Gravity Model

PROSIDING 2015© HASIL
PENELITIAN TEKNOLOGI TERAPAN

Volume 9 : Desember Group Teknik Elektro ISBN : 978-979-
2015 127255-0-6
MODELLING ORIGIN DESTINATION TRIP MATRIX IN THE AREA

OF NORTHERN LIUKANG TUPABBIRING ISLANDS USING
GRAVITY MODEL
Andi Sitti Chairunnisa*1, Syamsul Asri1, Lukman Bochary1, M.Rizal Firmansyah1, Zulkifli1
1
Departemen Teknik Perkapalan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Hasanuddin
Jl. Poros Malino KM.6 Bontomarannu (92171) Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan
*Email: andi.chairunnisa@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
One step in the four steps transportation model is trip distribution model. In this model,
gravity model which can be classified as synthetic method is used. The pattern of intern zone
trip in a trip distribution must consider the effects of inter zone network sistem accessibility
level, production level as well as the attraction level. The aims of this study is to predict the
distribution trip model for both passengers and cargoes in the area of Northern Liukang
Tupabbiring Islands, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi in the form of origin destination
matrix. The determination of trip number in the gravity models is using exponential barrier
function for the distance of inter islands traffic. The result in the trip matrix shows that the
total number of passenger trip per day from the urban capital to Pangkajene city is 137
passengers while in the inter islands trip is 41 passengers per day. The total cargo trip from
the sub district capital to the Pangkajene city is 0.96 tons per day while 0.28 tons for inter
islands trip. The passengers and cargoes trips matrix will then be used as a basis for capacity
planning of inter-island passenger transport fleets in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring
Islands.
Keywords: variable speed, power generation, DFIG
INTRODUCTION
In a transportation planning, the four stages planning model is generally used. One of the stage in the model is
trip distribution which represented in origin destination matrix or OD matrix. OD matrix visualizes the number
of trip from origin to destination zone. It describes the trip in each segment as well as the total trips within the
analyzed network. This visualization plays important role in a transportation planning process.
In this study, Gravity Model is used with the constrain of trip generation. Northern Liukang Tupabbiring sub
district in the area of Pangkep regency is the area for the study. The purpose is to determine the number of
passengers and cargoes trips between islands and to the regency capital. The number of between islands trip
generation as well as to the regency capital trip generation need to be identify in order to determine the number
of ships to service the trip and to support the connectivity between islands.
Area in the Pangkep regency islands have significance potency to be developed. There are 13 sub districts
within Pangkajene regency administrative area where 4 among them is in the form of islands sub district.
Northern Liukang Tupabbiring district is one of the islands district. The area of this district is 74 km2 area,
consist of 22 islands in 7 villages including Mattiro Bulu village, Mattiro Labangeng village, Mattiro Uleng
village, Mattiro Kanja village, Mattiro Baji village, Mattiro Bombang village and Mattiro Walie's village. The
capital of the district located in Mattiro Kanja village in Sabutung Island. The population of the sub district is
11.538 with the population density si 154 individuals per square kilometer (Figure 1).
METHODOLOGY
Data collection
Arsitektur Elektro Geologi Mesin Perkapala Sipil

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Modelling Origin Destination Trip… A St Chaerunnisa,
S Asri, L Bochary, M.R Firmansyah, Zulkifl i
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Data on passengers and cargoes flow were collected at four ports location, which are Pangkajene, Maccini Baji,
Kassi Kebo and Kali Bone Pier while secondary data were taken from the relevant agency including R&D
Bureau, Statistical Bureau of Pangkep regency, etc. including data from the past record.
Figure 1. Area of Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District, Pangkep Regency
Trip Generation Modelling

Trip generation is a stage in the modelling process which predict the number of trips from one area of land or
the number of trips to one area of land (Tamim, 1997). It is also an analysis process to determine the
relationship between activity and trip. Trip generation and attraction can be used for predicting future trips from
the current trips data.
Trip Distribution Model

