Exercise 4.

3 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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Inclination of a Line:
The angle α (0 ≤ α < 180 ) measure anti-
clockwise from positive x − axis to the straight line B( x2 , y2 )
l is called inclination of a line l .
Slope or Gradient of Line A ( x1 ,y1)
The slope m of the line l is defined by:
m = tan α α
If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be any two
distinct points on the line l then
y −y y − y2
m= 2 1 = 1
x2 − x1 x1 − x2
See proof on book at page: 191
Note: l is horizontal, iff m = 0 (∵ α = 0 )
l is vertical, iff m = ∞ i.e. m is not defined. (∵ α = 90 )
If slope of AB = slope of BC , then the points A, B and C are collinear
i.e. lie on the same line.
Theorem
The two lines l1 and l2 with respective slopes m1 and m2 are
(i) Parallel iff m1 = m2
1 y
(ii) Perpendicular iff m1m2 = −1 or m1 = − 15
m2
Question # 1 10 (5,11)
Find the slope and inclination of the line joining the points:
(i) (−2, 4) ; (5,11) (ii) (3, −2) ; (2,7) (-2,4)
5

(iii) (4,6) ; (4,8)

Solution – 10 – 5 5 10 15 x
(i) (−2, 4) ; (5,11)
– 5
y2 − y1 11 − 4 7
Slope m = = = =1
x2 − x1 5+ 2 7
Since tan α = m = 1
⇒ α = tan −1 (1) = 45
(ii) (3, −2) ; (2,7) y
10
y −y 7+2 9
Slope m = 2 1 = = = −9
x2 − x1 2 − 3 −1 (2,7)
5
Since tan α = m = −9
⇒ − tan α = 9 ⇒ tan (180 − α ) = 9
⇒ 180 − α = tan −1 ( 9 ) – 5 5 10 x
(3,-2)
– 5
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 2

⇒ 180 − α = 83 40′
⇒ α = 180 − 83 40′ = 96 20′
y
(ii) (4,6) ; (4,8) 10
y −y (4,8)
Slope m = 2 1
x2 − x1 (4,6)
5
8−6 2
= = =∞
4−4 0
– 5 5 10 x
Since tan α = m = ∞
⇒ α = tan −1 (∞) – 5
= 90
Question # 2
In the triangle A(8,6) , B(−4, 2) and C (−2, −6) , find the slope of
(i) each side of the triangle (ii) each median of the triangle
(iii) each altitude of the triangle
Solution
Since A(8,6) , B(−4, 2) and C (−2, −6) are vertices of triangle therefore
2−6 −4 1 A
(i) Slope of side AB = = =
−4 − 8 −12 3
−6 − 2 −8
Slope of side BC = = = −4
−2 + 4 2
6 + 6 12 6
Slope of side CA = = = B C
8 + 2 10 5

(ii) Let D, E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA respectively.

Then A
8−4 6+ 2 4 8
Coordinate of D =  ,  =  ,  = ( 2,4 )
 2 2  2 2 F
D
 −4 − 2 2 − 6   −6 −4 
Coordinate of E =  ,  =  ,  = ( −3, −2 )
 2 2   2 2 
 −2 + 8 −6 + 6   6 0  B E C
Coordinate of F =  ,  =  ,  = ( 3,0 )
 2 2  2 2
−2 − 6 −8 8
Hence Slope of median AE = = =
−3 − 8 −11 11
0 − 2 −2
Slope of median BF = =
3+ 4 7
4 + 6 10 5
Slope of median CD = = =
2+2 4 2

(iii) Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of a triangle therefore

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 3

−1 −1 1
Slope of altitude from vertex A = = =
slope of side BC −4 4 A
−1 −1 5
Slope of altitude from vertex B = = =−
slope of side AC 6 6
5
−1 −1
Slope of altitude from vertex C = = = −3
slope of side AB 1 B C
3
Question # 3
By means of slopes, show that the following points lie in the same line:
(a) (−1, −3) ; (1,5) ; (2,9) (b) (4, −5);(7,5);(10,15)
(c) (−4,6);(3,8);(10,10) (d) (a, 2b);(c, a + b);(2c − a,2a )
Solution
(a) Let A(−1, −3) , B(1,5) and C (2,9) be given points
5+3 8
Slope of AB = = =4
1+1 2
9−5 4
Slope of BC = = =4
2 −1 1
Since slope of AB = slope of BC
Therefore A, B and C lie on the same line.

(b) Do yourself as above

(c) Do yourself as above

(d) Let A(a, 2b), B(c, a + b) and C (2c − a , 2a ) be given points.

(a + b) − 2b a − b
Slope of AB = =
c−a c−a
2a − ( a + b) 2a − a − b a − b
Slope of BC = = =
(2c − a ) − c 2c − a − c c − a
Since slope of AB = slope of BC
Therefore A, B and C lie on the same line.
Question # 4
Find k so that the line joining A(7,3) ; B(k , −6) and the line joining C (−4,5) ;
D(−6,4) are (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular.
Solution
Since A(7,3) , B(k , −6) , C (−4,5) and D(−6,4)
−6 − 3 −9
Therefore slope of AB = m1 = =
k −7 k −7
4 − 5 −1 1
Slope of CD = m2 = = =
−6 + 4 −2 2
(i) If AB and CD are parallel then m1 = m2

