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1.Introduction
Spray drying is a process of suspending sprayed liquid particles and moisture removal by hot air
leading to produce high quality products. The high quality of the spray-dried products is due to the
protection of the suspended particles through evaporative cooling during the process. Spray dryers are
commonly used for powder production of some products such as milk, coffee, tea, egg, enzymes,
whey protein, fruits and vegetables extracts, ceramic materials, dyes and detergents. The dryers are
one of the most functional types of dryers .During recent years, the need for reduction in weight and
volume of food products has led to significant developments in the design of spray dryers. These
dryers increase surface to volume ratio of the liquid particles and consequently enhance the heat and
mass transfer during the drying process. Of among other advantage of spray dryers, continuous
operation, full automatic control system, rapid drying, reduced corrosion problems and manufacture
of products with desirable size and density can be referred. However, their main disadvantages
include high installation costs and removal of aromatic volatiles .Today, application of spray dryers in
different industries is growing more than ever. For example, preparation and processing of medicinal
and food microcapsules with the aid of spray dryers is one of these recent .In spray dryers, a liquid
material is pumped into a nozzle from feed source and is sprayed as tiny droplets into a drying
chamber. On the other hand, hot air is circulated inside the chamber. Hot air contact with the liquid
droplets leads to the heat and mass transfer between the droplets and the air followed by rapid
evaporation of moisture. The produced powder and the air is sucked into a cyclone and separated from
each other by centrifugal force. In the last step of the drying process, the produced powder exits from
the bottom of the cyclone and the air exits from the top .
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2. Relevant Literature

Spray drying is the process of converting a mixture in its liquid form to a powder. This is
done by removing the moisture component from the liquid solution. Spray drying is a method
of producing a dry powder from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a hot gas. This is the
preferred method of drying of many thermally-sensitive materials such as foods and
pharmaceuticals. A consistent particle size distribution is a reason for spray drying some
industrial products such as catalysts. Air is the heated drying medium; however, if the liquid
is a flammable solvent such as ethanol or the product is oxygen-sensitive then nitrogen is
used.

The spray drying process is older than might commonly be imagined. Earliest descriptions
date from 1860 with the first patented design recorded in 1872. The basic idea of spray drying
is the production of highly dispersed powders from a fluid feed by evaporating the solvent.
This is achieved by mixing a heated gas with an atomized (sprayed) fluid of high surface-to-
mass ratio droplets, ideally of equal size, within a vessel (drying chamber), causing the
solvent to evaporate uniformly and quickly through direct contact.

2.1Theory

Spray Dryer

A spray dryer takes a liquid stream and separates the solute or suspension as a solid and the
solvent into a vapor. The solid is usually collected in a drum or cyclone. The liquid input
stream is sprayed through a nozzle into a hot vapor stream and vaporized. Solids form as
moisture quickly leaves the droplets. A nozzle is usually used to make the droplets as small as
possible, maximizing heat transfer and the rate of water vaporization. Droplet sizes can range
from 20 to 180 μm depending on the nozzle. There are two main types of nozzles: high
pressure single fluid nozzle (50 to 300 bars) and two-fluid nozzles: one fluid is the liquid to
dry and the second is compressed gas (generally air at 1 to 7 bars).

Spray dryers can dry a product very quickly compared to other methods of drying. They also
turn a solution, or slurry into a dried powder in a single step, which can be advantageous as it
simplifies the process and improves profit margins.
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All spray dryers use some type of atomizer or spray nozzle to disperse the liquid or slurry into
a controlled drop size spray. The most common of these are rotary disk and single-fluid high
pressure swirl nozzles. Atomizer wheels are known to provide broader particle size
distribution, but both methods allow for consistent distribution of particle size. Alternatively,
for some applications two-fluid or ultrasonic nozzles are used. Depending on the process
needs, drop sizes from 10 to 500 µm can be achieved with the appropriate choices. The most
common applications are in the 100 to 200 µm diameter range. The dry powder is often free-
flowing.

