Module -4

 Welded joints are permanent fasteners which are

obtained by the fusion of edges of the two parts to be
joined together, with or without the application of
pressure and a filler material.

 The heat required for the fusion of the material may

be obtained by burning of gas or by an electric arc.

Components held by mechanical forces - Riveted joints

Components held by molecular forces - Welded joints

 Design of Welded Joints
Advantages
1. Welded joints are permanent joints
2. Welded structures are lighter than riveted joints
3. Welded joints provide maximum efficiency which is not possible in the
case of riveted joints
4. Welding takes less time than riveting
5. Welded joints are very rigid
Disadvantages
1. Uneven heating and cooling during welding can cause uneven stresses
in the members.
2. It requires a highly skilled labour and supervision.
3. Susceptible to cracks.
4. The inspection of welding work is more difficult than riveting work.
Important types of welded joints are
1. Lap joint or fillet joint, and 2. Butt joint.
 h

h
 Double parallel fillet welded Joints

A steel plate, 100mm wide and 10mm thick is welded to another steel plate by means
of double parallel fillet welds. The plates are subjected to a static tensile force of 50 kN.
Determine the required length of the welds if the permissible shear stress in the weld is
94 N/mm2 .

L
 Single transverse double parallel fillet welded Joints

Throat section
A plate, 75mm wide and 10 mm thick, is joined with another steel plate by means of
subjected to
single transverse and double parallel fillet welds. The joint is subjected to a maximum
shear stress
tensile force of 55 kN. The permissible tensile and shear stresses in the weld material are
70 and 50N/mm2 . Determine the required length of each parallel fillet weld.
 Axially loaded unsymmetrical welded Joints

P1

P2

Under Equilibrium, sum of the horizontal forces acting is equal to zero.

P = P1 + P2
Under equilibrium, the moment of the forces about the C.G. is equal to zero.
P1×a = P2×b

P1 = 0.707hLaτ ; P2 = 0.707hLbτ La×a = Lb×b

A 200×150×10 mm steel angle is to be welded to a steel plate by the fillet welds along
the edges of the 200 mm leg. The angle is subjected to a static load of 200 kN. The line
of action of the load is the intersection of the centroidal plane of the angle and the
plane of the weld. Find the lengths of the weld at the top and bottom, if the allowable
shear stress for the weld material is 75 MPa.
Q. A welded connection subjected to an eccentric force of 7.5 kN is shown.

Determine the size of the welds if the permissible shear stress for the weld is 100
N/mm2. Assume static conditions.

50

50

150

7.5 KN
Eccentric load in the plane of welds
 P

Resultant shear stress = Primary shear stress + secondary shear stress

(Direct shear) (Torsional shear)
A shaft of rectangular cross section is welded to a support by means of fillet welds.
Determine the size of the welds, if the permissible shear stress in the weld is limited to
75 N/mm2 .

Resultant stress = Direct shear stress + Bending stress

A circular shaft of diameter 50mm is welded to a support by means of a fillet welds.
Determine the size of the weld, if the permissible shear stress in the weld is limited to
100 N/mm2 .

Resultant stress = Direct shear stress + Bending stress

Consider an elemental section of area dA. It
is located at an angle θ with x-axis and
subtends an angle dθ.
Welded joint subjected to torsional moment

Torsional shear stress

𝑴𝒕
𝝉= ×r
𝑱

Polar moment of inertia

J = Ixx + Iyy = πtr3 + πtr3
A welded connection shown in fig is subjected to an eccentric force of 60 kN in the plane of
welds. Determine the size of the welds, if the permissible shear stress for the weld is 100
N/mm2. Assume static conditions.
Butt welded Joints
Advantages of welded joints over riveted joints

 High joint efficiency

 Lighter weight
 Smooth appearance
 Ease in alteration and addition
 Less expensive
 Ease in joining at difficult locations
A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to
it. The cylindrical portion of the rivet is called shank or
body and lower portion of shank is known as tail.

Rivet Parts

Method of Riveting
Caulking and Fullering: To make the joints leak proof or fluid tight.

Caulking tool closes the surface asperities and cracks on the contacting surfaces between
two plates and also between the rivet and the plates, resulting in leak proof joints.

Fullering is similar to caulking except the shape of the tool. The blows of the fullering tool
result in simultaneous pressure on the entire edge of the plate.
Pitch [P]. It is the distance from the centre of one rivet to the centre of the next rivet
measured parallel to the seam.

