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Fundamentals of
ABB Switzerland AG Excitation Systems
Learning Center
Power Electronics Chapter 2
Turgi, Switzerland
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 1 -
Content:
What is an Excitation System?
Synchronous Machine Operation Modes and
Characteristics
Basic components of the excitation system
Closed loop control and features
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 2 -
South
U Rotor
L2
Stator winding
Stator
L3
Rotor winding
The flux is produced by the current supplied from the excitation system
to the rotor winding. The change of flux in the stator winding is caused
by the movement of the rotor. This induces the voltage in the stator
winding as illustrated in the figure below:
Excitation
System Voltage
Regulation Voltage
Current
Control
Power Rotor Current
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 4 -
Supply Production
Power Supply
The excitation system needs a power supply in order to produce a current.
There are many different configurations.
Shunt Supply – The supply is taken from the machine terminals.
Line Supply – The supply is taken from an auxiliary supply.
Permanent Magnet Generator – A small permanent magnet generator is
mounted on the same shaft as the main machine.
Current Control
No matter how the current is produced, there must be some method of
controlling how much current is produced. In the case of a state of the art
control system the rotor current is controlled by semi conductive rectifiers.
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is done in the control system by the Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR). The voltage regulator various the rotor current automatically
in order to maintain the terminal voltage of the synchronous machine even in
case of load change.
STEP UP
LV SWITCHGEAR
TRANSFORMER
AC & DC
HV SYSTEM HV- BREAKER AUXILIARY
SYSTEMS
CONTROL
AUX. SYSTEMS
TRANSF. PROTECTION
GOVERNOR
1
GENERATOR
1 BREAKER
PT’s
&
CT’s
SYNCHRONIZING
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 5 -
SYNCHRONOUS EXCITATION
TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEM
STAR
POINT EXCITATION
CUBICLE TRANSFORMER
The picture above shows the connections to the excitation system in a power
plant. The excitation system is usually located close to the synchronous
machine.
The main power supply for the production of the rotor current is taken from the
generator terminals and fed via the excitation transformer to the excitation
system.
The output of the excitation system supplies the direct current via slip rings to
the rotor winding.
The terminal voltage and machine current is measured by means of Potential
transformers PT’s and current transformer CT’s. These signals are used to
control the generator voltage and reactive power.
The excitation system is operated by the operators in the control room via the
control interface as illustrated .
Turbine Generator
Field Generator
Current Voltage
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 6 -
Excitation
System
The primary energy in the form of water, fossil fuels, wind etc. is transformed
by the turbine into mechanical energy. This energy is then transformed with
the aid of the generator into electrical energy, which is then fed to the
consumers.
The generators used today are mostly so-called synchronous machines
which, in addition to converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, also
allow the network voltage to be generated and regulated.
The influencing of the generator voltage and the resulting reactive power flow
to the network is achieved through the magnetisation, or excitation as it is also
called, of the synchronous machine. For this purpose, a direct current is fed
into the so-called exciter winding in order to generate a magnetic field. For this
reason, this current is also referred to as the field current. The exciter winding
is embedded in the rotating part of the synchronous machine, the rotor.
Thus, in order to increase the generator voltage, the magnetisation or the
excitation current must be increased. In order to regulate the generator
voltage, a voltage regulator is therefore used which forms part of the
excitation system.
Excitation
System
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 7 -
The synchronous machine essentially consists of two parts: the rotating part,
the rotor, and the static part, the stator.
In order to cover the wide range of rotational speeds of possible turbines, two
different types of synchronous machine are available.
The full pole and salient pole machines basically function in the same way.
They only differ, in some cases, in their behaviour under load.
Stator
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 9 -
Rotor
The figure shows a typical salient pole machine with an output of 120 MVA
A distinctive feature is the very large diameter of the rotor, which can exceed
20 m in very large machines.
IDR
120° 120°
UT
If Uf
IT
IDT Rotor
120°
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 10 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
IDS
IS
US
The diagram shows the synchronous machine with the three phases. Each
phase is displaced physically by 120° and, viewed in terms of electrical
values, essentially consists of two reactances, the main reactance and the
secondary reactance formed by the damper winding. Both reactances are
associated with ohmic resistances, which are not of importance in considering
the excitation system.
A further reactance is found in the rotor winding with the associated winding
resistance.