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 4

−9 1
⇒ = ⇒ − 18 = k − 7
k −7 2
⇒ k = −18 + 7 ⇒ k = −11

(ii) If AB and CD are perpendicular then m1m2 = −1

 −9  1 
⇒    = −1 ⇒ − 9 = −2(k − 7)
 k − 7  2 
⇒ 9 = 2k − 14 ⇒ 2k = 9 + 14 = 23
23
⇒ k=
2
Question # 5
Using slopes, show that the triangle with its vertices A(6,1), B (2,7) and C (−6, −7) is a
right triangle.
Solution
Since A(6,1), B (2,7) and C (−6, −7) are vertices of triangle therefore
7 −1 6 3
Slope of AB = m1 = = =− REMEMBER
2 − 6 −4 2 The symbols
−7 − 7 −12 7 (i) stands for ‘parallel”
Slope of BC = m2 = = =
−6 − 2 −8 4 (ii) stands for “not parallel”
1+ 7 8 2 (iii) ⊥ stands for “perpendicular”
Slope of CA = m3 = = =
6 + 6 12 3
 3  2 
Since m1m3 =  −   = −1
 2  3 
⇒ The triangle ABC is a right triangle with m∠ A = 90
Question # 6
The three points A(7, −1), B (−2, 2) and C (1, 4) are consecutive vertices of a
parallelogram. Find the fourth vertex.
Solution
Let D(a, b) be a fourth vertex of the parallelogram.
2 +1 3 1
Slope of AB = = =− D (a,b) C(1,4)
−2 − 7 −9 3
4−2 2
Slope of BC = =
1+ 2 3
b−4
Slope of CD =
a −1 A (7,-1) B (-2,2)
−1 − b
Slope of DA =
7−a
Since ABCD is a parallelogram therefore
Slope of AB = Slope of CD

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 5

1 b−4
⇒ − = ⇒ − (a − 1) = 3(b − 4)
3 a −1
⇒ − a + 1 − 3b + 12 = 0 ⇒ − a − 3b + 13 = 0 ... (i)
Also slope of BC = slope of DA
2 −1 − b
⇒ = ⇒ 2(7 − a ) = 3(−1 − b) ⇒ 14 − 2a = −3 − 3b
3 7−a
⇒ 14 − 2a + 3 + 3b = 0 ⇒ − 2a + 3b + 17 = 0... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
− a − 3b + 13 = 0
− 2a + 3b + 17 = 0
−3a + 30 = 0 ⇒ 3a = 30 ⇒ a = 10
Putting value of a in (i)
−10 − 3b + 13 = 0 ⇒ − 3b + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3b = 3 ⇒ b = 1
Hence D (10,1) is the fourth vertex of parallelogram.
Question # 7
The points A(−1, 2), B (3, −1) and C (6,3) are consecutive vertices of a rhombus. Find
the fourth vertex and show that the diagonals of the rhombus are perpendicular to each
other.
Solution
Let D(a, b) be a fourth vertex of rhombus.
−1 − 2 −3
Slope of AB = = D (a,b) C(6,3)
3 +1 4
3 +1 4
Slope of BC = =
6−3 3
b−3
Slope of CD =
a−6 A (-1,2) B(3,-1)
2−b
Slope of DA =
−1 − a
Since ABCD is a rhombus therefore
Slope of AB = Slope of CD
3 b−3
⇒ − = ⇒ − 3(a − 6) = 4(b − 3)
4 a−6
⇒ − 3a + 18 = 4b − 12 ⇒ − 3a + 18 − 4b + 12 = 0
⇒ − 3a − 4b + 30 = 0... (i)
Also slope of BC = slope of DA
4 2−b
⇒ = ⇒ 4(−1 − a ) = 3(2 − b)
3 −1 − a
⇒ − 4 − 4a = 6 − 3b ⇒ − 4 − 4a − 6 + 3b = 0
⇒ − 4a + 3b − 10 = 0 ... (ii)
× ing eq. (i) by 3 and (ii) by 4 and adding.

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 6
− 9a − 12b + 90 = 0
−16a + 12b − 40 = 0
−25a + 50 = 0 ⇒ 25a = 50 ⇒ a = 2
Putting value of a in (ii)
−4(2) + 3b − 10 = 0 ⇒ 3b − 18 = 0 ⇒ 3b = 18 ⇒ b = 6
Hence D ( 2,6 ) is the fourth vertex of rhombus.
3− 2 1
Now slope of diagonal AC = =
6 +1 7
b − (−1) 6 + 1 7
Slope of diagonal BD = = = = −7
a −3 2 − 3 −1
Since
1
(Slope of AC )(Slope of BD ) =   (−7) = −1
7
⇒ Diagonals of a rhombus are ⊥ to each other.
[[[[[

Question # 8
Two pairs of points are given. Find whether the two lines determined by these points
are:
(i) Parallel (ii) perpendicular (iii) none
(a) (1, −2),(2,4)and (4,1),(−8,2) (b) (−3,4),(6, 2)and (4,5),(−2, −7)
Solution
4+2 6
(a) Slope of line joining (1, −2 ) and ( 2, 4 ) = m1 = = =6
2 −1 1
2 −1 1
Slope of line joining ( 4,1) and ( −8,2 ) = m2 = =
−8 − 4 −12
Since m1 ≠ m2
1 1
Also m1m2 = 6 ⋅ = − ≠ −1
−12 2
⇒ lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.

(b) Do yourself as above.

Equation of Straight Line:
(i) Slope-intercept form
Equation of straight line with slope m and y − intercept c is given by:
y = mx + c
See proof on book at page 194
(ii) Point-slope form
Let m be a slope of line and A( x1 , y1 ) be a point lies on a line then equation of
line is given by:
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
See proof on book at page 195

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 7

(iii) Symmetric form

Let α be an inclination of line and A( x1 , y1 ) be a point lies on a line then
equation of line is given by:
y − y1 x − x1
=
cosα sin α
See proof on book at page 195

(iv) Two-points form

Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be points lie on a line then it’s equation is given by:
x y 1
y −y y −y
y − y1 = 2 1 ( x − x1 ) or y − y2 = 2 1 ( x − x2 ) or x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 − x1 x2 − x1 x2 y2 1
See proof on book at page 196
(v) Two-intercept form
When a line intersect x − axis at x = a and y − axis at y = b
i.e. x − intercept = a and y − intercept = b , then equation of line is given by:
x y
+ =1
a b
See proof on book at page 197
(vi) Normal form l
Let p denoted length of perpendicular from the
origin to the line and α is the angle of the perpendicular p
from +ive x-axis then equation of line is given by: α
x cosα + y sin α = p
See proof on book at page 198
Question # 9
Find an equation of
(a) the horizontal line through ( 7, −9 )
(b) the vertical line through ( −5,3)
(c) the line bisecting the first and third quadrants.
(d) the line bisecting the second and fourth quadrants.
Solution
(a) Since slope of horizontal line = m = 0
& ( x1 , y1 ) = (7, −9)
therefore equation of line:
y − (−9) = 0( x − 7)
⇒ y + 9 = 0 Answer
1
(b) Since slope of vertical line m = ∞ =
0
& ( x1 , y1 ) = (−5,3)
therefore required equation of line

