Milling & Retrieving Course

Derek Gorgichuk
CoilTOOLS Manager - CAN
Coil Tubing Services Services
© 2011 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of Schlumberger.

Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective
owners.

2
Course Goal

Milling Fishing
• Toolstring selection • Fishing tool selection
• Mill selection • Downhole operation
• Downhole
D h l operation
ti • Prepare the fish
• Tubing forces • Tubing forces
• Contingencies and • Contingencies and
troubleshooting troubleshooting
Course Philosophy

• Presentation of materials
• Basic theory
• Basic operation
• Practical exercises
• BHA layout
• Downhole
o o e hydraulics
yd au cs
• Local scenarios
• Focus on understanding “why” and how to apply to real world
• Interaction with the participants
Course Overview

Motor & Milling Applications Retrieval Applications

• Motor types • Basic fishing tools
• Mills & bits • Advanced fishing tools
• Running procedures • Prepare the fish
• Contingencies & troubleshooting • Job design projects
• Post run evaluations
• Failure modes
• Tool
T l maintenance
i t
• Job design projects
Introduction to CoilTOOLS
• Initiated in 1999
1999, with the
acquisition of PetroTECH
• Primary business
• Motor applications
• Abrasive services
• JJettingg sservicess
• Logging services
• ACTive services
• Districts
Di t i t throughout
th h t Canada
C d & US
• Managed under CTS in NAM
• Expertise in horizontal
applications
• Milling
• Abrasive perforating
• Plugg ssettingg
• Conveying logging tools
• E-Line
• ACTive
Introduction to Myself
• Current SLB employee
• CT work throughout
g Western Canada
• Milling applications
• Abrasive perforating
• Blaster work
• Logging
• Extensive experience in horizontal applications
• Transition into CoilTOOLS Manager
• Districts in Western & Eastern Canada
• Service center startup
• Sales & marketing initiatives
Basic Milling Tools
Milling Toolstring Overview (BHA)

BHA Components
• Coiled tubing connector
• Motorhead assembly
• Jars (if required)
• Extended reach tool (if required)
• Motor
• Mill or bit
Coiled Tubing Connector

• Slip type
• External
• Internal
• Dimple
• External
• Internal
• Roll-on
Motorhead Assembly

• Rugged
• Milling
• Perforating
• Jarring / hammering
• Non-pressure balanced circ sub
• Multiple seat options
• 43 mm, 54 mm, 73 mm sizes
i
Back Pressure Valve Variations

• Dual flapper
• Drop ball compatible
• Higher pumping rate
• Better
B tt pressure rating
ti
• Spring loaded
• S
Simple
p e aandd ccheap
eap
• Seats wear and springs break
• Ball check
• NOT allowed
Disconnect Variations

• Hydraulic w/ dogs – rugged

• Hydraulic
H d li w// collet
ll t
• Straight pull
• Torsion locking options
• Spline
• Castellation
• Suggested to run separate
disconnect below jar
Circulating Sub Variations

• Ball actuated
• Typically for motor work
• Non-pressure balanced on rugged
• Rupture disc
• Seen more on fishing operations
• Ball actuated with rupture disc
• Not used with CTS except blasters
Motors

• Ability to turn a bit when pipe cannot

be rotated
• Converts fluid flow to rotary motion
• Sections
• Power section
• Transmission
• Bear pack
• Bit box / drive shaft
Motor Parts
Power Section – Lobe Configuration

• Always one less lobe on rotor • Higher ratio means more torque
• 5/6 and 7/8 most common • Higher ratio also means less rpm

1:2 3:4 4:5 7:8

Power Section – Stator & Rotor

• Rotors made of steel

• Normally finished with chrome
• Also finished with Tungsten
• Stator made of heat treated steel
• Lined with elastomeric insert
• Typically nitrile (NBR)
• Stator elastomeric insert first to fail
• Chunks away
Power Section – Sealed Fit

• Cavities formed between the rotor and stator

• Along helical curve of power section
• Cavities sealed from adjacent cavities
• Seal lines
• Centerline of rotor offset from centerline of stator
• Known as eccentricity of the power section
• When rotor turns inside of stator centerline moves
• Follows circular motion inside of stator
• Various types of fitting depending on conditions
• Temperature
• Fluid pumped
Power Section – Sealed Fit

Stator

Cavities Rotor Lobes

Seal Lines
Power Section - Stages
• Torque depends on number of stages
• Contact area
• More stages gives more torque
• No decrease in rpm
• Stage length is axial length for one lobe to rotate 360 along its helical path
• Long stage motors have more torque and less rpm
• Also longer seal line length indicating reduced seal efficiency
Power Section – Even Walled Motors

• Standard stator two different rubber sections

• Thick section

• Thin section

• Non-uniform rubber swelling

Power Section – Even Walled Motors

• Hysteresis results in standard stators

• Due
D tto friction
f i ti bbetween
t rubber
bb molecules
l l
• Cause of ‘chunking’

Beginning Hysteresis Advanced Hysteresis Stator Failure/Chunking

Power Section – Even Walled Motors

• Stator lobe made from rubber and steel

• Rubber is uniform in thickness

• Rubber swell is reduced

• Rubber swell is uniform

• Horsepower and torque increased by 70% - 100%

Bearing & Transmission Assembly

• Purpose is to translate eccentric motion of rotor to concentric motion

• Bearings
• Ball, lubricated washers & bushings
• Lubrication
• Mud Lube
• Sealed
• Transmission designs – straight or adjustable housings
 Motor – Operating Principle

• Pressure and flow cause rotor to turn inside of stator

• Flow dominates speed which the motor turns
• Pressure dominates the torque output of the motor

1ST STAGE
ROTOR

• Stall
St ll when
h ttorque required
i d exceeded
d d bby motor
t capacity
it

1
• Rotor stops turning inside of the stator

(fluid flow)
AVITIES
• Fluid bypasses
yp the seals of the rotor-stator resultingg in

