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Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
•general principles
•thermodynamics
•polarization
Exampe: Fuel Cell (PEMFC stack)
Exampe: Fuel Cell (SOFC complete system)
MJ2411 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
COMBUSTION
High T Heat
ELECTRO-
Thermodynamic CHEMICAL
Cycle GENERATOR
(FUEL CELL)
Mechanical Energy
Electrical
Generator
Electrical Energy
Electrochemical cells: general
DV
IONIC
OXIDATION CONDUCTION REDUCTION
e-
- H+
+
H2 → 2H+ + 2e- Example ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O
- O2-
+
H2 + O2- → H2O + 2e- Example ½O2 + 2e- → O2-
REDOX REACTION H2 + ½O2 → H2O
Electrochemical cells
Energy Consumer: electric energy → chemical energy
(electrolytic cell)
e-
+ H+
-
H2O → 2H+ + ½O2 + 2e- Example 2H+ + 2e- → H2
+ OH-
-
2OH- → ½O2 + H2O + 2e- Example 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH-
I mol
ni
zi F s
2. For a specified amount of charge passed, the masses of
reacting substances [kg/s] are proportional to their
molar mass
I kg
Gi Mi
zi F s
Electrochemical cell
Ionic conduction
The current flow in an electrolyte results from the movement
of positive and negative ions. Ion motion is caused by
potential (mainly) and concentration gradients.
Considering especially the potential gradient, the behavior of
ionic conductors is as follows:
ionic, j F z u j c j m
2 2
j
1
where
F: Faraday constant 96487 [C/mol]
z: charge number
u: ionic mobility [m2/sV] = [m/s]/[V/m]
c: concentration [mol/m3]
Electrochemical cell
Ionic conduction
Considering especially the potential gradient, the behavior of
ionic conductors compared to electronic conductors is as
follows:
ionic
ionic 1 m 1
T
0
r Wer I E
l
e zFE
n F I
zF
And finally the well known Nernst equation that define the open circuit voltage
for a reversible cell
D g react (T , p)
z F E D g react (T , p) E
zF
Electrochemical cell
Thermodynamics
The Nernst equation (open circuit voltage) can be developed in
this expression:
D g react T , p0 R T FUEL
p
E ln FUEL
zF zF PRODUCT
p
PRODUCT
1 i
Activation Overvoltage
R T
(charge transfer on the act sinh
electrode) F 2 i0
Ohmic Overvoltage t
(charge conduction on
ohm R I I
electrodes and
S
electrolyte) t
i S t i r i
S
Diffusion Overvoltage
(mass transport in the R T i
electrode) diff ln 1
zF il
Electrochemical cell
Polarization
é -Dhreact (T) ù
F = Freact + Firr = I × ê -Vc (i)ú
ë z× F û
where