The most common type of spray dryers are called single effect. There is a single source of
drying air at the top of the chamber (see n°4 on the diagram). In most cases the air is blown in
the same direction as the sprayed liquid (co-current). A fine powder is produced, but it can
have poor flow and produce a lot of dust. To overcome the dust and poor flow of the powder,
a new generation of spray dryers called multiple effect spray dryers have been produced.
Instead of drying the liquid in one stage, drying is done through two steps: the first at the top
(as per single effect) and the second with an integrated static bed at the bottom of the
chamber. The bed provides a humid environment which causes smaller particles to clump,
producing more uniform particle sizes, usually within the range of 100 to 300 µm. These
powders are free-flowing due to the larger particle size.

The fine powders generated by the first stage drying can be recycled in continuous flow either
at the top of the chamber (around the sprayed liquid) or at the bottom, inside the integrated
fluidized bed. The drying of the powder can be finalized on an external vibrating fluidized
bed.

The hot drying gas can be passed in as a co-current, same direction as sprayed liquid
atomizer, or counter-current, where the hot air flows against the flow from the atomizer. With
co-current flow, particles spend less time in the system and the particle separator (typically a
cyclone device). With counter-current flow, particles spend more time in the system and is
usually paired with a fluidized bed system. Co-current flow generally allows the system to
operate more efficiently.
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Alternatives to spray dryers are

1. Freeze dryer: a more-expensive batch process for products that degrade in spray
drying. Dry product is not free-flowing.
2. Drum dryer: a less-expensive continuous process for low-value products; creates
flakes instead of free-flowing powder.
3. Pulse combustion dryer: A less-expensive continuous process that can handle higher
viscosities and solids loading than a spray dryer, and that sometimes gives a freeze-
dry quality powder that is free-flowing.

Design of a Spray Dryer

Figure 01: Design of a spray dryer

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The challenges facing both designers and users are to increase production, improve powder
quality and reduce costs. This requires an understanding of the process and a robust control
implementation.

Spray drying consists of the following phases:

 Feed preparation: This can be a homogenous, pumpable and free from impurities
solution, suspension or paste.
 Atomization (transforming the feed into droplets): Most critical step in the
process. The degree of atomization controls the drying rate and therefore the dryer
size. The most commonly used atomization techniques are:

1. Pressure nozzle atomization: Spray created by forcing the fluid through an

orifice. This is an energy efficient method which also offers the narrowest
particle size distribution.

2. Two-fluid nozzle atomization: Spray created by mixing the feed with a

compressed gas. Least energy efficient method. Useful for making extremely
fine particles.

3. Centrifugal atomization: Spray created by passing the feed through or across

a rotating disk. Most resistant to wear and can generally be run for longer periods
of time.

 Drying: A constant rate phase ensures moisture evaporates rapidly from the surface
of the particle. This is followed by a falling rate period where the drying is controlled
by diffusion of water to the surface of the particle.
 Separation of powder from moist gas: To be carried out in an economical (e.g.
recycling the drying medium) and pollutant-free manner. Fine particles are generally
removed with cyclones, bag filters, precipitators or scrubbers.
 Cooling and packaging.
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Control of a Spray Dryer

A control system must therefore provide flexibility in the way in which accurate and
repeatable control of the spray drying is achieved and will include the following features:

 Precise loop control with set point profile programming.

 Recipe Management System for easy parameterization.
 Sequential control for complex control strategies.
 Secure collection of on-line data from the system for analysis and evidence.
 Local operator display with clear graphics and controlled access to parameters.

Types of Spray Dryer

 CO-CURRENT FLOW DRYER

 COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW DRYER
 MIXED FLOW DRYER
 OPEN CYCLE DRYER
 CLOSED CYCLE DRYER
 SEMI-CLOSED CYCLE
 DRYER SINGLE STAGE DRYER
 TWO STAGE DRYER
 VERTICAL DRYER
 HORIZONTAL DRYER

1.CO-CURRENT FLOW DRYER

It is Preferred Design for heat-sensitive products. Spray evaporation is rapid , temperature of
the drying air is quickly reduced by the vaporization of water. The product does not suffer
from heat degradation because the droplet temperature is low during most of the evaporation
time. Once the moisture content reaches the target level, the temperature of the particle does
not increase greatly because the surrounding air is now much cooler.Dairy and other heat-
sensitive food products are usually dried in co-current dryers.
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2.COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW DRYER

The spray and the air are introduced at opposite ends of the dryer, with the atomizer
positioned at the top and the air entering at the bottom. More rapid evaporation and higher
energy efficiency than a co current design. Not suitable for heat-sensitive products. Soaps
and detergents are commonly dried in counter-current dryers.

