Lecture 1

OUR ENERGY HERITAGE

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 Outline
Background: Definition of Force and Work
Definition of Energy
Equivalence between work and energy
Law of Conservation of Energy

Forms of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy

and Potential Energy
Power
Global Energy Tour 2
Q. Why do we need energy?

Ans. We need energy to do work.

Energy = Work.

Q. What is work?
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 WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT
FORCE
 Workdone by a force  force  displacement
(when force is parallel to displacement)

SI Unit : N·m = joule (J)

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 ENERGY
Energy is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the
capacity of a physical system to do work and produce
change.

THE SI UNIT FOR BOTH ENERGY AND WORK IS JOULE (J).

1 JOULE IS EQUAL TO 1 NEWTON METRE

UNIT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS KILOWATT-HOUR (kW.h).

ONE kW·h = 3,600,000 J (3600 KJ OR 3.6 MJ) 5

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED, IT CAN ONLY
BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.

SOME EXAMPLES SHOWING ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS

Heat Engines, such as the internal combustion engine

used in cars, or the Steam engine(Heat → Mechanical
energy)

Ocean Thermal energy (Heat→ Electricity)

Hydroelectric dams(Gravitational potential energy → electricity)

Electric Generator (Kinetic Energy or Mechanical Work→

Electricity)

Fuel Cells (Chemical energy → Electricity) 6

 Forms of Mechanical Energy

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy of Kinetic Energy of

object in linear object in rotational
motion motion
Gravitational Elastic potential
potential energy energy

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Mechanical Energy: Kinetic
Energy
Kinetic energy, K is the energy associated
with the motion of a body:

For an object in linear motion:

m=mass of the object and

v = its speed (Linear motion)
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Example: KE in Linear Motion
(a)Compute the kinetic energy in joules of a 1600 kg
automobile travelling at 15.0 m/s.
(b) By what factor does the kinetic energy change if the
speed is doubled?
(a)

1
K  1600  (15) 2  19.0 10 4 J
2
1
m(2v) 2
(b) K2
 2 4
K1 1
mv 2 9
2
 Rotational Kinetic Energy
If the rotating object has a mass m and moment of
inertia, I, its kinetic energy of rotation, K, is given
by:
1 2
K  I
2
I=Moment of Inertia of object (dependent on
mass distribution in the object)

=Angular velocity of the rotating object;

SI unit: rad/sec
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 Example: Rotational Kinetic Energy

Suppose a flywheel has a moment of Inertia of 0.04

kg.m2 and angular velocity of 200 rad/s, find its
rotational kinetic energy.

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Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy

Potential Energy

Gravitational Elastic Potential

Potential Energy Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
height is known as gravitational potential energy,
U.

m=mass of the object

g=acceleration due to gravity= 9.81 m/s2
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y=height above the earth’s surface
Example: Gravitational potential energy
What is the potential energy for an 800 kg
elevator at the top of Chicago’s Sears Tower,
440 m above street level. Assuming potential
energy to be zero at the street level.

U=8009.8440=3.5  106J
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 POWER: DEFINITION AND UNITS
Power: Rate of doing work or rate of consumption
of energy
Average power:

∆W=Work done by a system in time ∆t

SI Unit of power: Watt, 1W = 1 J/s.

Alternative unit of Power,
1 horsepower = 746 W 14
 Efficiency: Important Definition
Energy Conversion Efficiency: It is defined as the effectiveness of
converting from one form of input energy to a more useful form.

Useful Output Energy

Energy Conversion Efficiency 
Input Energy required

Example: Converting input Coal Chemical energy into thermal

energy in a power plant boiler to mechanical energy in the turbine to
useful electrical energy in the power plant generator.
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COME TO THE POINT

TAKE A GLOBAL ENERGY

TOUR

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 Average Annual Growth in
Energy Demand

Global energy demand grew by 2.1% in 2017.

The overall share of fossil fuels in global energy demand in

2017 remained at 81%, a level that has remained stable for
more than three decades despite strong growth in renewables. 17
18
 Present Energy utilization: Year wise data
and future projections

Total world energy consumption:

2008: 505 quadrillion Btu
2020: 619 quadrillion Btu
2035: 770 quadrillion Btu
Bottom Line: World energy consumption will increase 19
by 53% from 2008-2035.
Note; In US system 1quadrillion is 1015.
 World total primary energy supply
(TPES)

Share of coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydro and others have increased and oil
has decreased
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Overall TPES has increased by 122% in 40 years
 OECD total primary energy
supply (TPES)

Total primary energy supply by America and Europe has

increased nominally
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Total primary energy supply by Asia has increased by a
good amount
 Present Energy utilization: Year wise data
and future projections

By 2035: The energy

consumption share of OECD
countries is expected to
increase only by 18%

Non-OECD countries energy

use is expected to grow by 85%
from 2007 to 2035.