CA
STATOR
increased circ pressure
 Motors – Performance Curve

• Bit speed a function of

flow rate & differential
pressure

• Torque as a function of
differential pressure

• As differential pressure
increases,, speed
p
decreases and torque
increases
Mills & Bits

• Considerations
• What is being milled?
• Conveyance?
• What
Wh t motor
t iis bbeing
i used?
d?
• Type
• Blade
ade oor ddrag
ag bbitt
• Roller cone bit
• Carbide dressed junk mill
• Carbide dressed concave/convex
mill
• Carbide insert mill
Mills – Design Considerations

• What is being milled

• OD Æ 90% - 100% of drift
• Ideal – 94% - 96%
• Cutting face geometry
• Concave, flat, convex, tapered, etc
• Back-reaming ability
• Blades
• Number of blades
• Radial angle, rake angle, etc
• Water course and ports
• Straight
Straight, twisted
twisted, size
Mill Aggressiveness

• Aggressive mills
• Less contact area
• Not connected
• L
Less bl
blades
d
• Extreme convex mills
• Extreme concave with small blades
• Non-aggressive mills
• More contact area
• Connected
• More blades
• Larger blades
• Flat bottom
Specialty Mills

• Client requests
• Reaming casing
• Step mills
• Object specific
• D2 copperheads
Bits

• Typically client requests

• Cement
• Sand cleanout
• Formation cleanout
• Open hole extension
Roller-Cone Bits

• Can drill out plugs

• Preferred in 5.5”
• Bit choice on field experience
• A many as 25 plugs
As l
• Prefer sealed bearings
• Very expensive
• Worry about losing a cone
• Follows IADC coding
 IADC Coding System
• Three digit coding system to identify bits – 116, 117, 216, 111 are common
• First digit
• 1, 2, and 3 designate STEEL TOOTH BITS with 1 for soft, 2 for medium and 3 for
hard formations
• 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 designate TUNGSTEN CARBIDE INSERT BITS for varying formation
hardness with 4 being the softest and 8 the hardest
• Second digit
• 11, 22, 3 and 4 are further breakdown of formation with 1 being the softest and 4 the
hardest
• Third digit
• 1 for
f open bearing, 2 ffor open bearing – air cooled, 3 ffor open bearing with gauge
protection, 4 for sealed roller bearing, 5 for sealed roller bearing with gauge
protection
Extended Reach Tools - Agitator

• Power section
• 1:2 lobe ratio
• Drives the valve section

• Valve & bearing section

• Converts hydraulic fluid to
pressure pulses
• Pulses act on CT axially and
breaks static friction
 Agitator - Details

• Valve section varied by cyclical restrictions

• Pair of valve plates moving

• Frequency of the pressure pulses

proportional to the flow rates
• Power ssection drivess the pplate movement

• Tool set up based on high flow and low flow

• Change the restriction plates

• Pressure pulses move the CT axially

Jars

• Up only, down only, and alternating up & down versions

• Large ID’s for ball drop

• No setting or adjustments required

• Can be dressed for high temperatures

• Typically more effective in the up direction

 Jar Theory

1. CT string pulled from surface

2. Detent holds the hammer in place
causing CT above to stretch
3 Energy
3. E stored
t d ini CT
4. Detent releases and stretched CT
retracts upward, accelerating hammer
5. Hammer travels distance of freestroke,
hits anvil causing uplifting force down
t th
to the stuck
t k spott
Internals - Hydraulic Jar Detent Mechanism
Internals – Initial Load Applied
Internals – Hydraulic Delay (Metering)
Internals – Hydraulic Delay (Metering)
Internals – Detent Release
 Difference between Impact & Impulse
Impact
• Refers to the force delivered
• Need to overcome sticking force
• Impact force > Sticking force
• Greatest impact from max pull load
• Least
L t number b off jjoints
i t above
b th
the
jar gives greatest impact
• Fish with impact when slight
movement will free the fish
Impulse
• Force x (time the force lasts)
• Larger impulses move fish further
• Greater impulse with more joints
above the jar (weight)
• Often
Oft usedd when h differentially
diff ti ll
stuck or long fish
• If fish doesn’t
doesn t move with large
impact, change to high impulse
Intensifier / Accelerator

• Improves performance of jar

• Uses internal spring-like mechanism that

compresses
p when load is applied
pp to it

• Energy stored in intensifier instead of CT

string

• Most effective when there is weight

between the jar and accelerator
• Rule of thumb is 20 ft of weight bars
Pre and Post Job
Tool String Configuration - Basics

• Review connections and identify any required crossovers

• Avoid double crossovers if possible (ie. 11”MT
MT – 1.5
1.5” MT & 1.5
1.5” MT – 2.375
2.375” PAC)
• Avoid crossing over above and below a component
• Disconnect placement
• Attempt to put below high price items (ie. jars & accelerators)
• Attempt to have no upsets above the disconnect
• Verify
• ID’s and ball drop compatibility
• OD and minimum restrictions in wells
• N d for
Need f centralization
t li ti
• Tensile strength of components and corresponding weak points
• Activation pressure of any component to be within capacity of surface equipment
and CT
Thread Types
Shoulder Sealing Requirements

• Shoulder sealing threads free of:

• Paint
• Rust
• D bi
Debris
• Pits
• Scrapes
• Defects
Making Up The Toolstring
• Make up torques (τ = F x d)
• Typically 50% - 60% of yield of connection
• Do not over torque – Swell the box or break the pin
• Proper pipe wrench placement
• Away from critical components
• Not directly on the box of the connection (especially SA)
• Applying torque
• Steady
• Left or right hand threads (use your hand)
• Come along -vs-vs snipes
• Condition of pipe wrench jaws
• Use string gauge
• Loctite or lubricate
Applying Loctite

• Various types
• 242/243, removable, opaque blue
• 262, permanent, clear red
• Application
• Ensure box & pin free of oil and water
• Apply
pp y ge
generous
e ous aamounts
ou ts to tthee ppin
• Good practice to coat shoulder as well
• If connection needs to be retorqued then break
apart and clean.
clean Do Not just retighten
Applying Lubricant

• Does not enhance seal!

