DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FRICTION ON INCLINED PLANE

COURSE CODE : DJJ 5113

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MACHINES

NAME : REGISTRATION NO:

DATE : SUBMISSION DATE :

CLASS :

LECTURER :

PREPARED BY: CHECKED /

APPROVED
(NOR HAYATI BINTI SUMALA) BY: (ANITA BINTI AHMAD)

PLO 2 PLO 4 PLO 7

Practical Generic Skill
CLO 1 Report CLO 2 Task CLO 3 LD9
LD2
LD 1 LD 2 LD 9
Data /20 A a
Discussion /60 B b
Conclusion /20 C c
D d
E e
f
TOTAL MARKS
TOTAL MARKS /100 /25
(100%)
(100%)
 Practical Skills – LD2

Excellent Very Good Good Fair Unsatisfactory

Skills / Aspects SCORE
5 4 3 2 1
Followed the
A. Ability to Follows the standard Followed the Not followed the
Fairly followed the standard
setup the procedure standard standard
standard procedure. procedure but with
apparatus. completely. procedure. procedure at all.
a mistakes.
B. Demonstrate Know to identify Moderately know to Know to identify Completely not
Completely know to
the and explain the identify and explain the apparatus but know to identify
identify and explain
knowledge of function of the the function of the did not know to and explain the
the function of the
the apparatus with a apparatus with explain the function of
apparatus.
apparatus. little guidance. moderate guidance. function. apparatus.
Moderately Unable to
C. Lecturer Able to complete the Able to complete Unable to
complete the task complete the task
guidance. task without the task with a complete the task
with a moderate without major
guidance. little guidance. with guidance.
guidance. guidance.
Moderately
Gathered all material Gathered all Not gathered all
gathered all Not gathered all
D. Student and completely material and needed material
material but take a needed material
preparation. ready to start the ready to start the and was unable to
few times to start to start the task.
task. task. start the task.
the task.
Well time Moderately time Unable to
Well time Unable to
E. Time management to management but complete the task
management to complete the task
management. complete the task not get on time with adequate
complete the task. at all.
successfully. finished. time.

𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸
𝑥 100%
25

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 GENERIC SKILLS – LD9
Very
Skills / Aspects Excellent Good
5 4
a. Organization: Able Assume leadership
to lead team role efficiently in
members. assigning tasks.
Strongly influence,
b. Motivation: Able to
motivate and inspire
motivate team
an individual or a
members.
team.
Offer ample
c. Resolve conflict: constructive solutions
Able to resolve to resolve conflicts
conflict. based on objective
criteria.
d. Communication:
Communicate
Able to communicate
effectively to team
among team
members.
members.
e. Participate as a Always participate
Team Member: actively and able to
Work cooperatively cooperate with others.
with others and Consistently provide
contribute ideas and information, contribute
suggestions to the suggestions and ideas
team. to the team.
f. Guiding/Coaching
Extensive sharing of
Team Members:
knowledge and skills
Help others in
with team members.
learning necessary
Always respect and
knowledge and
encourage each other.
skills.
Good Fair
3 2
Assume leadership role
moderately in
assigning tasks.
Influence, motivate and
inspire an individual or
a team.
Offer a few
constructive solutions
to resolve conflicts.
Communicate
moderately to team
members.
Sometimes participate
in a team, usually
cooperate with others
and provide
information, contribute
suggestions and ideas
to the team.
Sharing knowledge and
skills with team
members. Usually
respect and encourage
each other.
Unsatisfactory SCORE
1
Hardly able to assume
leadership role
efficiently in assigning
tasks.
Hardly able to influence,
motivate and inspire an
individual or a team.
Hardly able to offer
constructive solutions to
resolve conflicts.
Hardly able to
communicate to team
members.
Rarely participate in a
team, rarely cooperate
with others and seldom
provide information,
contribute suggestions
and ideas to the team
Minimum sharing of
knowledge and skills
with team members.
Minimum respect and
encourage each other.