3.MIXED FLOW DRYERS

It is the combination of both co-current & counter-current. Air enters at the top and the
atomizer is located at the bottom. Like the counter-current design, a mixed flow dryer
exposes the driest particles to the hottest air. This design is not used with heat-sensitive
products.

4.OPEN CYCLE DRYER

Air is drawn from the atmosphere, heated, conveyed.Through the chamber and then
exhausted to the atmosphere. Most commonly used. Open Cycle Layout 1. drying air 2.
feedstock 3. dried product4. drying chamber 5. cyclone 6. Alt. A: wet scrubber 7. Alt. B: bag
filter 8. Alt. C: electrostatic precipitator

5.A CLOSED CYCLE DRYER

It recycles the drying gas, which may be air or more commonly, an inert gas such as
nitrogen. Closed cycle units are the dryers of choice when: Feedstock consists of solids
mixed with flammable organic solvents. Complete recovery of solvent is required & the
products are toxic Pollution due to vapor, particulate emissions or odor is not permitted.
Explosion risks must be eliminated. The powder will degrade by oxidation during drying.
This design is a cross between open and closed cycle dryers and it is not gas tight.
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2.2 Working Principle of a Spray Dryer

 In the spray dryer the fluid to be driedis atomised in to the fine droplets, which are
thrown radially in to a moving stream of hot gas.
 The temperature of the droplets is immediately increased and fine droplets get dried
instantaneously in the form of spherical particles.
 This proces complets in a few seconds before the droplets reach the wall of the dryer.

Working Process of a Spray Dryer

Drying of the materials in the spray dryer involves 3 stages

1. Atomization of the liquid

2. Drying of the liquid droplets
3. Recovery of the dried products

Atomization of the liquid to form liquid droplets:

 The feed is introduced through the atomizer either by gravity or by using suitable
pump to form fine droplets.
 The properties of the final products depend on the droplets form, hence the selection
of the type of a atomizer is important.
 Atomizer of any type, pneumatic atomizer, pressure nozzle and spinning disc atomizer
may be used.
 The rate of feed is adjusted in such a way that the droplets should be completely dried
reaching the walls of the drying camber.
 At the same time, the product should not be over heated.

Drying of the liquid droplets:

 Fine droplets are dried in the drying camber by supplying hot air through the inlet.
 The surface of the liquid drop is dried immediately to form a tough shell.
 Further the liquid inside must escape by diffusing through the shell at a particular rate.
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 At the same time heat transfer from outside to inside takes place at a rate greater than
liquid diffusion rate.
 As a result heat inside mounts up which allows the liquid to evaporates at faster rate.
 This tendency of a liquid leadsto rise in the internal pressure which causes the
droplets to swell.
 The shells thickness decreases where as permeability for vapour increases.
 If the shell is neither elastic nor permeable it ruputur and the internal pressure escapes.
 The temperature of the air is adjusted in such a way that the droplets should be
compeletly dried before reaching the walls of the drying chamber.
 The products should not be over heated at the same time.

Recovery of the dried products:

 Centrifugal force of the atomizer drives the droplets to follow helical path.
 Particles are dried during their journey and finally fall at the conical bottom.
 All these processe are completed in a few seconds.
 Particles size of the final products ranges from the 2 to 500 mm.
 Particles size depends on solid content in the feed, liquid viscosity, feed rate and disc
speed.
 Spray dryer of maximum size have got evaporating capacity up to 2000 kg per hour.

Atomization of a Spray Dryer

Producing droplets of specific size and surface area by atomization is the most critical step in
the spray drying process. The degree of atomization, under a set of spray drying conditions,
controls the drying rate, and therefore the required particle residence time, and therefore the
spray dryer size. All of the atomizing techniques can give good average particle size control,
but there are major differences in the particle size distribution created. The most commonly
employed atomization techniques are:
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Pressure Nozzle Atomization

