The R u s s i a n Revolution
German politicians wanted to
P p h e coronation of Tsar
Nicholas I I in 1894 was
JL attendedby somany that a
thousand subjects were crushed to
death. The Russian empire, over a
sixth of the world's land, was one
of the most backward in Europe. All
decisions were made by the tsar
and put into action by a lumbering
System of clerks. Russia even
^ f o l l o w e d the Julian calendar,
which was 13 days behind the
Gregorian one,
used by most
1 of Europe
since 1582.
m The
tsar's
crown
jewels
1905 REVOLUTION
In 1904, the tsarist government tried
to increase its popularityby Waging
a glorious war against Japan. But
instead, its position was made
worse by a series of terrible defeats.
Anger about the war and poor
living conditions sparked off
political demands by the workers.
In January 1905, a peaceful group
marched to the Winter Palace in
St. Petersburg to ask for changes in
the running of the empire. Troops
fired into the crowd without
warning, killingmany people. This
incident was known as Bloody
Sunday and led to riots among the
people, and in the army and navy.
Russian workers barricaded the
streets ofMoscow during the
1905 revolution.
The pressure for change, which
came from peasants, workers and
middle class liberals, led to a
promise from the tsar that he would
set up an elected advisory Council,
called a Auma.
REFORM AND FAILURE
After 1905, Peter Stolypin, a
government minister, tried to
modernize Russia's economy. He
wanted to make land available for
the peasants to own privately by
lending them State money. It was
hoped that this measure would
create a class of wealthy, efficient
peasants called kulaks.
But the political reforms did not
last. The first and second dumas
were closed down within weeks of
opening for criticizing the tsar. The
third was more submissive and
survived until 1917.
GROWING OPPOSITION
In the first two decades of the
Century, radical Solutions were put
forward to the problems of tsarist
rule. The Russian Social Democratic
and Labour Party, formed i n 1898,
had some members who held
communist ideas.Inl903,theparty
split into two groups: Bolsheviks
and Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks
were led by a dynamic young
lawyer named Vladimir Ilyich
Ulyanov, later known as Lenin. He
was repeatedly imprisoned and
exiled by the State, but kept
returning to Russia in
the hope of inspiring
a revolution.
0 C T 0 B E R REVOLUTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
In 1914, Russia declared war on
Austria and Germany. By the
summer of 1915, the war was going
very badly for the Russian forces.
To try to reverse this, the tsar took
command of the army in person,
although he had no experience of
military matters. Government
policy was left in the hands of his
unpopulär German wife, Tsarina
Alexandra, whose advisors were
either incompetent or corrupt. The
most famous was Rasputin, a morde
who was said to hold a frightening
power over Alexandra.
Cartoon shoiuing Rasputin in the middle
ofthe royal household
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
Russia's economy was notprepared
for war, and there were great food
shortages. InSt. Petersburg protests
broke out in February 1917, and
carried on for five days. In the
factories, strike committees and
workers' Councils, called Soviets,
were formed. The tsar saw that his
position was impossible and so
resigned his throne, ending 300
years of rule by his family
Senior men from the duma
set up the Provisional
Government, based in the
Winter Palace.
The Litovosky
prison was set on
:
ire as a protest.
encourage political disorder in
Russia, as they believed it would
remove the country from the war.
In April 1917, they helped Lenin to
return to Russia in a protected train
carriage from exile in Switzerland.
On the night of October 24, Lenin
and his followers stormed the
Winter Palace. There was little
bloodshed because there was little
resistance. On October 26, the All
Russian Congress of Soviets
aeeeptedthe takeover
by the Bolsheviks.
The "revolution"
was in fact a well-
planned seizure of
power, organized and
carried outby a f ew.
The Bolsheviks fired
cannon from the
battleship Aurora.
BOLSHEVIKS IN POWER
In the elections for a new
government, only a quarter of the
voters chose the Bolsheviks. The
party was populär in the cities, but
not in the villages. The Bolsheviks
maintained control by launching
the "Red Terror", a campaign of
arrests and executions.
In March 1918, Russia withdrew
from the war, losing huge amounts
of territory from its old empire in
the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk.
Memories of old
Russia, like this
statue ofTsar
Alexander III,
were removed.
DEATH OF THE TSAR
After giving up the throne, Tsar
Nicholas, his wife and their fivel
children were exiled to distantparts
of the empire. In July 1918, they
were shot and killed by Soviet
guards.Beforethe discoveryofthe
bodies in 1992, there were claims
that not all the children were dead.
The Tsar and his family shortly before
their deaths
THE CIVIL WAR
•
np shoiving the areas of influenae during the Civil War
r~~"| Counter-revoiutionary A^ffl^
«——1 "white" army territory
Territory controlled /"f
* hy the Soviets
Between 1918 and 1920, there was a
civil war, between the Bolsheviks
and those against the revolution,
and also between Russians and non-
Russians in the old empire. The
Bolshevik forces were called the
Red Army, while their enemies
were known as Whites. Although
Both sides used propaganda. The Red
the Whites had foreign aid, the poster, above, asks "Hove you joined the
Soviet Red Army won because it Red Army?". The second shows a White
was better organized and led. view of communists.
Even after the civil war, things were not secure for the Soviets. Food was
not reaching the cities and industrial produetion was a quarter of its
1913 level. In 1920-21, there was a terrible famine i n parts of the
nation. To try to solve these problems, the New Economic Policy
was introduced, allowing a limited return to capitalism.