• Prevents galling and improper torque application
• Various types
• Pipe dope
• Copper anti-seize
• Silver anti-seize
• Grease
• Teflon tape
 Pre-Job

• Gather information • Tool string determination

• Wellbore diagram • Connector
• Minimum restrictions • Mill selection
• L ti off completion
Location l ti components t • C
Crossovers
• Deviation survey • Accessory items
• BHT & BHP • Fishingg contingencies
g
• Fluids – wellbore & circulating • GS spear
• What is being milled • Overshot & grapple
• Flow back set up • Wash pipe
• Directions, client info, well info, etc
• Scaffolding?
Rig Up – BHA Diagram

• Record the following:

• Lengths
• OD’s, ID’s, ball sizes
• A ti ti pressures
Activation
• Number of shear pins
• Asset numbers
• Fishing necks
• Generate BHA diagrams
• Formal diagram
Connector Installation
• Prepare the CT
• Free of significant pits and nicks
• Straight and round – calipers
• Bevel end – grinder or file
• Sand OD for optimal
p seal – mayy have to ggrind if significant
g ballooningg
• Measure and mark depth of dimple tool
• Use deadblow to install dimple tool
• Dimple the CT and remove dimple tool – use slide hammer
• Measure and mark depth of connector
• Install
I t ll connector
t andd titighten
ht didimples
l – use loctite
l tit on dimples
di l
• Pull test to max expected overpull plus 5000 daN (if CT allows)
• Pull test MHA to 5000 daN – ensure dogs are present
Pressure Test and Function Test
• Pressure test
• Pressure test to maximum activation pressure plus 4 Mpa
• Ensure that pressure wont exceed tensile force of the connector
• Done after pull test – ensure all components of test plate are pressure rated
• In winter make up tools as quick as possible after the pressure test
• May need to circulate half in between making up to avoid freezing
• Pumping methanol is a good practice

• Function test
• Break circulation over to the testers at minimal rate – Warm fluid,, N2,, methanol
• Function test at 250 L/min, 350 L/min, and 450 L/min – note circulation pressures
• Feel and listen at the wellhead for rotation
• Do not rotate in lubricator for a long time – will gouge the lubricator with the mill
Post Job

• On site inspection of toolstring – take pictures ASAP if concerned

• Function test if any concerns about motor performance
• External wear
• MHA pins
i
• Motor, transmission, and bit box slop
• Mill wear
• Off site inspection of toolstring
• Stator and rotor condition
• Bearing pack wear
• MHA wear
• Internal corrosion/abrasion
Job Execution
Run In Hole
• Proceed slowly through wellhead
• Rotate the mill if tagging up
• Circulation
• Start after 50 m – 100 m in the well at a minimal rate – A must in winter!!
• Can alternatively pump 200 L every 500 m – Not in winter!
• Pull tests
• Everyy 500 m – 1000 m
• 50 m above restrictions/obstructions
• Approximately 200 m above the obstruction bring pumps online
• Pump
P metall to metall ffriction
i i reducer
d if extended
d d reachh iis required
i d
• May also need to pump to engage the agitator for further extended reach
Pull Out of Hole

• General guidelines
• Circulate full bottoms up with gel or a sweep at TD for final cleanout
• Typical SLB gels are B221, J571, J508, J353
• Will want to do a final corrosion inhibitor before pulling to surface
• T i l corrosion
Typical i iinhibitors
hibit are A264
A264, A270
A270, A201
• Do not POOH to exceed annular velocity – Especially in big casing
• Do a couple sweeps of the heel while pulling out
• Slow down for restrictions or previous tight spots
• Slow down at least 50 m from surface
• If running slim, may have to feel your way out with the master valve
• Take tools off BEFORE purging CT
Effective Execution

• Effective execution is defined as:

• Removing the obstruction(s)
• Not becoming stuck in hole
• C
Completing
l ti within
ithi th
the operating
ti guidelines
id li off th
the ttools
l
• Doing it safely

• Effective execution is accomplished by:

• Setting enough weight to work the motor efficiently
• Producing small enough debris to avoid sticking issues
• Using your operational knowledge of the tools to troubleshoot
Surface Measurements
• Depth
• Weight
g
• Circulation Pressure
• Wellhead Pressure
• Fluid rates
• Fluid volumes
Depth
• Unit setup
• Ensure in proper units
• Ensure counter wheels in good shape
• Properly zero at surface – RKB
• Where is the end of the BHA when zeroed?
• UTLM, mechanical wheels, depth encoder
• Understand tubing forces
• How much CT stretch?
• How much helical?
• Depth references if tools are changed
• Flagging pipe – Is it accurate?
Weight
• Unit setup
• Appropriate units
• Proper smoothing and dampening
• Properly zeroed prior to RIH
• Understand tubing forces
• What is WOB?
• When do you get lockup?
• Force -vs-
vs weight
• Affected by the following:
• Changes in WHP
• Wellbore fluids
• Circulating pressures
• Surface equipment
q p
• Wellbore friction
Circulating Pressure

• Unit setup
• Appropriate units and smoothing
• Properly zeroed at surface
• Primary indication of motor performance
• Affected by the following:
• Changes in fluid
• Gel sweeps
• WHP
• Changes in wellbore fluids
• Cross flows, obstructions, filters, screens
• Major effect on CT life
• Reduce circulating friction pressures – J507
• May need to trim pipe if life spikes
Wellhead Pressure
• Unit setup
• Appropriate units and smoothing
• Properly zeroed
• Affected by
• Changes in fluid
• Lifting sand or debris
• Choke or flow back change
• Removal of wellbore obstruction or cross flow
• Continually confirm WHP with the testers
• Ensure no debris plugging up or ice or hydrates
Running the Unit
• CTU operator has the largest impact on success and efficiency
• Smooth,, consistent,, and decisive movements
• Steady weight transfer
• RIH too abruptly can worsen WOB issues
• Appropriate low or high gear
• Consistent reel back tension for comparisons
• Quickly catches tags – not all units have ‘CoilSAVER’
• Breaking a stall
• Shut down pumps - recommended
• Increase reel back tension and pull up
• Pick up to string weight plus a couple meters
• Pick up promptly during a stall to conserve motor life
Important Information