 A spray is created by forcing the fluid through an orifice. The energy required to
overcome the pressure drop is supplied by the spray dryer feed pump.
 The narrowest particle size distribution is possible with this technique. Must be used
when minimization of “fines” is important to the product.
 The average particle size produced, for a given feed, is a function of the flow per
nozzle and the spraying pressure.
 Spraying pressure depends on feed characteristics and desired particle size, and can
range from 300 to 3,000 psig.
 The most energy efficient of the atomization techniques.
 Requires a positive displacement, high pressure feed pump, such as a plunger pump or
a piston/diaphragm pump.
 Requires routine changing of the nozzle internal pieces, usually made of tungsten
carbide. Changing schedule depends upon the application.
 Requires a minimum of approximately 0.10 GPM feed rate, depending upon the size
of un-dissolved particles in the dryer feed, due to potential plugging with the small
orifice required.
 With multiple nozzle spray dryers, a problem with one nozzle does not shut
operations down.
 Control of spray dryer wall buildup can be achieved through variations of the spray
angle.

Two-Fluid Nozzle Atomization

 A spray is created by contacting two fluids, the feed and a compressed gas. The
atomization energy is provided by the compressed gas, usually air. The contact
can be internal or external to the nozzle.
 A broader particle size distribution is generated.
 The average particle size produced for a given spray dryer feed is primarily a function
of the feed flow per nozzle, and the compressed gas rate and pressure.
 The least energy efficient of the atomization techniques.
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 Useful for making extremely fine particles (10-30 micron) because of relatively high
wear resistance. Also for the small flow rates typically found in pilot scale dryers.
 Requires periodic changing of the air and liquid caps.
 Can typically use any type of spray dryer feed pump.
 Control of the spray angle is limited.

Centrifugal Atomization

 A spray is created by passing the fluid across or through a rotating wheel or disk. The
energy required for atomization is supplied by the atomizer motor.
 A broader particle size distribution is typically generated.
 The average particle size for most products is limited to under 100 micron due to wall
build up issues.
 The average particle size produced for a given feed is primarily a function of the
diameter and RPM of the wheel.
 Requires relatively high gas inlet velocity to control wall buildup, which can increase
the amount of fines produced.
 Can generally be run for longer periods of time without routine maintenance.
 Usually the most resistant to wear. Requires periodic changing of wheel inserts,
usually made of tungsten carbide.
 Control of wall buildup is minimal, due to direction of spray (horizontal) and broad
particle size distribution, forcing the dryer to be relatively large in diameter.
 Capital cost of the atomizer is typically high. Comparatively larger diameter spray
dryer can increase capital cost. As with any high speed rotating machine,
maintenance costs are high. Design of dryer roof and atomizer support add to
fabrication cost.
 A problem with the atomizer will shut down spray drying operations.
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2.3 Process Block Diagram:

Figure 03: Process Block Diagram (PBD) for the entire spray drying system
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2.4 Process Flow Diagram:

Figure 04: Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for the entire spray drying system
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3. Experimental Section

3.1 Apparatus

The apparatus needed for this experiment:

Spray drier that contains

Drying chamber

Atomizer with a compressor

Air Blower

Air heater

Cyclone separator

Feed tank

Pressure gauge

Temperature gauge

Beaker

Milk-collector bottle

Weighing scale

Stop watch

Thermometer
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3.2 Experimental Setup

Figure 04: Schematic diagram for spray drying

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3.3 Experimental Procedure:

1. 50g powdered milk was taken by weighing and mixed with 950ml of water to make a
1000g solution of powdered milk.
2. The dryer was allowed for running for about several minutes while turning the hot air
blower on and adjusting the heater .
3. Then the solution was fed to the drying chamber for a fixed atomizing air pressure of
20 psi
4. A nozzle atomizer atomized the solution into a spray of droplets.The nozzle had three
compressed air hole and one milk hole.
5. The heat transfer medium was hot air.Atmosphirical air was passed into the drying
chamber from top and heated by a heater.
6. The droplets dried coming in contact with the hot air and due to high pressure in the
chamber was pressed towards the cyclone separator,where powdered mik accumulated
in the jar due to gravity and hot air got away through the pipe exit.
7. The amount powdered milk in the jar was measured then.
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4. Observed Data

Working pressure P = 20 psi

Total time required for drying, t = 38.0 min.

