Unit 1: Step 2 - to recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Electromagnetic theory and waves

Dania Carolina Gonzalez Gonzalez

Code:1075313018

Tutor: William Mauricio Saenz

Course: 203058A_474

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia “UNAD”

CEAD Neiva

Septiembre 2018
1.Explain the concept of the tangent by means of an example.

The Tangent of an angle α (tg α, or tan α) is the ratio between the opposite leg and the adjacent
(or contiguous) leg:

Example:

Calculate the loss tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10 kHz. Calculate again at 100MHz.
Solution:

−4 sm
The dry soil parameters are σ =10 ∈r=3
m

There is the lost tangent to 10 kHz

−4
σ 10
tan ( δ )= = =60
ω∈ 7
π∗10 ∗3∗1 −9
2 ∗10
36 π

Which gives an angle of losses of: δ =tan−1( 60)=89 °

When you change the frequency to 100MHz, you get:

σ 10−4
tan ( δ )= = =0−006
ω∈ π∗108∗3∗1 −9
2 ∗10
36 π

δ=tan−1( 0.006)=0.3 °

2.What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic waves

propagation?
The velocity of propagation can be measured as the time necessary for a zero crossing or a
maximum of the signal to occur again at the same point in space. All propagate in vacuum at a
constant speed, very high (300 0000 km / s) but not infinite. Thanks to this we can observe the
light emitted by a distant star so long ago that perhaps that star has already disappeared. Or to
find out about an event that occurs thousands of kilometers practically at the moment of
occurrence

3.Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and good
conductors.

Propagation of wave in free space: The waves propagate responding to the postulates of Maxwell.

• According to the displacement current hypothesis (Ampere-Maxwell), an E field that

varies in time, induces a H field also variable in time.
• According to Faraday, an H field that varies over time induces an E field that is also
variable over time.
• The two fields exist at the same time, that is, there is an electromagnetic field that
propagates at the speed of light.
• At the distant site, field H surrounds the receiving antenna and induces a conduction
current I, thereby establishing a radio communication.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every type of
radiation.

Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than R-Xs. These are the most energetic photons.
Although they do not have a clear lower limit for their wavelength, it is usually accepted that they
are in the frequency range: 3 EHz <f <30 ZHz They are used in astronomy to study objects or
regions of high energy and, in general, in research of high energy physics. Also as radiotherapy of
some types of cancer, with the well-known "cobalt bomb".

X-rays are used to see through some objects and not others, taking advantage of the difference in
absorption between different matter (medical diagnoses, for example). Also in high energy
physics and astronomy - black holes and neutron stars emit R-X, allowing its study. Its frequency
is conventionally accepted: 30 PHz <f <50 EHz

Ultraviolet rays are EM radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the visible
spectrum. This part of the spectrum corresponds to frequencies: 750 THz <f <300 PHz The sun is
a very important source of ultraviolet radiation. This type of radiation, artificially created has
applications such as, sterilization of instruments and certain equipment, germicidal lamps for
swimming pools or other environments, tanning lamps, etc.

Radiación visible. -

Electromagnetic waves whose frequencies are between 4.6 x 1014 Hz and 6.7 x 1014 Hz
constitute a region of the spectrum that is of special importance to us, since this radiation is
capable of stimulating human vision, since it deals with the light waves or light. This is a very
narrow region of the spectrum, so our eyes are not able to perceive most of the radiation that
makes up the spectrum.

The lower frequencies of the visible radiation give us the sensation of the red color. - By
increasing the frequency of the waves we will have successively, those corresponding to the
colors orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and at the end of the visible region, the color violet.

Typical applications of infrared rays are found in astronomy, industry, medicine, etc.

The lasers are EM radiation in the range, generally, of the visible spectrum (He-Ne laser of 638
nm, Nd-YAG laser of 1.06 mμ, etc.), although they can also be located in infrared (CO2 laser of
30 μm) and even in the ultraviolet.

Specific characteristics of laser light is that it is a monochromatic, coherent and collimated light.
The applications are innumerable. In dentistry and other medical-surgical specialties, for readers-
recorders of CD's and DVD's, etc.

Radio ondas o Radio Frecuencia (RF) refer to the portion of the EM spectrum in which EM
waves can be generated by alternating currents that feed an antenna Radios waves are used for
data transmission, via modulation, television, mobile phones, wireless networks, commercial
broadcasting stations, amateur radio, microwave ovens, etc.

The bands ELF, SLF, ULF and VLF, together, are known as Audio Frequency (AF).

ELFs are used by the US Navy to communicate with submerged submarines. The VLF band is
also used for the same purpose, but when the ship is near the surface (about 20 m or less).
5.What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the electromagnetic
waves behavior?

The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the
phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by the letter.
The inverse of the refractive index is also a characteristic parameter of the different
Means of propagation and is called speed factor.Because the phase velocity in any medium is less
than the speed of light in vacuum, the refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater
than or equal.

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a magnetic and
a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain
practical models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?
 Plane wave
By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are approximately flat in a localized
region of space. For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an antenna produces a
field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is to say that, at a distance far from the
source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered as such electrodynamics
are used to easily model the behavior of the wave.
 Magnetic medium
It is a device that stores information in the middle of magnetic waves. Magnetic media are hard
drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes.
 Bibliografía

• Como funciona_Ondas electromagnéticas. (30 de 09 de 2018). Obtenido de Profisica:

http://www.profisica.cl/comofuncionan/como.php?id=45
• Descubrimiento de las ondas de radio. (30 de 09 de 2018). Obtenido de Blogs:
https://www.investigacionyciencia.es/blogs/fisica-y-quimica/10/posts/descubrimiento-de-
las-ondas-de-radio-la-confirmacin-de-la-teora-electromagntica-10186
• Maxwell . (29 de 09 de 2018). Obtenido de Vix.com:
https://www.vix.com/es/btg/curiosidades/6099/james-clerk-maxwell-el-padre-de-la-
teoria-electromagnetica