• Should write down every 30 mins or during significant occurrence

• Weights
• String Weight
• RIH Weight
• POOH Weight
• Pressures
• Surface test pressure
• Off bottom circulating pressure
• Stall pressure (do not need to stall to know this)
• Perforation and plug locations
• Where 30 degrees to 60 degrees is in the heel
 Milling
• RIH, tag obstruction and set initial 500 – 1000 daN to produce motor action
• Allow motor to gain differential pressure and eventually return to string weight
• Repeat process until completely milled through
• Note that you may need to put more weight, if the weight is not returning
• Use surface measurements to determine how to proceed
• Plugs / seats
• Apply enough set down weight to ensure the plug does not float
• The ball may be difficult to mill and may take extensive heat build up to break apart
• Once the slips have been milled through, the plug bottom will fall to the next plug
• Sand & fill
• Wash into the fill but do not take too large of a bite to increase density of the column
• May need to utilize N2 to ensure that the well remains underbalanced
Ideal Conditions
• Set down weight and circulating pressure rises

• Feed coil at a constant weight and maintain a constant diff pressure

• As circulating pressure makes a sharp rise attempt to break the stall

• Monitor returns for reasonable size plug parts

• Perform
P f gell sweeps tto ensure the
th wellbore
llb iis clean
l
Monitoring Returns
• Need to keep a close watch over the testers
• Note where the sample catcher is – if on top, top may be hard to see debris
• If on the gut line you will have no way of seeing samples
• Similarlyy if there is a small choke, it can become pplugged gg with debris
• Compare WHP and pressure at the testers to ensure not plugging off
• Continuously watch WHP to ensure the well does not die
• For sour wells, mask up when taking samples
• Opening up the well too quickly can cause hydrates
• Indication
I di ti off gas returning
t i tto surface
f ffrom th
the flflare
• Types of debris coming up will dictate further milling techniques
Milling – Horizontal Applications

• Much more difficult to entrain the debris in the fluid stream

• Wiper trips are recommended to the vertical section
• Typically after 2-3 plugs/seats – can be extended if MCCV is utilized
• Typically after about half a sand/cement mill out
• Can have annular velocity issues
• If liners are in place
• Larger casing in the vertical
• In 7” casing
• With smaller motors – reduced flow rates
• Gel sweeps, high FQ, and trips to the vertical can help
Jarring Procedure
1. Cock the jar by moving in the opposite direction of intended force
1. Apply 2000 to 3000 daN set down or overpull from nominal string weight
2. Hold it for approximately 30 seconds
2. Quickly apply the intended jar force and leave the CTU engaged
11. Pullll approximately
P i t l 7000 daN d N over nominali l string
t i weight
i ht – watcht h CoilLIMIT
C ilLIMIT
2. Set down approximately 4000 daN if jarring down
3. Jar should fire after 3 to 5 minutes for the first fire
4. If they do not fire, reset the jars and try again – seals will initially be tight
5. As the jars heat up, it will fire more rapidly
6. Short cocking time can cause the jars to fire quicker – less fluid to meter
3. If you need to disconnect, try not to leave the jar in the well
4. Always monitor CoilLIMIT not to exceed tensile or compressive force
 Dropping the Activation Ball

• Position reel so the tee is facing up
• Isolate
I l t ththe ddrop llocation
ti ffrom th
the
reel – most likely in the reel
• Bleed off pressure and remove cap
• Insert ball and replace cap
• Open all downstream valves
• Apply 5 Mpa over CT pressure
• Open upstream valve and begin
pumping
i att max milling
illi rate
t • Avoid using N2 or co co-mingled
• Listen for the ball in the reel
• Note
N t when h it goes over th the reell
• Ball seats ~ 500 L before CT
capacity
• Reduce pump rate to reduce
circulating pressure below the
activation pressure to ensure the
shift is not masked
mingled
fluid as compressibility will make it
difficult to shift
Activating the disconnect
• Run CT to neutral weight at BHA (ie. string weight at surface)
• If in tension or compression,
p can be a bindingg load on the dogs/lugs
g g
• Can prevent internal portion of the disconnect from moving
• Being in neutral will allow for the internal portions to disconnect freely
• Drop the activation ball and shift the disconnect
• Ensure to caliper the ball before dropping and that it will go through all components
• Use stainless steel balls for the disconnect
• Pull off the BHA
• May take a slight overpull to release from the retaining groove
Activating the Circulation Sub
• Circulation sub is loaded through the body
• Tension / compression has no effect on the shifting mechanism

• Circulation sub
• Non-pressure balanced
N b l d can bbe openedd without
ith t a bballll
• Pressure balanced will typically have a burst/rupture disc
• Above are both used for contingencies in case you cannot pump
• Important to know your burst pressure to ensure you don’t exceed during operation
• If dropping the ball to open ensure to drop the right kind of ball
• For acid service drop only the stainless steel ball
• For all other services drop the aluminum ball – able to remove with acid if needed
Milling Contingencies
Problems

• Not millingg the obstruction

• No motor action
• Touchy
• Weak stall
• Tool string failure
• Tubingg forces
• WOB
• RIH
• POOH
Sources of Problems
• Wellbore • Tool string
• Loss of returns • Mill too aggressive or touchy stalls
• Tubing forces • Weak motor
• Wellbore deviation • Stuck at bit
• Annular velocityy • Stuck at connector
• Taking a kick • Spiked motor
• Prolific returns • Transmission failure of motor
• Cross flow & Differential Sticking • Motor head assembly leaking
• Obstruction • Mill not aggressive – Long mill times
• Ripping chunks from plug
• Fighting plug bottom
• Plug floating
• Debris on plug
• Aluminum components
Circulating Pressure Changes
• Pressure rises over 1 to 15 minutes
• Fluid change
g – startingg to see effectives of friction reducer
• Cross flow
• Flow back rate
• Plugged filter
• Changes in density in the annular