December 1922, having crushed all Opposition, Russia, K H
long with most of the lands of the old tsarist empire ^
was renamed the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
(USSR). It was known by this name for 69 years.
The hammer and sickle, representing workers of
factory andfield, was the emblem ofthe USSR.
13

Tposef Stalin, the man who
I succeeded Lenin as leader of
I the Soviet U n i o n , had a
J reputation for being tough,
ruthless and determined. His early
career involved a good deal of
illegal activity, including bank
robbery. Stalin came from Georgia,
a province of the Russian empire,
and changed his name, Djugashvili,
to Stalin, meaning "man of steel".
Lenin had severely criticized him
in a document written during the
long illness that led to his death in
1924. But Stalin had suppressed the
document and was always careful
to associate himself with the great
f ounder of the revolution.
Map ofthe USSR
S T R U G G L E FOR POWER
Stalin's main rivals for power were
Trotsky, the leader of the Red
Army, and two senior members of
the Communist Party, Kamenev
andZinoviev. Trotsky believed that
the goal of the party should be to
spread revolution across the world,
a policy called internationalism.
Stalin argued that the revolution
should be secured in Russia first.
At the Communist Party's 14th
Party Congress, the delegates
rejected internationalism in support
of Stalin's "socialism i n one
country". This enabled Stalin to take
Stalin's USSR
The Kremlin and Red Square in
GUM, the State department störe
Mainarcade of GUM
control of
government
appointments. By
1927, Zinoviev, Trotsky,
Kamenev and their allies had
been thrown out of the party.
Trotsky was exiled to live abroad,
where he continued to criticize
Stalin. In 1940, he was murdered
with an ice pickby a Stalinist agent.
ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
Stalin pushed the USSR to
industrialize, in order
for it to compete with
vjiaPHVK ^ ; v '
the rest of the world. In
December 1927, the 15th
Communist Party Con-
gress agreed that the
State planning agency
(the section in charge of
production) should be
given greater powers.
The agency drew up the
first Five Year Plan,
outlining production
targets to be reached by BonbUJEBHCTCHomv agricultural land was
1933. New coal and iron i f P O t t O Hl
mines and industrial
complexes were opened This poster makes the life
of the peasant seem heroic.
throughout the USSR.
To pay for these changes i n
industry, the peasants were
20
Moscow
Every year, there
were huge military
parades to celebrate
the 1917 revolution.
In the USSR this area was
known as Ploshchad Revolutsii
(Revolution Square).
required to produce
more grain to seil abroad,
and to feed the growing
number of workers i n
Soviet cities.
S t a l i n
MPHV
regarded the
land-owning
1 peasants known as
kulaks as a serious
threat to his plans. His
Solution was to attempt
||? to wipe them out as a
^ class by introducing a
radical new policy
called collectivization.
From 1929, all
merged into large
government farms. By
1930,60 million people
^ industrial
b g e n f
move to these land blocks, known
as kolkhoz, or "collective farms".
St. Basil's Cathedral, built in the 16th Century Between 1934 and 1937, Stalin
accused almost every leading
communist of being an enemy of
the revolution. Even men such as
The Cathedral 's ornate style
Zinoviev and
contrasts with the plainness of
Kamenev, who
the mausoleum.
had made the
revolution, were
tried and put to
Crowdsata military
death. I n just
parade
two years, Stalin
executed a third
of all Soviet
Theoverall length ofthe
army officers.
wallsis 2235m (680 feet)
Having killed
men who had
Lenin's mausoleum, where he is played a part in
preserved in an open coffin
the revolution,
he went on to
A poster of Stalin
alter the history
books, making himself appear as
The Senate Building, used Lenin's closest ally. The faces of
by communists as the party Trotsky and other party leaders
headquarters
accused of crimes were removed
from photos and replaced
with that of Stalin. In
old Bolshevik photos,
Stalin hovers beside
Lenin, while Trotsky is
nowhere to be seen.
PresidentKhrushchev,
the party leader from
1953 to 1964, tried to
correct some of Stalin's
lies. But President
* v Gorbachev was the first
to open up Soviet archives
fully to historians.
PROPAGANDA
Stalin relied on newspapers, film
The Sverdlov hall, used for party and art to promote his policies.
meetings and ceremonies He encouraged a style of art
known as Soviet Socialist
STALIN'S PURGES
Realism. Despite its name,
it was not a realistic
Stalin saw any resistance to this as In 1919, Lenin built prison camps portrayal of the life of
evidence of kulak presence, called gulags, where moderates, a peasant or worker,
although in fact it was offen the conservative army officers and but a glorified
poorer peasants who preferred the monarchists were imprisoned or picture of i,
old way of farming. Many killed executed. Under Stalin, the camps communist
their animals rather than lose them overflowed with intellectuals, society.
to the kolkhoz. This led to a shortage writers and kulaks. Even people
of livestock, and to the arrest of who simply did not meet the goals
many of the best farmers. In 1932, of the Five Year Plans might be This statue shows
millions of people died of starvation jailed. More and more camps had solidarity
in the Ukraine, the main grain- to be built in order to hold the between an
producing region, while the State growing number of prisoners. It is worker and a
continued to make money by estimated that Stalin's policies collective farm
exporting food abroad. resulted in 15 million deaths. worker.
21