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 8

y − 3 = ∞ ( x − (−5) )
1
⇒ y − 3 = ( x + 5) ⇒ 0( y − 3) = 1( x + 5)
0
⇒ x+5=0 Answer
(c) The line bisecting the first and third quadrant makes an angle of 45 with the
x − axis therefore slope of line = m = tan 45 = 1
Also it passes through origin ( 0,0 ) , so its equation
y − 0 = 1( x − 0) ⇒ y = x
⇒ x− y=0 Answer
(d) The line bisecting the second and fourth quadrant makes an angle of 135 with
x − axis therefore slope of line = m = tan135 = −1
Also it passes through origin ( 0,0 ) , so its equation
y − 0 = −1( x − 0) ⇒ y = − x
⇒ x+ y=0 Answer
Question # 10
Find an equation of the line
(a) through A ( −6,5 ) having slope 7 (b) through ( 8, −3) having slope 0
(c) through ( −8,5 ) having slope undefined (d) through ( −5, −3) and ( 9, −1)
(e) y − int ercept − 7 and slope − 5 (f) x − int ercept : −3 and y − int ercept : −4
(g) x − int ercept : −9 and slope : −4
Solution
(a) ∵ ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −6,5 )
and slope of line = m = 7
so required equation
y − 5 = 7 ( x − (−6) )
⇒ y − 5 = 7 ( x + 6) ⇒ y − 5 = 7 x + 42
⇒ 7 x + 42 − y + 5 = 0 ⇒ 7 x − y + 47 = 0 Answer

(b) Do yourself as above.

(c) ∵ ( x1 , y1 ) = (−8,5)
and slope of line = m = ∞
So required equation
y − 5 = ∞ ( x − (−8) )
1
⇒ y − 5 = ( x + 8) ⇒ 0( y − 5) = 1( x + 8)
0
⇒ x +8= 0 Answer

(d) The line through ( −5, −3) and ( 9, −1) is

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 9

−1 − (−3) 2
y − (−3) = ( x − (−5) ) ⇒ y+3= ( x + 5)
9 − (−5) 14
1
⇒ y+3= ( x + 5) ⇒ 7 y + 21 = x + 5
7
⇒ x + 5 − 7 y − 21 = 0 ⇒ x − 7 y − 16 = 0 Answer

(e) ∵ y − intercept = −7
⇒ (0, −7) lies on a required line
Also slope = m = −5
So required equation
y − (−7) = −5( x − 0)
⇒ y + 7 = −5 x ⇒ 5x + y + 7 = 0 Answer

(f) ∵ x − intercept = −9
⇒ (−9,0) lies on a required line
Also slope = m = 4
Therefore required line
y − 0 = 4( x + 9)
⇒ y = 4x + 9 ⇒ 4x − y + 9 = 0 Answer

(g) x − intercept = a = −3
y − intercept = b = 4
Using two-intercept form of equation line
x y x y
+ =1 ⇒ + =0
a b −3 4
⇒ 4 x − 3 y = −12 × ing by −12
⇒ 4 x − 3 y + 12 = 0 Answer
Question # 11
Find an equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the points A ( 3,5 )
and B ( 9,8 )
Solution
Given points A(3,5) and B(9,8)
 3 + 9 5 + 8   12 13   13 
Midpoint of AB =  ,  =  ,  =  6, 
 2 2   2 2  2
8−5 3 1
Slope of AB = m = = =
9−3 6 2
1 1 A (3,5) B(9,8)
Slope of line ⊥ to AB = − = − =−−2
m 1
2
 13 
Now equation of ⊥ bisector having slope −2 through  6, 
 2

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 10

13
⇒ y− = −2( x − 6)
2
13 13
⇒ y − = −2 x + 12 ⇒ y− + 2 x − 12 = 0
2 2
37
⇒ 2x + y − =0 ⇒ 4 x + 2 y − 37 = 0
2
Question # 12
Find equations of the sides, altitudes and medians of the triangle whose vertices are
A ( −3, 2 ) , B ( 5, 4 ) and C ( 3, −8 ) .
Solution
Given vertices of triangle are A(−3,2) , B(5, 4) and C (3, −8) .
Equation of sides:
4−2 2 1 A
Slope of AB = m1 = = =
5 − (−3) 8 4
−8 − 4 −12
Slope of BC = m2 = = =6
3−5 −2
2 − (−8) 10 5 B C
Slope of CA = m3 = = =−
−3 − 3 −6 3
1
Now equation of side AB having slope passing through A(−3,2)
4
[You may take B ( 5, 4 ) instead of A( −3, 2) ]
1
y − 2 = ( x − (−3) ) ⇒ 4 y − 8 = x + 3
4
⇒ x + 3 − 4 y + 8 = 0 ⇒ x − 4 y + 11 = 0
Equation of side BC having slope 6 passing through B(5, 4) .
y − 4 = 6( x − 5) ⇒ y − 4 = 6 x − 30
⇒ 6 x − 30 − y + 4 = 0 ⇒ 6 x − y − 26 = 0
5
Equation of side CA having slope − passing through C (3, −8)
3
5
y − (−8) = − ( x − 3) ⇒ 3( y + 8) = −5( x − 3)
3
⇒ 3 y + 24 = −5 x + 15 ⇒ 5 x − 15 + 3 y + 24 = 0
⇒ 5x + 3 y + 9 = 0
Equation of altitudes:
Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of triangle therefore
1 1
Slope of altitude on AB = − = − = −4
m1 1
4 A
Equation of altitude from C (3, −8) having slope −4
y + 8 = −4( x − 3) ⇒ y + 8 = −4 x + 12

