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1. When objects are heated, their volume generally increases. This increase in size
called expansion.
2. When objects are cooled, their volume generally decreases. This decrease in size
is called contraction. In some cases, the expansion or contraction is very small and not
noticeable.
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2. 3.
a) Different metals expand different a) The strong force of a contracting metal can
amounts on heating. be shown by the following experiment.
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B. Expansion of Liquids caused by heat.
Observations.
The water level in the glass tube fall a little and then
rises.
The water level drops back to its original position when
the flask is taken out of the basin and cooled.
Conclusion.
The result show that water expands on heating and
contracts on cooling.
Observations.
The liquid levels rise to different height.
Alcohol rises the highest, followed by oil and
water.
Conclusion.
a) The three glass bulbs of the same size are
The result shows that different liquids expand
filled with different liquids and clamped in an
different amounts on heating.
upright position in a basin.
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C. Expansion of Gases caused by heat.
Observations.
The drop of coloured water rises very fast when the
air is warmed.
When the flask of air is allowed to cool, the drop of
coloured water falls very fast.
Conclusion.
The result shows that air expands very fast on
heating and contracts vary fast on cooling.
Explanation.
a) When the air is warmed, the gas particles
(molecules) receive more kinetic energy and move
outwards very quickly in all directions. So the air
expands very fast.
Low
High
heat flow temperature
temperature
2. The bigger the difference in temperature, the faster is the heat flow.
3. A hot cup of coffee becomes cold after a while because heat is transferred from it to
the air. This heat transfer will go on until the cup of coffee and the air are the same
temperature.
Three ways
a) By conduction in transferring b) By convection
the Heat
c) By radiation
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E. Conduction of Heat
1. a) If one end of a metal rod is heated, the other end will become hot.
b) Heat has been transferred from hot end to the cooler end through the
metal rod. This method of heat transfer is called conduction.
2. Conduction is defined as the movement of heat through a solid from a hot
part to a cooler part.
3. Explanation :
a) Conduction of heat can be explained by the particle theory.
b) When the hot end of a metal rod is heated, the particles (atoms) receive more
energy and vibrate faster.
c) The more active vibrating particles knock their neighbours. In this way the
stronger vibrations (heat) are passed along the metal rod. So heat is transferred
along the metal rod.
4. Metals are good conductors of heat. They allow heat to flow through them
quickly.
5. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat. They are also known as insulators of
heat.
6. Different metals conduct heat at different rates i.e. some metals conduct
heat faster than others.
Conductors Insulators
Very Good
Silver Vacuum
Copper Air
Gold Cork
Aluminium Plastics
Iron Wood
Tin Goo Glass
Lead d Asbestos
Mercury Water
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F. Experiments on Conduction of Heat
• Conduction of heat
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• Water as a Conductor
• Heat Insulators.
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d) Car radiators
G. Uses of Heat conductors in Daily Life - Car radiators have copper tubes in front.
These tubes conduct heat away from the
hot water flowing through them.
a) Mercury in thermometers
- Mercury is good conductor of heat
suitable for use in thermometer.
e) Refrigerators
- It is warmed and cooled very quickly.
- Refrigerators have copper pipes for
carrying the cooling agent. The pipes remove
b) Cooking utensils heat from the agent.
Uses of Heat
- Pots and pans are made from
Conductors in
aluminium / steel so that they can
Daily Life f) Fins on motor cycle engines
quickly conduct heat from fire to the
- The ‘fins’ around the engine of a motor
food.
cycle are made of stainless steel to conduct
heat away from the engine.
c) Soldering Irons
- The head of a soldering-iron is
usually made of copper so that it can
rapidly transfer heat to the metals
being soldered.
b) Igloos
- Is made of ice which is heat insulator.
It prevents warmth in the igloo from f) Fibre glass
- Fibre glass is placed in refrigerators
escaping to the air outside it. Uses of Heat
and oven to prevent heat transfer by
Insulators in
conduction.
c) Saw Dust Daily Life
- Ice is covered with saw dust to prevent
heat from melting the ice quickly.
d) Styrofoam
- Ice is sometimes put into a Styrofoam
container to prevent it from melting. The
styrofoam prevent prevents heat from
going into the container.
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. Heat Transfer by Convection
Convection
1. Liquids and gases are referred as fluids.
2. Liquid and gases are poor conductors of heat because their particles are far apart, except
for mercury.
3. Liquids and gases transfer heat by a process called convection,
4. Convection is defined as the transfer of heat through a fluid by the movement of the fluid
particles.
5. Convection can be explained by using the particle theory.
• Convection in Air
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• Convection in Water
K. Applications of Convection
1. Convection currents are made use of in daily life, and are observed in natu ral phenomena
such as sea breezes.
2. Electric kettle.
3. Refrigerator.
4. Car Radiator.
a) The heat generated when the car engine is running
heats up the water in the radiator. The hot water rises
and flows down the copper tubes in front of the
radiator. Here the water is cooled by air and by
conduction of heat by the copper tubes.
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5. Ventilation in a building.
6. Land Breeze.
7. Sea Breeze.
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L. Transfer of Heat by Radiation
1.
2. Radiation does not need the help of a medium; it can travel through a vacuum.
3. Radiation is defined as the transfer of heat without using a medium.
4. Radiated heat :
a) can be absorbed by a surface.
b) Can be reflected from a surface.
c) Travels at the speed of light.
d) Can travel through a vacuum.
5. Heat from the Sun travels through a vacuum in outer space to the Earth by
radiation.
6. Scouts sitting around a camp fire receive a lot
of heat by radiation.
7. In cold countries, electric radiators are
used to radiate heat to warm a room.
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N. Comparing the methods of heat transfer
2. Process usually takes place in 2. Process takes place only in 2. Process can be carried out by
solids, but can also take place liquids and gases. solids, liquids and gases.
in liquids and gases.
3. Process cannot take place in a 3. Process cannot take place in a 3. Process can take place in a
vacuum. vacuum. vacuum.
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4. Process is slow. 4. Process is fast. 4. Process is very fast (speed of
light).
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