Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1Natome
Christine 2Yusuf Muchelule
Postgraduate Student Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture
and Technology
Lecturer Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
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performance. This shows that the current world not show any sign of abating. Agbenyega (2014)
belong to those projects which are able to develop also states that a section of the Methodist Church
faster than their competitors offering the same goods building under construction at Sakaman, a suburb of
and services. The organizational modeling of the Accra had collapsed. Subsequently, a two storey
future is a learning organization which is focusing at building was also reported to have collapsed at
creating and gaining knowledge for improved “Asene Dzornshie” near Old Accra or Bukom
performance and building a competitive edge (Singh Square, while another three-storey structure also
and Saldanha, 2013). As indicated by Hubbard collapsed in the Ashanti Regional town of Obuasi.
(2010), project modeling is a critical factor to project In Kenya, there are many construction projects that
performance. In Jordan it is accounted for that poor fail in performance. In addition, performance
project performance is because of poor financing by measurement systems are not effective or efficient
the legislature. Consequently, impacts of project to overcome this problem. Construction projects
modeling on effective completion of construction performance problem appears in many aspects in the
projects are the worry of the Jordan government. Kenya. There are many constructed projects that fail
The formal structures are moderate, financing takes in time performance, others fail in cost performance
edges of endorsement, and gradualness in receiving and others fail in other performance factors. In 2009
present day advancements. there were many projects which finished with poor
performance because of many evidential reasons
Brazil is accounted for to have adequate support of such as: obstacles by client, non-availability of
HR that can offer help in construction industry. materials, road closure, amendment of the design
Modeling is a pivotal component in producing future and drawing, additional works, waiting the
development and flourishing projects. Construction decision, handing over, variation order amendments
designing in Brazil has contributed colossally to in Bill of Quantity (B.O.Q) and delay of receiving
fruitful completion of thousands of construction drawings (Ngugi, 2017).
projects. Subsequently, the productive conveyance There are other factors for problems of performance
of construction projects relies upon how great labor in Kenya such as project management, coordination
is keeping up convenient completion of construction between participants, monitoring, and feedback and
projections. It is essential to prepare, create and keep leadership skills. In addition, political, economic
up quality workforce in order to have quality project and cultural issues are three important indicators
performance (Loosemore et al., 2003) In China is related to failures of projects' performance in the
taken as the best in construction of project in the Kenya. The Performance is related to many topics
world. The advancement of construction modeling and factors such as time, cost, quality, client
has driven China to have the best condition of satisfaction; productivity and safety. Construction
construction projects in the world. Dominant part of industry in the Kenya suffers from many problems
the construction projects are built and completed and complex issues in performance (Muchungu,
within the required period. The records management 2012). Work on providing construction services in
limit is facilitating by having appropriate models Uasin Gishu has made considerable progress since
and framework. The advancement is the helpful the ministry of transport assumed responsibility for
segment in usage of another or fundamentally them, but the construction companies have had to
enhanced thought, great, administration, process or build from a low base, including a huge backlog of
practice that is planned to be valuable. Dodds (2007) rehabilitation and development work, few
indicated that strategic modeling is helping China to institutions, and very little funding. So, they have
have a big role in projects constructions works in a had to work in every difficult physical, social,
much-enhanced manner. political, economic and institutional circumstance.
In Africa, during the last fifty years the construction For a number of reasons, the performance of
industry has been heavily criticized for its construction projects has not been as impressive,
performance and productivity in relation to other fundamentally because of the government failure to
industries. With the turn of the new millennium, it establish a coherent institutional and policy
appears that the construction industry is going framework (Kagiri, 2015).
through an intense period of introspection which is
exacerbated by increased technological and social Statement of the Problem
change. These changes are altering the tempo of the A lot of construction projects in Kenya do not get
environment within which construction operates. In completed in time or totally not completed or poorly
a related study, Oyegbile et al., (2012) revealed that done. According to Kenya Rural Roads Authority,
over the last 10 years, the incidence of building (2013) there have been several projects which were
collapse in Nigeria has become so alarming and does not completed by the end of the required period. In
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towards the use of a given technology and its Critics of the theory of constraints argue that the
ultimate use. The main external factors that are processes and organizations are vulnerable because
usually manifested are social factors, cultural factors the weakest person or part can always damage or
and political factors. Social factors include break them or at least adversely affect the outcome.