Trip distribution model is used to estimate the number of trips from each origin and destination zone which
affected by the number of trips in each origin zone and the number of trips in each destination zone as well as
the level of inter zone network system which generally expressed by distance, time or cost (or total cost). The
expression is based on the trip of vehicles, passenger and cargoes from origin zone to destination zone in certain
area for certain period of time.
Origin destination matrix (trip matrix)

Trip Matrix or Origin-Destination (OD) Matrix is a two-dimensional matrix that is commonly used to describes
trip patterns which contain information of the number of trips between zones. Rows in the OD matrix show the
origin zones while columns show the destination zone. Hence, each cell in the OD matrix represents the number
of trips flow from origin zone i to the destination zone j for a certain interval time. Gravity model is used to
represent the trip distribution.
Gravity model shows the characteristics of trips based on the some origin zona parameter such as population as
well as accessibility as a function of distance, time and cost. The calculation is based on the gravity formula of
Newton’s which says that the pull or push forces (Fid) between polars is directly proportional with its mass mi
and md and inversely proportional with the quadratic of the distance between two masses, d id2. This can be
espressed in the following formula with G = gravitational constant.
mi md
Fid = G (1)
d2id
ISBN : 978-979- Group Teknik Elektro Volume 6 : Desember

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Force can be considered as a trip between two regions, while the mass can be replaced with variables such as
population or trip generation and attraction where the distance, time, or cost are regarded as the size of
accessibility. For transportation purposes, the GR model can be stated as:
oi od
Tid = k where k is gravitational constant (2)
d2id
In a mathematical form, the GR model can be expressed as following:

Tid = Oi .Dd .f(Cid) (3)
The equation can be developed as the existence of constraint as the function of two zones of origin and
destination to become
Tid = Oi .Dd .Ai .Bd .f(Cid) (4)
Constrain Function is always used in determining the number of generation and attraction using the GR model
where fid must be considered as a measurement of accessibility between zones i and zones d.
f (Cid) = C-id (Power Function) (5)
f (Cid) = e-Cid (Exp-Negative Function) (6)
- -C
f (Cid) = C id .e id (Tanner Function) (7)
In this model, parameter β as a function to determine the number of trips in each zone. β values can be obtained
empirically using the following equation:
k
Fid = with k = 2 ~ 3 (8)
Cid
Ĉ = average value of Cid (Constrain Matrix)
Product Construction Gravity Model is a model in which the total trip resulting from the generation of the trip
must be equal to the total trip produced in the modeling. This also apply with the trip generation from the model
where it must be the same between trip generation and the result of required trip generation. However, the trip
attraction does not necessary be the same.
Equations to be used with different constraint requirements are:

1
Bd = 1 for all d and Ai = for all i. (9)
 (BdDdFid)
i
d
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Overview of the study area
The Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District is an expansion area of Liukang Tupabbiring District since 2001. It
has an area of 74 km2 with the following administrative boundaries: Barru Regency on the north, Ma’rang
District on the east, Liukang Tupabbiring District on the south and Liukang Kalmas District on the west (Figure
2).

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Figure 2. Area of the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

The Northern Liukang Tupabbiring district has 7 villages such as Mattiro Bulu Mattiro Labangeng, Mattiro
Uleng, Mattiro Kanja, Mattiro Baji, Mattiro Bombang and Mattiro Walie. Total population of the area in 2017 is
11.538 people. The largest population is in Mattiro Bulu Village with 1.043 people / km2 (Table 1).
Table 1. Administrative areas of the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring district in 2017
No. Village Area Number of Total Population density
(km2) households population (people/km2)
1 Mattiro Bulu 3,00 606 3.129 1.043
2 Mattiro Labangeng 4,00 179 815 204
3 Mattiro Uleng 5,00 387 1.757 351
4 Mattiro Kanja 4,72 338 1.371 290
5 Mattiro Baji 4,28 346 1.375 321
6 Mattiro Bombang 22,00 658 1.448 66
7 Mattiro Walie 31,00 402 1.643 53
Source : Northern Tupabbiring Liukang distric in numbers 2017.
In 2018, the population distribution per island can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Demography of Villages in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District
No. Village Island Name Inhabited / Total Population
Uninhabited (People)
Samatellu Lompo Inhabited 1193
Samatellu Pe’da Inhabited 47
Samatellu Borong Inhabited 251
1 Mattiro Walie Salebbo Inhabited 438
Reang-Reang Uninhabited -
Bone Banoang Uninhabited -
Jangan-jangan Uninhabited -
Salemo Inhabited 1571
Sakuala Inhabited 552
2 Mattiro Bombang Sagara Inhabited 403
Sabangko Inhabited 228
Gusung Torajae Uninhabited -
3 Mattiro Kanja Sabutung Inhabited 1709
Kulambing Inhabited 1742
4 Mattiro Uleng
Bangkobangkoang Inhabited 251
5 Mattiro Labangen Laiya Inhabited 759
Polewali Inhabited 193
6 Mattiro Bulu Karanrang Inhabited 3294
Satando Inhabited 570
Saugi Inhabited 434
7 Mattiro Baji
Camba-Cambang Uninhabited -
Sapuli Inhabited 379