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 EXPERIMENT 4 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

TITLE FRICTION ON INCLINED PLANE

DURATION 2 HOURS

1.0 EXPERIMENT OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment student should be able:

1. To determine the friction coefficient (μ) between various materials (copper, aluminum,
plastic, steel)
2. To study the relationship between friction coefficient (μ) with force (F) by practical and
theoretically method.

2.0 THEORY

Friction is the resistive forces that obstruct the motion of a body when one tries to slide the
object along a surface. The friction force acts parallel to the surfaces in contact, opposes the
relative velocity of the body with respect to the surface, and its magnitude depends on the
nature of the particular materials that are rubbing together, but not on other variables, such
as the area of contact.

Figure 1.1: Friction on horizontal plane

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Where:
F = Force ƒ = Friction
T = Tension (rope) ∴ƒ =μ∙N, where: μ = Coefficient of Friction
W = Weight (w=m·g) N = Normal reaction

The coefficient of friction is a value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two
bodies and the force pressing them together. The coefficient of friction depends on the materials
used and if the bodies are moving or not. In equilibrium, the applied force will increase or decrease
gradually until the system starts to move. This condition is called static friction.

Tension on rope
y Block
x N
Pulley

m2

ƒ m1
W
θ
Weight

Figure 1.2: Friction on inclined plane

Where:

θ W = mg cos θ

W = mg

W = mg sin θ
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 N T
Upward motion

+ ∑Fx = 0

T – W sin θ – ƒ = 0
ƒ W cos θ
θ T = W sin θ + ƒ
W = mg
W sin θ
θ

Figure 1.3: Upward motion

N
T
Downward motion
ƒ + ∑Fx = 0

T – W sin θ + ƒ = 0

W cos θ
θ
T = W sin θ - ƒ
W = mg
W sin θ
θ

Figure 1.4: Downward motion

3.0 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

1. Inclined plane
2. String
3. Hook
4. Block:
i. Copper iii. Steel
ii. Aluminum iv. Plastic

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4.0 PROCEDURES

Figure 1.5: Inclined plane apparatus

a) Setup the inclined plane as in Figure 1.5

b) Move the position of inclined plane to 30°.

c) Positioned a Copper block on an inclined plane and attach the rope found on the block.
Connect to the pulley.

d) Attach the hook on a rope

e) Add 1N weight to the hook gradually until the Copper block moved downward, records
the total weight obtained on upward column data (Table 1.1).

f) Repeat the operation and calculate the average value. Weights represent the tension
force (T).

g) At the same arrangement, reduce the weight gradually until the block starts to slip
down on the plane, records the total weight obtained on downward column data (Table
1.1).

h) Repeat the step (b) for Aluminum block, Steel block and Plastic block. Calculate the
average value.

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5.0 DATA COLLECTION AND RESULTS

i. Inclined plane angle= 30°

ii. Block weight = 10 N

MATERIAL Tension Force (N) – Practical Friction coefficient

TYPES
Upward Average Downward Average μ
Upward Downward Average
Copper 7 7.5 7 3.5 3.5 3.5

Aluminum 7 7.5 7.5 3 3 3.5

Steel 5.5 5.5 5.5 3 3 3

Plastic 8.5 8 8.5 2.5 3 3

(Polypropyle
ne)

Table 1.1: Friction Coefficient (μ)

Tension Force (N) – Theory

MATERIAL TYPES
Upward Downward
Copper
μ = 0.20

Aluminum
μ =0.25

Steel
μ =0.15

Plastic (Polypropylene)
μ =0.30

Table 1.2: Tension Force

1. Find the friction coefficient (μ) for upward and downward data by used the appropriate
formula (Table 1.1)

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 2. Find the Tension (T) force value through theoretically method and fill up on the Table 1.2.
(Shown example of the calculation)

7.0 DISCUSSION

1. Compare the results of the tension force for the different types of material used. It is
different? Why?
2. Discuss the relationship between the frictions coefficients with tension force obtained.
3. Evaluate the tension force between practical and theory result. Give the comment.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Write the conclusion according to this experiment

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