Id
Ψd Ud
Stator rdD
Ψ dD
IdD
δ
ω
rf Ψf
Ψq Q axis
Uf If Ψ Q1 Ψ Q2
IQ1
IQ2
rQ1 rQ2
ra
Rotor Iq
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 11 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Uq
The meaning of the individual reactances will not be examined here. Rather,
we will carry out a substitution of the different reactances in order to explain
the behaviour of the synchronous machine.
ω Xm
d-axis
Rotor Stator
Uf
UG EP EP
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 12 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Rotor Stator
Fig. a Fig. b Fig. c
Xd Ug
Saturation
UGn
If ,n
Generator
Ep nominal voltage
UG
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
UGn IG
If ,n
Generator
Ep UG = 0 current at Ifo
Ep = UGn
Speed n = constant
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Example:
For If = Ifo ⇒ Xd = IGn/IG IG at (If = Ifo) Measurement at If = Ifo: IGn/IG = 2.43
⇒ Xd = 2.43 pu
IG
Xd =
I Gn
Generator on load
Xd IG
ΔU = Xd Ig ϕ
ΔU = IG • Xd
UG = const.
E Ug
Load
p ~I
Ep f
Ep ϕ
IG
δ
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 16 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Load angle
Fig. a
Fig. b
Generator on load
Active
P
Power 1 pu
1 Turbine Power
P(Ep)~If S
Generator
Operation
ϕ
δ
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 17 -
-1 +1
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
-Q 1 + Q Reactive
xd power
under Motor over
excited excited
ωmech
FDrive ωmech
ωmech
ωel r ωel ωel
Fsyn
δ=0o δ=45 o δ=90 o
Fig. a) Fig. b) Fig. c)
Some equations: ω
P = T• ω
T = F• r "rubber band"
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
P Active power
T Torque
F Force
r Rotor radius T95_0154.DRW
ω Speed Fig. d)
The load angle is the mechanical angle between the magnetic rotary field
generated by the stator windings and the magnetic field generated by the rotor
winding.
When the machine is synchronised to the network and not under load, the
load angle δ=0° (see Fig a). As soon as the machine takes up active power,
this angle increases. If active power is present, this angle is also influenced
by the excitation current. If, for example, the machine is de-excited, the load
angle becomes greater. The question arises here as to how great this angle
may become under active load for the machine to still rotate synchronously
with the rotary field of the stator.
If one considers the torques acting within the machine, this is easy to
understand. As shown in Fig. b) in generator operation, a drive torque or force
Fdrive is generated through the drive power of the turbine which drives the
rotor. In order to prevent the rotor from accelerating, a countertorque, the so-
called synchronising torque or counterforce Fsyn is necessary. This force is
generated by the magnetic fluxes, which in turn are influenced by the
excitation.
One can imagine this magnetic force as acting like a rubber band, always
causing the rotor to rotate stable in synchronism with the rotary field. (Fig. d).
If the load angle becomes greater through an increase in the power, the
driving force also becomes greater and the rubber band is stretched further.
The maximum synchronising torque which can be generated by the forces in
the “rubber band“, is at a load angle of 90°. (Fig. c).
Md1 ~ If1
Drive torque
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 19 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
δ2 δ1 δ
The diagram shows the curve of the synchronising torque as a function of the
load angle.
The maximum torque is achieved at a load angle of 90°, whereby the
excitation current determines the value of the maximum. The greater the
excitation current, the greater the magnetic flux and thus the synchronising
force Fsyn in the machine.
At a particular active power and excitation current, a particular load angle δ2
results. If the excitation current is reduced with the active power of the
machine remaining the same, the load angle increases to the value δ1.
Stability Limit
Active
P
Power 1 pu
Rated Power
Drive Limit
δmax= 90° ϕ
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 20 -
+1
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
-1
-Q 1 + Q Reactive
xd power
under Motor over
excited excited
Under excitation,
excitation, P/Q Limiter P [MW]
-Q 1/Xq 1/Xd
The diagram shows the limitations of the operating ranges implemented in the
excitation system using the example of a salient pole machine with Xd > Xq.
It should be mentioned that the circle lying between 1/Xd and 1/Xq also exists
with a solid pole machine, but is very small since in such a machine Xd ≈ Xq.
In salient pole machines, Xd is usually significantly smaller than in solid pole
machines and a wider operating range can therefore be used within the
underexcited range.
The diagram shows the so-called V-Curves of a 280 MVA turbo generator.
This is an other representation of the synchronous machine under load
conditions.
It shows the required field current versus machine current with the power
factor.