Energy use in Non OECD emerging countries is

growing @ 2.3 % per annum. This is due to the growing
economies of these countries. 22

China and India are the non-OECD fastest growing economies.

The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development) is an international organization of countries
with highly developed economies and democratic
governments.
Member countries (30) include
Australia Mexico
Austria Netherlands
Belgium New Zealand
Canada Norway
Czech Republic Poland
Denmark
Portugal
Finland
France
Slovak Republic
Germany Spain
Greece Sweden
Hungary Switzerland
Iceland Turkey
Ireland United Kingdom
Italy United States
Japan 23
Korea, South
Luxembourg
Global Energy Scenario

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 GLOBAL ENERGY TRENDS
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total market value of all goods
and services that are produced within a country, during a given period (usually
one year).
There is strong correlation
between standard of living per
capita (per head of population)
and the energy consumption
per capita.

Graph shows a large spread in

energy consumption per capita
between different highly
developed countries.

Less developed countries will increase their GDP and energy consumption per
capita. Further the population also increases thereby increasing energy
consumption.
In more developed countries, the population is roughly constant and 25
they are increasing their energy efficiency- leading to decrease in energy
consumption.
 Fossil Fuel: Crude oil reserves
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring,
flammable liquid.
They are found beneath the earth's surface.
They are composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various
molecular weights, and other organic compounds,

Composition of oil: Carbon-86%

Hydrogen -12%
Sulfur-2%

Typical Reaction: Combustion of 72

kg of pentane releases 220 kg of
CO2.

Biggest reserve: Middle east:

56% of the World share 26
 World oil prices and future projections

Oil prices are expected

to remain high.

Future projections are based

on certain assumptions:

Low Oil Price : Assumes greater competition and

international cooperation in both consuming and producing
nations.
Reference case: Current practices, politics, levels of access
and economics decides the trend.
High Oil Price case: Assumption is a rebound in world oil27
prices due to economic growth and long-term restrictions
on conventional liquid production.
 World oil consumption

Mb/d-million barrels a day

Global oil demand rose by 1.5 million barrels a day (mb/d) in

2017, continuing a trend of strong growth since prices fell in
2014.
The rate of growth of 1.6% was much higher than the average
annual growth rate of 1% seen over the past decade. 28
 Fossil Fuel: Natural gas
Natural gas is a mixture of gases formed from the fossil remains of
ancient plants and animals buried deep in the earth. The main
ingredient in natural gas is methane.

Combustion of 16 kg of methane releases 44 kg of CO2.

Used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat water, power
generation and transportation.
Compressed natural gas is a cleaner alternative to other automobile
fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel.
More efficient than oil and coal and less carbon intensive.
Average natural gas consumption increases by 1.6% per year .
Consumers are switching over from oil to natural gas specially in
industries.
Example: Newly constructed petrochemical plants rely 29
increasingly on natural gas as a feedstock.
Natural gas consumption

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Average annual growth in Natural gas
demand

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 Fossil Fuel: Coal
Coal is a burnable carbonaceous rock that contains large amount of
carbon.
Coal is formed from the remains of plants that lived and died about 100 to 400
million years ago when part of the earth was covered with huge swampy forests.

Composition of Coal: Main ingredient is Carbon.

Additional ingredients are hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, water and ash forming
mineral.

Carbon content in lignite is 55% and in anthracite is 90%.

Primary use: Energy resource for electricity production

Typical 500 MW coal fired plant consumes 250 tonnes of coal per hour.

Upon combustion ,1kg of carbon produces 3.6kg of CO2.

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In the absence of legislation, US, China and India may turn to
coal in place of more expensive fuels.
 Region wise Coal Consumption and Future
Projections

World Coal consumption increases by 1.7% per annum .

Limitation:
Its solid form causes difficulties in extraction, transportation and use.
Its greater carbon content and more impurities lead to more carbon
di oxide and greater air pollution on burning.
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Natural gas and coal together contribute to 60% of total world
electricity generation.
Average annual growth in Coal demand

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 Reasons for growing energy demand and
transition to clean energy: There are three
primary reasons.
1. Most of the world’s population is extremely energy poor. About 2.5 billion
people, have no access to electricity. For example India, with over 1 billion people,
it implies a twenty-fold increase in per capita energy use.

2. Depleting oil needs to be replaced by other energy resources. In the future,

we’ll have to create our new energy carriers, be they chemical batteries or oil-
substitutes like methanol or hydrogen. On a grand scale, that’s going to take
a lot of extra electrical energy.