language, skills and facilitating conditions. Political In the third revised edition, Goldratt (2004) further
factors are mainly the impact of using technology in stated that the analytic approach with TOC comes
politics and political crisis. The attitude to use is from the contention that any manageable system is
concerned with the user’s evaluation of the limited in achieving more of its goals by a minimal
desirability of employing a particular information number of constraints and that there is always at
system application. least one constraint (Goldratt E. M., 2004). Hence
Behavioural intention is the measure of the the TOC process seeks to identify the constraint and
likelihood of a person employing the application restructure the rest of the organization around it.
(Surendran, 2012). Dr. Mohamed Al Haderi noted Goldratt and Fox (1986) state that the secret to
that other information quality affects user’s intention success lies in managing these constraints and the
to adopt the technology especially after its system as it interacts with these constraints, to get
usefulness has been established and also established the best out of the whole system (Goldratt & Fox,
a positive effect that government and top 1986).
management support has on the intentional behavior Further critic show that the theory of constraints
throughout the positive effect on perceived (TOC) is a management philosophy that has been
usefulness and ease of use (Al-Haderi, 2014). effectively applied to Manufacturing processes and
Institutional factors refer to the aspects within the procedures to improve Organizational effectiveness.
organization related to work and the instrument to Klein and De Bruine (1995) in their study noted that
facilitate in the accomplishment of the work. For TOC had developed rapidly regarding both
example, organizational support and rewards methodology and area of applications. In the field of
influence workers’ beliefs in using technology to project management, most of the work is carried out
accomplish the work (Lewis, Agarwal, & in the application of Logistics Paradigm. The
Sambamurthy, 2003). The model was used to methodology used in the project management is
explain the first objective which sought to explain critical chain project management to find the critical
effect of records management on construction chain and to find the project buffers and the feeding
projects coordination. buffers. Theory of constraints proposes a
Theory of Constraints methodology to detect and limit or eliminate the
The theory of constraints (TOC) was introduced by influence posed by a constraint to a goal. The 5 steps
Eliyahu Goldratt in 1984. The theory of constraints model include: constraint identification, decision on
developed a revolutionary method for production constraint exploitation, subordinate everything else,
scheduling which was in stark contrast to accepted constraint elevation (constraint elimination) and
methods available at the time, such as MRP. The back to the first step (constraint identification)
theory of constraints (TOC) adopts the common (Wilkinson, 2013). Poor estimation of cost, time and
idiom "A chain is no stronger than its weakest link" related resources negatively affects project success.
as a new management paradigm. Assumptions of Thus, an effective project estimation tool to
The theory of constraints asserts that every complex undertake prediction is required, for instance poor
systems and processes, are made up of interrelated estimation in infrastructural construction project can
activities and one among the activities might pose a cause delays, emerging from project complexity,
constraint to the entire system, which becomes the construction and technology methods used and
weakest link in the chain. related resources inefficiency (Elbeltagi, Hosny,
Dawood, & Elhakeem, 2014).
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Construction Project
Project Scheduling
performance
Goals and objectives
Quality
Resource Allocation
Time
Value engineering
Cost
Task Management
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construction project life-cycle processes must be awareness of front-end planning for a more
managed in a more effective and predictable way to successful project execution.
meet project stakeholders’ needs. However, there is Shamp (2017) examined scheduling Strategies for
increasing concern about whether know-how Construction Project Managers toward on Time
effectively improves understanding of underlying Delivery. The study found that construction
theories of project management processes for management projects involve complex, dynamic
construction organizations and their project environments resulting in uncertainty and risk,
managers. Project planning and scheduling are compounded by demanding time constraints.