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Transportation Network in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

Wooden motor boats 1-3 GTs are used as transportation media for connecting islands in the area of Northern
Liukang Tipabbiring. Beside these wooden motor boat, there are some traditional boats being used as well for
transportation media is the islands such as jolloro and non motor boats. In the mean time, there are around 26
fleets of ship which operating regularly connecting the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring district to the capital of
Pangkep regency.
Cargoes transported between islands and to the capital of Pangkep regency are range from food such as fishes,
squids, crabs, building materials such as cement, wood, iron, and other cargoes such as mineral water, rice,
groceries, etc.
In detail, the wooden motor boats fleets serve to connect the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring district can be seen
in table 3.
Table 3. List of transportation fleets operating in the area of the Northern Liukang
Tupabbiring.
Ship Capacity Year
No Ship Name Route
Passenger (People) Cargo (Ton) Making
1 KM. Karunia 12 1 2010 Pangkajene – P.Kulambing
2 KM. Halilintar 10 1 2008 Pangkajene – P.Karanrang
3 KM. Karmila 2 10 1 2000 Pangkajene – Samatelu Lompo
4 KM.Rama Saputra 20 3 2004 Pangkajene – P. Kulambing
5 KM. Musdalifah - 3 2017 Pangkajene – Laiya (ikan)
6 KM. Putra AWF 2 - 2011 Pangkajene - Samatellu
7 KM. Sinar Laut 15 1 2014 Pangkajene – P.Karanrang
8 KM. Rahmat Jaya 30 3 2000 Pangkajene – Laiya (ikan)
9 KM. Anuar 13 2 2012 Maccini Baji – P.Sapuli
10 KM. Fitri Pangkep 13 2 2013 Maccini Baji – P.Sapuli
11 KM. Yus Amalia 20 1 2017 Pangkajene – P.Karanrang
12 KM. Fitri Jaya 13 2 2015 Maccini Baji – P.Saogi
13 KM. Rahmi Ilahi 10 1 2008 Maccini Baji – P.Saogi
14 KM. Saogi Bahari 13 2 2004 Maccini Baji – P.Saogi
15 KM. 39 13 1 2010 Maccini Baji - CambaCambang
16 KM. Putra Labbakkang 13 2 2000 Maccini Baji - CambaCambang
17 KM. Jamidding 13 1 1970 Maccini Baji - CambaCambang
20 KM. Suci 15 2 2012 Maccini Baji – P.Saogi
21 KM. 46 13 1 2010 Maccini Baji – P.Salebo
22 KM. Aspal 5 1 2005 Maccini Baji – P.Satando
23 KM. Tunas Muda 5 1 2007 Maccini Baji – P.Satando
24 KM, Cahaya 12 - 2014 Maccini Baji – P.Saogi
25 KM. Fajar Indah 20 1 2003 Pangkajene – P.Kulambing
27 Karmila 1 50 10 1973 Pangkajene – P. Kulambing
Source: Transportation agency Pangkep regency
Analysis of cargo and passenger trip distribution
There are types of passengers trip distribution in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring area which are inter islands
trip distribution and to the capital of Pangkep regency trip distribution. Analysis tool using gravity model with
distance between islands as a constraint. The determination of the trip distribution using production constraint
gravity model (PCGM) with the constraint of power function.
Matrix of the distance between administrative area in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring area can be seen in
table 4.
Table 4. The distance between administrative area matrix (sea mile).

Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Pangkajene
Walie Bombang Kanja Uleng Labangen Bulu Baji

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Mattiro 0.00 8.50 6.79 7.59 8.80 9.69 8.84 12.84

Walie
Mattiro 8.50 0.00 4.22 5.42 8.37 11.20 4.65 8.94
Bombang
Mattiro 6.79 4.22 0.00 1.35 4.25 6.97 2.03 6.48
Kanja
Mattiro 7.59 5.42 1.35 0.00 3.00 5.89 1.67 5.33
Uleng
Mattiro 8.80 8.37 4.25 3.00 0.00 3.02 4.13 4.64
Labangen
Mattiro 9.69 11.20 6.97 5.89 3.02 0.00 7.15 4.86
Bulu
Mattiro 8.84 4.65 2.03 1.67 4.13 7.15 0.00 6.98
Baji
Pangkajene 12.84 8.94 6.48 5.33 4.64 4.86 6.98 0.00
Source : transportation agency of Pangkep regency
The final matrix of passengers and cargoes trip distribution between islands (administrative area) and to the
capital of Pangkep regency was determined using β value of 0.368 which become one variable to determine
constraint function. The matrix of the constraint function for passengers and cargoes trip distribution can be
seen in table 5 below.
Table 5. Exponential constrain function matrix
Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro Mattiro
Pangkajene
Mattiro
0.000 0.454 0.493 0.474 0.449 0.433 0.448 0.390
Walie
Mattiro
0.454 0.000 0.588 0.536 0.457 0.410 0.567 0.446
Bombang
Mattiro
0.493 0.588 0.000 0.895 0.587 0.489 0.770 0.502
Kanja
Mattiro
0.474 0.536 0.895 0.000 0.667 0.520 0.827 0.540
Uleng
Mattiro
0.449 0.457 0.587 0.667 0.000 0.665 0.593 0.568
Labangen
Mattiro
0.433 0.410 0.489 0.520 0.665 0.000 0.484 0.558
Bulu
Mattiro
0.448 0.567 0.770 0.827 0.593 0.484 0.000 0.489
Baji
Pangkajen
0.390 0.446 0.502 0.540 0.568 0.558 0.489 0.000
e
Source : Data Analysis, 2018
Based on the matrix in table 5, passengers and cargoes trip distribution per day between islands in the Northern
Liukang Tupabbiring district and to the capital of Pangkep regency can be determined. The trip distribution
matrix for passengers can be seen in table 6.
Table 6. Passengers trip distribution matrix in the between islands in the Northern Liukang
Tupabbiring District.
Pangkajene
Mattiro
Walie
0 1 1 1 0 2 1 4
Mattiro
Bombang
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 4
Mattiro
Kanja
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3
Mattiro
Uleng
1 1 1 0 1 2 1 4
Mattiro
Labangen
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2

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Mattiro
Bulu
2 1 2 2 1 0 2 10
Mattiro
Baji
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 3
Pangkajen
e
12 12 13 17 8 33 12 0
Source : Data analysis, 2018.