B C
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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 11

⇒ 4 x − 12 + y + 8 = 0 ⇒ 4x + y − 4 = 0
1 1
Slope of altitude on BC = − =−
m2 6
1
Equation of altitude from A(−3,2) having slope −
6
1
y − 2 = − ( x + 3) ⇒ 6 y − 12 = − x − 3
6
⇒ x + 3 + 6 y − 12 = 0 ⇒ x + 6y − 9 = 0
1 1 3
Slope of altitude on CA = − =− =
m3 −5 5
3
3
Equation of altitude from B(5, 4) having slope
5
3
y − 4 = ( x − 5) ⇒ 5 y − 20 = 3 x − 15
5
⇒ 3 x − 15 − 5 y + 20 = 0 ⇒ 3x − 5 y + 5 = 0
Equation of Medians:
Suppose D, E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA respectively.
 −3 + 5 2 + 4   2 6 
Then coordinate of D =  ,  =  ,  = (1,3) A
 2 2  2 2
 5 + 3 4 − 8   8 −4 
Coordinate of E =  ,  =  ,  = ( 4, −2 ) D F
 2 2  2 2 
 3 − 3 −8 + 2   0 −6 
Coordinate of F =  ,  =  ,  = ( 0, −3)
 2 2  2 2  B E C
Equation of median AE by two-point form
−2 − 2
y−2= ( x − (−3) )
4 − (−3)
−4
⇒ y−2= ( x + 3) ⇒ 7 y − 14 = −4 x − 12
7
⇒ 7 y − 14 + 4 x + 12 = 0 ⇒ 4 x + 7 y − 2 = 0
Equation of median BF by two-point form
−3 − 4
y−4= ( x − 5)
0−5
−7
⇒ y−4= ( x − 5) ⇒ − 5 y + 20 = −7 x + 35
−5
⇒ − 5 y + 20 + 7 x − 35 = 0 ⇒ 7 x − 5 y − 15 = 0
Equation of median CD by two-point form
3 − (−8)
y − (−8) = ( x − 3)
1− 3

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 12

11
⇒ y +8= ( x − 3) ⇒ − 2 y − 16 = 11x − 33
−2
⇒ 11x − 33 + 2 y + 16 = 0 ⇒ 11x + 2 y − 17 = 0
[[[[[[[[[

Question # 13
Find an equation of the line through ( −4, −6 ) and perpendicular to the line having slope
−3
.
2
Solution
Here ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −4, −6 )
−3
Slope of given line = m =
2
∵ required line is ⊥ to given line
1 1 2
∴ slope of required line = − = − =
m −3 3
2
2
Now equation of line having slope passing through ( −4, −6 )
3
2
y − (−6) = ( x − (−4) )
3
⇒ 3 ( y + 6 ) = 2( x + 4) ⇒ 3 y + 18 = 2 x + 8
⇒ 2 x + 8 − 3 y − 18 = 0 ⇒ 2 x − 3 y − 10 = 0
Question # 14
Find an equation of the line through (11, −5 ) and parallel to a line with slope −24.
Solution
Here ( x1 , y1 ) = (11, −5 )
Slope of given line = m = −24
∵ required line is to given line
∴ slope of required line = m = −24
Now equation of line having slope −24 passing through (11, −5 )
y − (−5) = −24 ( x − 11)
⇒ y + 5 = −24 x + 264 ⇒ 24 x − 264 + y + 5 = 0
⇒ 24 x + y − 259 = 0
Question # 15
The points A ( −1,2 ) , B ( 6,3) and C ( 2, −4 ) are vertices of a A
triangle. Show that the line joining the midpoint D of AB
and the midpoint E of AC is parallel to BC and D E
1
DE = BC.
2 B C
Solution Given vertices A(−1, 2) , B(6,3) and C (2, −4)
Since D and E are midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively.

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 13

 −1 + 6 2 + 3   5 5 
Therefore coordinate of D =  , = , 
 2 2  2 2
 −1 + 2 2 − 4   1 −2   1 
Coordinate of E =  ,  =  ,  =  , −1
 2 2  2 2  2 
−1 − 5 −7
Now slope of DE = 2 = 2 =7
1 −5 −4 4
2 2 2
−4 − 3 −7 7
slope of BC = = =
2 − 6 −4 4
Since slope of DE = slope of BC
Therefore DE is parallel to BC .
2 2 2 2
1 5  5  4  7
Now DE =  −  +  −1 −  =  −  +  − 
2 2  2  2  2
49 65 65
= 4+ = = ………... (i)
4 4 2
2 2 2 2
BC = ( 2 − 6) + ( −4 − 3 ) = ( −4 ) + ( −7 )
= 16 + 49 = 65 ………… (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
1
DE = BC
[
2
Question # 16
A milkman can sell 560 litres of milk at Rs12.50 per litre and 700 litres of milk at
Rs12.00 per litre. Assuming the graph of the sale price and the milk sold to be a
straight line, find the number of litres of milk that the milkman can sell at Rs12.25 per
litre.
Solution
Let l denotes the number of litres of milk and p denotes the price of milk,
Then ( l1 , p1 ) = ( 560,12.50 ) & ( l2 , p2 ) = ( 700,12.00 )
Since graph of sale price and milk sold is a straight line
Therefore, from two point form, it’s equation
p − p1
p − p1 = 2 (l − l1 )
l2 − l1 ALTERNATIVE
12.00 − 12.50 You may use determinant
⇒ p − 12.50 = (l − 560) form of two-point form to
700 − 560
find an equation of line.
− 0.50
⇒ p − 12.50 = (l − 560) l p 1
140 l1 p1 1 = 0
⇒ 140 p − 1750 = −0.50l + 280
l2 p2 1
⇒ 140 p − 1750 + 0.50l − 280 = 0
⇒ 0.50l + 140 p − 2030 = 0
If p = 12.25