The Network
2
1
External reactance Infinite bus voltage
Tie Xe
3 UNet
Regional grid
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 23 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Substation
Power station
T95_01 57.D RW
The electrical network is often of a very complex nature, and the question
arises as to how the network can be evaluated by an observer at the power
station.
In order to evaluate the network characteristics for stationary operation, it is
again appropriate to find an equivalent circuit diagram. Since the network is
usually supplied from different sources or other power stations, the equivalent
circuit diagram consists of a voltage source and a network impedance
connected in series, analogously to the synchronous machine.
The voltage source Unet represents the total of all generators participating in
the network, which possesses an enormously high short-circuit power. This in
turn means that the network voltage can be assumed to be completely fixed.
The voltage source is also assigned the network reactance Xe, also called the
external reactance. This represents the reactances from transmission lines
and consumers present within the network. The ohmic resistances are not
relevant in terms of the excitation system.
RL UNet
Consumer
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 24 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
If one represents the generator and the network in the form of a simplified
equivalent circuit diagram, then the generator is followed by the short-circuit
reactance XT of the high-voltage transformer. The consumers which consume
the active power both from the generator and from the network are located on
the high-voltage side. The external reactance Xe represents the reactances
which are present in the transmission lines. In contrast to the transformer
reactance, this can change over time. These reactances increase during the
night and on Sundays, when energy consumption is low.
UG = 1.05 pu UN = 1.0 pu
IQ = ?.............
Q = ?............
This example is intended to show the variables on which the reactive power
flow is dependent. For this purpose, we assume that the network voltage is
1.pu, the external reactances, as a typical value, 0.2 pu and the transformer
reactance 0.1 pu, with the generator voltage being 1.05 pu. All pu values
relate to the nominal power of the generator G.
The resulting reactive power which is output to or drawn from the network is
calculated using these values.
IQ = (UG – UN) / (XT + Xe) = (1.05 – 1) / (0.1 + 0.2) = 0.05 / 0.3 = 0.17 pu
For a 100 MVA machine, this means a reactive power output of 17 Mvar. If the
generator voltage UG < UN then reactive power is taken up.
IQ
Uref1 Uref2
AVR AVR
Generator 1 Generator 2
U
Uref1
Busbar voltage
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 26 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Uref2
IQ IQ
Generator 2 Generator 1 Q, IQ
There are arrangements in which two generators are coupled directly to a bus
bar.
If the voltages of the generators are regulated by two different voltage
regulators, then the voltage regulators must be given a reactive current
influence. This influence is also referred to as the “droop“ characteristic or
static of the voltage regulator.
If this were not the case, then in the event of marginal deviations between the
two voltage regulator setpoints, an uncontrolled reactive power flow would
flow from the generator with the higher voltage to the generator with the lower
voltage.
To prevent this, the reactive current influence on the voltage regulator with the
higher voltage must act in such a way that the machine voltage is reduced or
that of the generator with the lower voltage increased.
The example above shows the effect of the so-called reactive current
influences on the two voltage regulators. The voltage of generator 1 is too
high, which leads to a rise in the reactive current. As a result of the reactive
current influence, the voltage decreases with increasing reactive current. In
contrast to generator 1, the voltage in generator 2 increases with increasing
negative reactive current. The two generator voltages match and a particular
reactive current is maintained. This means the regulating circuit remains
stable and the reactive current can be kept under control.
ΔU
UG
AVR Uref
Generator 1
U
UG
ΔU
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 27 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Uref
Q, IQ
UG
pos. static
neg. static
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 28 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
-Q +Q
If = konst. S
ΔU”=Xd”•IQ
ΔU = Ig *Xd
XE
Ug Ugo
Td’’ Td’
t
Tdo’
t=0
Td’’ Sub transient time constant 10…50ms
Td’ Transient time constant 0.5…1.5 s
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 29 -
The diagram shows the behaviour of the generator terminal voltage when the
generator, in no-load operation, is connected to an inductive load.
At the time t=0, the voltage drops, with the time constant Td“, to a value
determined by the subtransient reactance Xd“ and reactive current IQ. After the
elapse of the time constant Td“, the time constant Td‘ with the transient
reactance Xd‘ becomes effective, then changing into the stationary condition
caused by the synchronous reactance.
Load 4) ~ UNet
1) Reactive power surge
In terms of control engineering all changes coming from outside are called
disturbances. There is a wide scale of growing influence up to the severe
disturbances of normal operation due to faults and surges such as:
3) Load rejection
The following slides show the behaviour of the machine due to the faults
above.