considered as key and challenging tools in Research indicated project managers have struggled
controlling and monitoring project performance, but to identify best practices for scheduling construction
many worldwide construction projects appear to projects via critical path methodologies while
give insufficient attention to effective management searching for tools to increase timely job
and definition of project planning, including completions and budget profits. The purpose of this
preplanning stages. Indeed, some planning issues single case study was to explore the strategies that
have been completely overlooked, resulting in construction project managers used to manage
unsuccessful project performance. scheduled construction project delivery on time. The
There is a lack of knowledge of, and understanding constructivist philosophical worldview was used as
about, the significance of applications of project the framework for this study. Data were collected
planning and scheduling theory in construction from semi structured interviews from 7 project
projects. Thus, improving such knowledge should be managers from 5 different construction companies
incorporated with new management strategies or selected via purposive sampling throughout Florida.
tools to improve organizational learning and All project managers had at least 15 years of
integration in the context of project planning and experience and multiple construction projects with
scheduling. This implies a need to assess project managing scheduled project deliveries. Three
stakeholders’ understanding on the application of themes emerged through thematic analysis: project,
project planning and scheduling theories to practice. time delay, and cost. A construction project can have
The main aim was to study and describe project many variables that project managers cannot control
stakeholders’ perspectives regarding a set of such as the issue of on-time scheduling.
identified criteria comprising aspects assumed to be Project managers identified that a project could be
significant in successful project planning and within the budget or cost set for the project and still
scheduling. The main research question was be on time and go over budget or be within budget
developed as follows: What level of understanding and not meet schedule. No broad support was found
do project stakeholders have about the application of for agile project management, and no confirmation
project planning and scheduling theories in practices could be made that principles of philosophical
of construction projects? This key question is theories were critical for project success.
divided into a number of specific questions Implications for a positive social change result in
concerned with various aspects of project planning creating new jobs during and after construction,
and scheduling. bringing new individuals to neighborhoods, schools,
Three different questionnaire surveys were and area businesses. Negendahl (2015) stated that
considered and designed in order to collect and the schedule is usually not dynamically linked back
analyze data relevant to the empirical studies to the building design. It relies on those who created
presented and discussed under the scope of this the schedule, through analysis of the building
thesis. The study context is Oman. The thesis is design, to make any changes or updates to the
based on a summary of five appended papers, of schedule, if and when the design changes. This is
which four represent empirical survey studies. The perhaps one of the more significant gaps in the
results form the basis of discussions and reflections, traditional process that is bridged through the use of
and the four key factors identified are: highlighting BIM. Ultimately, successful organisations were able
management tools needed to improve organizational to closely manage their use of increasingly scarce
knowledge and understanding of project planning and expensive resources; demonstrating greater
theories and methods; paying particular value for money by reducing costs and meeting
consideration to the significant factors (enablers and environmental objectives. BIM is not essential to
barriers) impacting project planning and scheduling; improving a project’s resource efficiency.
identifying project management roles and Sfrent and Pop (2015) examined asymptotic
organizational behaviour in planning and scheduling for many task computing in big data
scheduling; and increasing project stakeholders’ platforms. Traditional scheduling methods rely on a
few people familiar with the tasks to be performed
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to make the schedule. These members of the project their natural setting. This research design was also
team determine how long each task should take to useful in management decision making. It involved
complete, and in what order they need to be acquiring information about a certain segment of the
completed. They must also include any other population and getting information on their
associated logic or precedence between the tasks. As characteristics, opinions or attitudes (Orodho, 2003).
technology has developed over time, this scheduling Churchill and Brown (2004) also observed that
process has been transformed from an all-paper descriptive research design is appropriate where the
process to one involving scheduling software, not study sought to describe the characteristics of certain
unlike other forms of documentation mentioned groups, estimated the proportion of people who have
previously. certain characteristics and make predictions.