Weight of milk powder, Mp = 50.0 gm

Weight of water Mw = 950gm

Weight of empty beaker, m1 = 561.5 gm

Weight of beaker with recovered milk, m2 = 575.0 gm

Table 01: Observed data for temperature of air

Temperature of air Initial Temperature Final Temperature

Inside the chamber 150○C 150○C

Outside the chamber 72○C 55○C

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5. Data Calculation:

Weight of liquid milk, M = Weight of milk powder (Mp) + Weight of water (MW)

= (50.0 + 950.0) gm

= 1000.0 gm

Weight of recovered milk, m = Weight of beaker with recovered milk (m2) – Weight of
empty beaker (m1)

= (575.0-561.5)g
=13.5g

Percentage of powder milk recovered = Weight of recovered milk, m × 100%

Weight of powder milk, MP

= 13.5 × 100%
50

=27%

Weight of water, MW
Drying rate=
Total time required for drying,t

950
=
38

= 26 g/min
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6. Result

The results obtained from the experiment are given below-

Table 02: Table for percentage recovery & drying rate

Percentage recovery of milk powder (%) Drying rate (g/min)

27 25.0 g/min
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7. Discussion

The percentage of milk powder recovered was found to be 27% and the drying rate of the spray dryer
was found to be 25.0 g/min In this experiment at the steady working pressure of 20 psi & inside
temperature of 150○C.

The major reason for this low recovery is due to dried milk collecting at the walls of the pipes
,containers, reservoirs and other solid walls in the flow path,some milk could be accumulated in
these aparatus. The initial milk powder which was mix with water taken for drying included losses
that some milk remaining on the walls of the beaker, some milk remaining undissolved also.Some
milk could be went out as moisture through the exhaust stream of the cyclone separator.The
atomization could not be so perfect so some little drops of milk remained unchanged and could not
come to cyclone separator.

We could recover more by improving this areas like shorting the pipe lengths,smoothing the inner
walls of pipes and other mechanisms that If the process of collecting the milk powder from cyclone
separator instead of hammering to any other useful way.it would be lead to better recovery.The higher
temperature would lead to faster drying rate. Some instrument can be used for better result. They
are gven below.
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8. Conclusion
Spray drying is a process of suspending sprayed particles and removing the particles moisture
by hot air. The experiment of spray drying has introduced the students to become familiar
with spray dryer, spray drying technique, the mechanism of spray drying, working principle
of spray dryer, how spray dryer can be operated. Advantages and disadvantages of spray
dryer over other types of dryer has been known. .Factors influencing the performance of
spray dryers include temperature, moisture content,inlet air flow rate, the amount of solid
materials, viscosity and surface tension of the processed material,type of atomizer and its
related parameters such as velocity and diameter of the atomizer .This is the preferred method
of drying of many thermally-sensitive materials such as foods and pharmaceuticals. A
consistent particle size distribution is a reason for spray drying some industrial products such
as catalysts The different parts of a spray dryer and their functions were also seen. The
feasibility of spray drying process in industry has also proved where large installation of
spray dryer is required. And various spray dried products have also been acknowledged.

.
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9. Modification
It is essential for both economic and environmental reasons to recover as much powder as possible
from the system. Three modifications are available-

1.Bag filters

2.Wet scrubber

3.Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)

Bag filters

Bag filters are in general frequently used for dust removal in industrial applications. So as itis used
for recovery of particle in spray drying of solid. The flow can be from the outside tothe inside of the
filter or the other way around, depending on the application. The particlesare normally captured on the
internal surface of the bag filter. Bag filters are in general notdesigned for replacement when they are
clogged, but some bag filters, like particle removers,can be cleaned, for example by mechanical
shaking or by backwashing with compressed air (so called reverse-flow bag filters). Bag filters are
mostly surface-type filter.

Made of fabrics(Holds
milk powder but
removes gases.