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 14
⇒ 0.50l + 140(12.25) − 2030 = 0
⇒ 0.50l + 1715 − 2030 = 0 ⇒ 0.50l − 315 = 0
315
⇒ 0.50l = 315 ⇒ l= = 630
0.50
Hence milkman can sell 630 litres milk at Rs. 12.25 per litre.
Question # 17
The population of Pakistan to the nearest million was 60 million in 1961 and 95
million in 1981. Using t as the number of years after 1961, Find an equation of the line
that gives the population in terms of t. Use this equation to find the population in
(a) 1947 (b) 1997
Solution
Let p denotes population of Pakistan in million and t denotes year after 1961,
Then ( p1 , t1 ) = ( 60,1961) and ( p2 , t2 ) = ( 95,1981)
Equation of line by two point form:
t −t
t − t1 = 2 1 ( p − p1 )
p2 − p1
1981 − 1961
⇒ t − 1961 = ( p − 60)
95 − 60
20 4
⇒ t − 1961 = ( p − 60) ⇒ t − 1961 = ( p − 60)
35 7
⇒ 7t − 13727 = 4 p − 240 ⇒ 7t − 13727 + 240 = 4 p
7 13487
⇒ 4 p = 7t − 13487 ⇒ p = t − …………. (i)
4 4
This is the required equation which gives population in term of t .
(a) Put t = 1947 in eq. (i)
7 13487
p = (1947) − = 3407.25 − 3371.75 = 35.5
4 4
Hence population in 1947 is 35.5 millions.
(b) Put t = 1997 in eq. (i)
7 13487
p = (1997) − = 3494.75 − 3371.75 = 123
4 4
Hence population in 1997 is 123 millions.
Question # 18
A house was purchased for Rs1 million in 1980. It is worth Rs 4 million in 1996 .
Assuming that the value increased by the same amount each year, find an equation that
gives the value of the house after t years of the date of purchase. What was the value
in 1990?
Solution
Let p denotes purchase price of house in millions and t denotes year then
( p1, t1 ) = (1,1980 ) and ( p2 , t2 ) = ( 4,1996 )

Available at http://www.mathcity.org
 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 15

Equation of line by two point form:

ALTERNATIVE
t2 − t1 You may use determinant
t − t1 = ( p − p1 )
p2 − p1 form of two-point form to
1996 − 1980 find an equation of line.
⇒ t − 1980 = ( p − 1)
4 −1 p t 1
16 p1 t1 1 = 0
⇒ t − 1980 = ( p − 1)
3 p2 t2 1
⇒ 3 t − 5940 = 16 p − 16
⇒ 3 t − 5940 + 16 = 16 p ⇒ 16 p = 3 t − 5924
3 5924 3 1481
⇒ p= t− ⇒ p= t− …………. (i)
16 16 16 4
This is the required equation which gives value of house in term of t .
Put t = 1990 in eq. (i)
3 1481
p = (1990) − = 373.125 − 370.25 = 2.875
16 4
[
Hence value of house in 1990 is 2.875 millions.
Question # 19
F

and y-axis respectively to draw graph.

Take scale 10ss = 20C and 10ss = 20F on x-axis
Plot the Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F)
220
temperature scales on the horizontal axis and the (100,212)
200
vertical axis respectively. Draw the line joining the
freezing point and the boiling point of water. Find 180
an equation giving F temperature in term of C. 160

Solution 140

Since freezing point of water = 0 C = 32 F 120

and boiling point of water = 100 C = 212 F 100

therefore we have points ( C1 , F1 ) = ( 0,32 ) and 80

60
( C2 , F2 ) = (100, 212 ) 40
Equation of line by two point form (0,32)
20
F − F1
F − F1 = 2 ( C − C1 ) 20 40 60 80 100 C
C2 − C1
212 − 32
⇒ F − 32 = (C − 0)
100 − 0
180
⇒ F − 32 = C
100
9
⇒ F = C + 32
[
5
Question # 20
The average entry test score of engineering candidates was in the year 1998 while the
score was 564 in 2002. Assuming that the relationship between time and score is
linear, find the average score for 2006.
Solution
Let s denotes entry test score and y denotes year.

Available at http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 16

Then we have ( s1 , y1 ) = ( 592,1998 ) and ( s2 , y2 ) = ( 564,2002 )

By two point form of equation of line
y −y
y − y1 = 2 1 ( s − s1 )
s2 − s1
2002 − 1998 4
⇒ y − 1998 = ( s − 592) ⇒ y − 1998 = ( s − 592)
564 − 592 −28
1
⇒ y − 1998 = − ( s − 592) ⇒ 7 y − 13986 = − s + 592
7
⇒ 7 y − 13986 + s − 592 = 0 ⇒ s + 7 y − 14578 = 0
Put y = 2006 in (i)
s + 7(2006) − 14578 = 0 ⇒ s + 14042 − 14578 = 0
⇒ s − 536 = 0 ⇒ s = 536
Hence in 2006 the average score will be 536 .

Question # 21
Convert each of the following equation into
(i) Slope intercept form (ii) Two-intercept form (iii) Normal form
(a) 2 x − 4 y + 11 = 0 (b) 4x + 7 y − 2 = 0 (c) 15 y − 8 x + 3 = 0
Also find the length of the perpendicular from ( 0,0 ) to each line.
Solution
(a)
(i) - Slope-intercept form
∵ 2 x − 4 y + 11 = 0
2 x + 11
⇒ 4 y = 2 x + 11 ⇒ y =
4
1 11
⇒ y= x+
2 4
1 11
is the intercept form of equation of line with m = and c =
2 4
(ii) - Two-intercept form
∵ 2 x − 4 y + 11 = 0 ⇒ 2 x − 4 y = −11
2 4 x y
⇒ x− y =1 ⇒ + =1
−11 −11 −11 11
2 4
11 11
is the two-point form of equation of line with a = − and b = .
2 4
(iii) - Normal form
∵ 2 x − 4 y + 11 = 0 ⇒ 2 x − 4 y = −11
Dividing above equation by (2) 2 + (−4)2 = 20 = 2 5
2x 4y −11 x 2 y −11
− = ⇒ − =
2 5 2 5 2 5 5 5 2 5