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honest and on target (Denscombe 2003). Before Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) tests were all
using a research instrument it is important to ensure generated by SPSS to test the significance of the
that it has some validity. relationship between the variables under the study
Reliability and establish the extent to which the predictor
According to Orodho, (2009), defined reliability as variables explain the variation in dependent variable
a measure of the degree to which a research (Brace, Kemp & Snelgar, 2012). The research
instrument yields consistent results or data after hypotheses was tested using the p value approach at
repeated trials. According to Pallant (2011) when 95% confidence level based on linear regression
using the Cronbach‘s Alpha value to test reliability, analysis output produced by SPSS. The statistical
a value above 0.7 is considered acceptable; however, overall model used for analysis was in the form of
a value above 0.8 is preferable. This method requires Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model as shown:
neither the splitting of items into halves nor the 𝒀 = 𝜷𝟎 + 𝜷𝟏 𝑿𝟏 + 𝜷𝟐 𝑿𝟐 + 𝜷𝟑 𝑿𝟑 +
multiple administrations of instruments. The internal 𝜷𝟒 𝑿𝟒 + 𝜺……………...……Equation 3.1
consistency method provides a unique estimate of Where
reliability for the given test administration. Before Y represents the dependent variable
the instruments are used for collecting data, a pilot (project performance)
study was conducted in Nandi County Government. β0 represents the constant
The respondents to be used for piloting will not take β1 represents the coefficient of the
part in the study. Once the questionnaires are independent variables
constructed, they were tried out in the field. X2 represents project scheduling
ε represents the error term
Data Processing and Analysis The data was presented using frequency tables, pie
Data collected was prepared for analysis by editing, charts and graphs. The researcher preferred this
coding, classification and tabulation of data before mode of presentation to enhance visualization of
analysis. Data analysis is a systematic process of statistical information and thus make the data easier
transcribing, collating, editing, coding and reporting to understand.
the data in a manner that makes it sensible and
accessible to the reader and researcher for the 4.0 Research Findings and Discussion
purposes of interpretation and discussion (Jwan &
Ong'ondo, 2011). The data collected was analysed Response Rate
by both descriptive and inferential statistics. Response rate is the number of people who answered
Descriptive statistics refers to the use of percentages, the survey divided by the number of people in the
frequencies, mean, standard deviations and variance sample (Nulty, 2008). A total of 197 questionnaires
whereas the inferential statistics involves the use of were issued out and only 175 were returned. This
Pearson product moment, correlation coefficient and represented a response rate of 88.8%. This response
multiple regression analysis (Cooper & Schindler, rate was adequate for data analysis and conforms to
2011). Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) stipulation that a
Multiple regression analysis is a measure of the response rate of 70% and over was adequate. The 22
ability of independent variable(s) to predict an questionnaires were accounted by those respondents
outcome of a dependent variable where there is a who never returned the distributed questionnaires as
linear relationship between them. In this study they were busy on their duties. Some questionnaires
regression analysis was done to establish whether were never filled completely hence were not used for
independent variables predict the dependent this study. The results were presented in Table 4.1.
variable. The R square, t-tests and F-tests and
Table 4.1 Response Rate
Category Frequency Percentage
Administered 197 100.0
Returned 175 88.8
coefficients greater than 0.7. The study results above 0.8 is preferable. The internal consistency
concur with Pallant (2011) that when using the method provides a unique estimate of reliability for
Cronbach‘s Alpha value to test reliability, a value the given test administration.
above 0.7 is considered acceptable; however, a value
Table 4.2 Reliability of the Research Questionnaire
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
Project Scheduling .988 4
Projects Performance .987 4
Demographic Information of the views of both gender. The results were presented
Respondents in Table 4.3. The results indicate that 116(66.3%) of
The demographic information considered in this the respondents were male while 59(33.7%) of the
study included the respondents’ gender, level of respondents were female. The respondents were
education, respondents’ age bracket and work slightly made up of more male than female. The
experience. The study results were presented under findings indicate that the male and female difference
the following subtopics; was not significant and therefore this implies that the
Gender of the Respondent study was not influenced by gender imbalance.
The respondents were asked to indicate their gender
in order to ensure that the results obtained captures
Table 4.3 Gender of the Respondents
Frequency Percent
Male 116 66.3
Female 59 33.7
Total 175 100.0
Level of Education of the Respondents diploma while 50(28.6%) of the respondents said
The level of education was important as it enabled that degree was their highest level of education and
the respondents to answer the questions 24(13.7%) said that their highest level of education
appropriately. The results are presented in Table 4.4. was masters. The results indicate that majority of the
The results indicate that 38(21.7%) of the respondents have attained diploma level education.
respondents had attained certificate level, 63(36%) The results indicate that the respondents were aware
of the respondents indicated that they have attained of the topic under the study.