• Pressure rise over hours

• Fluid change – re-cycling fluid
• Bearing pack failure
• Mill orifices closing
Circulating Pressure Changes – Cont’d
• Sudden pressure rise or not able to circulate
• Power section failure, stator rubber packed off motor
• Pump line or CT obstructed
• Frozen CT

• Circulating pressure rises and fall with no other changes

• Power section chunking
• Valve in pump is leaking

• Circulating pressure suddenly decreases

• Circ sub opened / Burst disc blew
• Lost tool
• Connection seal leaking
Stall Anomalies

• Low stall pressures

• Not actually stalled
• Power section setup incorrectly – wrong fit
• Power section is worn

• Muted or gradual stalls

• Leaking above the motor
• Abnormally soft stator rubber
• Need to consider weight transfer and fluid changes before faulting motor
Wellhead Pressure Changes

• Sudden increase
• Obstruction removed – well kick
• Flow back plugged or pinched in

• Sudden decrease
• Obstruction removed – well on a suck
• p
Flow back opened upp
• Be careful for loss of returns
• Be watchful for leaks at surface and need to isolate at well control stack
 Loss of Returns

• No CT ROP dictates to begin POOH • May be appropriate to stop

• Do not overpull significantly if POOH
• Can lodge large part beside tool
• Can compact debris around toolstring
and complicate circulation issues
• If pulling up will get you lodged
• If you are below a thief zone
• Rarely
R l a goodd idea
id tto RIH
• Only if you are sticking POOH

• Most likely need to bring on N2

• Lighten the backside
• Help
H l establish
t bli h returns
t again
i
No Motor Action
• Not transferring weight to BHA – WOB issues

• Power section failure

• Tool has disconnected or severed – look at circulating pressures

• Debris
D b i rolling
lli on ttop off obstruction
b t ti – frac
f balls
b ll
• Pick up and run into obstruction at 5 m/min
• Pick upp and run into obstruction at 10 m/min
No Motor Action - Continued
• Hydraulicing off plug – fluid pushing you off of obstruction
• Reduce pump rate
• Pinch in flow back if milling a ‘flow
flow through
through’ plug

• Transmission failure in motor

• Caught at perforation due to cross flow

• Plug spinning – Not Literally!

• Debris on top of plug rolling around
• Teflon back up ring spinning
• Set down hard (w/ and w/out pumping) and consider increasing pump rate
 Weight on Bit Issues
• No action with significant set down weight at surface – 5000 daN or more

• Sudden and uncontrollable stalls after RIH with significant set down weight

• See increased or sustained motor action with increasing weight

• Gradual
G d l reduction
d ti in i RIH weight
i ht over a moderate
d t or llong di
distance
t
Resolving Weigh on Bit Issues

• Smooth and consistent movement of the CT

• Keep the momentum going
•Do not set excessive amounts of weight down as will form helix
• Eventually go into lock up
• Pick up
• String weight to relax helix
• Until BHA moves – weight breaks over
• 50 m , 100 m, 200 m
• Worst case – POOH to vertical
• Buoyancy changes
• Increase fluid density outside of CT – horizontal applications
• Decrease fluid densityy of fluid in CT
Resolving Weight on Bit Issues – Cont’d

• Reduce snubbing force

• Decrease WHP
• Friction Reducer
• Metal to metal
• EZ-Slide, Soy Bean Oil, Liquid beads, etc
• Consider formation compatibility
• Pipe straigtener
• Extended reach tools
• Agitator
Pulling Heavy
• Debris in heel
• Cross flow
• Differential sticking
• Debris stagnating at thief zone
• Debris around toolstring
• At the connector or upset in the tool string
• At the mill, ‘bit stuck’ – from not kicking out pumps when stalled and pulling off
• Wellbore trajectory – direction of KOP relative to reel
• Remediating
• Increase ppumpp rate
• Use N2 for better lifting
• Open up the well
• Wiper trips
• Back reaming ability on the mills
Unable to RIH
• Typically from wellbore hydraulics
• Systematically adjust circulating rate and flow back
• Open well and allow it to flow
• Choke well and restrict flow back
• Reduce circulatingg rate
• Increase circulating rate
• Combination of the above
• Potential
P t ti l iissues att surface
f
• Verify CT is lubricated
• Too much stripper pressure
• Verify injector working properly – brake releasing
• Verify reel brake is off and not dragging
• Ballooned pipe at surface – Caliper at corresponding stripper depth
 Touchy Stalls
• Ensure CT movements are smooth
• Injector instantly stopped when circulating pressures rise or weight drops
• Pull off obstruction and creep into it easily
• Be patient
• Review
R i mill ill selection
l ti
• Collapsed casing / liner is a typical cause
• Consider using a tapered mill
• If occurring at perforations may have to push through
• Take care not to pick up too far above the perforations to get stuck again
• May be caused by hydraulic extension of the CT
High Circulating Pressures
• Verify friction reducer is being added – J507

• Check surface filters

• Verify friction reducer is being dispersed properly in tanks

• Verify friction reducer is compatible with base fluid

• Open up the well to reduce WHP

Large Plug Parts at Surface

• Mill selection
• Mill too aggressive – How many blades? Convex? Concave?
• Improper geometry for well conditions
• OD too small
• W t course too
Water t llarge

• Millingg technique
q too aggressive
gg
• Too much weight on bit
• Too slow to react to motor action
• Often resulted from excessive stalls
Differentially Stuck
• Typically occurs when a well has gone on vacuum
• After millingg out a pplugg
• Suction can cause excessive flow through the motor
• Damage the stator or bearing pack
• Close
Cl iin valves
l att surface
f – even if pump iis out,t suction
ti can pullll flfluid
id
• Can be excessive to the point that it pulls you over CoilLIMIT
• Need to lighten
g the CT with N2 to gget fluid out and reduce weight
g
• If there is debris above when it happens, it can pack off around tools
• Try to keep moving if possible
• Need to increase the density of the fluid in the well to try and balance
Post Job
Post Run Evaluation
• Visibly inspect tools