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 17

x 2y 11
⇒ − + = × ing by −1 .
5 5 2 5
1 2
Suppose cosα = − <0 and sin α =
>0
5 5
 1 
⇒ α lies in 2nd quadrant and α = cos −1  −  = 116.57
 5 
Hence the normal form is
11
( ) (
x cos 116.57 + y sin 116.57 =
2 5
)
11
And length of perpendicular from (0,0) to line = p =
2 5

(b)
(i) - Slope-intercept form
∵ 4x + 7 y − 2 = 0
− 4x + 2
⇒ 7 y = − 4x + 2 ⇒ y=
7
4 2
⇒ y=− x+
7 7
4 2
is the intercept form of equation of line with m = − and c =
7 7
(ii) - Two-intercept form
∵ 4x + 7 y − 2 = 0 ⇒ 4x + 7 y = 2
7
⇒ 2x + y = 1 ÷ ing by 2
2
x y
⇒ + =1
1 2
2 7
1 2
is the two-point form of equation of line with a = and b = .
2 7
(iii) - Normal form
∵ 4x + 7 y − 2 = 0
⇒ 4x + 7 y = 2
Dividing above equation by (4) 2 + (7) 2 = 16 + 49 = 65
4 7 2
⇒ x+ y= .
65 65 65
4 7
Suppose cosα = > 0 and sin α = >0
65 65
 4 
⇒ α lies in first quadrant and α = cos −1   = 60.26
 65 
Hence the normal form is

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 18

2
( ) (
x cos 60.26 + y sin 60.26 = ) 65
2
And length of perpendicular from (0,0) to line = p =
65

(c)
(i) - Slope-intercept form
∵ 15 y − 8 x + 3 = 0
8x − 3
⇒ 15 y = 8 x − 3 ⇒ y=
15
8 3 8 1
⇒ y= x− ⇒ y= x−
15 15 15 5
8 1
is the intercept form of equation of line with m = and c = −
15 5
(ii) - Two-intercept form
∵ 15 y − 8 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ − 8 x + 15 y = −3
8x x y
⇒ − 5y =1 ⇒ + =1
3 3 −1
8 5
3 1
is the two-point form of equation of line with a = and b = − .
8 5
(iii) - Normal form
∵ 15 y − 8 x + 3 = 0
⇒ 8 x − 15 y = 3
Dividing above equation by (8) 2 + (−15)2 = 64 + 225 = 289 = 17
8 15 3
⇒ x− y= .
17 17 17
8 15
Suppose cosα = > 0 and sin α = − < 0
17 17 8
α = cos −1  
 8  17 
⇒ α lies in 4th quadrant and α = cos −1   = 298.07
 17  = 61.93 , 298.07
Hence the normal form is Taking value that
3 lies in 4th quadrant.
( )
x cos 298.07 + y sin 298.07 = ( 17
)
3
And length of perpendicular from (0,0) to line = p =
17
General equation of the straight line
A general equation of straight line (General linear equation) in two variable x
and y is given by:
ax + by + c = 0
where a , b and c are constants and a and b are not simultaneously zero.
See proof on book at page: 199.

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 19

a c
Note: Since ax + by + c = 0 ⇒ by = − ax − c ⇒ y=− x−
b b
a c
Which is an intercept form of equation of line with slope m = − and c = −
b b
Question # 22
In each of the following check whether the two lines are
(i) parallel. (ii) perpendicular. (iii) neither parallel nor perpendicular.
(a) 2 x + y − 3 = 0; 4 x + 2 y + 5 = 0
(b) 3 y = 2 x + 5; 3 x + 2 y − 8 = 0
(c) 4 y + 2 x − 1 = 0; x − 2 y − 7 = 0
(d) 4 x − y + 2 = 0; 12 x − 3 y + 1 = 0
(e) 12 x + 35 y − 7 = 0; 105 x − 36 y + 11 = 0
Solution
(a) Let l1 : 2 x + y − 3 = 0
l2 : 4 x + 2 y + 5 = 0
2
Slope of l1 = m1 = − = −2
1
4
Slope of l2 = m2 = − = −2
2
Since m1 = m2 therefore l1 and l2 are parallel.
(b) Let l1 : 3 y = 2 x + 5 ⇒ 2 x − 3 y + 5 = 0
l2 : 3 x + 2 y − 8 = 0
2 2
Slope of l1 = m1 = − =
−3 3
3
Slope of l2 = m2 = − =
2
 2  3 
Since m1m2 =   −  = −1 ⇒ l1 and l2 are perpendicular.
 3  2 
(c) Let l1 : 4 y + 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x + 4 y − 1 = 0
l2 : x − 2 y − 7 = 0
2 1
Slope of l1 = m1 = − = −
4 2
1 1
Slope of l2 = m2 = − =
−2 2
 1  1  1
Since m1 ≠ m2 and m1m2 =   −  = − ≠ −1
 2  2  4
⇒ l1 and l2 are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
(d) Do yourself as above.

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 20

(e) Do yourself as above.

Question # 23
Find the distance between the given parallel lines. Sketch the line. Also find an equation
of the parallel line lying midway between them.
(a) 3 x − 4 y + 3 = 0;3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0
(b) 12 x + 5 y − 6 = 0;12 x + 5 y + 13 = 0
(c) x + 2 y − 5 = 0;2 x + 4 y = 1
Solution
(a) l1 : 3 x − 4 y + 3 = 0... (i)
l2 : 3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0... (ii)
We first convert l1 and l2 in normal form
(i ) ⇒ −3 x + 4 y = 3
Dividing by (−3) 2 + (4) 2 = 25 = 5
3 4 3
− x+ y=
5 5 5
3 4
Let cosα = − < 0 and sin α = > 0
5 5
 3
⇒ α lies in 2nd quadrant and α = cos −1  −  = 126.87
 5
3
⇒ x cos(126.87) + y sin(126.87) =
5
3
Hence distance of l1 form origin =
5
Now (ii) ⇒ − 3 x + 4 y = 7
Dividing by (−3) 2 + (4) 2 = 25 = 5 y

