave solid
base to receive concrete.
A. General: Place soil material in layers to the required subgrade elevations, for
each area classification listed below, using materials as specified above.
B. Backfill excavations as promptly as work permits, but not until the completion of
the following:
B. Place backfill and fill materials in layers not more than 200 mm in loose depth for
material compacted by heavy compaction equipment and not more than 100 mm
in loose depth for material compacted by hand-operated tampers.
D. Place backfill and fill materials evenly adjacent to structures, piping, or conduit to
required elevations. Prevent wedging action of backfill against structures or
displacement of piping or conduit by carrying material uniformly around structure,
piping, or conduit to approximately same elevation in each lift.
1. Under structures, building slabs and steps, and pavements, compact top
300 mm of subgrade and each layer of backfill or fill material at 95 percent
maximum density.
2. Under lawn or unpaved areas, compact top 150 mm of subgrade and each
layer of backfill or fill material at 90 percent maximum density.
H. Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, heavy equipment for spreading and
compacting backfill shall not be operated closer to a wall less than a distance
equal to the height of the backfill above the top of footing; the area remaining
shall be compacted in layers not more than 150 mm in compacted thickness with
power driven hand tamper suitable for material being compacted.
I. Testing of Fill and Backfill: Frequency of field density tests in accordance with
ASTM D 1556 (Sand Cone Method) shall be as follows:
4. The laboratory tests ASTM D 698 shall be carried out once for every 5 field
density tests.
J. Tolerance
A. Sub-Grade Preparation
B. Granular Sub-Base
are started, verify that the sub-grade has been approved and satisfactorily
maintained and that it is to levels and of the material specified. Ruts or
soft yielding areas shall be filled and compacted to the required density.
C. Testing Surface: Sub-base shall be true to established grade. Thickness shall not
be more or less than 10 mm from that required for the layer being constructed.
Surface shall not vary more than 10 mm in 3 m from true profile and
cross-section. Thickness of the granular sub-base shall be measured at intervals
as directed by the Engineer. Measurements shall be taken at various points
through holes not less than 75 mm in diameter.
3.06 MAINTENANCE
1. Protect newly graded areas from traffic and erosion. Keep free of trash
and debris and provide temporary drainage as required.
END OF SECTION