3. Growing human population, the impacts of climate change and other

forms of environmental damage is escalating future demands for clean
energy.
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 SUMMARY:Fossil fuels cannot meet energy
requirement for ever
With Present production rate:
Oil reserves will last for next 40 years.
Gas reserves will last for 60 years.
Coal reserves will last for next 133 years.
Oil and gas reserves will become scarce in human life
time.
Transition to sustainable energy is inevitable.
What do
I want?

Willy-nilly Smooth
transition transition
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Excessive usage of fossil fuels: CO2 and other pollutants emission
Implication: enhanced green house effect by earth’s
atmosphere

GLOBAL
WARMING

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 What is green house effect

Sunlight: Main components: Ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation,

Infra red (IR) radiation

Earth’s atmosphere is completely transparent to the short wavelength solar

radiation which reaches earth’s surface and is absorbed by it.

Earth in turn radiates long wavelength IR back to atmosphere where it is

absorbed by the green house gases (CO2 and water vapour): Green house effect.

Burning of Fossil fuels produces CO2 : Enhances green house effect.

Earth’s temperature started rising: GLOBAL WARMING

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 Increase in CO2 emission-Country wise

Global CO2 emission increased rapidly after 2003.

Coal is the largest source of CO2.

Oil while in use in transportation is the largest source of CO2.

Higher emission of CO2 have been contributed by developing countries.

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Note: 1 billion metric ton=1012 kg

 Global energy related CO2 emissions

The increase in carbon emissions was the result of robust global economic
growth of 3.7%, lower fossil-fuel prices and weaker energy efficiency efforts.
These factors contributed to pushing up global energy demand by 2.1% in 2017.

The United States, the United Kingdom, Mexico and Japan showed decline in
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CO2 emission.
 Global temperature rise from 1890-2000

Curves show a steep rise in temperature since 1970: This Rise is called
GLOBAL WARMING.

Over 20th Century, average global temperature rose by 0.6+0.20C

IPCC(International Panel of climate change prediction): 1.4-5.80C rise in 41

global temperature between 1990 and 2100.
 Observed effects of global warming

Global sea level is rising at an average rate of 1.7 mm per year over
past 100 years.

This increase is due mainly to thermal expansion and contributions from

melting alpine glaciers, and does not include any potential contributions
from melting ice sheets in Greenland or Antarctica.
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Observed effects of global warming

Increase in glacial melting, the size and number of glacial

lakes, and ground instabilities in permafrost areas and
change in Arctic/Antarctic ecosystem.

Increased spring runoff and peak discharge in snow-

fed rivers, warming of lakes and rivers.

Earlier timing of spring events, such as leaf unfolding,

bird migration, egg-laying.

Poleward and upward shift in range of plant and animal

species.

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Note: Permafrost is defined as ground (soil or rock and include ice or organic
material) that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years.
 Responding to GLOBAL WARMING and
Climate Change
Immediate steps taken to reduce CO2 emission will take more than a century
to see its elimination from the atmosphere due to its slow removal time from
the atmosphere.

Figure shows that the damage is already done. Even if CO2 emission peak
declines, effects on CO2 concentration, temperature and sea level rise will
continue.

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How to address the daunting challenges?

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What is Clean energy Technology?
Clean energy technologies refer to those technologies
that will either replace existing supply of fossil fuels
or use energy more efficiently and judiciously thereby
minimizing environmental pollution.
These include:
Wind energy
Renewable
Hydro energy
energy
Ocean energy (marine currents and
waves)
Solar energy
Biomass
Geothermal energy 46

Nuclear energy
 Available renewable energy
The volume of the cubes
represent the amount of
available geothermal,
hydropower, wind and
solar energy in TW,
although only a small
portion is recoverable.

The small red cube shows the proportional 47

global energy consumption.

Electricity generation

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Status of renewable energy(2010)

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 Status of renewable energy
Renewable energy supplied an estimated 16% of global energy
consumption.

Solar PV received recognition, thanks to its declining cost.

Global investment in renewables up over 30% to a record of $211

billion.

Emerging and developing economies increase share of

Policies, Investment, Supply and Use in renewables.

Renewable energy policies continue to be the main driver behind

renewable energy growth. By early 2011, around 119 countries
had some type of policy target or renewable support policy at
national level, doubling from 55 countries in early 2005. 50
Overview of Singapore Energy Industry
Singapore has limited natural resources.

Singapore is One of the top oil refining centers in the world.

Singapore is the world’s busiest marine bunkering centre.

80 per cent of Singapore’s electricity is produced from piped natural gas

imported from Malaysia and Indonesia.

Singapore also imports all of its crude oil.

As a part of the global initiative to tackle the problems related to

global warming and energy crisis, Efforts are being made towards
developing Singapore as a ‘living laboratory’ where new energy
concepts can be tested in a real-world environment, implemented in
Singapore and also exported beyond our shores.

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Singapore is a net importer of Energy

Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent

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Oil and Gas Industry in Singapore
Oil Industry contributes to 5% of gross domestic
product (GDP).
Oil storage facilities are under operation on Jurong
Island.

More than 95% of Singapore’s leading petroleum,

petrochemical, speciality chemical companies are
housed in Jurong Island.
The Jurong Rock Cavern, a massive Underground oils storage project is under
development. It has capacity to hold 1.47 million m3 of crude oil and condensates
The project is completed in 2014.

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Singapore Energy statistics for 2015

Singapore relies heavily on

import of fuels to ensure a
secure, reliable and diversified
supply of competitively-priced
energy.

Singapore imported 174 Mtoe

of energy products in 2015,
7.2% higher than the 162 Mtoe
recorded in the preceding year.

Overall energy exports also

grew by 6.7% to 92Mtoe in
2015, primarily driven by
stronger fuel oil and gas/diesel
oil exports.
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 Present status and future prospects of Gas:
Liquefied natural gas(LNG)
Presently, 80% of Singapore’s electricity is produced from natural gas.
The natural gas is delivered through pipe lines from Malaysia and Indonesia .

With economic growth, gas consumption is bound to increase.

To meet the demand and diversify the sources, liquification of natural gas is
an appropriate method.

It decreases the volume of the fuel and makes it easy to transport and
store.

The liquefication technique will expand the pool of natural gas suppliers for
Singapore.

Singapore has constructed an LNG terminal located on a 30-hectare site at

Jurong Island.

This terminal is an important part of Singapore’s energy security strategy.

This terminal will also serves as an energy trading HUB of Singapore. 55
STATUS OF ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY of Singapore

The EMA (Energy Market Authority) demand forecast of electricity is based

on projections of Singapore’s GDP and population growth.

Between 2009-2018, demand of electricity is expected to increase at an

annual rate of between 2.5-3.0 %.

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Electricity Generation in Singapore

50 TWh of electricity was generated in 2015, an increase of 2.0% from 2014.

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Clean Energy: Research and Development

Solar energy: Singapore is located on the tropical sunbelt and there is a good
potential to harness the solar energy for power generation.
Solar Photovoltaic systems have been incorporated in various pilot projects led
by Housing and Development Board (HDB).

Till June 2009, 31 commercial and 9 house hold solar PV installations have
been connected to the grid in Singapore.
Leading Industry leaders including Norway’s Renewable Energy Corporation
(REC), Germany’s Solar Energy Power manufacturers, and Singapore based
Eco-Solar producers are building the world’s largest solar manufacturing
plant in Singapore. These industries will produce solar energy components
such as wafers, cells and PV modules.

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 Biofuels
Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass.
These include solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.

Extensive experience and expertise in oil trading is applied to bio fuels trading
as this industry develops further and matures.

Singapore has signed agreements for the development of biofuel

technologies with foreign partners. Finnish oil refiners Nestle Oils has
invested S$1.2 billion to establish the world’s most advanced and largest
commercial-scale biodiesel production facility in Singapore.

In Singapore, several research institutes, like, Temasek Life Science

laboratory, The Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences and The
Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering are engaged in extensive
research work in development of second and third generation biofuels.

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 Singapore HDB and Energy Conservation

This system recovers 20% of

the energy consumed by the
lift without affecting the lift
operation. 63
 Singapore HDB and Energy Conservation

Before: With High Pressure Sodium After: With LED lighting

lamps
It is estimated that replacing current outdoor street lights to LED lighting will reduce
energy consumption by about 70%.

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Energy related units and conversion factors
Quantity Unit Definition
Force Newton (N) Force required to accelerate 1kg by 1m/s2.
Energy Joule (J) Work done by a force of 1N in moving an object
through 1m.
Power Watt, W=Js-1 1 J/s
Energy Kilowatt-hour 103×60×60=3.6×106 J3411 Btu
(kWh)
Energy calorie Energy required to heat 1 g of water by 10C4.2 J

Energy Btu Energy required to heat 1 lb of water by

10F1.055 kJ
Energy Barrel 42 US gallons159 litres
Fuel 1 tonne oil 1.5 tonnes hard coal  3.0 tonnes lignite  12000
Equivalence kWh.
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Power 1 Horse 0.746 kW
Power