Ug
static excitation systems
with rotating exciter
ΔU = Ig *Xd
Manual mode
Ugo
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
t
t=0
PE
Consumer
ω
PA with power oscillations
U
PA = ω· M A I · XD
E · sin δ
PE = U · I = U ·
XD
U
E
Torque Equation
δ
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
MA - M E = Θ dω
dt
θ Inertia
ω speed
Overvoltage relay
with constant field current
with AVR (static excitation system)
Uo
IQ x Xd "
t
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
t=0 1 Sec.
Load rejection
By opening of the main circuit breaker of the machine the load will be dropped
off immediately. The early invention of the automatic voltage regulator is
certainly caused by the consequences of this event. It is also an important
quality mark for a voltage regulator how the generator voltage varies with the
time after the breaker has opened. The drop of the reactive load current to
zero inevitably causes an immediate voltage rise ΔU=Ireactive • Xd”. If for
instance the subtransient reactance Xd’’=0.2 p.u. the rejection of 0.5 p.u.
reactive current gives an instantaneous rise of 10%. If the load on the
synchronous machine is changed through connection of an additional load,
then the electrical active power changes suddenly, which can not be reduced
by any control action.
Without AVR the voltage then rises further till the maximum value is reached
defined by the synchronous reactance. The time delay corresponds to the no
–load time constant Tdo’. With an AVR this further rise is more or less
completely eliminated and the voltage is brought back to the initial value. How
quickly this is achieved depends on whether or not the additional time
constant of an exciter machine has to be overcome. Without a voltage
regulator the over voltage relay of the generator protection would be activated
and deexcite the generator.
t
t=0 1 sec
In case of a short circuit in the grid system away from the power plant the
voltage will drop immediately. The voltage regulator tries to keep the machine
voltage on its setpoint. After a certain time the fault in the grid will be cleared
by the line protection and the system voltage will recover. This leads to an
overshoot of the machine voltage. The voltage regulator will reduce the
voltage to normal again.
¾ High reliability
The diagram shows all the important main duties of the excitation system, as
they have been explained in the preceding diagrams.
~
=
SM E
SM =
~
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
• Exciter response limited by the • Fast response (<20 ms) in both directions
exciter machine time constant
(>200ms) • Fast field discharge by discharge resistor
or inverter operation
• Field discharge with natural time
constant • Size of excitation of transformer depends
on field requirements only
• Supply from PMG possible
providing supporting of short • Shorter shaft (torsional oscillations)
circuit currents
• Maintenance on power rectifier the
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Comparison
~ ~ ~
= = =
SM = SM ~ SM ~
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
The diagram shows other types of excitation systems which were used in the
past but which are no longer in use nowadays. These systems have mostly
been replaced with brushless or static excitation systems.
SM
MS
+ -
SM
MS SM
MS
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- +
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Auxiliary supply
SM SM
MS
MS
Supplied from a permanent magnet generator (PMG) Supplied from a safe auxiliary supply
or from a pilot exciter
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 42 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Excitation transformer
AVR
Ifn = 1600 A
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
SM
Ufn = 230 V ~
Ifo = 400 A
Xd = 2.1 Power Converter
Synchronous machine
Aux. Supply
This type of excitation system is often used for hydrogenerators and large
turbogenerators larger than about 50 MVA with exceptions to clients
requirements.
The power for the excitation system is taken from the generator terminals. The
automatic voltage regulator works through a semiconductor output stage,
which is mostly a thyristor converter or an integrated gate bipolar transistor
(IGBT) stage.
The voltage regulator with the power converter and excitation transformer as
well as the field circuit breaker complete the number of the main components
of a static excitation system.
AVR Uc
UG AVR FCR
IG =c
U
AVR Uc
If FCR
FCR
If there is only one chain of actions, e.g. the single channel: voltage and field
current control - gate control set - pulse amplifier - fully controlled thyristor
converter, any failure in any one of the chain members will lead to a
disturbance of the total function. We call this a single channel system, which
has no redundancy.
This cheapest solution may be quite sufficient for small machines and if there
are for instance 10 generators in one power station. The number of generating
sets itself forms the redundancy in this case. An additional field current
regulator permits manual control, if the control amplifier of the AVR or the
potential transformer has failed.