Exhaust Air

Figure 4: Bag filter

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Wet scrubbers

Wet scrubbers are the most economical outlet air cleaner. It can be used in spray drying for
higher recovery of solid dust powder. The principle of a wet scrubber is to dissolve any dust
powder left in the air stream into either water or the feed stream by spraying the wash
streamthrough the air. This also recovers heat from the exiting air and evaporates some of the
water in the feed stream (if used as the wash water)

Exhaust Air

Liquid Milk

Figure 5: Scrubber
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Electrostatic precipitator

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection

devicethat removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an
inducedelectrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices
that caneasily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. In
contrastto wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP
appliesenergy only to the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in
itsconsumption of energy (in the form of electricity)
Exhaust gas without particle

Charged collecting plate

Collected particle

Exhaust gas containing particle

Figure 06: Electrostatic precipitator

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References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_drying (May 01,2017)
2. http://www.spraydrysys.com/spray-dryers/spray-dryers.htm (May 01,2017)
3. 3. Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W.: Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 7th ed.,
McGraw Hill, New-York, p.12/34; 12/36-12/38(1997).
4. Foust, A.S.,L. A. Wenzel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and
Anderson,L.B.(1980).Principles of Unit Operations,2nd edition, New York: John
Wiley & Sons
5. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J. C., and Harriott, P.(2001), Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, Singapore,.pp.775,780-781,794

List of symbols

Symbol Name Unit

P Pressure psi

T Temperature 0C

mp Weight of milk powder g

mw Weight of water g

M Weight of liquid milk g

m Weight of recovered milk g

m1 Weight of empty beaker g

m2 Weight of beaker with recovered milk g

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Appendix

Applications of a Spray Dryer

Spray drying can be used in a wide range of applications where the production of a free-
flowing powder is required. When drying dairy products, hot air is pumped (temperatures
ranging from 160° – 205° depending on the product) into a drying chamber along with
concentrated product.

The dried product falls into a ‘fluid’ bath under the drying chamber, which is continually
shaken. Air is also pushed up from underneath the drying chamber to cool the powder and
keep it in motion. When completely dry, the powder agglomerate exits the system and can be
transported.

Incorporating the very latest technologies, Tetra Pak’s spray dryers for dairy products lead
the industry. They include for example, a camera monitoring system to continuously check
the spray nozzles, and prevent the build up of product.

When spray drying, the finer the nozzles the better (up to a point), since the more droplets
you make the greater the surface you can dry. Other keys to success are having the correct
size dryer for the application, and the correct degree of agglomeration for the intended
application and to prevent fouling inside the drying chamber.

This method of dehydration has become the most successful one in the following areas:

 Pharmaceuticals
 Bones and tooth amalgams
 Beverages
 Flavors, colorings and plant extract
 Milk and egg products
 Plastics, polymers and resins
 Soaps and detergents
 Textiles and many more
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Almost all other methods of drying, including use of ovens, freeze dryers or rotary
evaporators, produce a mass of material requiring further processing (e.g. grinding and
filtering) therefore, producing particles of irregular size and shape. Spray drying on the other
hand, offers a very flexible control over powder particle properties such as density, size, flow
characteristics and moisture content.

Advantages of a Spray Dryer

Practice has proved that, in modern times, spray drying is a very important industrial drying
operation. It is widely used in industrial applications involving almost every sector of the
national economy.

1. In this the drying is a continuous proces and drying is very rapid. Drying completes
within 3 to 30 seconds.
2. Labor costs are low as it combines the function of an evapotator, crystaillzer, a dryer,
a size reduction unit and a classifier.
3. By using suitable atomiser the products of uniform and controlled size can be
obtained. Free flowing products of uniform spheres is formed which is very
convenient for tabletting process.
4. Fine droplets formed provides larges surface area for heat and mass transfer. Product
shows excellent solubility.
5. Either the solutions or suspensions ar thin paste can be dried in one step to get the
final product ready for package.
6. It is suitable for the drying of the sterile products.
7. Reconstituted products appears more or less similar to the fresh materials.
8. Globules of an emlusion cn be dried with the dispersed phase inside and layer of the
continuous phase outside. On the reconstitution the emulsion will be formed.
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Disadvantages of a Spray Dryer

1. The spray dryers is very bulky (height of 25 m and diameter of 9 m) and expensive.
2. Such a huge equipment is not always easy to operates.
3. The thermal efficiency is low, as much heat is lost in the discharged gases.
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Marking Scheme for Formal Report

(Study of Spray Dryer)

Name: Md Tamzidul Alam

Student number: 1402009
Section and % marks allocated Marks
Summary (10%)

Introduction (10%)

Relevant Literature(10%)

Experimental Works(15%)

Results (15%)

Discussion (15%)

Conclusions (10%)

Overall Presentation (15%)

Total (100%)