• Look for confirmation of issues encountered downhole such as leaking

• Determine if a component needs to be inspected further during redress

• Make notes on tools with paint pen

• Determine if tools can be rerun for the client with out redress
• Typically for pad work

• Determine if all components were appropriate for operation

External Wear

• Rubbing on one side • Motor

• Pipe wrench marks • Transmission slop
• Depth • Bit box gap
• Location relative to critical parts • Jar
• Components that are oval • Still stroking properly
• Marks or gouges on tools
• Individual
I di id l ttools
l
• Leaks
• Washing
• Slop (disconnect)
Surface Tests
• Function test motor
• If it is not turningg with fluid alone,, it was not turningg downhole
• Pressure test
• Only done if suspected leak above the motor
• Surface test jars – not recommended
• Only if suspected they were not firing
• Be careful if yyou are attempting
p g
• Set down and cock jars against the ground
• Pull up and put test plate on
• Pull up and apply 3000 daN
• Leave unit engaged and watch for jar to detent
Mills
• Examine cutting structure for wear

• Look for radial and longitudinal marks

• Radial marks typical of debris around mill while turning
• Longitudinal marks typical of debris around mill while stalled
• Helps determine if the mill was appropriate for the operation

• Measure OD to determine extent of gauge loss

• Determine
D t i if the
th chips/button/blades
hi /b tt /bl d are in
i tact
t t
Failures
Motor Failures – Power Section - Debond

• Stator rubber comes loose from stator tube

• Failure of adhesive to primer bond – chemical attack (acid)
• Failure of primer to stator tube bond – heat related (wellbore & friction)

• Failure
F il mechanisms
h i
• Entire rubber section dislodged and high circulating pressure seen
• Entire rubber section ggone resultingg in no motor action
• Dislodge and cause sporadic motor action
Motor Failures – Power Section - Chunking
• Tips of the lobes break off
• Cause rapid
p changes
g in circulatingg ppressures
• While loaded and off bottom as chunks pass through the motor
• Can prevent circulation entirely
• Circulation pressure will be inconsistent
• High because chunks are plugging off the mill ports
• Low because less friction points between the rotor and stator
• Failure mechanisms
• Cause by excessive stalls or high loading of motor
• Caused by heat build up due to extended run times and high loading
• For high temperature wells, look to use undersized rotors
Motor Failures – Bearing Pack
• Catastrophic failure of the drive line
• Weak component
• Side
Sid loading
l di
• High friction or seizure due to lack of lubrication
• Dirty fluid for non
non-sealed
sealed bearing sections
• Loss of oil for sealed sections
• Solids invasion of bearing pack
• Improper assembly
• Wear
Toolstring Back Off and Parting
• Back off
• Results from backlash when ppickingg upp after a stall
• If the tools joints are properly torqued there in NO need to kick out the pumps
• Anti-stall tools worsen the issue, do need to shut down pumps before pulling off

• Parting
• Related to over torquing a tool joint or placing pipe wrenches in critical areas
• Can happen from overstressing the tool downhole, but this is rare
• Need to properly inspect the tool before redressing - MPI
Unconventional Milling
Milling with Nitrogen
• Utilized in low BHP wells
• Imperative to know the BHP
• FQ will depend on downhole hydraulic calculations
• TVD – hydrostatic pressures
• Circulating pressure downhole added to hydrostatics
• Nitrogen volume factors - density of N2 = 120 kg/m³
• Use FQ at least 5% greater than balanced condition
• Detailed examples…
• Motor can handle up to 75% FQ
• Equivalent fluid rates still valid for the motor
• Continually need to monitor differential pressures
Milling with Nitrogen - Operations
• Use straight fluid to pressure test
• Ensure to be underbalanced before startingg to mill
• Do not exceed 90% of the max fluid rate with equivalent fluid rate
• Once milling it may take a while to see the load – compressibility
• Stalls will take up to 15 minutes to reach max stall pressure
• Do not kick out the pumps – Simply pull up and wait for pressure to decrease
• Do not wait for the full stall pressure
pressure, if steadily climbing – it is stalled
• Constantly watch your WHP
• It will decrease as obstruction material loads on the back side
• If it dies off then need to adjust N2 rates
• Gel sweeps still suggested but can also use a surfactant
Milling with Nitrogen - Precautions
• Motor will typically last for a max of 24 hours
• Nitrogen causes the stator to chunk at an accelerated rate
• Expect longer milling times
• Torque is typically reduced with equivalent flow rates
• Do regular sweeps if in horizontal
• Typically after 2 plugs / seats
• If dropping
pp g a ball switch to straight
g fluid
• Ensure to have adequate nitrogen on location
• Switch to straight fluid before taking tools off
• At least 1.3 times CT volume
Milling with Frac Oil
• This is allowed with certain precautions
• Ensure to ppressure test with straight
g fluid
• Flush coil with water once at surface
• Stator life will reduce as compared to straight fluid
• Rubber components can swell
• Ensure they are frac oil resistant
• Can nitrify if required
• High safety risk if there are no preventions/mitigations
• C
CT pinholes
p o es cou
couldd lead
ead to fires
es
• Taking samples may not be possible when looking for debris
• Should have water on location as a contingency to flush coil
Milling with Acid
• Not recommended but doable
• Typically done when milling scale
• Stator rubber will swell and will lose rotor chrome
• Motor life is unpredictable
• Don’t expect more than a couple hours until it seizes up
• Pressure test with straight fluid
• Ensure
E th
the CT iis pickled
i kl d bbeforehand
f h d
• Avoid plugging off
• Ensure all acid is flushed before removing tools
Accessory Tools
Boot Basket – Catch Large Debris