But a complete second control chain is necessary, if a stand-by for any kind of
failure in the working channel is needed. Such dual channel equipment is
used rather frequently. There are various design variants and options which
are dealt with in detail in the next pages.
~ Autom.
mode
= A
= Manual
M
= mode
follow up
Field current
setpoint
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 45 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
SM =
In Automatic mode, the voltage regulator with actual value reading and
setpoint formation is active. The output signal controls the power unit, which
can take the form of a converter with thyristors or power transistors (IGBTs).
In this mode, the limiter functions which protect the machine against
excessive loads are also active. In addition to the actual voltage regulator
function, reactive power- or power factor-regulators are also available which
can be switched on and off.
If the actual value of the voltage regulator falls, this is detected and switchover
to manual mode takes place automatically.
In manual mode, the actual value is formed from the measurement of the
excitation current and passed with the setpoint to the excitation current
regulator. The output from this regulator is passed to a switch by means of
which the corresponding mode can be selected. This mode is only used for
test purposes and as an emergency regulator in the event of failure of the
voltage regulator. The limiter functions are not active in this mode.
Manual M
=
= Mode
Follow-up
Field current
setpoint
Supply
Field current
setpoint
follow-up
=
= Manual
Mode M
=
A
~ Autom.
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 46 -
Mode
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
VOltage Channel II
setpoint
SM =
Voltage
Setpoint Supply
~ Autom.
Mode
= A
= Manual
M
= Mode
Follow-up
Field current
setpoint
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 47 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
SM
For this kind of equipment the electronic control channels can be designed as
a single channel or double channel.
Manual M
=
Mode
=
follow-up
Field current
setpoint
Field current
setpoint
Follow-up
=
= Manual
Mode M
Pulse bus
= to converter
A
~ Autom.
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 48 -
Mode
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Voltage
Channel II
Setpoint
SM
Naturally each channel is equipped with its own power pack to generate the
required auxiliary voltages. A final pulse stage corresponds to each thyristor
power stage.
Channel balancing and automatic follow-up ensure smooth change over either
from Auto to Manual mode or from one channel to the other.
For dual channel systems with automatic change-over to the stand-by channel
it is very important to have an almost complete detection of internal failures in
the static excitation.
M
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 49 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
Channel1
Gate control Pulse
unit amplifiers
Channel2
M
Gate control Pulse
unit amplifiers
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
The size of the converter is at least the rated field current of the synchronous machine.
This means that if there is any failure in the converter, then the excitation system must
generate a trip.
2
M
n
Pulse
bus M
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
M
To the field circuit
With even higher output currents where the parallel connection of several
thyristors is necessary the reliability of the converter is secured by the
redundancy concept (n-1). This means that one more parallel converter than
necessary is provided.
The two channels work through gate control set and intermediate pulse stage
on a common pulse busbar. The different redundancy concept (1+1) and (n-1)
is chosen because of selectivity reasons of the thyristor fuses. If two
converters would operate in parallel, and if a thyristor looses its blocking
capability, then a short circuit current starts to flow when the next thyristors
are fired. In this case the two new fired thyristors drive a short circuit current
into the defective one. And as a consequence we have a series connection of
two thyristor fuses in parallel with one thyristor fuse (of the defective thyristor).
This arrangement does not assure that the single fuse will blow first.
Therefore the converters must be changed over from one to the other. With
more than 2 converters in parallel this selectivity is assured.
Snubber circuit
Pulse coupler
Thyristor symbol
in circuit theory. Complete functional
thyristor circuit.
Construction of
Training6© 2007-A ABB Ltd - 52 -
UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
thyristor module.
With even higher output currents where the parallel connection of several
thyristors is necessary the reliability of the converter is secured by the
redundancy concept (n-1). This means that one more parallel converter than
necessary is provided.
The two channels work through gate control set and intermediate pulse stage
on a common pulse busbar. The different redundancy concept (1+1) and (n-1)
is chosen because of selectivity reasons of the thyristor fuses. If two
converters would operate in parallel, and if a thyristor looses its blocking
capability, then a short circuit current starts to flow when the next thyristors
are fired. In this case the two new fired thyristors drive a short circuit current
into the defective one. And as a consequence we have a series connection of
two thyristor fuses in parallel with one thyristor fuse (of the defective thyristor).
This arrangement does not assure that the single fuse will blow first.
Therefore the converters must be changed over from one to the other. With
more than 2 converters in parallel this selectivity is assured.