Based on the information in table 6, it can be seen that the passengers trip distribution to the capital of Pangkep
regency is 77% or around 137 people while between islands is 23% or around 41 people per day. The
passengers trip is moving for different reason. Passengers trip between islands in the Northern Liukang
Tupabbiring district is for family reason (visiting relatives) while to the capital of the Pangkep regency if for
business reason such as selling and buying things. The cargoes trip distribtuion matrix can be seen in table 7.
Based on table 7, the cargoes trip distribution to the capital of Pangkep regency is 77% or around 0.96 tons per
day while between islands is 23% or around 0.28 tons per day. Most of the cargoes transported in the area are
fishes, squids and crabs as well as for daily need and for building materials.
Table 7. Cargoes trip distribution matrix in the area of the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring
District.
Pangkajene
Mattiro
0.000 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.003 0.013 0.006 0.063
Walie
Mattiro
0.005 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.003 0.010 0.006 0.056
Bombang
Mattiro
0.005 0.005 0.000 0.009 0.003 0.009 0.006 0.050
Kanja
Mattiro
0.006 0.006 0.009 0.000 0.004 0.012 0.008 0.068
Uleng
Mattiro
0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.007 0.003 0.032
Labangen
Mattiro
0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.008 0.000 0.010 0.144
Bulu
Mattiro
0.004 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.003 0.009 0.000 0.051
Baji
Pangkajene 0.054 0.054 0.058 0.080 0.039 0.151 0.056 0.000
Source: Data Analysis, 2018
The passengers trip distribution can be seen in figure 3 while cargoes trip distribution can be seen in figure 4.

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Figure 3. Passenger trip distribution in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District
Figure 4. Cargoes trip distribution in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

CONCLUSION
The characteristic of the trip distribution in the area of Northern Liukang Tupabbiring district is still dominated
by the passengers and cargoes trip distribution from the islands to the capital of Pangkep regency (77%). This
trip distribution is mainly for business reason. While the rest of the passengers and cargoes trip distribution
which aroung 23% is between islands in the area of the district for family reason.
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Djuniati, Sri. 2010. Formulasi Model Gravity Sebagai Model Penyebaran Perjalanan Penumpang Pada Studi
Kasus Trayek Mikrolet Terminal Bratang - Jmp Surabaya. Jurnal APTEK Vol. 3
Ofyar, Z. 2000. Perencanaan dan Permodelan Transportasi. Bandung, Indonesia: Penerbit ITB
Puspitasari, Niken. 2014. Estimasi Matriks Asal Tujuan Perjalanan Menggunakan Model Gravity Dengan
Fungsi Hambatan Tanner Di Kota Surakarta. e-Jurnal Matriks Teknik Sipil Vol. 2. Universitas Negeri
Sebelas Maret

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Setiawan, Rudy. 2015. Kalibrasi Model Sebaran Pergerakan (Gravity Model) Menggunakan Add-In Microsoft
Excel (Solver). Universitas Kristen Petra. Surabaya
Sugiyono. 2007. Statistik Untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta
Suyuti, Rudmadi. 2007. Penggunaan Model Gravity (GR) Dalam Estimasi Matriks Asal-Tujuan (MAT)
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ASE – Volume 11

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PROSIDING 2015© HASIL

PENELITIAN TEKNOLOGI TERAPAN

MODELLING ORIGIN DESTINATION TRIP MATRIX IN THE AREA

Arsitektur Elektro Geologi Mesin Perkapala Sipil

Figure 1. Area of Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District, Pangkep Regency

Trip Generation Modelling

Trip Distribution Model

Origin destination matrix (trip matrix)

ISBN : 978-979- Group Teknik Elektro Volume 6 : Desember

In a mathematical form, the GR model can be expressed as following:

Equations to be used with different constraint requirements are:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Arsitektur Elektro Geologi Mesin Perkapala Sipil

Figure 2. Area of the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

In 2018, the population distribution per island can be seen in Table 2.

ISBN : 978-979- Group Teknik Elektro Volume 6 : Desember

Transportation Network in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

Table 4. The distance between administrative area matrix (sea mile).

Arsitektur Elektro Geologi Mesin Perkapala Sipil

Mattiro 0.00 8.50 6.79 7.59 8.80 9.69 8.84 12.84

ISBN : 978-979- Group Teknik Elektro Volume 6 : Desember

Source : Data analysis, 2018.

Arsitektur Elektro Geologi Mesin Perkapala Sipil

Figure 3. Passenger trip distribution in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

Figure 4. Cargoes trip distribution in the Northern Liukang Tupabbiring District

ISBN : 978-979- Group Teknik Elektro Volume 6 : Desember

Arsitektur Elektro Geologi Mesin Perkapala Sipil

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