• Typically ran below motor w/ pin up

• Used to capture large debris

• When large debris cannot be carried to surface

• Commonly used on cast iron plugs

• As flow reaches the mandrel fluid velocity drops

• Allows large parts to fall into the skirt
Venturi Junk Baskets
• Utilized to pick up debris left in the well
• Fluid ppumped
p at the topp of the tool toward the OD
• Vacuum is created in Venturi chamber and debris drawn in
• Debris screen located between chamber and the cages
• Cages used to trap debris from falling out
• Rate of Venturi action is much greater than pump rate
• Cannot be used with nitrogen
g
• Can be run with or without a motor
• When POOH keep pump rate the same as when on bottom
• Close master valve and then kick out the pump
• Allows large pieces to just fall onto the top of the master valve
Bars
• Weight bars

• Deployment bars
Locking Swivel – Deployment Applications

• Used when not possible to rotate either connection

• Slide the locking collar with castellations up

• Make tool joint up

• Slide locking collar down

• Engage the castellations and lock in place with set screw
Centralizers

• Fixed Blade

• Non-Rotating

• Bow Spring
• Mechanical
• Hydraulic
Anti-Stall Tools (AST)

• Placed above the motor

• Works with the following principle
• Continuous balance between drilling torque and applied force
• When approaching a stall the accumulated torsion activates the AST
• When activated the AST causes contraction of the tool – spring motion
• Contraction will off-load and free the bit
• After contracting the unit releases the excessive string torsion gradually
• AST not activated if forces do not exceed normal drilling forces
• Jarring not affected by the tool
• Does not work well – tool can only contract so much
Torque Through Knuckle Joint
• Used to assist in running long tool strings
• Especially
p y in highly
g y deviated wells

• Minimizes affect of residual bend in CT

• Each knuckle provides 15 degrees of movement

• Typically placed above a motor

Underreamer
• Deployed to mill obstructions below a restriction

• Flow through the tool expands the blades

• When flow stops, the blades retract back in

• Flow is split between pilot mill and blades

• Ensures debris is flushed from blade pockets
Casing Scrapers
• Various designs
• Ran without a motor
• Ran with a motor

• Set per casing size

• Independent of weight

• Blades on springs to force against wellbore

• Can catch on collars or other wellbore debris

Ported Sub

• Dumps flow above the motor

• Activated when flow rate exceeds max flow rate of motor

• Nozzle diameter and quantity selected for specific case

• Mutes motor response – differential pressure and stalls

MCCV
• Ported sub with two different modes
• Milling mode has all flow go through to the mill
• Circulation mode pumps fluid at high rates to the annulus
• Variable orifice sizes to dictate rate that it will shift
• Can continually shift between the two modes
• In circulation mode, about 150 L/min goes through mill
• Typically shift to mill after milling through obstruction
• Significantly reduces CoilLIFE and trip times
• Ensures proper wellbore cleanout
• Cannot shift with nitrogen
Abrasive Perforating - AbrasiJET
• Primarily in tight gas shale plays
• Problems exist breaking down or placing fracs
• Also
Al when
h initial
i iti l stimulation
ti l ti iis ddesired
i d
• Commonly in monobore completions
• No existing perforations or re
re-perforation
perforation applications
• Varying gun sizes and phasing
• Variable nozzle sizes depending
p g on CT size
• Typically pump until breakdown is seen
• Depends on sand size and concentration
• Ran with mechanical disconnect and centralizer
• Do not frac through the CT – rather the annulus once cut
• Isolate with sand or plugs
Hydraulic Setting Tools
• Used to run plug in conjunction with perforator
• Applicable
pp with AbrasiJET

• Various designs

• Typically set off of hydraulic pressure

• Increase to desired pressure
• Plug sets
• Pull off
• Drop ball to shift sleeve to allow perforation

• Cannot run check valves – continually bleed pressure

R i l
Retrieval
Fishing for Profiles
• Fishing profiles are internal or external features
• Machined into downhole tools to facilitate removal

• Typically able to selectively engage and disengage the fish

• Idea
Id isi nott to
t complicate
li t ththe fifishh if it cannott bbe retrieved
ti d

• Slickline often deployed

p y first
• If they cannot retrieve the fish they will ‘bait’ it with a profile when they pull off
GS Profiles

• Internal profile for retrieving tools

• Undercut or groove placed in the ID of the sub
• Standard and long version refers to the placement of the groove
• Long catch will retrieve standard profiles
• Standard catch will not retrieve long profiles
GS Spear Operation – Pump to Lock
• Engage the fish
• Circulate to remove debris from inside the profile
• Stop circulating
• Set down weight to engage
• Pick up to ensure – know pickup weight
• Circulation may be established at any rate
• Differential pressure will ‘lock’ the tool in the latched position
• P ll the fish
Pull
• Release the fish
• Ensure ppumps p are offline
• Set down to extend the mandrel
• Circulate above the locking threshold
• Pull off fish
fish, stop circulating to repeat latching
GS Spear Operation – Pump to Extend

• Engage the fish

• Circulate to remove debris from inside the profile
• Stop circulating
• Set down weight to engage and pull fish
• Circulation can be established after latching but must be below releasing rate
• While POOH U-tubing of fluid can cause the spear to release the fish
• Release the fish
• Set down slightly
• Begin circulating above releasing threshold to retract the collet fingers
• Pull off fish,
fish stop circulating to repeat latching
GS Spear Operation - Mechanical

• Engage the fish

• Set down weight to engage the fish
• Pull the fish

• Release the fish

• Jar
Ja do
down
• Pull off fish
Wash Pipe Guide
• Guide specifically designed to aid in fishing
• Horizontal applications
• Non-centralized situations

• Scoops fish into wash pipe and centralizes

• Typically for GS retrieval tools

• Internal spear type retrieval tool can then latch on

• Ideal
Id l ffor llarge casings
i where
h fifishing
hi necks
k hhave bbeen lleftft
JDC Profiles
• External profile for retrieving wireline tools and flow control hardware
• Groove cut around OD of tool
JDC Pulling Tool Operation

• Engage the fish

• Circulate to remove debris around fishing neck
• Set down weight to engage
• Stop circulating and pull to remove fish

• Release the fish – hydraulic

• Set down slightly
• Begin circulating above releasing threshold
• Pull off fish