3 phase
1 3 5
rectifier
IV
L1
L2 Ud
L3
4 6 2
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
1 3 5 1
6 2 4 6
time
Alpha=0°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
Alpha=30°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
Alpha=60°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
Alpha=90°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
Alpha=120°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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UNITROL 6000 S&C J680 Chap2
TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
Alpha=150°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
Alpha=180°
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
Output
TH1
TH2
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TH3
TH4
TH5
TH6
Theta [°]
rectifier
1
operation
0.5
Ud alpha = Udi0 x cos(alpha)
ALPHA [ ° ] = 1,35 x Uv x cos(alpha)
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.5
IAC = 0.817 x IDC
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-1
inverter
operation
-1.5
If the excitation system is supplied by shunt supply, i.e. directly from the
generator terminals, then the residual voltage of the generator is sometimes
not sufficient to build up the voltage. In such cases, when the excitation is
switched on the excitation current is built up with the aid of field flashing. The
field flashing consists of a diode bridge and a switch which connects an
external auxiliary voltage to the field. It is dimensioned in such a way that the
generator voltage is built up to approx. 20%. Once the generator voltage
reaches approx. 30-40% of the nominal value, this switch is switched off
again.
The generator voltage is then built up to nominal value by the main converter.
The slow build-up is thereby controlled by means of a softstart ramp
implemented in the voltage regulator.
inverter (WR)
WR
-Lf.dIf/dt
rc
rc
If (operation) Ua
Ua
5 6 3 4 + -
+ - If (field
suppression)
Lf
Rf
Udischarge
RE
- +
rc
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Ua
7 8 - +
Q02
Field winding
Field +
K2 BOD
overvoltage
discharge II thyristor
K3
Free V3 redundant
wheeling
discharge or
-V1
5
6
free wheeling
DC 7 thyristor
breaker
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-R02
Discharge
resistor
1 3
2 4
_
The voltages occur during the deexcitation process should with a safety
margin always remain below the insulation level of the winding, i.e. below the
test voltage, whereby a reduction caused by aging has to be taken in account.
The same voltages also appear at the converter output and stress the
blocking capability of the thyristors. In addition with salient pole machines
inverse induced voltages (back emf) occur during asynchronous operation,
that is after falling out of step. Since an inverse current can not pass the
thyristors, such voltages rise fast to high amplitudes.
Current sensors are used to detect current in the field discharge circuit. This
criteria is used to supervise the discharge circuit.
If, Uf
[p.u.]
t=0
t
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Field breaker
Inverter
opens
mode
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For more than a rough approximation the calculation is rather time consuming,
so that the use of a small computer program is worthwhile.
To speed up to the field suppression for larger machines, voltage dependent
resistors made of silicium-carbide are used. With falling voltage this material
shows a marked rise of its specific resistance. The initial resistance value is
made equal to the one of a linear suppression resistor, being limited by the
admissible voltage. But this voltage is now lowering slowly owing to the
increasing resistance, while the current is quickly reduced. The effective time
constant becomes itself a function of the momentary voltage.
UNITROL 6000
UNITROL 5000
UNITROL P
UNITROL D (first Digital)
UNITROL F (Digital)
UNITROL M (Analog)
UN1000
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UNS3214
UNS2110
GENERATOR / EXCITATION SYSTEM RATINGS
Application ranges
The figure above shows the type of ABB’s Unitrol excitation and AVR systems
used for the wide range of synchronous machines.
UNS2110/UNS3214
This AVR system is used for smaller machines up to approx. 50 MW in
conjunction with indirect excitation systems. The equipment is made of analog
electronic using integrated circuits.
UNITROL 1000
This is an automatic voltage regulator of the latest design for synchronous
generators and synchronous motors. The use of the most advanced
microprocessor technology together with IGBT semiconductor technology
allows it to be used in a wide area of application
UNITROL F / UNITROL M
UNITROL F provides a comprehensive range of Automatic Voltage
Regulators and Static Excitation Systems for high performance control of all
kind of synchronous machines. UNITROL F uses microprocessor technology
and replaced UNITROL M which is made of analog technology.
1976 UNITROL® S2210/3214 AVR with low complexity has been 2007 UNITROL® 6000 high integrated excitation system. It
developed for small synchronous machines. utilizes the reactive power control for all type and size of
1977 Static excitation system for positive and negative excitation synchronous machines. It replaces the former
current applied to rotating synchronous compensator UNITROL® 5000 and UNITROL® F excitation system.