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& BEARINGS
MACHINE DESIGN & SHOP PRACTICE
• Solid Length
• When the compression
spring is compressed until
the coils come in contact with
each other.
𝐋𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐬 = 𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐰
• Free Length
• The length of the spring in
the free or unloaded
condition.
𝐋𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 = 𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐰 + 𝛅𝐦𝐚𝐱 + 𝐧𝐭 − 𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝐦𝐦
𝐖 𝐅
𝐤= =
𝛅 ∆𝐱
TERMS IN COMPRESSION SPRINGS
dw
F Dm
Dm F
ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSION SPRINGS
Maximum Torsional Shear Stress induced in the wire
𝟖𝐅𝐃𝐦 𝟖𝐅𝐂
𝐒𝐬 = 𝐒𝐬 =
𝛑𝐝𝟑𝐰 𝛑𝐝𝟐𝐰
𝟖𝐅𝐃𝐦 𝐅
𝐒𝐬𝐭 = 𝐒𝐬 + 𝐒𝐬𝐝 = +𝛑
𝛑𝐝𝟑𝐰 𝐝𝟐
𝟒 𝐰
𝟖𝐅𝐃𝐦 𝟏 𝟖𝐅𝐃𝐦
𝐒𝐬 = 𝟏+ = 𝐊𝐬
𝛑𝐝𝟑𝐰 𝟐𝐂 𝛑𝐝𝟑𝐰
𝟖𝐅𝐃𝐦 𝟖𝐅𝑪
𝐒𝐬 = 𝐊 𝐰 = 𝐊𝐰 𝟐
𝛑𝐝𝟑𝐰 𝛑𝐝𝐰
Where:
𝟒𝐂−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
𝐊𝐰 = +
𝟒𝐂−𝟒 𝐂
𝐊𝐰 = 𝐊𝐒𝐊𝐂
Note:
𝐊 𝐬 − 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝐊 𝒄 − 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSION SPRINGS
Deflection of Helical Springs of Circular wire
𝟖𝐅𝐃𝟑𝐦 𝐧 𝟖𝐅𝐂 𝟑 𝐧
𝛉= 𝟒
=
𝐆𝐝𝐰 𝐆𝐝𝐰
ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSION SPRINGS
Energy Stored in a Helical Spring or Circular Wire
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐄 = 𝐅𝛅 = 𝐅∆𝐱 = 𝐤 ∆𝐱
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Springs in Parallel
𝐅 = 𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐
𝐤 = 𝐤𝟏 + 𝐤𝟐
SPRINGS
𝟏𝟐𝐅𝐋𝟑
𝐒𝐬 =
𝐄𝐛𝐭 𝟑 𝟐𝐧𝐠 + 𝟑𝐧𝐟
SPRINGS Problem 1
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝐢𝐧
SPRINGS Problem 2
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎
SPRINGS Problem 3
Ans: 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦
SPRINGS Problem 4
Ans: 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐬
SPRINGS Problem 5
Ans: 𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝐦𝐦
SPRINGS Problem 6
Ans: 𝟑 𝐢𝐧
SPRINGS Problem 8
𝐍𝟏 − 𝐍𝟐 𝟐 𝐍𝟏 − 𝐍𝟐
𝐂𝐟 = =
𝐍𝐦 𝐍𝟏 + 𝐍𝟐
𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝟐 𝟐 𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝟐
𝐂𝐟 = =
𝛚𝐦 𝛚𝟏 + 𝛚𝟐
𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐
𝐂𝐟 = = Note:
𝐯𝐦 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯𝟐 𝐍𝟏 + 𝐍𝟐
𝐍𝐦 =
𝟐
ANALYSIS OF FLYWHEELS
ANALYSIS OF FLYWHEELS
Energy Stored by the Flywheel (Kinetic Energy)