• Release the fish – mechanical

• Jar upp or down depending
p g on tool configuration
g
 Overshot Fishing

• Fishing for slick OD’s with a grapple that bites into the OD of the fish
• Grapple configurations
• Basket grapples are robust and fingered (when fish is ½” smaller than max catch)
• Spiral grapples allow for larger catch with same OD overshot
• The bowl allows the grapple to expand as it is pushed over the fish
• Taper energizes the grapple when upstrain is applied
• Control
C t l usedd tto rotationally
t ti ll llockk the
th grapple
l iin th
the bbowll
• Fish can then be released with rotation
• Guide used to funnel the fish into the overshot
Overshot Breakdown
Mechanical Release Overshot Operation

• Engage fish
• Set down weight
• Pickup to wedge grapple against bowl causing grapple to bite into fish

• Release
R l th
the fifishh
• Bump down on the fish to release the bite
• Rotate to the right
g while ppickingg upp
Overshot Grapple Options
• Basket

• Spiral

• Short catch basket

• Right hand wickers (rotate to the left to release)

• Nitrolloy for hard faced components

Extensions and Guides
• Extensions placed between top sub and bowl
• Allows pportion of fish to be swallowed in overshot

• Guides used to guide fish into the overshot

• Pl
Plain
i guides
id are usedd tto go over centralized
t li d fifishh
• Cutlip guides used to kick fish over into overshot
with rotation
• Oversize guides used to extend range of
applicable casing sizes
• Mill tooth guides used to break crust of fill off top
of the fish
General Fishing Guidelines
• Follow same OD guidelines as mills

• Must trap the fish against something in order to be able to latch

• Understand if the fish is a simple pick, is stuck, or potential to stick

• This will guide your selection of tools

• Always select tools keeping in mind you may have to fish these as well

• Large fishing strings typically not done on CT

• Rig up and force restraints
• Done more with snubbing units or rigs
Fishing Pre Job Considerations
• Configure the toolstring
• Which component
p is to be latched
• Do you have enough lubricator to get everything out
• Releasing contingency
• Is rotation required to engage
• Is sealing on the fish required – regain circulation through the fish
• Does anything need to be conveyed through the fishing BHA
• Always consider the impact of not retrieving the fish
• Tools left in hole
• Contingencies for moving forward
Contingencies for Engaging the Fish
• Remove debris from fish top
• Circulate fill off the fish top
• Venturi junk basket run to suck debris off the fish top
• Washover

• Lift fish off of wall

• Change OD of fishing tool
• Change guide taper or the guide design
• Oversize guide
Contingencies for Engaging the Fish – Con’t

• Rotate over the fish

• Hydraulic indexing tool
• Yankee screwdriver
• Motor – significant risk if fish cannot be retrieved

• Dress the fish

• Mill control
• Hollow mill insert
• Burn over the fish
Contingencies for Pulling the Fish

• Straight overpull

• Jar

• Circulate to clear debris from around fish top

• Rotate fish, typically not an option with CT

• Can use a motor but can lead to damage of the fish

• Release overshot and wash over / burn over the fish

• This may be difficult with release options for CT
Reading the Guide and Grapple
• Marks on guide & grapple valuable • Guide ID
• Guide face
• If fish is laying on one side
• If wire is present
• If OD is larger than expected
• If OD is larger than expected
• If fish is oval or collapsed
• If fish top is bent
• Grapple
• If OD is larger than expected
• How far the fish was engaged
• If wire is present
Lead Impression Block

• Soft faced block that presses

oontoo fish
s
• Yields mirror image of fish top
• Set down once do not rotate
• Highly subjective interpretation
• Look for the following
• Roundness
• OD and ID
• Jagged edges
• Lines form wireline
Magnets
• Magnets used to retrieve loose magnetic items such as:
• Nuts
• Bolts
• Slips
• Cones
• Etc…

• Can
C beb run alone
l

• Can be placed inside of a shoe or wash pipe

CoilTOOLS - Appendix
Drilling Bits & Casing Clearance
Make-Up Torques
Motor Specs – 1-11/16” Even Wall
Motor Specs – 1-11/16” Even Wall Performance Curve
Motor Specs - 2-1/8” Even Wall
Motor Specs - 2-1/8” Even Wall Performance Curve
Motor Specs – 2-7/8” Even Wall
Motor Specs – 2-7/8” Even Wall Performance Curve
Motor Specs – 2-7/8” Power Plus
Motor Specs – 2-7/8” Power Plus Performance Curve
Motor Specs – 3-3/4” Even Wall
Motor Specs – 3-3/4” Even Wall Performance Curve
CT Ultra Jar Specs
Mill Types – Junk Mill
• Halliburton Fas Dril Plugs

• Sand

• Green Cement

• Unknown
U k obstruction
b t ti
Mill Types – Carbide Insert Mill
• Halliburton and Baker plugs

• Magnum plugs

• Copperhead

• Anything
A thi steel
t l

• Anything unknown and hard

Mill Types – Flat Bottom Mill
• Halliburton Obsidian plugs

• Sand

• Green cement

• Unknown
U k obstruction
b t ti
Mill Types – Piranha Mill
• Halliburton plugs

• Sand

• Green cement
Mill Types – Convex Carbide Insert
• Weatherford 10k plugs

• Magnum

• Halliburton & Baker

• Copperheads

• OH completion seats

• Hard cement
Mill Types – D2
• Specifically for Copperheads
Mill Types – Roller Cones
• Hard cement

• Plugs of all sorts

• Alternative to any mill

Tool Hand Etiquette

• You are the tool supervisor, not the CT supervisor

• Act professionally and with respect
• Do not talk too much
• Help CT crew when possible – gain their respect
• When CT is having issues, perhaps best to leave the cab
• Do not be a liability or bothersome to the CT crew
• Tool hand will always get blamed when things are going wrong
• Do not take it personally
• Give
Gi constructive
t ti assistance
i t or advice
d i when
h askedk d
• Be friendly at all times, but do not get walked over