Table 4.4 Level of Education of the Respondents
Frequency Percent
Certificate 38 21.7
Diploma 63 36.0
Graduate 50 28.6
Masters 24 13.7
Total 175 100.0
Age of the Respondents 79(45.1%) of the respondents said that their age
The respondents were asked to indicate their age bracket was between 40 and 49 years; another
bracket since it was important for the study. The 17(9.7%) of the respondents indicated their age
results were presented in Table 4.5. The results on bracket was above 50 years. The results indicate that
the respondents’ age bracket indicate that 16(9.1%) majority of the respondents were between 40 and 49
of the respondents’ age bracket to be between 18 and years and therefore they were old enough to provide
29 years; 63(36%) of the respondents indicated their reliable information.
age bracket to be between 30 and 39 years;
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Work Experience of the Respondents 22(12.6%) of the respondents had worked for a
The results show that 4(2.3%) of the respondents period more than 5 years. The results indicate that
have worked for a period of less than 1 year; majority of the respondents have been working for a
67(38.3%) of the respondents indicated that they period between 3 and 5 years and therefore they
have worked for between 1 and 3 years while understand the influence of building information
82(46.9%) of the respondents said that they have modeling. The study results were presented in table
worked for a period between 3 and 5 years and 4.6.
Table 4.6 Work experience of the respondents
Frequency Percent
Less than 1 year 4 2.3
1-3 years 67 38.3
3-5 years 82 46.9
over 5 years 22 12.6
Total 175 100.0
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Correlation Analysis Results performance since all the correlation coefficients are
The research used Karl Pearson’s coefficient of greater than 5.0 and p values for all the four variables
correlation to calculate the degree and direction of are 0.000 implying that all the variables are
the relationship between linear related variables. statistically significant. The study results further
The value of the coefficient of correlation (r) always indicated that there positive, significant and strong
lies between -1 and +1 such as; r=+1, perfect relationship between project scheduling and records
positive correlation. r=-1, perfect negative management (r=0.768, p<0.01), there was
correlation. r=0, no correlation. The correlation significant and strong relationship between risk
showed in the table shows bivariate correlations of management, records management and project
all the variables (records management, project scheduling (r=0.779, p<0.01; r=0.807, p<0.01)
scheduling, risk management, project monitoring respectively. Lately the study results revealed that
and project performance). Correlation analysis and there was significant, strong and positive
multiple regression analysis was used to compute relationship between Monitoring, Records
the mean of the items since the research instrument Management, Project Scheduling and Risk
was measured by multiple variables (Wang and Management (r=0.843, p<0.01; r=0.759, p<0.01;
Benbasat, 2007) r=0.833, p<0.01) respectively. Karl Pearson’s
From the correlation Table 4.13 it is clear that all the coefficient considers a range of 0.10-0.29 to be
independent variables (records management, project weak, 0.30-0.49 to be medium and 0.5-1.0 to be
scheduling, risk management and monitoring) are strong, Wong and Hiew (2005).
strongly and positively correlated to project
Table 4.12 of ANOVA test of project scheduling 229.672 and p=0.000<0.05. F test provides an
shows that the model was fit and there was a overall test of significance of fitted regression
statistical significant relationship between project model. It indicates that all the variables in the
scheduling and project performance in Uasin Gishu equation are important hence the overall regression
County Government. This is evidenced by F of is significant.
Table 4.12 ANOVA of Project Scheduling
Model Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
1 Regression 126.968 1 126.968 229.672 .000b
Residual 95.639 173 0.553
Total 222.607 174
Table 4.13 shows that there was positive linear (p=0.000) in project performance. A clear show of a
relationship between project scheduling and project positive influence of project scheduling on project
performance which means that an increase in a unit performance. The study therefore rejects the second
of project scheduling increases performance by null hypothesis that there is no significant effect of
0.712 units and price scheduling was significant project scheduling on project performance.
Table 4.13 Regression Analysis of Project Scheduling
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients
Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
Overall Multiple Regression Analysis Results it ranges from 0 and 1.With linear regression, the
Table 4.14 show coefficient of correlation coefficient of determination is also equal to the
coefficient (R) and determination (R2) which square of the correlation between the independent
explains the degree of association between and dependent variables. An R2 of 0 means the
independent and dependent variables. A correlation dependent variables cannot be predicted from the
coefficient of 1 means that for every positive independent variable. An R2 of 1 means the
increase in one variable, there is a positive increase dependent variable can be predicted without an error
of a fixed proportion in the other. A correlation from independent variable. An R2 between 0 and 1
coefficient of -1 means that for every positive indicates the extent to which the dependent variable
increase in one variable, there is a negative decrease is predictable.
of affixed proportion in the other. Zero means for In this case the R= 0.842. This means there was a
every increase, there is no positive or negative strong positive relationship between the variables.
increase. The two aren’t related. On the other hand This value of R square indicates that the independent
R2 is interpreted as the proportion of variance in the variables can explain 70.8% of the variation in the
dependent variable that is predictable from dependent variable. This implies that there is a
independent variable. The coefficient of positive relationship between the dependent and the
determination is the square of correlation (r) independent variables and the data that had been
between predicted y scores and actual y scores; thus, employed in the regression model were accurate.
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Adjusted R2 is a modified version of R2 that has been The adjusted R2 indicates that 70.2% of the changes
adjusted for the number of predictors in the model in small enterprise performance are explained by the
by less than chance. The adjusted R2 of 0.702 which model while 29.8% is not explained by the model.
is slightly lower than the R2 value is an exact This implies that level of records management,
indicator of the relationship between the project scheduling, risk management and project
independent and the dependent variables because it monitoring has a positive relationship on project
is sensitive to the addition of irrelevant variables. performance.
Table 4.14 Overall Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the Durbin-Watson
Square Estimate
1 .842a 0.708 0.702 0.61783 0.383
Table 4.15 presents the results of regression model has a probability of less than 0.05 of giving
ANOVA to test the model fitness at 95% a correct prediction. Hence, the regression model
confidence level. The study results indicated that used above is a suitable prediction model for
there was a significant value (p=0.000<0.05) and F- explaining the relationship between independent
value of 103.295. This shows that the regression and dependent variables.
Table 4.15 ANOVA Results
Model Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
1 Regression 157.716 4 39.429 103.295 .000b
Residual 64.891 170 0.382
Total 222.607 174
Table 4.16 presents the results of regression The regression equation is outlined as follows;
coefficients. The study findings showed that all the Y represents 0.726+ 0.187X2 + …….Equation 4.1
variables (records management, project scheduling, Where:
risk management and project monitoring) were Y represents project performance, dependent
extremely significant since they registered a p-value variable
of 0.000. The results show that the regression β0 represent constant
coefficients of the independent variables are X1 represent project scheduling
statistically significant in explaining project
performance. Thus the regression equation becomes;
Table 4.16 Multiple Regression Coefficients Results.
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 0.726 0.178 4.074 0
Project scheduling 0.187 0.072 0.198 2.615 0.01
project scheduling leads to an increased project Recommendations for Practice and Policy
performance. The study recommends that the policy makers to
Moreover the study shows that the respondents were come up with policies which enhance automation of
in agreement that BIM project scheduling helps the records management functions and implement
contractors attain the goals and objectives of project records management awareness programs for non-
completion; Project scheduling function enhance the records management staff. They should provide
resource allocation and simulation; Creation of policies for training programs on records
project schedules using BIM has proved value management personnel.
engineering in project performance and that BIM Recommendations for Theories
scheduling helps in task management of resources The study recommends the use of Theory of
and better tracking of project performance. The Constraints because the theories have highlighted
study shows that project scheduling has a positive how an organization might be working to reduce the
influence on project performance in Uasin Gishu effect of a constraint or risk. This might lead to
County. This means that a project cannot work reduce resource wastage on factors that do not
without a project plan because it is the project plan contribute towards project success. It has also shows
which establishes the timelines, delivery and that the organization should not focus on short-term
availability of project resources, whether they be goals as opposed to long term goals, in that it only
personnel, inventory or capital. Therefore, proper evaluates what is happening currently. The theory
project scheduling leads to an increased project also shows the importance of project scheduling on
performance. construction projects coordination.
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