𝟏 𝟐
𝐊𝐄 = 𝐈𝛚𝐦
𝟐
∆𝐊𝐄 = 𝐈𝛚𝟐𝐦 𝐂𝐟 = 𝐦𝐤 𝟐 𝛚𝟐𝐦 𝐂𝐟 = 𝐦𝐂𝐟 𝐯𝐦
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝐖𝐅 𝟐
∆𝐊𝐄 = 𝐦 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝐠
Where:
WF = WArms + WHub + WRim
𝟏 𝐄
𝐄 = 𝐅𝐦 𝐭 𝐩 = 𝐅𝐭 𝐩 𝐏=
𝟐 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞
From:
𝐅 𝐅
𝐒𝐬𝐮 = =
𝐀𝐬 𝛑𝐝𝐡 𝐭 𝐩
𝟏
𝐄 = 𝐒𝐬𝐮 𝛑𝐝𝐡 𝐭 𝟐𝐩
𝟐
ANALYSIS OF FLYWHEELS
Stresses induced in Flywheel arms
Tensile Stress
𝟐
𝐒𝐭 = 𝛄𝐯𝐦
Bending Stress
𝐌 𝐓
𝐒𝐛 = = 𝐑−𝐫
𝐙 𝐑𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐙
ANALYSIS OF FLYWHEELS
From Machinery’s Handbook
Pressure (Force) Required for Punching
• General Equation Note:
Steel/Iron – 50,000 psi
𝐏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝐒𝐬 = 𝛑𝐝𝐡 𝐭 𝐩 𝐒𝐬 Bronze – 40,000 psi
Copper – 30, 000 psi
• Steel Material Aluminum – 20, 000 psi
Zinc – 10, 000 psi
𝐏 = 𝐝𝐡 𝐭 𝐩 × 𝟖𝟎 Tin/lead – 5000 psi
• Brass Material Conversion:
1 ton = 2000 lbs
𝐏 = 𝐝𝐡 𝐭 𝐩 × 𝟔𝟓
Note: (For non- circular hole)
𝟏
𝐝𝐡 = 𝐏𝐡
𝟑
FLYWHEEL Problem 9
Ans: 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟔
FLYWHEEL Problem 13
Ans: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗
FLYWHEEL Problem 14
Ans: 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐠
FLYWHEEL Problem 15
Ans: 𝟖. 𝟎𝟒 𝐡𝐩
FLYWHEEL Problem 18
Ans: 𝟔𝟎 𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬
FLYWHEEL Problem 19
Ans: 𝟒𝟎 𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬
FLYWHEEL Problem 20
Diametral Clearance
• difference between
the diameters of the
bearing and the
journal.
𝐜=𝐃−𝐝
HYDRODYNAMIC BEARINGS
Eccentricity
• It is the radial
distance between the
center (O) of the
bearing and the
displaced center (O′)
of the bearing under
load
HYDRODYNAMIC BEARINGS
Attitude or eccentricity
ratio
• It is the ratio of the
eccentricity to the
radial clearance
𝐞 𝐜𝐫 − 𝐡𝐨
𝛆= = 𝐜
𝐜𝐫
𝟐
ANALYSIS OF BEARINGS
Maximum Bearing Pressure
𝐅
𝐏=
𝐋𝐃
Frictional Torque Transmitted Note:
𝐃 1 reyn = 1 lbf-s/in2
𝐓𝐟 = 𝐟𝐅
𝟐 1 Pa-s = 14.5 x 10-5 reyn
Frictional Power
𝐏𝐟 = 𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐟 𝐍 = 𝐟𝐅𝐯𝐦
Approximate coefficient of friction using Petroff’s Equation:
𝛍𝐝 𝐍 𝐫 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐫 𝟑 𝐋𝛍𝐝 𝐍
𝐟 = 𝟐𝛑𝟐 =
𝐏 𝐜𝐫 𝐜𝐫
BEARINGS Problem 21
Ans: 𝟑 𝐢𝐧.
BEARINGS Problem 22
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝐤𝐖
BEARINGS Problem 25
Ans: 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐖