*

Engr. Sheila Mae B. Pingul–Ong

27 January 2016
Part 1: Air Pollution Part 2: Noise Pollution
* Introduction * Introduction
* Effects * Effects
* Sources * Sources
* Control * Control

*
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sAKyhfxxr7s/maxresdefault.jpg
 http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013
/10/air-pollution-has-shut-down-a-major-
chinese-city/280743/

http://www.citymetric.com/politic
s/what-can-next-mayor-do-combat-
londons-air-pollution-1239

*
* Air Pollutants are substances which, when present in the
atmosphere, adversely affect the health of humans, animals,
plants, or microbial life; damage materials, or interfere with the
enjoyment of life and the use of property.
* Primary Pollutants - emitted directly from an identifiable source
* Secondary Pollutants – formed in the atmosphere by chemical
reactions

*
http://www.theozonehole.com/images/ozoneform.gif

http://www.nctcog.org/trans/images/OzoneFormation_000.jpg

http://www.eco-action.org/dt/gifs/nasozon.gif
* VOC = all organics
(hydrocarbons/HC,
aldehydes, alcohols,
nitrogen- and sulfur-
contaning organics)
* 𝑵𝑶𝒙 emitted by high-
temperature combustion
operations are almost all
𝑁𝑂; 𝑁𝑂 oxidizes to 𝑁𝑂2
in the atmosphere
* In Toronto, Canada, there are about 1,200,000
automobiles registered. The average nitrogen
oxides emission rate from the cars is 3.1 g per
vehicle mile, and the hydrocarbon emission
rate is 1.6 g/VM. Each car travels about 30
miles round trip per working day. Calculate the
amount (volume) of 𝑁𝑂𝑥 (𝑁𝑂 and 𝑁𝑂2 ) and HC
(𝐶𝐻4) put into the city atmosphere each
working day.

*
 𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑂𝑥 produced is 1,200,000 × 30 × 3.1 = 111.6 × 106 = 111.6
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
6 𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠
HC produced is 1,200,000 × 30 × 1.6 = 57.6 × 10 = 57.6
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑔 𝑔
Molecular weights: 𝑁𝑂2 = 46 and 𝐶𝐻4 = 16
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
* Molar volume = 22.414 L/mol
* volume occupied by one mole of ideal gas at STP

Volume of 𝑁𝑂2 produced:

111.6 × 106 × (22.4 × 10−3 ) 𝒎 𝟑
= 𝟓. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒
46 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Volume of 𝐶𝐻4 produced:
57.6 × 106 × (22.4 × 10−3 ) 𝒎 𝟑
= 𝟖. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒
16 𝒅𝒂𝒚

*
* Acid rain
* Carbon dioxide
* Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs (ex. Freons)
* Radioactive pollutants
* Heavy metals
* Persistent organochlorines (ex. pesticides)
* Conventional pollutant emissions from large-scale
natural sources (ex. volcanoes, forests)

*
http://www.mleziva.info/unit11/U11L01/acidrain.jpg

*
*
*
One of the most obvious local effects of particles
in the atmosphere is reduction in visibility
(hidden cost examples: slowdown of air traffic,
need for instrument-guided landing system)

* Health Effects
* Effects on Plants and Animals
* Effects on Materials and Services

*
* The upper human respiratory
system (nasopharynx) is
inefficient in filtering out particles
smaller than 5 μm, which
penetrate to the lungs and deposit
in the alveoli (tiny sacs within the
lungs that allow 𝑂2 and 𝐶𝑂2 to
move between lungs and
bloodstream)
* Some particles are particularly
damaging because they absorb or
adsorb gases that causes intense http://www.aboutcancer.com/c7_nasopharynx.jpg

irritation
* Some chemicals (ex. lead) can enter the human bloodstream
either by ingestion or by passing through the lung membranes
* Air-born tritium (a radioactive isotope of hydrogen), systemic
pesticides or herbicides, an a few other chemicals can enter the
bloodstream through the skin
* Particulate matter, PM (both solids and liquids) *
* Effects on breathing and respiratory systems, aggravation of existing respiratory
and cardiovascular disease, alteration of the body’s defense systems against
foreign materials, damage to lung tissue, carcinogenesis, premature mortality;
most sensitive are persons with pulmonary or cardiovascular disease, influenza or
asthma, elderly and children
* Sulfur dioxide (colorless gas, thresholds: 0.3 ppm for taste, 0.5 ppm for odor)
* Same with PM; can cause death
* Carbon monoxide (colorless, tasteless, odorless gas)
* Reduces oxygen delivery to organs and tissues; at elevated concentrations, impairs
visual perception, manual dexterity, and metal ability
* Nitrogen oxides
* 𝑁𝑂 (reddish-brown and highly reactive, odor threshold at 0.2 ppm) plays a major
role in tropospheric ozone formation
* 𝑁𝑂2 irritates the lungs, causes bronchitis and pneumonia, lowers resistance to
respiratory infections, also plays a major role in tropospheric ozone formation
* Ozone (colorless, odor threshold at 0.03 ppm)
* Reduces lung function, associated with coughing, sneezing, chest pain, pulmonary
congestion; eye irritation
* Lead
* High exposures cause seizures, mental retardation, behavioral disorders; a factor
in high blood pressure and heart disease; low doses on fetuses, infants and
children result in central nervous system disorders
 * Fluorine is emitted from aluminum, glass, Fluorine, when
phosphate, fertilizer, and some clay-baking ingested by animals
operations can cause freakish
growths in the bones.
Sheep that would eat
contaminated grass
often times grow
unnaturally large
teeth that prevented
them from being able
to eat any food at all,
http://www.savingiceland.org/tag/fluoride/
resulting in starvation

*
phytotoxicity
Necrosis on leaf tips from fluoride
toxicity. Photo credit: J.M.F. Yuen,
“Plant Disease Diagnosis,” APSnet.org
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/acidsandbases-120530210609- http://www.slideshare.net/prashantmehta371/climate-change-
phpapp01/95/acids-and-bases-28-728.jpg?cb=1338412182 impact-on-heritage-buildings-mds-univ-conference-1

*
*
* Natural (volcanic eruptions, cosmic radiation)
* Domestic (see table below)
* Commercial (dry cleaning, hospitals, restaurants, hotels,
schools, printing, painting)
* Agricultural (slaughterhouses, animal feedlots, cotton
farms, crop harvesting, pesticides and insecticides)
* Industrial (most noticeable because of stack emissions)
* Transportation (inefficient engine combustion)
Domestic Activity Pollutants released
Space heating CO, CO₂, NOx, SOx, soot, smoke
Cooking Fats (as solids, liquids and vapors), particles, odors
Cleaning Solvent vapors, dust, lint, spray can propellants
Gardening Pesticides, fertilizers (some highly toxic)
Painting Solvent vapors
Washing Detergent/soap, fabric conditioner particles, lint
 * Natural Cleansing of the Atmosphere
* Rainout – small particles, acting as nuclei, fall within a raindrop
* Washout – raindrops collide with and collect particles as they fall
* Air Quality Control
* Objective: to maintain an atmosphere in which pollutants have no
negative impact on human activities
* Best method: NOT TO PRODUCE POLLUTANTS!
* Other methods: add-on devices (carbon canister
* Particle Emission Control

http://www.2carpros.com/forum/automotive_pictures/249084_5_51.jpg
 * Gravitational Settling Chambers
* Inertial Collectors
(skimmers, cyclone collectors)
* Wet Collectors (scrubbers)
* Fabric and Fibrous Mat Collectors
* Electrostatic Precipitators http://cdn.shareyouressays.com/wp-content/uploads/hindi/Gravitational-
Settling-Chamber--Importan_AD4A/image_thumb.png

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-150902131610-lva1-app6892/95/3-filtration-textiles-10-
638.jpg?cb=1441199899

*
http://suvis-gmbh.de/wp-
Cyclone collector content/uploads/2013/02/Schematic-of-a-gas-cyclone.jpg
Packed Bed Scrubber
*
http://www.bete.co.uk/spray-nozzle-applications/gas-
scrubbing/packed-bed-scrubbers

Electrostatic Precipitator
electrostatically charges dust particles in
the gas stream, which are then attracted
to and deposited on plates or other
collection devices. When enough dust has
accumulated, the collectors are shaken to
dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with
the force of gravity to hoppers below. The
dust is then removed by a conveyor
system for disposal or recycling.

https://www.neundorfer.com/FileUploads/RichTextboxImag
es/Image/smokestack_b.jpg
 *
* Absorption Process (Spray Towers) * Adsorption Processes

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/l-29final-131016044013- http://static-content.springer.com/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-1-60327-261-
phpapp01/95/l-29-final-7-638.jpg?cb=1382049831 2_3/MediaObjects/978-1-60327-261-2_3_Fig1_HTML.jpg
http://previews.123rf.com/images/tupungato/tupungato1407/tupungato140700544/30436461-Noise-pollution-urban-noise-issues-
and-concepts-word-cloud-illustration-Word-collage-concept--Stock-Illustration.jpg
 *
* Unwanted sound
* An environmental pollutant; a
waste product generated in
conjunction with various
anthropogenic activities
* Any sound, independent of
loudness, that can produce an
undesired physiological or
psychological effect in an
individual, and that may
interfere with the social ends
http://www.noisecontrol.com/wp-
(communication, work, rest,
content/uploads/2013/04/noise11.jpg recreation, and sleep)of an
individual or group
* Sound waves result from
the vibration of solid
objects or the separation
of fluids as they pass
over, around, or through
holes in solid objects
* The wave pattern is called sinusoidal
* Period is the time between successive crests/peaks or troughs
* Frequency (the inverse of period) is the number of times a peak
arrives in one second of oscillation
* Wavelength is the distance between adjacent crests or troughs
* Amplitude is the height of the peak or depth of the trough
measured from the zero pressure line

*
*Outer and middle ear
convert sound pressure
to vibrations
*Sound transducer
(middle ear)
* Tympanic membrane (ear
drums) & 3 ossicles (bones)
*Inner ear houses the
balance receptors and
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_x_Gr_lV2f5A/TNE28mPgWFI/AAAAAAAAADI
auditory receptors /QG5uC9lg4tc/s1600/Ear-Diagram-plus-muscles-20.jpg

*
 * Hearing
Impairment
* Speech
Interference
* Annoyance
* Sleep
Interference
* Effects on
Performance
http://www.imapunjab.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/im.jpg

*
*

http://bangalore.
citizenmatters.in/
uploads/picture/i
mage/8673/Noisep
olution.jpg
(1) Control at Receiver’s End:
* For people working in noisy installations, ear-
protection aids like ear-plugs, ear-muffs, noise
helmets, headphones etc. must be provided to
reduce occupational exposure.

*
(2) Suppression of Noise at Source:
This is possible if working methods are improved by:
(a) Designing, fabricating and using quieter machines to replace the
noisy ones.
(b) Proper lubrication and better maintenance of machines.
(c) Installing noisy machines in sound proof chambers.
(d) Covering noise-producing machine parts with sound-absorbing
materials to check noise production.
(e) Reducing the noise produced from a vibrating machine by
vibration damping i.e. making a layer of damping material
(rubber, neoprene, cork or plastic) beneath the machine.
(f) Using silencers to control noise from automobiles, ducts,
exhausts etc. and convey systems with ends opening into the
atmosphere.
(g) Using glass wool or mineral wool covered with a sheet of
perforated metal for the purpose of mechanical protection.

*
(3) Acoustic Zoning:
* Increased distance between source and
receiver by zoning of noisy industrial areas, bus
terminals and railway stations, aerodromes
etc. away from the residential areas would go
a long way in minimizing noise pollution. There
should be silence zones near the residential
areas, educational institutions and above all,
near hospitals.

*
(4) Sound Insulation at Construction Stages:
(a) Sound travels through the cracks that get left
between the door and the wall. For reducing
noise, this space (jamb frame gap) should be
packed with sound absorbing material.
(b) Sound insulation can be done by constructing
windows with double or triple panes of glass and
filling the gaps with sound absorbing materials.
(c) Acoustical tiles, hair felt, perforated plywood
etc. can be fixed on walls, ceilings, floors etc. to
reduce noise (especially for sound proof
recording rooms etc.)

*
(5) Planting of Trees:
* Planting green trees and shrubs along roads,
hospitals, educational institutions etc. help in
noise reduction to a considerable extent.

*
(6) Legislative Measures:
Strict legislative measures need to be
enforced to curb the menace of noise pol-
lution. Some of these measures could be:
(a)Minimum use of loudspeakers and amplifiers
especially near silence zones.
(b)Banning pressure horns in automobiles.
(c)Framing a separate Noise Pollution Act.

*
* end
* Environmental Science and Engineering, 2nd ed.
By Henry and Heinke
* Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 4th
ed. By Davis and Cornwell
* http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/noise-
pollution/how-to-control-noise-pollution-6-
effective-measures/28287/