Back pitch [Pb]. It is the perpendicular distance between the centre lines of the successive
rows.

Diagonal pitch [Pd]. It is the distance between the centres of the rivets in adjacent rows of
zig-zag riveted joint.
Triple Riveted Lap Joint
Single riveted double strap butt joint Double riveted double strap (equal) butt joint

Double riveted double strap (unequal) butt joint

 Failures of a Riveted
Joint

Tearing of the plate at an edge

Tearing of the plate across the

Shearing off a rivet in lap joint
rows of rivets

Shearing off a rivet in single cover butt joint

Crushing of a Rivet
Shearing off a rivet in double cover butt joint
 Strength equations for riveted joints

In analysis of riveted joints, mainly three types of failure are

considered. They are as follows:
Shear failure of the rivet:
𝝅 2.
Shear strength of the rivet Ps = d τ
𝟒

Tensile failure of the plate between the rivets:

Tensile strength of the plate Pt =(p – d).t. σt

Crushing failure of the plate:

Crushing strength of plate Pc = d. t.σc
𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒔,𝑷𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒄 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒔,𝑷𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒄
Efficiency of the joint = =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑷

Where, Strength of the solid plate ‘P’ = p. t. σt

A double riveted double cover butt joint in plates 20 mm thick is made with 25 mm diameter rivets at
100 mm pitch. The permissible stresses are : σt = 120 MPa; τ = 100 MPa; σc = 150 MPa. Find the
efficiency of joint, taking the strength of the rivet in double shear as twice than that of single shear.

 Tearing resistance of the plate

Tearing resistance of the plate per pitch length
Pt =( p – d ) t × σt = (100 – 25) 20 × 120 = 180 000 N

 Shearing resistance of the rivets

Since the joint is double riveted butt joint, therefore the strength of two rivets in double shear is
taken.
Ps = n × 2 × π/4 × d 2 × τ = 2 × 2 × π/4 (25)2 ×100 = 196 375 N
 Crushing resistance of the rivets
Since the joint is double riveted, therefore the strength of two rivets is taken. We know that
crushing resistance of the rivets,
Pc = n × d × t × σc = 2 × 25 × 20 × 150 = 150 000 N
 Efficiency of the joint

The strength of the unriveted or solid plate, P = p × t × σt = 100 × 20 × 120 = 240 000 N
𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒔,𝑷𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒄
Efficiency of the joint = = 0.625 or 62.5%
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆
1. Thickness of the vessel
𝒑𝑫
t= + 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝟐𝝈𝒕 𝜼
2. Diameter of rivets (If t > 8mm then use Unwin’s
formula)
𝒅=𝟔 𝒕
3. Pitch of the rivets (According to IBR)
pmin = 2d
pmax =Ct + 41.28
pt = 0.2p + 1.15d (distance between outer and middle row)
pt=0.165p+0.67d (distance between middle and inner row)
Margin m = 1.5d
4. Thickness of straps
𝒑 −𝒅
t1= 0.625t [ ]
𝒑 −𝟐𝒅
5. Efficiency of the joint

Tensile strength of plate per pitch length Pt = (p – d) t𝝈𝒕

𝝅
Shear strength of rivets per pitch length Ps = 1.875n ( 𝒅𝟐 𝝉)
𝟒

Crushing strength Pc = n.d.t. 𝝈𝒄

Tensile strength of the solid plate per pitch length P = p.t. 𝝈𝒕

𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒔,𝑷𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒄

Efficiency of the joint =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆
Eccentrically loaded riveted Joints in shear
Direct load ‘P’ at C.G results in primary shear forces P1’, P2’, P3’, P4’ (Reaction
forces).

𝑷
P1’ = P2’ = P3’ =P4’ =
𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒕𝒔

The moment at C.G results in secondary shear forces P1’’, P2’’, P3’’, P4’’

P.e = P1’’.r1 + P2’’.r2+ P3’’.r3+ P4’’.r4

Secondary shear force at any rivet is proportional to its distance from the C.G.

P1’’=C. r1 ; P2’’=C. r2 ; P3’’=C.r3 ; P4’’= C.r4

𝑷. 𝒆
𝑪= 𝟐
𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐𝟐 + 𝒓𝟑𝟐 + 𝒓𝟒𝟐

𝑷.𝒆.𝒓𝟏
P1’’=
𝒓𝟏𝟐 +𝒓𝟐𝟐 +𝒓𝟑𝟐 +𝒓𝟒𝟐