Imaginary & Complex Numbers

Once upon a time…

−1 = no real solution

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-In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do
not have square roots.

-Imaginary numbers were invented so that negative

numbers would have square roots and certain
equations would have solutions.

-These numbers were devised using an imaginary

unit named i.

i = −1

-The imaginary numbers consist of all numbers bi,

where b is a real number and i is the imaginary unit,
with the property that i² = -1.

-The first four powers of i establish an important

pattern and should be memorized.

Powers of i
i1 = i i 2 = −1 i 3 = −i i4 = 1

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 i4 = 1

i 3 = −i i

i 2 = −1 Divide the exponent by 4

No remainder: answer is 1.
remainder of 1: answer is i.
remainder of 2: answer is –1.
remainder of 3:answer is –i.

Powers of i
1.) Find i23 = −i
2.) Find i2006 = −1
3.) Find i37 =i
4.) Find i828 =1

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 Complex Number System
Reals
Imaginary

Rationals i, 2i, -3-7i, etc.

(fractions, decimals)
Integers
(…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)

Irrationals
Whole (no fractions)
(0, 1, 2, …) pi, e

Natural
(1, 2, …)

Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

1.)
3.) −5 = −1*5 = −1 5 = i 5

4.) − −7 = − −1* 7 = − −1 7 = −i 7
2.)
3.)
5.) −99 = −1*99 = −1 99
= i 3⋅ 3⋅11
= 3i 11

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You try…
6. −7 = i 7
7. − −36 = −6i
8. −160 = 4i 10

To multiply imaginary numbers or

an imaginary number by a real
number, it is important first to
express the imaginary numbers in
terms of i.

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Multiplying
9. 47i ⋅ 2 = 94i
10.
2i ⋅ −5 = 2i ⋅ −1⋅ 5 = 2i ⋅ i 5
= 2i 2 5 = −2 5
11. − −3 ⋅ −7 = −i 3 ⋅ i 7 = −i 2 21
= −(−1) 21 = 21

Complex Numbers

a + bi
real imaginary
The complex numbers consist of all sums a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
unit. The real part is a, and the imaginary part is bi.

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 Add or Subtract
7.)
12. 7i + 9i = 16i
8.)
13. (−5 + 6i) + (2 − 11i) = −3 −5i

9.)
14. (2 + 3i) − (4 + 2i) = 2 + 3i − 4 − 2i
= −2 + i

Multiplying & Dividing

Complex Numbers

Part of 7.9 in your book

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 REMEMBER: i² = -1

Multiply
1) 3i ⋅ 4i = 12i 2 = 12(−1)= −12

2) (7i )2 = 7 2 2
i = 49(−1) = −49

You try…
3)
−7i ⋅ 12i = −84i 2 = −84(−1)
= 84
2 2 2
4) (− 11i ) = (− 11) (i ) = 121(−1)
= −121

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 Multiply
5) (4 + 3i )(7 + 2i )
= 28 +8i +21i +6i 2
= 28 + 29i + 6i 2
= 28 + 29i + 6(−1)
= 28 + 29i − 6
= 22 + 29i

You try…
6) (2 − i )(3 +10i )
= 6 + 20i − 3i − 10i 2
= 6 + 17i − 10i 2
= 6 + 17i −10(−1)
= 6 + 17i + 10
= 16 + 17i

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 You try…
7)
(5 + 7i )(5 − 7i )
= 25−35i +35i −49i 2
= 25 − 49(−1)
= 25 + 49
= 74

Conjugate
-The conjugate of a + bi is a – bi

-The conjugate of a – bi is a + bi

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 Find the conjugate of each
number…
8) 3 + 4i 3 − 4i

9) −4 − 7i −4 + 7i
10) 5i −5i
11) 6 6
Because 6 + 0i is the same as 6 − 0i

12) Divide…
−5 + 9i 1 + i −5 − 5i + 9i + 9i 2
=
1− i 1+ i 1+ i − i − i2
−14 + 4i −14 + 4i
=
1− i 2
=
2
= −7 + 2i

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You try…
13)
2 − 3i 3 − 5i 6 − 10i − 9i + 15i 2
=
3 + 5i 3 − 5i 9 − 15i + 15i − 25i 2
−9 − 19i −9 − 19i
= 2 =
9 − 25i 34

QUIZ
(siapkan kertas dan alat tulis)
1. (a) Tuliskan berat badan anda, dengan
satu digit di belakang koma (satuan kg)!
(b) Tuliskan 1(a) dengan sistem bilangan
biner!
2. Tuliskan 4 digit decimal NIM anda dengan
bilangan octal!
3. Tuliskan 3 digit angka octal sesuka anda,
lalu ubah 3 angka tsb menjadi biner!

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