3 4 7
− x+ y=
5 5 5
3 4 l2
Let cosα = − < 0 and sin α = > 0
5 5 B
l1
⇒ α lies in 1st quadrant
 3 A
and α = cos −1  −  = 126.87 126.87
 5
x
⇒ x cos(126.87) + y sin(126.87) = 7 O
5
Hence distance of l2 form origin = 7
5
From graph we see that both lines lie on the same side of origin therefore
7 3 4
Distance between lines = AB = OB − OA = − =
5 5 5
Let l3 be a line parallel to l1 and l2 , and lying midway between them. Then

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 21

AB 4
3 3 4
Distance of l3 from origin = OA + = + 5 = + =1
2 5 2 5 10
Hence equation of l3
x cos(126.87) + y sin(126.87) = 1
 3 4
⇒ x  −  + y   = 1 ⇒ − 3x + 4 y = 5
 5 5
⇒ 3x − 4 y + 5 = 0

(b) l1 : 12 x + 5 y − 6 = 0... (i)

l2 : 12 x + 5 y + 13 = 0... (ii)
We first convert l1 and l2 in normal form
(i) ⇒ 12 x + 5 y = 6
Dividing by (12) 2 + (5) 2 = 169 = 13
12 5 6
x+ y=
13 13 13
12 5
Let cosα = > 0 and sin α = > 0
13 13
 12 
⇒ α lies in 1st quadrant and α = cos −1   = 22.62
 13 
6
⇒ x cos(22.62) + y sin(22.62) =
13
6
Hence distance of l1 form origin =
13
y
Now (ii) ⇒ − 12 x − 5 y = 13
Dividing by (12) 2 + (5) 2 = 169 = 13
12 5 l1
− x − y =1 l2
13 13 A
12 5
Let cosα = − < 0 and sin α = − < 0 O x
13 13
⇒ α lies in 3rd quadrant B
 12 
and α = cos −1  −  = 202.62
 13 
⇒ x cos(202.62) + y sin(202.62) = 1
Hence distance of l2 form origin = 1
From graph we see that lines lie on the opposite side of origin therefore
6 19
Distance between lines = AB = OA + OB = + 1 =
13 13
Let l3 be a line parallel to l1 and l2 , and lying midway between them. Then

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 22

AB 19
Distance of l3 from origin = OB − =1− 13 = 1 − 19 = 7
2 2 26 26
Hence equation of l3
7
x cos(202.62) + y sin(202.62) =
26
 12   5 7
⇒ x −  + y −  = ⇒ − 24 x − 10 y = 7
 13   13  26
⇒ 24 x + 10 y + 7 = 0

(c) Do yourself as Question # 23 (a)

Question # 24
Find an equation of the line through ( −4,7 ) and parallel to the line 2 x − 7 y + 4 = 0
Solution
Let l : 2 x − 7 y + 4 = 0 REMEMBER
2 2 If l : ax + by + c = 0
Slope of l = m = − =
−7 7 a
Since required line is parallel to l then slope of l = −
b
2
Therefore slope of required line = m =
7
2
Now equation of line having slope passing through ( −4,7 )
7
2
y − 7 = ( x − (−4))
7
⇒ 7( y − 7) = 2( x + 4)
⇒ 7 y − 49 = 2 x + 8 ⇒ 2 x + 8 − 7 y + 49 = 0
⇒ 2 x − 7 y + 57 = 0
Question # 25
Find an equation of the line through ( 5, −8 ) and perpendicular to the join of
A ( −15, −8 ) , B (10,7 )
Solution
Given: A ( −15, −8 ) , B (10,7 ) and ( 5, −8 )
7 − (−8)
Slope of AB = m =
10 − (−15)
7+8 15 3
= = =
10 + 15 25 5
Since required line is perpendicular to AB
1 5
Therefore slope of required line = − = −
m 3

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 23

5
Now equation of line having slope − through ( 5, −8 )
3
5
y − (−8) = − ( x − 5)
3
⇒ 3 y + 24 = −5 x + 25
⇒ 5 x + 3 y + 24 − 25 = 0 ⇒ 5 x + 3 y − 1 = 0

Question # 26
Find equations of two parallel lines perpendicular to 2 x − y + 3 = 0 such that the
product of the x-and y-intercepts of each is 3.
Solution
Let l : 2 x − y + 3 = 0
2
Slope of l = m = − = 2
−1
Since required line is perpendicular to l
1 1
Therefore slope of required line = − = −
m 2
Let y − intercept of req. line = c
1
Then equation of req. line with slope − and y − intercept c
2
1
y = − x + c ………… (i)
2
1
⇒ x+ y = c
2
x y
⇒ + =1
2c c
This is two intercept form of equation of line with
x − intercept = 2c and y − intercept = c
Since product of intercepts = 3
3 3
⇒ (c) ( 2c ) = 3 ⇒ 2c 2 = 3 ⇒ c2 = ⇒ c=±
2 2
Putting in (i)
1 3
⇒ y = − x±
2 2
1 3 1 3× 2
⇒ x+y ∓ = 0 ⇒ x+y ∓ = 0
2 2 2 2× 2
1 6
⇒ x+y ∓ = 0
2 2
⇒ x + 2 y ∓ 6 = 0 are the required equations.

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 24

Question # 27
One vertex of a parallelogram is (1, 4 ) , the diagonal intersect at ( 2,1) and the sides
1
have slopes 1 and − . Find the other three vertices.
7
Solution
Let A (1, 4 ) be a given vertex and B ( x1 , y1 ) , C ( x2 , y2 ) and D ( x3 , y3 ) are
remaining vertices of parallelogram.
Since diagonals of parallelogram bisect at (2,1) therefore

( 2,1) =  2 ,
1 + x 4 + y2 
 D (x3 , y3) 1 C (x2 , y2)
 2 2 
1 + x2 4 + y2
⇒ 2= and 1 = 1
2 2 – (2,1) 1
⇒ 4 = 1 + x2 , 2 = 4 + y2 7 –
7
⇒ x2 = 4 − 1 , y2 = − 4 + 2
⇒ x2 = 3 , y 2 = −2
A (1,4) 1 B (x1 ,y1)
Hence C ( x2 , y2 ) = C ( 3, −2 )
Now slope of AB = 1
y −4
⇒ 1 = 1 ⇒ y1 − 4 = x1 − 1
x1 − 1
⇒ x1 − y1 − 1 + 4 = 0 ⇒ x1 − y1 + 3 = 0 ……………. (i)
1
Also slope of BC = −
7
y − y1 1 −2 − y1 1
⇒ 2 =− ⇒ =−
x2 − x1 7 3 − x1 7
⇒ − 14 − 7 y1 = −3 + x1 ⇒ − 3 − x1 + 14 + 7 y1 = 0
⇒ x1 + 7 y1 + 11 = 0 …………(ii)
Subtracting (i) and (ii)
x1 − y1 + 3 = 0
x1 + 7 y1 +11 = 0
− − −
− 8 y1 − 8 = 0
⇒ y1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ y1 = −1
Putting in (i)
x1 − ( −1) + 3 = 0 ⇒ x1 + 4 = 0 ⇒ x1 = −4
⇒ B ( x2 , y2 ) = B ( −4, −1)
Now E is midpoint of BD
 x + x y + y3 
⇒ ( 2,1) =  1 3, 1 
 2 2 
 −4 + x3 −1 + y3 
=  , 
 2 2 

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 25

−4 + x3 −1 + y3
⇒ 2 = , 1 =
2 2
⇒ 4 = − 4 + x3 , 2 = − 1 + y3
⇒ x3 = 8 , y3 = 3
⇒ D ( x3 , y3 ) = D ( 8,3)
Hence ( −4, −1) , ( 3, −2 ) and D ( 8,3) are remaining vertex of gram .
Position of the point with respect to line (Page 204)
Consider l : ax + by + c = 0 with b > 0
Then point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies
i) above the line l if ax1 + by1 + c > 0
ii) below the line l if ax1 + by1 + c < 0

Corollary 1 (Page 205)

The point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies above the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have the same sign and
the point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies below the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have opposite signs.
Question # 28
Find whether the given point lies above or below the given line
(a) ( 5,8) ;2 x − 3 y + 6 = 0
(b) ( −7,6 ) ;4 x + 3 y − 9 = 0
Solution
(a) 2x − 3y + 6 = 0
To make coefficient of y positive we multiply above eq. with −1 .
− 2x + 3y − 6 = 0
Putting ( 5,8 ) on L.H.S of above
−2(5) + 3(8) + 6 = − 10 + 24 − 6 = 8 > 0
Hence ( 5,8 ) lies above the line.
(b) Alternative Method
4x + 3y − 9 = 0
Putting ( −7,6 ) in L.H.S of given eq.
4(−7) + 3(6) − 9 = − 28 + 18 − 9 = − 19 …..…. (i)
Since coefficient of y and expression (i) have opposite signs therefore ( −7,6 ) lies
below the line.
Question # 29
Check whether the given points are on the same or opposite sides of the given line.
(a) ( 0,0 ) and ( −4,7 ) ;6 x − 7 y + 70 = 0
(b) ( 2,3) and ( −2,3) ;3 x − 5 y + 8 = 0
Solution
(a) 6 x − 7 y + 70 = 0
To make coefficient of y positive we multiply above eq. with −1 .

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FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 26

−6 x + 7 y − 70 = 0 ……. (i)
Putting (0,0) on L.H.S of (i)
−6(0) + 7(0) − 70 = − 70 < 0
⇒ ( 0,0 ) lies below the line.
Putting ( − 4,7 ) on L.H.S of (i )
−6(−4) + 7(7) − 70 = 24 + 49 − 70 = 3 > 0
⇒ ( − 4,7 ) lies above the line.
Hence ( 0,0 ) and ( − 4,7 ) lies on the opposite side of line.

(b) 3x − 5 y + 8 = 0
To make coefficient of y positive we multiply above eq. with −1 .
−3 x + 5 y − 8 = 0 ……. (i)
Putting (2,3) on L.H.S of (i)
−3(2) + 5(3) − 8 = − 6 + 15 − 8 = 1 > 0
⇒ ( 2,3) lies above the line.
Putting ( −2,3) on L.H.S of (i)
−3(−2) + 5(3) − 8 = 6 + 15 − 8
= 13 > 0
⇒ ( −2,3) lies above the line
Hence ( 2,3) and ( −2,3) lies on the same side of line.
Perpendicular distance of P(x1,y1) from line (Page 212)
The distance d from the point P ( x1 , y1 ) to the line l ,
where l : ax + by + c = 0 ,
ax1 + by1 + c
is given by: d =
a 2 + b2
Question # 30
Find the distance from the point P ( 6, −1) to the line 6 x − 4 y + 9 = 0.
Solution
l : 6x − 4 y + 9 = 0
Let d denotes distance of P ( 6, −1) from line l then
6(6) − 4(−1) + 9 36 + 4 + 9 49 49
d = = = =
(6) 2 + (−4)2 36 + 16 52 2 13
Area of Triangular Region
Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle then
x y1 1
1 1
Area of triangle = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

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 FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 27

x1 y1 1
If A , B and C are collinear then x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
Question # 31
Find the area of the triangular region whose vertices are A ( 5,3) , B ( −2,2 ) , C ( 4, 2 ) .
Solution
Do yourself as below (Just find the area)
Question # 32
The coordinates of three points are A ( 2,3) , B ( −1,1) , C ( 4, −5 ) . By computing the area
bounded by ABC check whether the points are collinear.
Solution
Given: A ( 2,3) , B ( −1,1) , C ( 4, −5 )
2 3 1
Area of ∆ ABC = −1 1 1
4 −5 1
1
= ( 2(1 + 5) − 3(−1 − 4) + 1(5 − 4) )
2
1 1
= (12 + 15 + 1) = ( 28 ) = 14 sq. unit
2 2
∵ Area of triangle ≠ 0
⇒ A, B and C are not collinear.

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Book: Exercise 4.3 (Page 215)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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